International Journal of Advances in Science and Technology, Vol. 3, No.

1, 2012

EXPLORING STRANGE NUMBER SYSTEM: LATENT TALENT TO BE USED IN PLACE OF TRADITIONAL NUMBER SYSTEM
Debasis Das1 and Dr. U. A. Lanjewar2
1

Assistant Professor, MCA, VMV Commerce, JMT Arts & JJP Science College, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India debasis_das2005@rediffmail.com
2

Professor, MCA, VMV Commerce, JMT Arts & JJP Science College, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India ualanjewar@gmail.com

Abstract
People count by tens and machines count by twos-that pretty much sums up the way we do arithmetic on this planet. The cultural preference for base 10 and the engineering advantages of base 2 have nothing to do with any intrinsic properties of the decimal and binary numbering systems. But there are countless other ways to count. The numbers in strange number system (SNS) are those numbers which are other than the numbers of traditional number system viz. decimal (base 10), binary (base-2), octal (base-8) and hexadecimal (base 16). Some of the strange numbers are unary, ternary, , Nonary, ..., unodecimal, , vigesimal sexagesimal, etc. These number systems are not as widely known or widely used as traditional number system in computing, but they have charms all their own having a genuine mathematical distinction in its favour. By one plausible measure, it is the most efficient of all integer bases; it offers the most economical way of representing numbers. Today, the complexity of traditional number system is steadily increasing in computing. Due to this fact, strange number system is investigated for efficiently describing and implementing in digital systems. In computing the study of strange number system (SNS) will useful to all researchers. Their awareness and detailed explanation is necessary for understanding various digital aspects. In this paper we have elaborate the concepts of strange number system (SNS), needs, number representation, arithmetic operations and inter conversion with different bases, represented in tabulated form. This paper will also helpful for knowledge seekers to easy understanding and practicing of number systems as well as to memories them.

Keywords: Strange number system, trigesimal, quadragesimal, pentagesimal, sexagesimal. 1. Introduction

The evolution of computer systems and of the applications that run on them towards more sophisticated modes of operation, higher levels of abstraction, and larger scale of execution challenge the state of technology for empirical performance evaluation. The Computer Science and Technology is concern, the design of computers begins with the choice of number system, which determines many technical characteristics of computers. The first fully programmable computer was designed by Charles Babbage that failed to get enough money to build his Analytical Engine. The failure of Charles Babbage delayed the creation of the modern digital computer for about 100 years. Nobody knows that Thomas Fowler designed and implemented a completely different and simple wooden computer in 1840. The big difference between Babbage and Fowler was the Number System. Babbage used decimal number system and Fowler used the Balanced Ternary Number System. At the dawn of the computer era the choice of the optimal number system for electronic computers was solved brilliantly by the outstanding American physicist and mathematician John von Neumann, which gave emphatic

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preference to the binary number system in electronic computers. The famous John von Neumann Principles include three basic ideas of electronic computer design: binary number system, binary logic and binary memory element. With the invention of computers, Boolean algebra got, its important, applications in computer technology, binary number system has occupied the core of computer arithmetic, and binary memory element have become inseparable in computing and storing. The exclusive success of Binary Machines has led to an erroneous impression (familiar among computer scientists) that; BASE 2 is the only base system which can be adapted to build Arithmetic Machines. Many Computer Scientists give little or no research-time to the many other forms of realizable Alternate Base Machines, to the sole benefit of Binary Systems. However, research in the field of number systems has continued in modern computer science. A basic motivation of this paper is to overcome a number of essential deficiencies of the binary number system. The most well known of these are (a) the sign problem (it is impossible to represent negative numbers and perform arithmetical operations over them in direct code) that complicates arithmetical computer structures, (b) the problem of zero redundancy (all binary code combinations are permitted) and (c) limitation of speed of modern computers in performing the arithmetic operations such as addition, subtraction and multiplication suffer from carry propagation delay that does not allow the checking of informational processes in processors and computers effectively. Due to the increasing the complexity of traditional number system in computing, strange number system is widely used. The first attempt to overcome the sign problem of the binary number system was made a ternary computer, called Setun by Nikolai P. Brousentsov in 1958 at Moscow University in Russia. To overcome the problem of zero redundancy, another original discovery in number-system theory, called Tau System was made by the American mathematician George Bergman in 1957 and in QSD number system carry propagation chain are eliminated which reduce the computation time substantially and enhancing the speed of the machine [3, 4]. Since last few decades strange number system has been possible alternative to binary logic. Unfortunately, the development of strange number system was not keeping up with the speed of the binary counterparts. But the strange number system (SNS) does have a genuine mathematical distinction in its favor. The potential advantages of strange number system distinguish them from the traditional number system and make them worth an extra look; some of these features include [1]: Greater speed of arithmetic operations realization Greater density of memorized information Better usage of transmission paths Decreasing of interconnections complexity and interconnections area Decreasing of pin number of integrated circuits and printed boards Avoid sign problem and zero redundancy problem Although many researcher and knowledge seeker know only the traditional number system such as decimal, binary, octal and hexadecimal and are very comfortable with performing operations using this system, it is important for them to understand that traditional number system is not the only system. By studying other number system such as quadrovigesimal (base-24), hexavigesimal (base-26), heptovigesimal (base-27), trigesimal (base-30), duotrigesimal (base-32), hexatrigesimal (base-36), quadragesimal (base-40), pentagesimal (base-50), sexagesimal (base-60), duosexagesimal (base-62), quadrosexagesimal (base-60), pentaoctagesimal (base-85) and octovicentimal (base-128), researcher will gain a better understanding of how number systems work in general. When discussing how a computer stores information, the binary number system becomes very important since this is the system that computers use. It is important that students understand that computers store and transmit data using electrical pulses, and these pulses can take two forms - "on" (1) or "off" (0). This paper will stimulate the readers interest to the strange number system beyond traditional number system. In this particular paper, we are taking under the consideration a tabulated format for few strange number systems. It covers each systems number representation, their uses, their arithmetic and inter-conversion of numbers from one system to another.

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2. Base use in Human Societies

The number process and counting process developed so long before the time of recorded history (there is archeological evidence that counting was employed by man as far back as 50,000 years ago). A method of preserving numeric information in clay was invented by the Sumerians between 8000 and 3500 BC. This was done with small clay tokens of various shapes that were strung like beads on a string. About 3100 BC written numbers were dissociated from the things being counted and became abstract numerals. The most common base in use in human societies is decimal. We humans use a decimal, or base-10, numbering system, presumably because people have 10 fingers. Many ancient cultures from early on calculated with numerals based on ten: Egyptian hieroglyphs, in evidence since around 3000 BC, used a purely decimal system. Nevertheless, there are several other radices that have also been used to some extent in certain societies over the ages. The unary system was used in ancient mathematics such as, the Moscow Mathematical Papyrus, dating from circa 1800 BC. Another is the duodecimal system (base 12), which was used by the Assyrians, Babylonians, and Sumerians. This system is still in use in parts of China, and we have a vestige of it in our division of the day and of the night each into 12 hours. The tridecimal number system (base 13) was used in Maya calendar. The vigesimal system (base 20) was used by the Ainu people in northern Japan, and also by the Aztecs, Celts, Greenland Eskimos, and Mayans. The trigesimal number system (base 30) was used in Arabian number system. And finally, there is the sexagesimal system (base 60), which was used by the Babylonians and Sumerians. Table 1. Base use in Human Societies.
Sr. No. 1 2 3 4 5 Senary Septenary 6 7 8 Nonary Unodecimal 9 11 6 7 Number System Unary Ternary Quaternary Quinary Base 1 3 4 5 Usage Tally marks, Moscow Mathematical Papyrus, clustered in the Chinese, Japanese and Korean, Brazil, France number system Islam, Cantor set, Quantum Computing, Multi-Valued-Logic (MVL) Chumashan languages, Kharosthi numerals, Data transmission, Hilbert curves and Genetics West part of Maharashtra in India, Gumatj, Nunggubuyu, Kuurn Kopan Noot and Saraveca languages, German peasant calendars, Celtic and Banish systems and the Inuit languages Ndom language of Papua New Guinea, Diceware, study of prime numbers The Tau of Sci-fi Table-top battle game Warhammer 40,000, The Halo 3 Alternate Reality Game "IRIS", the Halo videogame series, the Forerunners, the online RPG Kingdom of Loathing, the Dwarven miners use a base-7 number system Fictional civilization The check digit for ISBN, In the television series Babylon 5, the Minbari use base-11 mathematics, according to the show's creator. Nigerian Middle Belt such as Janji, Gbiri-Niragu (Kahugu), the Nimbia dialect of Gwandara; the Chepang language of Nepal and the Mahl language of Minicoy Island in India, Traditional Chinese calendars, clocks, and compasses, zodiac, Babylonians The Maya calendar and Conway base 13 function Programming for the HP 9100A/B calculator and image processing applications Telephony routing over IP and the Huli language.

Duodecimal

12

10 11 12

Tridecimal Quadrodecimal Pentadecimal

13 14 15

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13 14 15

Heptadecimal Octodecimal Nonadecimal

17 18 19

16

Vigesimal

20

17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29

Quadrovigesimal Hexavigesimal Septemvigesimal Trigesimal Duotrigesimal Hexatrigesimal Quadragesimal Pentagesimal Sexagesimal Duosexagesimal Quadrosexagesima l Pentaoctagesimal Octovicentimal

24 26 27 30 32 36 40 50 60 62 64 85 128

Resource location and discovery based protocol PASW Statistics Software TCP/IP and as an atomic number of potassium in science Dzongkha, the national language of Bhutan , Munda language of India, the Ainu language In East Asia, Nakh languages, Basque language, Georgian language, Albanian language, Scottish Gaelic, French language, Danish language, Breton language, Welsh language, Irish language, Slavic languages, Slovenian language in Italy, old British currency system, Celtic numerals, Maya numerals Umbu-Ungu or kakoli, Tokapu, BASE24-atm, BASE24-eps, BASE24-infobase and BASE24-pos Used to represent the serial number, if the entire alphabet is used Telefol and Oksapmin languages Arabic numerals and recurring fractions Base32 encoding and the Ngiti language. Base36 encoding Music theory, music analysis, music query, and the visualization of tonal music Sign Language Typology Project The Babylonian and Hellenistic numerals, Hebrew calendar, measuring angles, geographic coordinates, and time Base62 encoding Base64 encoding, data URI scheme, PHP obfuscation Ascii85 encoding Islamic calendar, bar codes, military, transportation, IPv6, Graphics cards, ASCII and many other fields in computing

3. Number Notation of Strange Number System

A number system is the set of symbols used to express quantities as the basis for counting, determining order, comparing amounts, performing calculations, and representing value. It is the set of characters and mathematical rules that are used to represent a number. In general in a number system with a base or radix n, the digits used are from 0 to n-1 and the number can be represented as: x = anbn + an - 1bn - 1 + ... + a1b1 + a0b0, where x = Number, b=Base, a= any digit in that base Any real number x can be represented in a positional number system of base "b" by the expression x = anbn + an - 1bn - 1 + ... + a0b0 + a-1b-1 + ... + a-(n-1)b-(n-1) + a-nb-n. The point that separates the integer part and fraction part is known as the radix point. In a number system, the digits in a number as being ordered as their weight i.e. the digit with highest weight is termed the Most Significant Digit (MSD) and the digit of lowest weight is termed the Least Significant Digit (LSD).
dn dn-1 --------------------d0

MSD

LSD

Figure 1. Ordering of Fixed point Number The number representation of strange number system is as follows:

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Table 2. Number Representation of Strange Number Systems

Sr. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Number System Unary Ternary Quaternary Quinary Senary Septenary Nonary Unodecimal Duodecimal Tridecimal Quadrodecimal Pentadecimal Heptadecimal Octodecimal Nonadecimal Vigesimal Quadrovigesimal Hexavigesimal Heptovigesimal Trigesimal Duotrigesimal Hexatrigesimal Quadragesimal Pentagesimal Sexagesimal Duosexagesimal Quadrosexagesimal Base 1 3 4 5 6 7 9 11 12 13 14 15 17 18 19 20 24 26 27 30 32 36 40 50 60 62 64 Symbol | 0,1,2 0,1,2,3 0,1,2,3,4 0,1,...,4,5 0.1.....5.6 0,1,...,7,8 0,.....,9,A 0,.,9,A,B 0,..,9,A,..,C 0,..,9,A,..,D 0,..,9,A,..,E 0,..,9,A,..,G 0,..,9,A,..,H 0,..,9,A,..,I 0,..,9,A,..,J 0,..,9,A,..,N 0,..,9,A,..,P 0,..,9,A,..,Q 0,..,9,A,..,T 0,..,9,A,..,V 0,..,9,A,..,Z 0,.,9,A,.,Z,a,..,d 0,.,9,A,.,Z,a,..,n 0,.,9,A,.,Z,a,..,x 0,.,9,A,.,Z,a,..,z 0,.,9,A,.,Z,a,..,z,!,# 0,.,9,A,.,Z,a,..,z, !, #, $, %, &, (, ), *, +, -, ;, <, =, >, ?, @, ^, _,`, {, |, }, and ~ ----(201.02)3 (302.03)4 (403.04)5 (504.05)6 (605.06)7 (807.08)9 (A01.02)11 (B01.02)12 (C02.03)13 (D03.04)14 (E04.05)15 (G05.06)17 (H07.08)18 (I07.08)19 (J07.08)20 (N07.0A)24 (P07.0B)26 (Q07.0C)27 (T07.0D)30 (V07.0E)32 (Z07.0F)36 (d07.0G)40 (n07.0H)50 (x07.0I)60 (z07.0J)62 (x/7.0I)64 Number Representation
--------

232 + 031 + 130 + 03-1 + 23-2 342 + 041 + 240 + 04-1 + 34-2 452 + 051 + 350 + 05-1 + 45-2 562 + 061 + 460 + 06-1 + 56-2 672 + 071 + 570 + 07-1 + 67-2 892 + 091 + 790 + 09-1 + 89-2 A112 + 0111 + 1110 + 011-1 + 211-2 B122 + 0121 + 1120 + 012-1 + 212-2 C132 + 0131 + 2130 + 013-1 + 313-2 D142 + 0141 + 3140 + 014-1 + 414-2 E152 + 0151 + 4150 + 015-1 + 515-2 G172 + 0171 + 5170 + 017-1 + 617-2 H182 + 0181 + 7180 + 018-1 + 818-2 I192 + 0191 + 7190 + 019-1 + 819-2 J202 + 0201 + 7200 + 020-1 + 820-2 N242 + 0241 + 7240 + 024-1 + A24-2 P262 + 0261 + 7260 + 026-1 + B26-2 Q272 + 0271 + 7270 + 027-1 + C27-2 T302 + 0301 + 7300 + 030-1 + D30-2 V322 + 0321 + 7320 + 032-1 + E32-2 Z362 + 0361 + 7360 + 036-1 + F36-2 d402 + 0401 + 7400 + 040-1 + G40-2 n502 + 0501 + 7500 + 050-1 + H50-2 x602 + 0601 + 7600 + 060-1 + I60-2 z622 + 0621 + 7620 + 062-1 + J62-2 x642 + /641 + 7640 + 064-1 + I64-2

28

Pentaoctagesimal

85

(z*7.0J)85

z852 + *851 + 7850 + 085-1 + J85-2

29

Octovicentimal

128

0,.,9,A,.,Z,a,..,z, !, #, $, %, &, (, ), *, +, -, ;, <, =, >, ?, @, ^, _,`, {, |, }, ~, /, \, [,],, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,

(J03.0D)128

J1282 + 01281 + 31280 + 0128-1 + D128-2

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4. Strange Number System use in Computing

4.1 Ternary Computer
It is known that the ternary arithmetic has essential advantages as compared with the binary one that is used in present-day computers. In connection with this Donald Knuth assumed that the replacement of "flip-flop" for "flip-flap-flop" one a good day will nevertheless happen. A remarkable exclusion is the experience of creating the ternary computers "Setun" and "Setun 70" at Moscow State University. This experience convincingly confirms practical preferences of ternary digital technique. 4.1.1 The Ternary Calculating Machine of Thomas Fowler The first recorded practical Ternary Machine ever built, was a mechanical model built by Thomas Fowler, in 1840 (Glusker, 2008). In a subsequent letter to George Bidell Airy Fowler writes: "This Machine was constructed entirely with my own hands (principally in wood) with the utmost regard to economy and merely to put my ideas of this mode of calculation into some form of action; it is about 6 feet long, one foot deep and three feet wide. In Brass & Iron it might be constructed so as not to occupy a space much large than a good portable writing desk and with powers such as I have described." His machine was designed to give mechanical form to these techniques, the choice of balanced ternary allowing the mechanisms to be simple, though the values had to be converted to balanced ternary before processing and the results converted back to decimal at the end of the calculation [13]. Even though the original model hasnt survived, a working model, based on a description written by De-Morgan, was built recently by Mark Glusker, Pamela Vass and David Hogan in 1997 (Glusker, 2008). An Example of Calculating with Fowlers Ternary Machine shows in Figure-2.

Figure2. The Ternary Calculating Machine of Thomas Fowler 4.1.2 Setun At the dawn of computer era, Setun was a more complicated ternary machine, built by Nikolai P. Brousentsov and his colleagues at Moscow State University in Russia in 1958. This machine is regarded as experimental, and as an educational training program for engineers. The machine contains 4,000 magnetic cores, 4,000 germanium diodes, approximately 100 transistors, and 40 vacuum tubes. It operates at a 200-kilocycle clock rate. It uses 1 MC transistors, which are rated at 150 mill watts dissipation at 25 degree centigrade, but can tolerate a maximum of 100 degree centigrade. Setun has only 81 words of storage and 27 different instructions. It is a single-address, fixed-point machine, with 18 ternary digits per word. There is no divide instruction. Setun is a sequential computer containing the fast multiplier, thanks to the speed of operation as in parallel devices is achieved. However, simplicity, economy and elegancy of computer architecture are the direct and practically very important consequence of the ternarity, more exactly signed bit representation by code with digits 0, +1, -1, decreases the amount of conditional instructions and the arithmetic operations allow free variation of the length of operands and may be executed with different lengths; the ideal rounding is achieved simply by truncation, i.e. the truncation coincides with the rounding and there is the best approximation the rounding number by rounded.

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Setun worked correctly at once without even debugging and began to execute the existing programs. At 1960 it was sufficient amount of programs and it was possible to present Setun for the official testing. Such testing was passed in Apr. 1960 very successfully and recommended for production. It was found that ternary computer is very favorable for seizing and application [11]. 4.1.3 Setun 70 On the base of Setuns positive experience it was designed and exhaustively determined in Algollike programming language the architecture of other ternary computer. This computer named Setun 70 was introduced in 1970. In Setun 70 the peculiarities of ternarity are embodied with more understanding and completeness. It is a two-stack computer. Stack of operands is the evolution of accumulator of one-address Setun. The return stack is the base of automata that controls the nesting of subprograms. The simple improvement of such mechanism permits to transform Setun 70 into some computer for the proposed Dijkstra E.W. structured programming. However, Setun 70 was the last ternary computer and after it the research was stopped [14]. 4.1.4 Ternac In 1973 Gideon Frieder and his colleagues at the State University of New York at Buffalo designed a complete base-3 machine they called ternac, and created a software emulator of it. In TERNAC both fixed-point and floating-point capability were provided. The fixed-point words were 24 trits in length and the floating-point words had 42 trits for mantissa and 6 trits for exponent. The TERNAC computer implementation was intended primarily to discover if the implementation of a nonbinary structure on a binary computer is feasible, and to discover the cost in memory storage and time for such an implementation. As a feasibility test, this effort was successful, and the first version of this implementation has proved that both the speed and price are on the order of the speed and price of binary computers.

4.2 Tau (Tuning and Analysis Utilities) System

The new original discovery in the number system, called Tau System, was also made at the dawn of computer era to overcome the zero redundancy problem of the binary number system. The Tuning and Utilities (Tau) system is based not an integer, or even a rational number, but on the irrational number also. In 1957 the American mathematician George Bergman introduced the positional number system of the following kind: where A is some real number and ai is the i-th digit binary numeral, 0 or 1, i = 0, 1, 2, 3; i is the weight of the i-th digit, is the base of the above number system. In general, both the (Tau system and traditional number system) number systems are same but the only deference is that Bergman used the irrational number = (1+ 5)/2 called the golden ratio as the base of the Tau number system. That is why Bergman called it the "number system with an irrational base" or "Tau System". In contrast to the classical binary number system, Bergman's number system avoids the zero redundancy for computer control. In the 70th and 80th of the 20th century the scientific and engineering developments based on the redundant Bergman's number system were realized in the former Soviet Union. These developments showed exceptional effectiveness of Bergman's number system for the design of the self-correcting analog-to-digit converters (ADC) and the noise-tolerant processors [12].

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5. Overview of Strange Number System

The modern digital computer normally deals with the traditional number (i.e. binary, octal, decimal and hexadecimal) as per as computer science and information technology is concern. Apart from these traditional number system, the strange number system also plays a significant role in computing. The study of strange number system is useful to the researchers of computing due to the fact that number systems other than the traditional number system are used in the computer field. In this section strange number systems and their applications in the area of different fields have been discussed. The unary number system is the bijective base-1 numeral system. Compared to standard positional numeral systems, the unary system is inconvenient and is not used in practice for large calculations. It is the simplest numeral system to represent natural numbers: in order to represent a number N, an arbitrarily chosen symbol representing 1 is repeated N times. For example, using the symbol | (a tally mark), the number 6 is represented as ||||||. The standard method of counting on one's fingers is effectively in a unary system. Unary is most useful in counting or tallying ongoing results, such as scores in a game of sport, since no intermediate result is in a need to be erased or discarded. The number system with base three is known as the ternary number system. Only three symbols are used to represent numbers in this system and these are 0, 1 and 2. Donald Knuth, a famous computer scientist who wrote The Art of Computer Programming, said If it would have been possible to build reliable ternary architecture, everybody would be using it [44]. The ternary number system is more convenient than the binary, for the practical operations of arithmetic; but, as its circulating periods return at longer intervals, it is not so well calculated for detecting the nature of figurate numbers and the laws of progressions. Perhaps the most important and immediate use of ternary technology is in the new and emerging field of Quantum Computing, The number system with base four is known as the quaternary number system. Only four symbols are used to represent numbers in this system and these are 0, 1, 2 and 3. A carry-free arithmetic operation can be performed on quaternary numbers. The quaternary number system has all the defects of the binary number system, without any of its advantages; it therefore, deserves but little consideration. Quaternary numbers are used in the computer field like, Quantum Computing, Hilbert Curves, Genetics, and Data Transmission field. The number system with base five is known as the quinary number system. Only five symbols are used to represent numbers in this system and these are 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4. The quinary number system is equally unfit for constituting the bases of an arithmetical system. The main usage of base 5 is as a biquinary system, which is decimal using five as a sub-base. Many languages use quinary number systems, including Gumatj, Nunggubuyu, Kuurn Kopan Noot and Saraveca. The number system with base six is known as the senary number system. In this system six symbols are used to represent numbers and these are 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5. With respect to the latter circumstance, the senary number system (base-6) is less exceptionable than quinary and septenary number system; but it is not more convenient, in point of extent, and would render the operations of arithmetic too diffuse. Senary may be considered useful in the study of prime numbers since all primes, when expressed in base-six, other than 2 and 3 have 1 or 5 as the final digit. The number system with base seven is known as the septenary number system. In this system seven symbols are used to represent numbers and these are 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6. The septenary number system is equally unfit for constituting the bases of an arithmetical system. The number system with base nine is known as the nonary number system. In this system nine symbols are used to represent numbers and these are 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 but not the digit 9. The nonary number system is same as ternary number system, performed operations in a concise manner, yet same difficulties present in the fractional arithmetic. Except for three, no primes in nonary end in 0, 3 or 6, since any nonary number ending in 0, 3 or 6 is divisible by three. A nonary number is divisible by two, four or eight, if the sum of its digits is also divisible by two, four or eight respectively. The number system with base eleven is known as the unodecimal number system. In this system eleven symbols are used to represent numbers and these are numerals 0 through 9 and alphabet A. It is

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appear in several science fiction stories: Carl Sagan's novel Contact references a message hidden inside pi that is most striking in base 11, as that permits it to be displayed in binary code. . The unodecimal number system is also used to check digit for ISBN. The number system with base twelve is known as the duodecimal number system. In this system twelve symbols are used to represent numbers and these are numerals 0 through 9 and alphabets A and B. Duodecimal number system have received its name from the division of unity into 12 equal parts. This number system combines all the advantages of the senary and decimal number system. The number system with base thirteen is known as the tridecimal number system. In this system thirteen symbols are used to represent numbers and these are numerals 0 through 9 and alphabets A, B and C. The Conway base 13 function is used as a counterexample to the converse of the intermediate value theorem that is discontinuous at every point. The number system with base fourteen is known as the quadrodecimal number system. It requires fourteen symbols. Since there are only ten common decimal digits, the notation can be extended by using letters A, B, C and D to represent values 10, 11, 12 and 13 respectively. This system is infrequently used. It finds applications in mathematics as well as fields such as programming for the HP 9100A/B calculator, image processing applications and other specialized uses. The number system with base fifteen is known as the pentadecimal number system. In this system fifteen symbols are used to represent numbers and these are numerals 0 through 9 and alphabets A, B, C, D and E. This system is infrequently used. It finds applications in mathematics as well as fields such as telephony routing over IP and other specialized uses. The number system with base seventeen is known as the heptadecimal number system. In this system seventeen symbols are used to represent numbers and these are numerals 0 through 9 and alphabets A, B, C, D, E, F and G. This number system is very important for many scientific applications, as well as for engineering and other practical uses. The number system with base eighteen is known as the octodecimal number system. It requires eighteen symbols. Since there are only ten common decimal digits, the notation can be extended by using letters A, B, C, D, E, F, G and H to represent values 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16 and 17 respectively. The number system with base nineteen is known as the nonadecimal number system. It requires nineteen symbols. Since there are only ten common decimal digits, the notation can be extended by using letters A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H and I to represent values 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 1, 17 and 18 respectively. This system is used in TCP/IP for chargen and as an atomic number of potassium in science. The number system with base twenty is known as the vigesimal number system. It requires twenty symbols. Since there are only ten common decimal digits, the notation can be extended by using letters A, B, C, D, E, F, G,H, I, and J to represent values 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, and 19 respectively. This system is widely used nearly all over the world in various languages. Vigesimal number system (base-20) is unique to our current decimal system.

5.1 Quadrovigesimal Number System

The number system with base twenty four is known as the quadrovigesimal number system. In this system twenty four symbols are used to represent numbers and these are numerals 0 through 9 and alphabets A through N. This is an alphanumeric number system because its uses both alphabets and numerical to represent a quadrovigesimal number.It is also a positional number system that each bit position corresponds to a power of 24. It has two parts the Integral part or integers and the fractional part or fractions, set a part by radix point. For example (4N8.K3)24 In quadrovigesimal number system the leftmost bit is known as most significant bit (MSB) and the right most bit is known as least significant bit (LSB). The following expression shows the position and the power of the base 24:

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..243242241240.24-124-224-3.. The arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication and division operations of decimal numbers can be also performed on quadrovigesimal numbers. In practical applications, the nuisance of recurring decimals is encountered less often when quadrovigesimal (or duodecimal) notation is used.

5.2 Hexavigesimal Number System

The number system with base twenty six is known as the hexavigesimal number system. In this system twenty six symbols are used to represent numbers and these are numerals 0 through 9 and alphabets A through P. This is an alphanumeric number system because its uses both alphabets and numerical to represent a hexavigesimal number.It is also a positional number system that each bit position corresponds to a power of 26. It has two parts the integral part or integers and the fractional part or fractions, set a part by radix point. For example (4P8.K3)26 In hexavigesimal number system the leftmost bit is known as most significant bit (MSB) and the right most bit is known as least significant bit (LSB). The following expression shows the position and the power of the base 26: ..263262261260.26-126-226-3.. The arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication and division operations of decimal numbers can be also performed on hexavigesimal numbers. These systems are of limited practical value, although letters used in nominal or serial numbers can be thought as hexavigesimal numerals for calculation purposes if the entire alphabet is used.

5.3 Heptovigesimal Number System

The number system with base twenty seven is known as the heptovigesimal number system. In this system twenty seven symbols are used to represent numbers and these are numerals 0 through 9 and alphabets A through Q. This is an alphanumeric number system because its uses both alphabets and numerical to represent a hexavigesimal number.It is also a positional number system that each bit position corresponds to a power of 27. It has two parts the integral part or integers and the fractional part or fractions, set a part by radix point. For example (4Q8.K3)27 In heptovigesimal number system the leftmost bit is known as most significant bit (MSB) and the right most bit is known as least significant bit (LSB). The following expression shows the position and the power of the base 27: ..273272271270.27-127-227-3.. The arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication and division operations of decimal numbers can be also performed on heptovigesimal numbers. Heptovigesimal notation can be used as a concise representation of ternary data, where each heptovigesimal digit represents three ternary digits.

5.4 Trigesimal Number System

The number system with base thirty is known as the trigesimal number system. In this system thirty symbols are used to represent numbers and these are numerals 0 through 9 and alphabets A through T. This is an alphanumeric number system because its uses both alphabets and numerical to represent a trigesimal number.It is also a positional number system that each bit position corresponds to a power of 30. It has two parts the integral part or integers and the fractional part or fractions, set a part by radix point. For example (4T8.K3)30

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In trigesimal number system the leftmost bit is known as most significant bit (MSB) and the right most bit is known as least significant bit (LSB). The following expression shows the position and the power of the base 30: ..303302301300.30-130-230-3.. The arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication and division operations of decimal numbers can be also performed on heptovigesimal numbers. From a mathematical viewpoint, 30 is a convenient choice for a base in that it is the 4th primorial number; many vulgar fractions are easily expressed in base 30. On the other hand, base 30 has poor radix economy, and it shares the problem with base 60 of its radix falling between twin primes, resulting in few recurring fractions having short periods.

5.5 Duotrigesimal Number System

The number system with base thirty two is known as the duotrigesimal number system. In this system thirty two symbols are used to represent numbers and these are numerals 0 through 9 and alphabets A through V. This is an alphanumeric number system because its uses both alphabets and numerical to represent a duotrigesimal number.It is also a positional number system that each bit position corresponds to a power of 32. It has two parts the integral part or integers and the fractional part or fractions, set a part by radix point. For example (4V8.K3)32 In duotrigesimal number system the leftmost bit is known as most significant bit (MSB) and the right most bit is known as least significant bit (LSB). The following expression shows the position and the power of the base 32: ..323322321320.32-132-232-3.. The arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication and division operations of decimal numbers can be also performed on duotrigesimal numbers. Duotrigesimal is a notation for encoding arbitrary byte data using a restricted set of symbols which can be conveniently used by humans and processed by old computer systems which only recognize restricted character sets.

5.6 Hexatrigesimal Number System

The number system with base thirty six is known as the hexatrigesimal number system. In this system thirty six symbols are used to represent numbers and these are numerals 0 through 9 and alphabets A through Z. This is an alphanumeric number system because its uses both alphabets and numerical to represent a hexatrigesimal number.It is also a positional number system that each bit position corresponds to a power of 36. It has two parts the integral part or integers and the fractional part or fractions, set a part by radix point. For example (4Z8.K3)36 In hexatrigesimal number system the leftmost bit is known as most significant bit (MSB) and the right most bit is known as least significant bit (LSB). The following expression shows the position and the power of the base 36: ..363362361360.36-136-236-3.. The arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication and division operations of decimal numbers can be also performed on hexatrigesimal numbers. The Remote Imaging Protocol for bulletin board systems used base 36 notations for transmitting coordinates in a compact form. Many URL redirection systems like TinyURL or SnipURL/Snipr also use base 36 integers as compact alphanumeric identifiers. Dell uses a 5 or 7 digit base 36 numbers (Service Tag) as a compact version of their Express Service Codes. In the International Securities Identification Number (ISIN), the check digit is computed by first taking the value of each character in base-36, concatenating the numbers together, then doing a weighted sum.

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5.7 Quadragesimal Number System

The number system with base forty is known as the quadragesimal number system. In this system forty symbols are used to represent numbers and these are numerals 0 through 9, capital alphabets A through Z and small alphabets a through d. This is an alphanumeric number system because its uses both alphabets and numerical to represent a quadragesimal number.It is also a positional number system that each bit position corresponds to a power of 40. It has two parts the integral part or integers and the fractional part or fractions, set a part by radix point. For example (4d8.K3)40 In quadragesimal number system the leftmost bit is known as most significant bit (MSB) and the right most bit is known as least significant bit (LSB). The following expression shows the position and the power of the base 40: ..403402401400.40-140-240-3.. The arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication and division operations of decimal numbers can be also performed on quadragesimal numbers. Quadragesimal number system is used to facilitate several tasks in the manipulation of musical data. The base-40 representation has been used in a host of software including programs for music theory, music analysis, music query, and the visualization of tonal music.

5.8 Pentagesimal Number System

The number system with base fifty is known as the pentagesimal number system. In this system fifty symbols are used to represent numbers and these are numerals 0 through 9, capital alphabets A through Z and small alphabets a through n. This is an alphanumeric number system because its uses both alphabets and numerical to represent a pentagesimal number.It is also a positional number system that each bit position corresponds to a power of 50. It has two parts the integral part or integers and the fractional part or fractions, set a part by radix point. For example (4n8.K3)50 In pentagesimal number system the leftmost bit is known as most significant bit (MSB) and the right most bit is known as least significant bit (LSB). The following expression shows the position and the power of the base 50: ..503502501500.50-150-250-3.. The arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication and division operations of decimal numbers can be also performed on pentagesimal numbers.

5.9 Sexagesimal Number System

The number system with base sixty is known as the sexagesimal number system. In this system sixty symbols are used to represent numbers and these are numerals 0 through 9, capital alphabets A through Z and small alphabets a through x. This is an alphanumeric number system because its uses both alphabets and numerical to represent a sexagesimal number.It is also a positional number system that each bit position corresponds to a power of 60. It has two parts the integral part or integers and the fractional part or fractions, set a part by radix point. For example (4x8.K3)60 In sexagesimal number system the leftmost bit is known as most significant bit (MSB) and the right most bit is known as least significant bit (LSB). The following expression shows the position and the power of the base 60: ..603602601600.60-160-260-3.. The arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication and division operations of decimal numbers can be also performed on sexagesimal numbers. Unlike most other numeral systems,

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sexagesimal is not used so much in modern times as a means for general computations, or in logic, but rather, it is used in measuring angles, geographic coordinates, and time.

5.10 Duosexagesimal Number System

The number system with base sixty two is known as the duosexagesimal number system. In this system sixty two symbols are used to represent numbers and these are numerals 0 through 9, capital alphabets A through Z and small alphabets a through z. This is an alphanumeric number system because its uses both alphabets and numerical to represent a duosexagesimal number.It is also a positional number system that each bit position corresponds to a power of 62. It has two parts the integral part or integers and the fractional part or fractions, set a part by radix point. For example (4z8.K3)62 In duosexagesimal number system the leftmost bit is known as most significant bit (MSB) and the right most bit is known as least significant bit (LSB). The following expression shows the position and the power of the base 62: ..623622621620.62-162-262-3.. The arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication and division operations of decimal numbers can be also performed on duosexagesimal numbers.

5.11 Quadrosexagesimal Number System

The number system with base sixty four is known as the quadrosexagesimal number system. In this system sixty four symbols are used to represent numbers and these are numerals 0 through 9, capital alphabets A through Z, small alphabets a through z and special symbol !and #. Quadrogesimal is a group of similar encoding schemes that represent binary data in an ASCII string format by translating it into a base-64 representation. It is also a positional number system that each bit position corresponds to a power of 64. It has two parts the integral part or integers and the fractional part or fractions, set a part by radix point. For example (4z8.K3)64 In quadrosexagesimal number system the leftmost bit is known as most significant bit (MSB) and the right most bit is known as least significant bit (LSB). The following expression shows the position and the power of the base 64: ..643642641640.64-164-264-3.. The arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication and division operations of decimal numbers can be also performed on quadrosexagesimal numbers. Base-64 encoding schemes are commonly used when there is a need to encode binary data that needs be stored and transferred over media that are designed to deal with textual data. This is to ensure that the data remains intact without modification during transport. Base-64 is commonly used in a number of applications including email via MIME, and storing complex data in XML.

5.12 Pentaoctagesimal Number System

The number system with base eighty five is known as the pentaoctagesimal number system. In this system eighty five symbols are used to represent numbers and these are numerals 0 through 9, capital alphabets A through Z, small alphabets a through z and special symbol !, #, $, %, &, (, ), *, +, -, ;, <, =, >, ?, @, ^, _,`, {, |, }, and ~. It is also a positional number system that each bit position corresponds to a power of 85. It has two parts the integral part or integers and the fractional part or fractions, set a part by radix point. For example (4&d.P3)85

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In pentaoctagesimal number system the leftmost bit is known as most significant bit (MSB) and the right most bit is known as least significant bit (LSB). The following expression shows the position and the power of the base 85: ..853852851850.85-185-285-3.. The arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication and division operations of decimal numbers can be also performed on pentaoctagesimal numbers. This number system is used in ASCII 85 encoding system to encode binary data to text format.

5.13 Octovicentimal Number System

The number system with base one hundred twenty eight is known as the octovicentimal number system. In this system one hundred twenty eight symbols are used to represent numbers and these are numerals 0 through 9, capital alphabets A through Z, small alphabets a through z and special symbol !, #, $, %, &, (, ), *, +, -, ;, <, =, >, ?, @, ^, _,`, {, |, }, ~, /, \, [,],, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , and . It is also a positional number system that each bit position corresponds to a power of 128. It has two parts the integral part or integers and the fractional part or fractions, set a part by radix point. For example (4z8.l3)128 In octovicentimal number system the leftmost bit is known as most significant bit (MSB) and the right most bit is known as least significant bit (LSB). The following expression shows the position and the power of the base 128: ..1283128212811280.128-1128-2128-3.. The arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication and division operations of decimal numbers can be also performed on octovicentimal numbers. This number system is used to represent in mathematics and military system. This is used to represent bar code and IPv6.

6. Arithmetic and Interconversion of Strange Number System

In addition, for each form of number representation, there is one way, or sometimes more than one way, in which it is possible for arithmetic operations to be carried out. Arithmetic operations play an important role in various digital systems such as computers, process controllers, signal processors computer graphics and image processing. Consequently, there is an even greater challenge for the Computer Scientist: to understand how each kind of arithmetic operation is carried out for each of the schemes of number representation that are commonly used. The kinds of arithmetic operations that Computer Scientists are concerned with are addition, subtraction, multiplication and division also play a significant role on strange numbers in computing. Arithmetic operations are performed in a different way in digital computers, depending upon the manner in which the underlying numbers are represented in the computer. In particular, digital arithmetic operations come in two principal varieties: integer operations and floating-point operations. Integer operations are performed on integer numbers, or on numbers stored in a variant of integer number representation known as fixed-point representation. Floating-point operations are performed upon numbers stored in the computer in floating-point representation. Table II shows various arithmetic operations performed on strange numbers. The essentials of decimal arithmetic operations have been drilled into us so that we do addition and subtraction almost by instinct. We do binary arithmetic, as well as that of other numbering systems, in the same way that we do decimal arithmetic. The only difference is that we have more digits to use. Table 3. Arithmetic Operation of Strange Number Systems
Number System
Ternary Quaternary Quinary

Addition
(11)3 + (02)3 = (20)3 (36)4 + (06)4 = (120)4 (42)5 + (16)5 = (113)5

Subtraction
(11)3 - (02)3 = (02)3 (36)4 - (06)4 = (30)4 (42)5 - (16)5 = (21)5

Multiplication
(11)3 * (02)3 = (22)3 (36)4 * (06)4 = (1230)4 (42)5 * (16)5 = (1432)5

Division
(11)3 / (02)3 = (02)3 (36)4 / (06)4 = (03)4 (42)5 / (16)5 = (02)5

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International Journal of Advances in Science and Technology Senary Septenary Nonary Unodecimal Duodecimal Tridecimal Quadrodecimal Pentadecimal Heptadecimal Octodecimal Nonadecimal Vigesimal Quadrovigesimal Hexavigesimal Septemvigesimal Trigesimal Duotrigesimal Hexatrigesimal Quadragesimal Pentagesimal Sexagesimal Duosexagesimal Quadrosexagesimal Pentaoctagesimal Octovicentimal (52)6 + (24)6 = (120)6 (26)7 + (13)7 = (42)7 (38)9 + (05)9 = (44)9 (2A)11 + (04)11= (33)11 (2B)12 + (05)12 = (34)12 (1C)13 + (05)13 = (24)13 (1D)14 + (09)14 = (28)14 (1E)15 + (02)15 = (31)15 (1G)17 + (03)17 = (22)17 (1H)18 + (05)18 = (24)18 (2I)19 + (07)19 = (36)19 (1J)20 + (03)20 = (22)20 (3N)24 + (05)24 = (44)24 (2P)26 + (07)26 = (36)26 (2Q)27 + (08)27 = (37)27 (20)30 + (05)30 = (25)30 (1V)32 + (03)32 = (22)32 (0Z)36 + (05)36 = (14)36 (0d)40 + (03)40 = (12)40 (0n)50 + (07)50 = (16)50 (10)60 + (05)60 = (15)60 (1z)62 + (03)62 = (22)62 (1z)64 + (05)64 = (22)64 (10)85 + (05)85 = (15)85
(12)128 + (05)128 = (17)128

(52)6 - (24)6 = (24)6 (26)7 - (13)7 = (13)7 (38)9 - (05)9 = (33)9 (2A)11 - (04)11 = (26)11 (2B)12 - (05)12 = (26)12 (1C)13 - (05)13 = (17)13 (1D)14 - (09)14 = (14)14 (1E)15 - (02)15 = (3C)15 (1G)17 - (03)17 = (1D)17 (1H)18 - (05)18 = (1C)18 (2I)19 - (07)19 = (2B)19 (1J)20 - (03)20 = (1G)20 (3N)24 - (05)24 = (3I)24 (2P)26 - (07)26 = (2I)26 (2Q)27 - (08)27 = (2I)27 (20)30 - (05)30 = (1P)30 (1V)32 - (03)32 = (1S)32 (0Z)36 - (05)36 = (0U)36 (0d)40 - (03)40 = (0a)40 (0n)50 - (07)50 = (0g)50 (10)60 - (05)60 = (0t)60 (1z)62 - (03)62 = (1w)62 (1z)64 - (05)64 = (1u)64 (10)85 - (05)85 = (0_)85
(12)128 - (05)128 = (0 )128

(52)6 * (24)6 = (2212)6 (26)7 * (13)7 = (404)7 (38)9 * (05)9 = (214)9 (2A)11 * (04)11 = (107)11 (2B)12 * (05)12 = (127)12 (1C)13 * (05)13 = (98)13 (1D)14 * (09)14 = (135)14 (1E)15 * (02)15 = (5D)15 (1G)17 * (03)17 = (5E)17 (1H)18 * (05)18 = (9D)18 (2I)19 * (07)19 = (11C)19 (1J)20 * (03)20 = (5H)20 (3N)24 * (05)24 = (JJ)24 (2P)26 * (07)26 = (KJ)26 (2Q)27 * (08)27 = (NJ)27 (20)30 *(05)30 = (A0)30 (1V)32 * (03)32 = (5T)32 (0Z)36 * (05)36 = (4V)36 (0d)40 * (03)40 = (2b)40 (0n)50 * (07)50 = (6h)50 (10)60 * (05)60 = (50)60 (1z)62 * (03)62 = (5x)62 (1z)64 * (05)64 = (9n)64 (10)85 * (05)85 = (50)85
(12)128 * (05)128 = (5A)128

(52)6 / (24)6 = (02)6 (26)7 / (13)7 = (02)7 (38)9 / (05)9 = (07`)9 (2A)11 / (04)11= (08)11 (2B)12 / (05)12 = (07)12 (1C)13 / (05)13 = (05)13 (1D)14 / (09)14 = (03)14 (1E)15 / (02)15 = (17)15 (1G)17 / (03)17 = (11)17 (1H)18 / (05)18 = (07)18 (2I)19 / (07)19 = (08)19 (1J)20 / (03)20 = (0D)20 (3N)24 / (05)24 = (0J)24 (2P)26 / (07)26 =(0B)26 (2Q)27 / (08)27 =(0A)27 (20)30 / (05)30 = (0C)30 (1V)32 / (03)32 =(0L)32 (0Z)36 / (05)36 = (07)36 (0d)40 / (03)40 = (0D)40 (0n)50 / (07)50 = (07)50 (10)60 / (05)60 = (0C)60 (1z)62 / (03)62 = (0f)62 (1z)64 / (05)64 = (0P)64 (10)85 / (05)85 = (0H)85
(12)128 / (05)128 =(0Q)128

This section describes the conversion of one base to another. The best way to develop facility in the understanding positional number notation in a variety of bases is to be able to convert numbers from any starting base ra to any destination base rb. Such conversion usually requires base divide and multiply method. There is a general procedure for the operation of converting a decimal number to a number in base r. If the number includes a base point, it is necessary to separate the number into an integer part and a fraction part, since each part must be converted differently. To convert an integer number from decimal to some other base, we divide the number successively by the destination base until the quotient becomes zero. The remainders form the answer, with the first remainder serving as the least significant bit (LSB) and the last remainder the most significant bit (MSB).

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One way to convert an integer number from any other base to decimal equivalent is the sum-ofweights method. Here, we determine the set of weights (which are in powers of source base) whose sum is the number in question. In general, conversion of a fractional number from some other base to decimal is just a straightforward extension of the conversion algorithm for integers. This calculation is accomplished starting from the radix point and proceeding outwards. Then the separate contribution to the number of each numeral extending rightwards from the radix point must be determined by multiplying the place value expressed in decimal by that numeral. Finally, the sum of the contributions of all numerals of the original number must be taken. To convert a decimal fraction to a specific base, we multiply the number successively by the base of this number, removing the carry in each step, until the fractional product is zero or until the desired number of bits is collected. The carries form the answer, with the first carry serving as the MSB and the last as the LSB. In the converting values, especially fractional values between bases, there might be instances when the values are to be corrected within a specific number of places. This may be done by truncation or rounding. In truncation, we simply chop a portion off from the fraction. In rounding, we need to examine the leading digit of the portion we intend to remove. It is important to be able to convert a number from any arbitrary base to any other base. This is generally difficult to do, since the arithmetic has to be carried out in the starting base, and the rules for division in the general case of base r are different from the rules of decimal arithmetic that we are used to from daily living. The easiest way to accomplish this goal, convert first to decimal and then to the target base. Therefore, in general to convert from base r1 to base r2, just convert first from base r1 to decimal, and then from decimal to base r2. When performing these conversions, it becomes important for all to indicate the base that the number is written in, as it will become very easy to confuse how the number is being represented. Table III shows the inter-conversions between various bases. Table 4. Base Interconversion of Strange Number Systems
Base Inter Conversion

Part-A
Step-1 Decimal to any base [unary, , vigesimal, ..] Integer: repeated division by base Fraction: repeated multiplication by base Step-2 Binary to any base [quaternary, octal, hexadecimal, ...] To quaternary: replace group of 2-binary bits by quaternary digit To octal: replace group of 3-binary bits by octal digit To hexadecimal: replace group of 4-binary bits by hexadecimal digit To duotrigesimal: replace group of 5-binary bits by duotrigesimal digit Step-3 Ternary to any base [nonary, heptovigesimal, unooctagesimal, ...] To nonary: replace group of 2-trinary bits by nonary digit
To heptovigesimal: replace group of 3-trinary bits by heptovigesimal digit To unooctagesimal: replace group of 4-trinary bits by

Part-B
Any base [unary, , vigesimal, ..] to decimal Integer: sum of [(+ve weights)(integer)] Fraction: sum of [(-ve weights) (fraction)] Any base [quaternary, octal, hexadecimal, ...] to binary From quaternary: replace each quaternary digit by 2bit binary From octal: replace each octal digit by 3-bit binary From hexadecimal: replace each hexadecimal digit by 4-bit binary From duotrigesimal: replace each duotrigesimal digit by 5-bit binary Any base [nonary, heptovigesimal, unooctagesimal, ...] to trinary From nonary: replace each nonary digit by 2-bit trinary
From heptovigesimal: replace each heptovigesimal digit by 3-bit trinary From unooctagesimal: replace each unooctagesimal digit

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unooctagesimal digit by 4-bit trinary

Step-4

(--)3,4,5,6,7,9,11, 12, 13, 14, 15, ... to (--)3,4,5,6,7,9,11, 12, 13, 14, 15, ... Direct conversion not applicable First (--)3,4,5,6,7,9,11, 12, 13, 14, 15, ... to (--)10 Then (--)10 to (--)3,4,5,6,7,9,11, 12, 13, 14, 15, ...

7. Compliments of Strange Number System

Complements are quite often used to represent negative numbers in digital computers for simplifying the subtraction operation and logical manipulation. This method was commonly used in mechanical calculators and is still used in modern computers. For instance, the number N2 has to be subtracted from N1 i.e., N1 - N2 then without using subtraction the complement form of negative number is formed and then added. It can be pointed out that since the subtraction of number N2 from N1 is same as the addition of N1 and complement of N2 (i.e.) N1 + (-N2). There are two types of complements for each base 1 system. The rs Complement The (r-1)s Complement The rs complement is sometimes called as True Complement and the (r-1)s complement as Radix minus ones complement.

7.1 The rs Complement

The rs complement of n-digit number N in base r is defined as rn N for N 0 and 0 for N = 0.The rs complement in decimal system is 10s complement and 2s complement in case of binary system.

7.2 The (r-1)s Complement

The rs complement of n-digit number N in base r is defined as [(rn 1) N] + 1for N 0 and 0 for N = 0. The (r-1)s complement in decimal system is 9s complement and 1s complement in case of binary. Table 5. Compliment technique for strange number system.
Number System

Radix compliment
Minuend + subtrahends radix compliment = result (Discard the carry or MSD of the result) Threes Compliment Fours Compliment Fives Compliment Sixs Compliment Sevens Compliment Nines Compliment Elevens Compliment Twelves Compliment Thirteens Compliment Fourteens Compliment Fifteens Compliment

(radix-1) compliment
Minuend + subtrahends (radix-1) compliment = result Add carry (if generated) to the result Twos Compliment Threes Compliment Fours Compliment Fives Compliment Sixs Compliment Eights Compliment Tens Compliment Elevens Compliment Twelves Compliment Thirteens Compliment Fourteens Compliment

Ternary Quaternary Quinary Senary Septenary Nonary Unodecimal Duodecimal Tridecimal Quadrodecimal Pentadecimal

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International Journal of Advances in Science and Technology Heptadecimal Octodecimal Nonadecimal Vigesimal Quadrovigesimal Hexavigesimal Septemvigesimal Trigesimal Duotrigesimal Hexatrigesimal Quadragesimal Pentagesimal Sexagesimal Duosexagesimal Quadrosexagesimal Pentaoctagesimal Octovicentimal Seventeens Compliment Eighteens Compliment Nineteen Compliment Twentys Compliment Twenty Fours Compliment Twenty Sixs Compliment Twenty Sevens Compliment Thirtys Compliment Thirty Twos Compliment Thirty Sixs Compliment Fortys Compliment Fiftys Compliment Sixtys Compliment Sixty Twos Compliment Sixty Fours Compliment Eighty Fives Compliment One Hundred Twenty Eights Compliment Sixteens Compliment Seventeens Compliment Eighteens Compliment Nineteen Compliment Twenty Threes Compliment Twenty Fives Compliment Twenty Sixs Compliment Twenty Nines Compliment Thirty Ones Compliment Thirty Fives Compliment Thirty Nines Compliment Forty Nines Compliment Fifty Nines Compliment Sixty Ones Compliment Sixty Threes Compliment Eighty Fours Compliment One Hundred Twenty Sevens Compliment

8. Conclusion
Here we have elaborated the concepts of strange number system (SNS) and proposed an easy, short and simple approach to fulfill the needs, number representation, arithmetic operations and inter conversion with different bases, represented in tabulated form used in the digital world specially computer science and technology. As we have seen that, not only traditional numbers are used in digital world, but there are some strange numbers, which are also very common and frequently used in most of the digital technologies and devices. Due to the benefits of strange number representation, which include greater speed of arithmetic operations realization, greater density of memorized information, better usage of transmission paths and decreasing of pin number of integrated circuits, this paper concludes that strange number system even though they are not yet more commercially available, remain a viable field for research, and have a promising future as a replacement for traditional number system. This study will be very helpful for researchers and knowledge seekers to easy understanding and practicing of number systems as well as to memories them for those who are in the field of computer science and technology.

9. Acknowledgement
Handful of thanks to Dr. U A Lanjewar, Professor VMV Commerce, JMT Arts & JJP Science College, Wardhaman Nagar, Nagpur for his guidance, support and valuable instructions.

10. References
[1] Afolayan A. OBINIYI, Ezugwu E. ABSALOM, Kwanashie ADAKO, Arithmetic Logic Design with Color-Coded Ternary for Ternary Computing. International Journal of Computer Application Issues, Vol. 26, No. 11, July 2011. [2] Shahid LATIF, Junaid QAYYUM, Muhammad LAL, Faheem KHAN, Novel Approach to the Learning of Various Number Systems. International Journal of Computer Applications Issues, Vol. 26, No. 7, July 2011.

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[3] Reena Rani, L.K. Singh, Neelam Sharma, A Novel Design of High Speed Adders Using Quaternary Signed Digit Number System, International Journal of Computer and Network Security, ISSN: 20762739, Vol. 2, Issue. 9, 2011, pp. 62-66. [4] Alexey Stakhov, Brousentsovs Ternary Principle, Bergmans Number System and Ternary Mirror-symmetrical Arithmetic, The Computer Journal, Vol. 45, No. 2, 2002. [5] Barry B BREY The Intel Microprocessors. Sixth edition, prentice hall of India private limited, New Delhi 110 001, 2002 [6] Ion PROFEANU, 2010, Ternary Arithmetic and Logic. Proceedings WCE 2010, London, U.K., ISBN: 978-988-17012-9-9. [7] Amarnath Murthy On the divisors of the unary sequence, Smarandache Notions Journal Vol. 11, 2000. [8] Davenport, Harold, The Higher Arithmetic:An Introduction to the Theory of Numbers (7th ed.), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK,1999, ISBN 0-521-63446-6. [9] Number Representation and Computer Arithmetic, Article to appear in Encyclopedia of Information Systems, Academic Press, 2001. [10] Henning Gundersen, Yngvar Berg, A Novel Balanced Ternary Adder Using Recharged SemiFloating Gate Devices [11] Brousentsov N.P. Computing machine Setun of Moscow State University // New developments on computer technology. - Kiev , 1960. (In Russian). [12] Bergman's number Bergman_engl.html system, [Online]. Available: www.goldenmuseum.com/1405

[13] Mark Glusker, David M. Hogan, Pamela Vass. "The Ternary Calculating Machine of Thomas Fowler," IEEE Annals of the History of Computing, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 4-22, July-September 2005. [14] Small digital computing machine Setun / N.P.Brousentsov, S.P.Maslov, V.P.Rosin, A.M.Tishulina - Moscow State Univ., 1965. (In Russian).

Authors Profile
Name Ph. No. Qualification About research - Debasis Das -9970615760, 0712-2733932 (Office) - MCA, MSc (Comp. Sc.). -Around 5 years teaching experience to Post-Graduate students. Member of IETE. Research interest includes Number System, Mobile Computing.

Name Ph. No. Qualification

- Ujwal A. Lanjewar -9822727665, 0712-2726672 (Res.) -Ph.D., MCA, MSc (Stats.), MBA, Diploma in Industrial Engineering and Diploma in Export Management. About research -Around 16 years teaching and Research experience to Graduate, Post-Graduate and Doctoral degree students. Post doctoral research work is submitted in RTM Nagpur University for Doctor of science. Around 21 research papers are published in International peer reviewed journals. 4 students have already awarded doctoral degree. Research guide for five universities in the research area of Computer science and technology, Business management and applications, and statistics. Worked on various advisory committee of National and International Conferences.

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