Extension and Validation of the CFX Cavitation Model for Sheet and Tip Vortex Cavitation on Hydrofoils

C. Lifante, T. Frank, M. Kuntz ANSYS Germany, 83624 Otterfing Conxita.Lifante@ansys.com

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Overview

Introduction Cavitation project

Goals Cavitation model Testcases

Results
Testcase set-up Validation studies

Summary
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Cavitation on Pumps, Propellers & Hydrofoils

Cavitation phenomena Propeller
Tip vortex cavitation

Hydrofoil
Sheet & cloud cavitation

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Cavitation Project
Title
Investigation of higher order pressure fluctuations and its influence on ship stern, taking into account cavitation at propeller blades

Project partners
SVA Potsdam, ANSYS Germany

Duration
July 2005 to June 2008

Funded by German Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) Main issues

CFD & experiments for ship propeller cavitation Cavitation including transient effects Cavitation induced pressure fluctuations and interaction with ship stern
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Cavitation Model-Rayleigh-Plesset Equation

Interfacial mass transfer

N R, dR/dt

lv = mlv A lv

dm v dR m lv = = v dt dt
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dR 2 Pv P = dt 3 l
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Cavitation Model-Rayleigh-Plesset Equation

lv = Fvap

3 nuc (1 v ) v R 3 v v R 2 P Pv 3 l

2 Pv P 3 l

if P < Pv

vl = Fcon

if P > Pv

Modified interfacial area density for vapourisation Fvap = 50, Fcon = 0.01 nuc = 5 10-4
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Turbulent Pressure Fluctuations

Pressure fluctuations in the (U)RANS equations:

P = P + p
Where

p=

1 p CAVcoef (1 v )k = CAVcoef (1 v )(u2 + v2 + w2 ) 2

2

Therefore:
dR 2( Pv P p) = dt 3 l
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CAVcoef = 0.39
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Project Testcases

Arndt: 3D profile

Le: 2D profile

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Le Profile
Measurements of Le et al. (1993) & Franc (2001)
Two-dimensional profile Different cavitation phenomena

P Pv 2 0.5 v
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Set-up: Boundary Conditions

wall

inlet

b b symmetry planes
wall

outlet

0.5 m

1.9 m

Inlet: Specified velocity (from Reynolds number) Walls: Free slip Outlet: Static pressure for entrainment

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Meshing: Grid Hierarchy

ICEM CFD HEXA
Geometry rotation for different angle of attack

2d refinement between grids by scale factor 22 Grid

Number of nodes Number of elements Minimum grid angle First layer distance y [m] Average y+
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Coarse(2) 56,452 27,840 41 10 4

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Medium(3) 224,264 111,360 38 5 2

Fine(4) 893,986 445,440 43 2.5 1

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Validation: Cavitation Length

=4 =0.5

=0 =0.4

C0=0.198m

Transient simulations, time averaged data

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=-4 =0.3
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Validation: Cavitation Length

Transient simulation , = =4, = =0.5

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Validation: Pressure Distribution

Pressure coefficient distribution on foil upper side Angle of attack: = =2.5and = =3.5

cp =

P P 2 0.5 v

Transient simulations, time averaged data

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Validation: Pressure Distribution

Pressure coefficient distribution on foil upper side Angle of attack: =3.5 =0.55 ,
p = 0.0 p = 0.39 k p = (1 rv )0.39 k

Transient simulations, time averaged data

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Arndt Profile
Measurements by Arndt, R.E.A. and Dugue (1992)

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Set-up: Boundary Conditions

Inlet
Computed from Re number
Outlet

Outlet
Static pressure for entrainment
No slip walls

Walls
No slip
Profile Inlet

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Meshing: Topology
ICEM CFD structured meshes
C-Grid type grid around foil surface Quarter O-Grid between C and O-Block connection at blade tip

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Meshing: Grid Hierarchy

Boundary layer resolution
Relation of first cell spacing to y+ value

y = L 80 Re L
Grid
Number of nodes Number of elements Minimum grid angle First layer distance y [m] Average y+
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13 / 14

y +
3

Scaling factor between grids ~

Coarse (1) 358,519 341,596 21 30 14.3
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4 3 4 3 4
Fine (3) 5,442,459 5,337,217 21 7.5 3.6
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Medium (2) 1,394,862 1,352,603 21 15 7.1

Set-up: Physical Models

Spatial discretization
High Resolution for hydrodynamic system Upwind / High Resolution for k- equations

Time integration
2nd order Backward Euler

Two-phase flow
Water, water vapour

Mass transfer
Rayleigh-Plesset cavitation model

Turbulence
SST, SST with Curvature Correction, BSL-RSM
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Validation: Tip Vortex Trajectory

y/b

x/c0

Multiple measurements:
Various Re numbers Various angle of attack

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Validation: Lift Curve

Lift coefficients vs. Effective angle of attack (-0) Experiments: Rec=9.2105, Simulation: various Rec

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Validation: Tip Vortex Velocity

Measurement planes
Evaluation of vortex velocity at plane perpendicular to flow at x/c=0.5, 1.0, 2.0 behind hydrofoil
x/c0=0.5 x/c0=1 x/c0=2

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Validation: Tip Vortex Velocity

Experiment x/c0=1.0 Coarse(1) x/c0=1.0 Medium(2) x/c0=1.0 Fine(3) x/c0=1.0

eff=12 Re=5.2105 ,

Vortex velocity distributions Cavitation inception in core of tip vortex

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Validation: Tip Vortex Velocity

Turbulence model variation: Standard SST model Spatial discretization
High Resolution for all equations except turbulence High Resolution for all equations

Curvature correction
Turbulence strongly affected by swirl and streamline curvature Effects are not accounted for in standard 2-equation model Additional terms in SST turbulence equations BSL-RSM model One equation for each stress tensor component
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Validation: Tip Vortex Velocity

SST (Fine) SST High Res (Fine) SST High Res CC (Fine) RSM (Medium) RSM (Coarse) Experiment

Velocity w/u

SST
_

+ High Resolution for turbulence equations + Curvature correction terms

eff=12 Re=5.2105 ,
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BSL-RSM
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Tip Vortex Vapour volume fraction Medium grid Re=5.2x105 eff=12 =0.58 ,

eff=9.5 =0.58, Re=5.2x105 ,

SST

RSM

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Validation: Cavitation Inception

Arndt & Dugue (1992), Arndt et al. (1991)
Cavitation inception vs. lift, correlation for model scaling: i 0.063 cl2 Re 0.4

Cavitation number i

Experiment Coarse Grid Medium Grid Fine Grid Regression (Coarse) Regression (Medium)

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Summary
SVA Potsdam & ANSYS Germany cavitation project (BMBF) ANSYS CFX cavitation model Validation test cases for hydrofoil cavitation:
Le et al. 2d hydrofoil cavitation Arndt et al. tip vortex cavitation

Work in progress
Isolated propeller P1356 Non condensible gas cavitation Ship propeller with ship stern.
Rotor-Stator interface Influence of the turbulence model
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Thank You!
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