3rd Lab

Air Pollution Sampling
and Analysis

(Laboratory Manual)

Dr. Sharad Gokhale
sharadbg@iitg.ernet.in

Department of Civil Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati
Guwahati 781039, Assam, India

Date: May 2009

Dr. Sharad GokhaIe
Dearlmenl of CiviI Ingineering
Indian Inslilule of TechnoIogy Guvahali
Guvahali 781 039
This laboratory manual is
useful to environmental
engineers, scientists,
undergraduate and graduate
students, chemists and
environmental field engineers.
The manual has been
prepared as per the US EPA
and IS standards.

Sponsored by:
Curriculum Development
Cell, 2008-09
IIT Guwahati
Air IoIIulion
SamIing and
AnaIysis
CONTENTS
A. Sumpling und Anulysis oI Air Pollotunts

A1. AmbIenL uIr sumpIIng guIdeIInes 1-z
Az. AmbIenL uIr sumpIIng und unuIysIs -
1. SuIpIur dIoxIde q
z. OxIdes oI nILrogen 8
. Suspended purLIcuIuLe muLLer 1z
q. RespIrubIe purLIcuIuLe muLLers (PM1o, PMz. und PM1.o) 16
. Ozone zo
6. Curbon monoxIde zq
;. Non meLIune Iydrocurbon z;
8. VoIuLIIe orgunIc compounds (BTX) z
B. Meusorement und Anulysis oI Meteorologicul Purumeters

B1. AmbIenL weuLIer purumeLers 6-q1
1. WInd speed, wInd dIrecLIon, soIur rudIuLIon, reIuLIve IumIdILy ;
und LemperuLure
z. WInd rose pIoLs qo

C. Appendix

NuLIonuI umbIenL uIr quuIILy guIdeIInes (NAAQS)

. Lnit conversion

1 | P a g e

AMIINT AIR SAMILING
GUIDILINIS
Survey for preliminary information:

During ambient air pollutants sampling, it is also necessary to
collect information on qualitative and quantitative data on the local
sources of air pollution, topography, population distribution, land
use pattern, climatology, etc, depending upon the objectives of the
survey or measurement campaign. For example, an area map to
locate pollution sources and monitoring locations, sources of
pollution situated at far distances, etc. and other relevant data that
describe the behaviour of atmosphere for a specific pollutant to be
sampled may also be required.

What it includes:

a) Selection of sampling procedures including procedures of
analysis of samples
b) Sampling locations
c) Period of sampling, frequency of sampling and duration
d) Auxiliary measurements (including meteorological parameters)
e) Processing of data

Selection of sampling procedure:

There are two types of sampling continuous and time averaged in
situ samplings. Continuous sampling is carried out by automatic
sensors, optical or electrochemical, and spectroscopic methods
which produce continuous records of concentration values. The
specific time-averaged concentration data can then be obtained
from continuous records. Time-averaged data can also be obtained
by sampling for a short time i.e. by sampling a known volume of
air for the required averaging time. Samples are then analyzed by
established physical, chemical, and biological methods for the
concentration values which are the effective average over the
period of sampling.

2 | P a g e

Sampling locations:

Sampling locations are in general governed by factors like
objectives, method of sampling and resources available. If the
objective is to study health hazards and material damages, then
locations should be kept close to the objects where the effects are
being studied and should be kept at breathing level in the
population centres, hospitals, schools, etc. For vegetation, it should
be at foliage level. For background concentration, sampling
location should be away from the sources of pollution. It can also
be done by gridding the entire area to get statistically
recommended values.

The number of locations however depends upon the variability of
concentration over the area under survey. A spot checking may be
done to decide the location besides considering practical factors.

Period of sampling, frequency and duration:

Period, frequency and duration of sampling should be appropriate
to the objectives of the study. It should be such that the measurable
quantities are trapped in the sample at the end of the sampling. It is
preferable to observe sampling period consistent with the
averaging times for which air quality standards of the given
pollutants are specified.

Network design of monitoring:

Please refer IS 5182 (Part -14): 2000

3 | P a g e

AMIINT AIR SAMILING
& ANALYSIS
The pollutants for which sampling and analytical techniques discussed are SO
2
, NO
x
, O
3
,
NMHC, CO, BTX, SPM, and RSPM. In addition, methods for meteorological parameters such
as wind speed, direction, temperature, solar radiation and relative humidity are also discussed
along with wind rose plotting methods. The rationale for selecting these pollutants in this manual
is that they are ubiquitous in urban air, widely recognized as posing a potential risk to population
health and they are commonly regulated at national and international level.

4 | P a g e

SuIpIur dIoxIde
SO
z

SO sumpling truin

5 | P a g e

Title:
SumpIIng oI suIpIur dIoxIde In umbIenL uIr und LIe deLermInuLIon
oI ILs concenLruLIon
Method oI meusorement:
VoIumeLrIc - sumpIIng u voIume oI uIr LIrougI u coIIecLIng
medIum uL u known IIow ruLe Ior u specIIIed LIme.
Instroment:
Gus sumpIer oI mIdgeL ImpIngers or IIgI voIume sumpIer wILI u
gus kIL uLLucImenL Ior SOz
Aoxiliuries:
SLundurd gIuss bubbIers, uIrIIow roLumeLer Ior meusurIng IIow ruLe
Chemiculs:
o.1 N SodIum LeLru-cIIoromercuruLe, un ubsorbIng reugenL
Sumpling locution goidelines:
SumpIIng sLuLIon sIouId be IocuLed dependIng upon LIe objecLIve
oI meusuremenL cumpuIgn und be kepL uL un uILILude dependIng
upon LIe Lype oI sLudy regIon (roudwuys, IndusLrIuI ureu, dIsposuI
sILes, resIdenLIuI LrucL, eLc). GeneruIIy IL Is kepL uL u IeIgIL oI ubouL
Lo 1o m Irom LIe ground IeveI und suIIIcIenLIy uwuy Irom LIe
dIsLurbunce or dIrecL obsLucIe Irom LIe source under
consIderuLIon.
Sumpling Ireqoency goidelines:
SumpIIng Is currIed ouL Ior vurIous purposes. TIe reguIur
monILorIng cumpuIgn oI nuLIonuI umbIenL uIr quuIILy IncIudes
meusuremenL oI SOz LypIcuIIy Ior zq Iours uL IeusL LwIce u week
mukIng ubouL 1oq sumpIes u yeur.
Steps Ior sumpling:
I. Prepure ubsorbIng reugenL (sodIum LeLru-cIIoromercuruLe)
by dIssoIvIng z;.z g mercurIc cIIorIde und 11.; g sodIum
cIIorIde In 1 IIL oI wuLer
II. Prepure u sumpIIng LruIn oI uL IeusL z gus bubbIers (Ior
uveruge reudIng) properIy wusIed wILI dIsLIIIed wuLer und
uIr drIed.
III. PIuce bubbIers In LIe sumpIIng sysLem secureIy connecLIng
Lo LIe munIIoId. CIeck LIe connecLIons oI bubbIers wILI LIe
munIIoId und LIe InIeL und ouLIeL
Iv. III LIe bubbIers wILI un ubsorbIng reugenL wILI un umounL
suIIIcIenL Lo IusL Ior zq Iours (upproxImuLeIy 1 mI Ior 8
Iours sumpIIng Lo o mI Ior zq Iours sumpIIng)
6 | P a g e

v. To eIImInuLe InLerIerences oI Lruce meLuIs, II uny, 1 drop oI
o.o1% EDTA soIuLIon muy be udded Lo LIe reugenL prIor Lo
sumpIIng; sImIIurIy, eIIecL oI oxIdes oI nILrogen muy uIso be
eIImInuLed by uddIng 1 mI oI o.o6% suIpIumIc ucId Lo LIe
reugenL uL sILe
vI. SLurL LIe sumpIer und udjusL IIow ruLe Lo z IILJmIn.
vII. NoLe LIe IIow ruLe uL LIe end oI LIe desIred sumpIIng perIod
und sLop LIe sumpIer
vIII. TrunsIL LIe sumpIIng LruIn Lo envIronmenLuI IuboruLory
cureIuIIy wILI scIenLIIIc precuuLIons und preserve LIe
sumpIe Lubes In u conLroIIed envIronmenLuI condILIons

Luborutory unulysis:
Method:
CoIorImeLrIc - by esLImuLIng ubsorbunce oI SOz Irom LIe exposed
ubsorbIng reugenL uL qo nm usIng specLropIoLomeLer
Chemiculs:
u. PururosunIIIne IydrocIIorIde
b. AcId bIeucIed
c. ormuIdeIyde (o.z%)
d. SuIpIumIc ucId by dIssoIvIng o.8 g In 1oo mI dIsLIIIed wuLer
e. SLundurd suIpIur dIoxIde soIuLIon by dIssoIvIng o.q g sodIum
meLubIsuIpIILe In zo mI dIsLIIIed wuLer
Steps oI unulysis:
Cclibrction curte:
I. Prepure u sLundurd soIuLIon oI SOz concenLruLIons rungIng
Irom o Lo z g SOz by LukIng deIInILe umounLs oI sLd.
suIpIur dIoxIde soIuLIon In u z mI voIumeLrIc IIusks
II. Add 1q mI oI ubsorbIng reugenL und 1 mI oI pururosunIIIne
IydrocIIorIde Lo eucI oI LIe IIusks mukIng u LoLuI voIume
oI zo mI.
III. Meusure ubsorbunce Ior eucI IIusks by specLropIoLomeLer
uL qo nm wuveIengLI
Iv. PIoL grupI oI ubsorbunce vJs concenLruLIon
Absorbcnce in scmples:
I. TrunsIer sumpIes Lo u z mI IIusk und deveIop coIour us
done In cuIIbruLIon curve
II. Meusure ubsorbunce uL qo nm
III. Ind ouL LIe concenLruLIon (gSOz) correspondIng Lo LIe
meusured ubsorbunce Irom LIe cuIIbruLIon curve

7 | P a g e

Culcolutions:
I. Averuge IIow ruLe (II LIere Is u sIgnIIIcunL dIIIerence In
InILIuI und IInuI IIow ruLes)

II. ToLuI voIume oI uIr sumpIed (TVA) In m

= Avg. IIow ruLe (IIL) 1o
-
(m
JIIL) LIme (Ir) 6o (mInJIr)

III. gSOz J TVA
NAAQS in pg[m
:
AverugIng
perIod
ndusLrIuI
ureus
ResIdenLIuI, ruruI &
oLIer ureus
SensILIve
ureus
q hoors 1zo 8o o
Annoul 8o 6o 1

ReIerences:
1. CPCB. NuLIonuI umbIenL uIr quuIILy sLundurds, cenLruI
poIIuLIon conLroI bourd, New DeIII. zooq
z. S18z (purL z): zoo1 - ndIun SLundurd, MeLIods Ior
meusuremenL oI uIr poIIuLIon, PurL z - SuIpIur dIoxIde
. S18z (purL 1q): zooo (reuIIIrmed zoo) - ndIun SLundurd,
MeLIods Ior meusuremenL oI uIr poIIuLIon, PurL 1q -
GuIdeIInes Ior pIunnIng LIe sumpIIng oI uLmospIere
q. A sIorL course on umbIenL uIr und source emIssIon monILorIng.
OrgunIzed by EnvIroLecI cenLre Ior R&D, New DeIII zoo8
. Ruo, M. N. und Ruo H. V. N. AIr poIIuLIon. TuLu McGruw-HIII
PubIIsIIng Co. Ld., New DeIII 1q8q

8 | P a g e

OxIdes oI NILrogen
NO
x

NOx sumpling truin

9 | P a g e

Title:
SumpIIng oI oxIdes oI nILrogen In umbIenL uIr und LIe
deLermInuLIon oI ILs concenLruLIon
VoIumeLrIc - sumpIIng u voIume oI uIr LIrougI u coIIecLIng
Instroment:
Gus sumpIer oI mIdgeL ImpIngers or IIgI voIume sumpIer wILI u
gus kIL uLLucImenL Ior NOx
Aoxiliuries:
SLundurd gIuss bubbIers, uIrIIow roLumeLer Ior meusurIng IIow ruLe
Chemiculs:
SoIuLIon oI sodIum IydroxIde und sodIum ursenILe, un ubsorbIng
reugenL
consIderuLIon.
meusuremenL oI NOx LypIcuIIy Ior zq Iours uL IeusL LwIce u week
Steps Ior sumpling:
I. Prepure ubsorbIng reugenL (u soIuLIon oI sodIum IydroxIde
und ursenILe) by dIssoIvIng q g sodIum IydroxIde und 1 g oI
sodIum ursenILe In 1 IIL oI dIsLIIIed wuLer
II. Prepure u sumpIIng LruIn oI uL IeusL z gus bubbIers (Ior
uveruge reudIng) properIy wusIed wILI dIsLIIIed wuLer und
uIr drIed.
III. PIuce bubbIers In LIe sumpIIng sysLem secureIy connecLIng
Lo LIe munIIoId. CIeck LIe connecLIons oI bubbIers wILI LIe
munIIoId und LIe InIeL und ouLIeL
10 | P a g e

Iv. III LIe bubbIers wILI un ubsorbIng reugenL wILI un umounL
suIIIcIenL Lo IusL Ior zq Iours (upproxImuLeIy 1 mI Ior 8
Iours sumpIIng Lo o mI Ior zq Iours sumpIIng)
v. To eIImInuLe InLerIerences oI suIpIur dIoxIde, drop oI
Iydrogen peroxIde muy be udded Lo LIe reugenL Lo converL
suIpIur dIoxIde InLo suIpIuLe durIng unuIysIs
vI. SLurL LIe sumpIer und udjusL IIow ruLe Lo ubouL o.z IILJmIn
Ior zq Iours sumpIIng
cureIuIIy wILI scIenLIIIc precuuLIons und preserve LIe
sumpIe Lubes In u conLroIIed envIronmenLuI condILIons
Method:
CoIorImeLrIc - by reucLIng LIe nILrILe Ions wILI pIospIorus ucId,
suIpIunIIumIde, und NEDA soIuLIon by meusurIng ubsorbunce oI
NOx Irom LIe exposed ubsorbIng reugenL uL qo nm usIng
specLropIoLomeLer
Chemiculs:
u. Hydrogen peroxIde soIuLIon
b. N-(-NupLIyI)-eLIyIenedIumIne DI-IydrocIIorIde (NEDA)
c. SodIum nILrILe - ussuy oI NuNoz (=> q; %)
d. SodIum nILrILe sLock soIuLIon (1ooo g NOzJmI)
e. SodIum nILrILe soIuLIon (1o g NOzJmI)
I. SodIum nILrILe soIuLIon (1 g NOzJmI)
g. SuIpIunIIumIde soIuLIon
I. PIospIorIc ucId
Steps oI unulysis:
Cclibrction curte:
I. Prepure u sLundurd soIuLIon oI NOx concenLruLIons rungIng
Irom o Lo z g SOz by LukIng deIInILe umounLs oI sLd.
suIpIur dIoxIde soIuLIon In u z mI voIumeLrIc IIusks
II. Add 1q mI oI ubsorbIng reugenL und 1 mI oI pururosunIIIne
IydrocIIorIde Lo eucI oI LIe IIusks mukIng u LoLuI voIume
oI zo mI.
III. Meusure ubsorbunce Ior eucI IIusks by specLropIoLomeLer
uL qo nm wuveIengLI
Iv. PIoL grupI oI ubsorbunce vJs concenLruLIon
Absorbcnce in exposed scmples:
I. TrunsIer sumpIes Lo u z mI IIusk und deveIop coIour us
done In cuIIbruLIon curve
II. Meusure ubsorbunce uL qo nm
11 | P a g e

III. Ind ouL LIe concenLruLIon (gNOx) correspondIng Lo LIe
meusured ubsorbunce Irom LIe cuIIbruLIon curve

Culcolutions:
I. Averuge IIow ruLe (II LIere Is u sIgnIIIcunL dIIIerence In
InILIuI und IInuI IIow ruLes)


= Avg. IIow ruLe (IIL) 1o
-
(m
JIIL) LIme (Ir) 6o (mInJIr)

III. g NOx J TVA

NAAQS in pg[m
:
AverugIng perIod ndusLrIuI
ureus
ResIdenLIuI, ruruI
& oLIer ureus
SensILIve
ureus
q hoors 1zo 8o o
Annoul 8o 6o 1

ReIerences:
z. S18z (purL 6): zoo6 - ndIun SLundurd, MeLIods Ior
meusuremenL oI uIr poIIuLIon, PurL 6 - OxIdes oI nILrogen

12 | P a g e

Suspended PurLIcuIuLe
MuLLer
SPM

SPM sumpling truin

13 | P a g e

Title:
SumpIIng oI suspended purLIcuIuLe muLLer In umbIenL uIr und LIe
deLermInuLIon oI ILs concenLruLIon
VoIumeLrIc-IIILruLIon - sumpIIng u voIume oI uIr LIrougI u IIILer
Instroment:
HIgI voIume sumpIer wILI SPM IIILer munIIoId
Aoxiliuries:
HIgI voIume sumpIer wILI uIrIIow munomeLer Ior meusurIng IIow
ruLe, mIcroIIber IIILer (8 x 1o sIze)
Chemiculs:
nII
consIderuLIon.
meusuremenL oI SPM LypIcuIIy Ior zq Iours uL IeusL LwIce u week
Steps Ior sumpling:
I. CondILIon u IIILer puper In oven
II. Prepure u sumpIIng ussembIy by uncorkIng screws oI LIe
bruckeL.
III. Tuke LIe Lure (InILIuI) weIgIL oI IIILer puper (ui, m)
Iv. PIuce LIe IIILer In LIe sumpIIng sysLem secureIy und LIgILen
LIe screws oI LIe bruckeL.
v. SeL LIe LImer Ior LIe perIod oI sumpIIng
vI. SLurL LIe sumpIer und udjusL IIow ruLe Lo ubouL z IILJmIn Ior
zq Iours sumpIIng.
14 | P a g e

cureIuIIy wILI scIenLIIIc precuuLIons
Ix. CondILIon LIe IIILer puper uguIn Ior LIe sume perIod us wus
done prIor Lo sumpIIng

Method:
GruvImeLrIc - by weIgIIng LIe muss oI purLIcIes
Steps oI unulysis:
Weihin oj exposed scmples:
I. Tuke IInuI weIgIL oI LIe exposed IIILer wILI u sLundurd
buIunce (uj, m)
Culcolutions:
I. Averuge IIow ruLe (InILIuI und IInuI IIow ruLes) In lit,min

= (nILIuI IIow ruLe + IInuI IIow ruLe)Jz


= Avg. IIow ruLe (lit,min) 1o
-
(m
,lit) sumpIIng LIme

(hr) 6o (min,hr)

III. ConcenLruLIon oI SPM In gJm

= (uj - ui) (m)JTVA (m
) 1o
6
,m

NAAQS in pg[m
:
ureus
ResIdenLIuI, ruruI
& oLIer ureus
SensILIve
ureus
q hoors oo zoo 1oo
Annoul 6o 1qo ;o

ReIerences:
z. S18z (purL q): zooq (reuIIIrmed zoo) - ndIun SLundurd,
MeLIods Ior meusuremenL oI uIr poIIuLIon, PurL q - Suspended
purLIcuIuLe muLLer
15 | P a g e


16 | P a g e

RespIrubIe PurLIcuIuLe
MuLLers
RSPM (PM
1o
, PM
z.
, PM
1.o
)

17 | P a g e

Title:
SumpIIng oI respIrubIe purLIcuIuLe muLLer In LIe umbIenL uIr und
LIe deLermInuLIon oI ILs concenLruLIon In vurIous sIzes
1. CycIonIc-voIumeLrIc - sumpIIng u voIume oI uIr on u coIIecLIng
z. Or qo
o
IgIL scuLLerIng
Instroment:
1. Ine purLIcuIuLe sumpIer (sume us IIgI voIume sumpIer wILI
ImpucLors Ior PM1o und PMz.)
z. DusL Truk (uuLomuLIc sumpIer) Ior PM1o, PMz. und PM1.o (LIIs
meLIod expIuIned Iere)
Aoxiliuries:
DusL Truk wILI envIronmenLuI cIumber und LrIpod Ior ouLdoor
monILorIng; InIeLs Ior PM1o, PMz. und PM1.o und respIrubIe sIze
PMq.;
Chemiculs:
nII
consIderuLIon.
meusuremenL oI PM LypIcuIIy Ior zq Iours uL IeusL LwIce u week
Steps Ior sumpling:
I. CIeun LIImbIe IIILer box oI LIe DusL Truk
II. Prepure u sumpIIng ussembIy wILI LIe requIred InIeL sIze.
AL one LIme onIy one sIze cun be monILored.
III. CIeck LIe IIow ruLe wILI LIe IeIp oI uccessory gIven wILI IL
Iv. SeL LIe LIme consLunL Lo 1o seconds or Ionger dependIng
upon LIe requIred uverugIng perIod
18 | P a g e

v. nsLrumenL cun be swILcI on Lo survey mode Ior spoL
cIeckIng. nsLrumenL wIII dIspIuy concenLruLIon vuIues In
mgJm
.
vI. Ior conLInuous monILorIng, IL needs Lo be seL In IogIn mode
vII. HuvIng seL LIe mode, pIuce IL In LIe envIronmenLuI
cIumber und muke connecLIon wILI LIe buLLerIes.
vIII. ConnecL LIe ouLdoor probe, swILcI on LIe InsLrumenL und
cIose LIe cIumber
Ix. TIe cupucILy oI sLorIng LIe duLu Is ubouL zooo
observuLIons uL every second.
x. L LIereIore requIres
Method:
GruvImeLrIc - by weIgIIng LIe muss oI purLIcIes
Steps oI unulysis:
Weihin oj exposed scmples:
I. Tuke IInuI weIgIL oI LIe exposed IIILer wILI u sLundurd
buIunce (uj, m)
Culcolutions:
I. Averuge IIow ruLe (InILIuI und IInuI IIow ruLes) In lit,min

= (nILIuI IIow ruLe + IInuI IIow ruLe)Jz


= Avg. IIow ruLe (lit,min) 1o
-
(m
,lit) sumpIIng LIme

(hr) 6o (min,hr)

III. ConcenLruLIon oI SPM In gJm

= (uj - ui) (m)JTVA (m
) 1o
6
,m

NAAQS in pg[m
:
ureus
ResIdenLIuI, ruruI
& oLIer ureus
SensILIve
ureus
q hoors 1o 1oo ;
Annoul 1zo 6o o

19 | P a g e

ReIerences:
z. S18z (purL z): zoo6 - ndIun SLundurd, MeLIods Ior
meusuremenL oI uIr poIIuLIon, PurL z - RespIrubIe suspended
purLIcuIuLe muLLer (PM1o), cycIonIc IIow LecInIque
6. DusL Truk modeI 8zo operuLIon munuuI

20 | P a g e

Ozone
O

21 | P a g e

Title:
SumpIIng oI ozone (oxIdunL) In umbIenL uIr und LIe deLermInuLIon
oI ILs concenLruLIon
PIoLomeLrIc - OxIdunL conLuIned uIr sumpIe Is scrubbed
counLercurrenLIy In u weLLed wuII ubsorber by u z percenL soIuLIon
oI buIIered, neuLruI poLussIum IodIde In wuLer. TIe yeIIow coIour
oI LIe soIuLIon Is meusured pIoLomeLrIcuIIy und recorded
conLInuousIy on u sLrIp cIurL recorder.
Instroment:
ConLInuous gus - IIquId conLucLIng devIce, recordIng coIorImeLer
Aoxiliuries:
IquId sysLem conLuInIng q boLLIes, consLunL deIIvery pump,
ucLIvuLed curbon, roLumeLer, poIyesLer IIIm bug (Ior cuIIbruLIon - Lo
deveIop u mIxLure oI ozone und uIr)
Chemiculs:
AbsorbenL wILI poLussIum IodIde, dIsodIum pIospIuLe
dodecuIydruLe, poLussIum dIIydrogen pIospIuLe, sodIum
IydroxIde, sodIum LIIosuIpIuLe, sLurcI-IodIne soIuLIon
consIderuLIon.
meusuremenL oI O LypIcuIIy Ior zq Iours uL IeusL LwIce u week
Steps Ior sumpling:
Dncmic cclibrction:
I. DynumIc cuIIbruLIon muy be perIormed by prepurIng u
Iurge mIxLure oI ozone In uIr
II. TIe ouLpuL oI un ozonIzer Is Ied InLo LIe InLuke oI u smuII
bIower deIIverIng uIr. TIe mIxLure oI gus Iowever emerges
LIrougI u sIorL IengLI oI pIpe
22 | P a g e

III. One porLIon oI LIIs mIxLure Is unuIyzed In LIe recorder.
Iv. AnoLIer porLIon Is unuIyzed LIrougI u IuInLIy bIue IodIne
soIuLIon conLuInIng sLurcI und poLussIum IodIde.
v. TILruLed LIIs soIuLIon wILI sodIum LIIosuIpIuLe (o.1 N)
vI. TIe end poInL esLubIIsIed by compurIson wILI LIe bIue
sLurcI-IodIne soIuLIon
vII. MIxLure oI ozone und uIr In poIyesLer IIIm bug muy be
prepured und udmILLed Lo LIe unuIyzer.
vIII. TIe mIxLure Is unuIyzed uL LIe LIme IL Is used sInce LIe
ozone decomposes gruduuIIy
Ix. AnuIysIs Is LIen perIormed by pussIng u meusured voIume
LIrougI un ImpInge conLuInIng buIIered K soIuLIon und
deLermIned LIe reIeused IodIne by specLromeLer meLIod
x. Muke LIe second mIxLure ubouL mIdscuIe concenLruLIon
und udjusL sumpIe or reugenL IIow ruLes unLII LIe recorder
reudIng ugrees wILI LIe ubsorbunce scuIe uccordIng Lo LIe
unuIyLIcuIIy deLermIned concenLruLIon oI LIe ozone
xI. CIeck severuI oLIer poInLs on LIe curve II desIred und
IIneur or IogurILImIc cIurL muy be prepured IoIIowed by u
cuIIbruLIon curve Lo reud In ppIm
Steps oI unulysis:
Cclibrction curte:
I. PIoL grupI oI ubsorbunce vJs concenLruLIon

Procedure:
I. PIuce u IresI ubsorbenL soIuLIon In LIe sLoruge boLLIe und
operuLe LIe soIuLIon pump unLII LIe IIquId ure IuII
II. AILer LIe IIow Ius sLubIIIzed ILseII, zero LIe recorder und
sLurL LIe uIr pump
III. SeL LIe IIows uL convenIenL ruLes sucI us q mIJmIn oI
soIuLIon und q IJmIn oI uIr
Iv. CIeck und udjusL LIe IIow ruLes duIIy.
v. AdjusL LIe pH oI LIe soIuLIon once or LwIce u week, uL LIme
LIe soIuLIon sIuII be brougIL up Lo voIume by uddILIon oI
dIsLIIIed wuLer
vI. CIunge LIe curbon IIILer ubouL once u monLI. AIso cIunge
LIe ubsorbIng soIuLIon uL LIe sume LIme
ReIerences:
1. S18z (purL z8): 1q;q (reuIIIrmed zoo) - ndIun SLundurd,
MeLIods Ior meusuremenL oI uIr poIIuLIon, PurL z8 -
ConLInuous unuIysIs und uuLomuLIc recordIng oI LIe oxIdunL oI
LIe uLmospIere
23 | P a g e

z. S18z (purL 1q): zooo (reuIIIrmed zoo) - ndIun SLundurd,
. A sIorL course on umbIenL uIr und source emIssIon monILorIng.
q. Ruo, M. N. und Ruo H. V. N. AIr poIIuLIon. TuLu McGruw-HIII

.

24 | P a g e

Curbon MonoxIde
CO

25 | P a g e

Title:
SumpIIng oI curbon monoxIde In umbIenL uIr und deLermInuLIon oI
ILs concenLruLIon
Non-dIspersIve InIru red ubsorpLIon (NDR) meLIod, LIe mosL
commonIy used uuLomuLed conLInuous wILI u meusuremenL runge
oI ubouL o. Lo 11 mgJm
.
Instroment:
A non-dIspersIve InIru red ubsorpLIon gus unuIyzer - I.e. uny
eIecLro opLIcuI specLropIoLomeLer wILI no specLruI dIspersIon
componenL; TIe InLerIerence oI curbon dIoxIde und wuLer vupour
cun be resLrIcLed Lo Iess LIun one percenL.
Aoxiliuries:
nIru red gus unuIyzer, InIru red deLecLors sepuruLed by opLIcuI ceII,
IIow meLer, connecLIng Lubes und pump.
Chemiculs:
MugnesIum percIIoruLe, IIbre IIILer puper,
consIderuLIon.
meusuremenL oI CO LypIcuIIy Ior zq Iours uL IeusL LwIce u week
Steps Ior sumpling:
Prepcrction oj scmple trcin:
I. SumpIIng begIns wILI condILIonIng u sumpIIng LruIn und
LIen gus unuIyzer
II. Pressure sysLem Is preIerred Lo condILIon LIe sumpIIng
LruIn by InsLuIIIng pump beIore LIe unuIyzer. ReducIng
vuIve needs Lo be IILLed beLween LIe unuIyzer und pump Lo
eIImInuLe LIe puIsIng eIIecL oI pump on LIe unuIyzer
III. Iow meLer Is Lo be InsLuIIed jusL beIore LIe unuIyzer
26 | P a g e

Iv. A IIbre IIILer Is used Lo cupLure LIe purLIcuIuLe muLLer prIor
Lo LIe opLIcuI ceII Lo prevenL ILs InLerIerence. As IL oILen
uccumuIuLes on LIe opLIcuI ceII reducIng LIe eIIIcIency
v. To eIImInuLe LIe InLerIerence oI wuLer vupour, reIrIgeruLIon
or desIccunL wILI mugnesIum percIIoruLe muy be used
Mode oj operction:
I. ConLInuous unuIysIs Is currIed ouL uL LIe IIow ruLe oI ubouL
1oo mIJmIn Lo 1ooo mIJmIn (dependIng upon LIe IeveI oI
poIIuLIon neur LIe IocuLIon) Ior LIe desIred sumpIIng perIod
II. DIscreLe sumpIIng muy uIso be possIbIe wILI InIru red
unuIyzer. L Iowever requIres proper cIeunIng oI LIe
sumpIIng LruIn.
Steps:
I. CuIIbruLIon oI unuIyzer cun be currIed ouL II requIred
usIng sLundurd guses
II. SumpIer Is uIIowed Lo wurm up Ior some LIme beIore
ucLuuI reudIngs ure Luken LIII LIe sumpIer gIves sLeudy
response und LemperuLure sLubIIILy
NAAQS in mg[m
:
ureus
ResIdenLIuI, ruruI
& oLIer ureus
SensILIve
Areus
1 hoor 1o q z
S hoors z 1

ReIerences:
z. S18z (purL 1o): 1qqq (reuIIIrmed zoo) - ndIun SLundurd,
MeLIods Ior meusuremenL oI uIr poIIuLIon, PurL 1o - Curbon
MonoxIde

27 | P a g e

Non-meLIune Hydrocurbon
NMHC

28 | P a g e

Title:
SumpIIng oI non-meLIune Iydrocurbon (NMHC) In umbIenL uIr
und deLermInuLIon oI ILs concenLruLIon
Non meLIune Iydrocurbon by gus cIromuLogrupIy - eILIer usIng
sLuInIess sLeeI cunIsLers or by dIrecLIy InjecLIng sumpIe oI uIr InLo u
gus cIromuLogrupI. TIe dIrecL InjecLIon oI 1 Lo z mI oI LIe sumpIe
uIr InLo gus cIromuLogrupI equIpped wILI moIecuIur sIeve kepL In
u IeIIum or nILrogen gus IIow gIves peuk correspondIng Lo meLIune
concenLruLIon.
Instroment:
Gus cIromuLogrupI oI Lwo sepuruLe coIumns, sLuInIess sLeeI
cunIsLers oI uL IeusL 1 IILre cupucILy, InIIuLubIe TeIIon bugs IILLed
wILI onJoII vuIves or gus buIbs wILI TeIIon sLop cock.
Aoxiliuries:
CupIIIury coIumn oI Iused sIIIcu (open LubuIur Lype oI o m x o.z
mm Inner dIumeLer), D (Ior pre-concenLruLIon deLermInuLIon),
n-ocLune porucII C (8o-1oo mesI) IIIIed InLo oo mm x 1 mm
Inner dIumeLer sLuInIess sLeeI coIumn
Chemiculs:
HeIIum or nILrogen gus,
consIderuLIon.
meusuremenL oI NMHC LypIcuIIy Ior zq Iours uL IeusL LwIce u week
Steps Ior sumpling {rootine unulysis):
I. NoLe - sInce some oI LIe Iydrocurbons ure modIIIed In
umbIenL by sunIIgIL und by reucLIon wILI NOx, IL Is
recommended LIuL LIe sumpIIng be done In LIe mornIng
beLween 6 und q um
29 | P a g e

II. Prepure u sumpIIng LruIn wILI uII LIe Lube connecLIons Lo
coIumns
III. TIe IIow ruLe oI IeIIum be kepL uL ubouL 8o mIJmIn wIIcI
gIves upproxImuLe reLenLIon LIme oI 1.o8 mIn Ior meLIune
Iv. TIIs Is requIred Ior LIe pre-concenLruLIon meLIod wIIcI
IImILs LIe Iower deLecLIon vuIue Lo o.1 ppb by voIume

Pre-concenLruLIon meLIod:

v. To deLermIne un umbIenL NMHC concenLruLIon, IL needs Lo
be pre-concenLruLed uL beIow LIe deLecLIon IImIL o.o1 ppm
by dIrecL InjecLIon usIng u IIume IonIzuLIon deLecLor (D).
vI. CryogenIc condensuLIon usIng IIquId nILrogen uL LIe boIIIng
poInL oI 1q6
o
C. TIe IIquId nILrogen Is mosL used cryogenIc
IIuId In IuboruLorIes.
vII. or sepuruLIng oI Cz-C Iydrocurbons, un uILernuLe
coIumn, porupuk Q, 8o-1oo mesI IIIIed In u sLuInIess sLeeI
coIumn oI 18o mm x mm Inner dIumeLer uL o
o
C In u
nILrogen IIow oI o mIJmIn
Chemiculs:
u. Hydrogen peroxIde soIuLIon
b. N-(-NupLIyI)-eLIyIenedIumIne DI-IydrocIIorIde (NEDA)
c. SodIum nILrILe - ussuy oI NuNoz (=> q; %)
d. SodIum nILrILe sLock soIuLIon (1ooo g NOzJmI)
e. SodIum nILrILe soIuLIon (1o g NOzJmI)
I. SodIum nILrILe soIuLIon (1 g NOzJmI)
g. SuIpIunIIumIde soIuLIon
I. PIospIorIc ucId
Steps oI unulysis:
I. TIe sumpIed uIr In un evucuuLed cunIsLer muy be drIed IIrsL
wILI u sIorL coIumn oI sIIIcu geI Lo prevenL moIsLure geLLIng
InLo u cunIsLer
II. TIe cunIsLer LIen Lo be connecLed Lo LIe sIx porL vuIve.
CIeck wIeLIer needIe vuIves ure compIeLeIy cIosed
III. TIe U coIumn sIouId be dIpped ubouL 1 cm InLo IIquId
nILrogen buLI
Iv. Tuke precuuLIon Iere LIuL LIe coIumn Is noL compIeLeIy
dIpped us IL Ieuds Lo LIe condensuLIon oI nILrogen und
oxygen In LIe coIumn. On LIe oLIer Iund, II LIe cooIIng noL
suIIIcIenL, LIe non meLIune Iydrocurbon Is noL condensed
v. AdjusL LIe pressure oI cunIsLer Lo ubouL qoo mm oI
mercury
vI. AILer cooIIng LIe U-coIumn Ior Lo mInuLes, open LIe
needIe vuIve on LIe sumpIe cunIsLer genLIy so LIuL uIr IIows
LIrougI LIe coIumn uL u sIow ruLe
30 | P a g e

vII. ConLInue pre-concenLruLIon LIII LIe pressure In LIe cunIsLer
rIses Irom qoo mm Lo uL IeusL q8o mm (Lo be reud on LIe
vucuum guuge)
vIII. TIen, cIose LIe needIe vuIve und connecL u vucuum pump
Lo LIe cunIsLer und reduce LIe pressure Lo 16o mm by
openIng LIe upper needIe vuIve Ior u Iew seconds
Ix. CIose boLI LIe vuIves und IeuL LIe coIumn wILI wuLer buLI
und Lurn LIe knob oI 6 porL vuIve so LIuL LIe U-coIumn Is
connecLed beLween LIe InjecLIon und LIe unuIyLIcuI coIumn
x. SImuILuneousIy wILI LIe ubove sLep, sLurL LIe sLop wuLcI Lo
record LIe reLenLIon LIme oI peuks.
Pecl obsertctions:
I. TIe IIrsL peuk wIII be due Lo meLIune IoIIowed by eLIune-
eLIIyIene, uceLyIene, propune, propyIene, buLune Isomers,
Iso-buLune, n-buLune, Iso-penLune, n -penLune und neo-
penLune.
II. or C6 (II InLeresLed), u sepuruLe coIumn Is recommended
Culcolutions:
I. DeLermIne LIe voIume oI pre-concenLruLed sumpIe
II. TIe voIume oI LIe evucuuLed cunIsLer Is V In IIL.
III. ToLuI voIume oI uIr sumpIed (TVA) In IIL.

= (q8o-qoo) (mm)J;6o (mm) V (IIL)

Iv. CorrecL LIe gus voIume uL LIe LemperuLure oI L
o
C oI
cunIsLer
= TVA z; J (z;+L)
v. SImIIur pre-concenLruLIon sLep Is done repIucIng LIe
sumpIe cunIsLer wILI u cunIsLer conLuInIng sLundurd gus
mIxLure. I LIe sume voIume oI gus mIxLure Is Ior pre-
concenLruLIon. TIe concenLruLIon oI eucI Iydrocurbon
componenL Is
C = A sumpIe JA sLd
C = concenLruLIon (ppm) oI LIe componenL In LIe sLundurd
gus mIxLure; A sumpIe = ureu oI sumpIe In LIe cIromuLogrupI;
A sLd = ureu oI sLundurd Iydrocurbons
vI. TIe umounL oI eucI soIvenL Is deLermIned by compurIng
LIe cIromuLogrupI wILI sLundurds InjecLed.
ConcenLruLIons ure LIen expressed In mgJI or ppm
ReIerences:
31 | P a g e

z. S18z (purL z1): zoo1 - ndIun SLundurd, MeLIods Ior
meusuremenL oI uIr poIIuLIon, PurL z1 - Non meLIune
Iydrocurbons In uIr by gus cIromuLogrupIy

32 | P a g e

VoIuLIIe OrgunIc Compounds
(Benzene, ToIuene und
XyIene)
BTX

33 | P a g e

Title:
SumpIIng oI Benzene, ToIuene und XyIene (BTX) In umbIenL uIr
und LIe deLermInuLIon oI ILs concenLruLIon
AcLIve sumpIIng usIng ucLIvuLed cIurcouI Lubes desorbed by curbon
dIsuIpIIde - druw u voIume oI uIr sumpIe LIrougI LIe Lube usIng u
Iow IIow sumpIer used Ior coIIecLIon oI BTX. DesorpLIon oI
udsorbed benzene Is done usIng curbon dIsuIpIIde (CSz). TIe
subsLunces desorbed ure unuIyzed by cupIIIury gus
cIromuLogrupIy. D Is used Ior unuIysIs.
Instroment:
Gus cIromuLogrupI und sumpIIng sorbenL Lubes,
Aoxiliuries:
D, Iow IIow meLer, Iow voIume pump,
Chemiculs:
Curbon dIsuIpIIde, ucLIvuLed cIurcouI (oI cIromuLogrupIIc grude),
benzene, LoIuene, xyIene, currIer gus (IeIIum or nILrogen)
consIderuLIon.
meusuremenL oI BTX LypIcuIIy Ior zq Iours uL IeusL LwIce u week
Steps Ior sumpling:
I. Prepure u gus sumpIIng Lube IIIIed wILI un ucLIvuLed
cIurcouI.
II. Open u Lube uL Lwo ends und connecL IL Lo u sumpIe pump
und puIIIng uIr LIrougI LIe Lube wILI LIe pump. TIus
uIrborne cIemIcuIs wIII be Lrupped onLo LIe surIuce oI LIe
sorbenL.
34 | P a g e

III. TIe sumpIIng Is currIed ouL usIng Iow IIow sumpIer by
keepIng LIe Lubes In verLIcuI posILIon Lo prevenL LIe
possIbIIILy oI cIunneIIIng LIuL cun Ieud Lo under sumpIIng
Iv. TIe sumpIIng IIow ruLe couId be In LIe runge oI zo-1oo
mIJmIn (+- z%) Ior umbIenL uIr
v. DIscurd sumpIe II breukLIrougI exceeds 1o percenL. TIe
Lube Is LIen seuIed wILI pusI-on cups und senL Lo u
IuboruLory Ior unuIysIs.
vI. SLore LIe Lubes properIy wrupped In uIumInIum IoII In u
sIIIcu geI muILI Lube sLoruge conLuIner In u cIeun
envIronmenL
Method:
DesorpLIon by convenLIonuI soIvenL usIng uILrusonIcuLIon
Chemiculs:
u. CSz,
Steps oI unulysis:
Cclibrction curte:
I. Prepure u mIx sLock sLundurd soIuLIon oI o gJI oI
benzene, LoIuene und xyIene eucI In LIe soIvenL CSz.
Prepure IurLIer dIIuLed soIuLIons oI concenLruLIon runge
1o, 1.o und o.1 gJI wILI CSz Irom sLock sLundurd In u
cIeun vIuI und muke up Lo 1 mI soIuLIon
II. nLroduce LIIs soIuLIon ImmedIuLeIy 1 I sLd soIuLIon InLo
LIe InjecLor oI GC dIrecLIy
III. PIoL LIe curve beLween LIe concenLruLIon un response (onIy
peuks)
Anclticcl procedure:
I. SumpIes ure exLrucLed or desorbed by soIvenL oI 1- mI CSz
usIng uILrusonIcuLIon Ior ubouL 1 mIn. TIIs wIII remove
unuIyLe Irom LIe sorbenL muLerIuI
II. Desorbed sumpIes ure unuIyzed usIng gus cIromuLogrupI
IILLed wILI cupIIIury coIumn und D
Set the conditions jor this cnclsis cs per the jollouin:
Gus Ilow - nILrogen o mIJmIn (wILI u coIumn IIow oI 1
mIJmIn), Iydrogen o mIJmIn und uIr oo mIJmIn
Temperutore - InjecLIon porL zo
o
C, D oo
o
C
Colomn - InjecLIon voIume I wILI u LoLuI run LIme oI
1q. mIn
Benzene RT - 6.8o mIn
ToIuene RT - q.18 mIn
35 | P a g e

XyIene RT - 11.; mIn
Culcolutions:
I. ToLuI voIume oI uIr sumpIed (TVA) In m

= S L J 1o
6

WIere, S = sumpIIng IIow ruLe (mIJmIn), L = sumpIIng LIme
(mIn)

II. ConcenLruLIon uL umbIenL condILIon (gJm
)

(C V1 1ooo)J(Vz V)

C = umounL oI compound Iound InjecLIon sumpIe voIume
Irom sLundurd curve (gJ I);
V1 = LoLuI voIume oI sumpIe exLrucLed (mI);
Vz = voIume oI sumpIe exLrucL InjecLed InLo GC (I);
V = voIume oI uIr druwn LIrougI LIe Lube (m
)

III. PrecuuLIon - BIunk vuIue Is Lo be subLrucLed Irom LIe
concenLruLIon
Iv. ConcenLruLIon uL STP condILIons (gJm
)
(C 1o1. (z; + T)) J (z; P)
WIere, C = concenLruLIon uL umbIenL condILIon (gJm
), T
= LemperuLure oI LIe umbIenL uIr (
o
C), P = uLmospIerIc
pressure (kPu)
ReIerences:
1. S18z (purL 11): zoo6 - ndIun SLundurd, MeLIods Ior
meusuremenL oI uIr poIIuLIon, PurL 11 - Benzene, ToIuene und
XyIene (BTX)
z. S18z (purL 1q): zooo (reuIIIrmed zoo) - ndIun SLundurd,
. A sIorL course on umbIenL uIr und source emIssIon monILorIng.
q. Ruo, M. N. und Ruo H. V. N. AIr poIIuLIon. TuLu McGruw-HIII

36 | P a g e

Ambienl Wealher
Iaramelers

37 | P a g e

WInd speed, WInd dIrecLIon,
SoIur rudIuLIon, ReIuLIve
IumIdILy und TemperuLure

38 | P a g e

Title:
MeusuremenL oI meLeoroIogIcuI purumeLers In LIe umbIenL
Vune und unemomeLer - DeLecLIon oI uLmospIerIc properLIes oI
unobsLrucLed uIr IIow by LIe unemomeLer und sensors ussembIy uL
sLundurd uILILude oI 1o m Irom LIe ground
Instroment:
MIcromeLeoroIogIcuI weuLIer sLuLIon
Aoxiliuries:
Sensors Ior LemperuLure und reIuLIve IumIdILy, soIur puneI, wInd
vune und unemomeLer
Chemiculs:
nII
WeuLIer sLuLIon sIouId be IocuLed dependIng upon LIe objecLIve oI
meusuremenL cumpuIgn und be kepL uL un uILILude dependIng upon
LIe Lype oI sLudy regIon (Ior specIuIIzed reseurcI sLudIes) und
sIouId be Iree Irom uny obsLrucLIon. GeneruIIy IL Is kepL uL u IeIgIL
oI ubouL 1o m Irom LIe ground IeveI.
MeusuremenLs oI weuLIer properLIes ure currIed ouL Ior vurIous
purposes. TIe reguIur monILorIng cumpuIgn IncIudes
meusuremenL oI wInd speed, dIrecLIon, soIur rudIuLIon, reIuLIve
IumIdILy und LemperuLure LypIcuIIy every Iour conLInuousIy
LIrougIouL LIe yeur or Ior LIe perIod oI InLeresLs.
Steps Ior sumpling:
I. SeIecL u IocuLIon suIe und Iree Irom uny obsLrucLIon uround.
L sIouId be ensured LIuL LIe dIrecL uIrIIow Is noL
obsLrucLed Irom uny dIrecLIon
II. Prepure und InsLuII u LrIpod sLund IIrmIy uL LIe IocuLIon.
AssembIe und InsLuII LIe wInd vune
III. AILer InsLuIIIng wInd vune, IL Is orIenLed wILI respecL Lo
norLI und IInuIIy IIxed properIy
Iv. Prepure und InsLuII sensors
v. ConnecL uII LIe sensors, vune und unemomeLer Lo LIe mIcro
duLu-Iogger
vI. SeL LIe LIme consLunL Ior dIspIuyIng LIe uveruge sLuLIsLIcs oI
LIe meLeoroIogIcuI purumeLers
39 | P a g e

vII. nsLuII WMz1 soILwure Ior reLrIevIng duLu Irom LIe mIcro-
duLu-Iogger In LIe PC wIere duLu Lo be sLored
Method:
SoILwure Ior orgunIzIng und processIng wInd duLu
ReIerences:
1. SP 61: 1qqq - GeneruI guIdeIInes Ior uuLomuLIc weuLIer
sLuLIons
z. A sIorL course on umbIenL uIr und source emIssIon monILorIng.

40 | P a g e

WInd Rose PIoLs

NORTH
SOUTH
WEST EAST
3%
6%
9%
12%
15%
WIND SPEED
(m/s)
>= 11.1
8.8 - 11.1
5.7 - 8.8
3.6 - 5.7
2.1 - 3.6
0.5 - 2.1
Calms: 1.24%
41 | P a g e

Title:
PIoLLIng wInd rose
utu unulysis:
Method:
WIndrose soILwure Ior unuIysIng wInd rose pIoLs or munuuI
Steps oI unulysis:
I. DIvIde LIe enLIre wInd dIrecLIon duLu InLo number oI
requIred wInd vecLors (e.g. q oI qo
o
eucI, 8 oI q
o
eucI ,16
oI zz.
o
eucI or 6 oI 1o
o
eucI)
II. CIussIIy wInd speed InLo q Lo runges (cuIm (< 1 kmpI), 1-
kmpI, - kmpI, -; kmpI, >; kmpI)
III. OrgunIze duLu us per LIe poInL I und II In LubuIur Iorm
Iv. CuIcuIuLe LIe reIuLIve IrequencIes
v. PIoL LIe IrequencIes on u rudur dIugrum (exceI)
vI. TIe pIoL wIII represenL LIe wInd dIsLrIbuLIon In respecLIve
wInd dIrecLIons
Recdin uind rose:
I. TIe IongesL spIke on LIe rudur wIeeI represenLs LIe mosL
prevuIIIng wInd dIrecLIon und LIe wInd speed dIsLrIbuLIon
In LIuL dIrecLIon
II. CuIm perIods (IuvIng no specIIIc wInd dIrecLIons) wIII be
pIoLLed us u cIrcIe In LIe cenLre oI LIe wIeeI, represenLIng
LIe percenLuge oI cuIm perIod In u gIven LIme
III. SImIIur pIoLs cun uIso be prepured Ior poIIuLunL IeveIs,
known us poIIuLIon rose
Iv. or poIIuLIon rose, repIuce LIe wInd speed wILI poIIuLunL
concenLruLIon IeveIs und repeuL LIe sume procedure
Culcolutions:
I. Muny commercIuI soILwure ure uIso uvuIIubIe Ior pIoLLIng
wInd roses us u sepuruLe puckuge or buIIL-In wILI u Iew uIr
poIIuLIon soILwure

ReIerences:
1. SP 61: 1qqq - GeneruI guIdeIInes Ior uuLomuLIc weuLIer
sLuLIons
z. A sIorL course on umbIenL uIr und source emIssIon monILorIng.
42 | P a g e

Aendix
Nutionul Ambient Air Qoulity Stundurds: {Soorce - Centrul Pollotion Control
Bourd)
Concentration in ambient air Pollutants Time-weighted
average
Industrial
Areas
Residential,
Rural & other
Areas
Sensitive Areas
Annual Average* 80 g/m3 60 g/m3 15 g/m3 Sulphur Dioxide (SO2)
24 hours** 120 g/m3 80 g/m3 30 g/m3
Annual Average* 80 g/m3 60 g/m3 15 g/m3 Oxides of Nitrogen as (NO2)
24 hours** 120 g/m3 80 g/m3 30 g/m3
Annual Average* 360 g/m3 140 g/m3 70 g/m3 Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM)
24 hours** 500 g/m3 200 g/m3 100 g/m3
Annual Average* 120 g/m3 60 g/m3 50 g/m3 Respirable Particulate Matter (RSPM)
(size less than 10 microns)
24 hours** 150 g/m3 100 g/m3 75 g/m3
Annual Average* 1.0 g/m3 0.75 g/m3 0.50 g/m3 Lead (Pb)
24 hours** 1.5 g/m3 1.00 g/m3 0.75 g/m3
Ammonia1 Annual Average* 0.1 mg/ m3 0.1 mg/ m3 0.1 mg/m3
24 hours** 0.4 mg/ m3 0.4 mg/m3 0.4 mg/m3
8 hours** 5.0 mg/m3 2.0 mg/m3 1.0 mg/ m3 Carbon Monoxide (CO)
1 hour 10.0 mg/m3 4.0 mg/m3 2.0 mg/m3
* Annual arithmetic mean of minimum 104 measurements in a year taken twice a week 24 hourly
at uniform interval.

**
24 hourly/8 hourly values should be met 98% of the time in a year. However, 2% of the time, it
may exceed but not on two consecutive days.
NOTE:
National Ambient Air Quality Standard: The levels of air quality with an adequate margin of safety, to protect the public health,
vegetation and property.
Whenever and wherever two consecutive values exceed the limit specified above for the respective category, it would be considered
adequate reason to institute regular/continuous monitoring and further investigations.
The standards for H2S and CS2 have been notified separately vide GSR No. 7, dated December 22, 1998 under Rayon Industry - for
details please see Sl. No. 65 of this document.
[S.O. 384(E), Air (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1981, dated April 11, 1994 ]
[EPA Notification: GSR 176 (E), April 02, 1996]
1. Included vide Notification SO. 955 (E), Air (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 dated October 14, 1998)

43 | P a g e

Unil conversion
Conversion Iuctors:
ConversIon IucLors Ior seIecLed guseous uIr poIIuLunLs: uL u sLundurd LemperuLure oI zo
o
C und
pressure oI 1o1. kPu

Pollotunt
ucronym
Pollotunt nume Moltiply
by
Irom ppm
to onit
CO Curbon monoxIde 11o gJm

O Ozone 1q6o gJm

SOz SuIpIur dIoxIde z6zo gJm

NOz NILrogen dIoxIde 188o gJm

COz Curbon dIoxIde 18oo gJm

NO NILrogen oxIde 1zo gJm

CHq MeLIune 6 gJm

NH AmmonIu 6q6 gJm

HzS Hydrogen suIpIIde 1qoo gJm

ConversIon IucLors Ior wInd speed:
MeLeoroIogIcuI duLu IncIudes wInd speeds wIIcI muy be expressed us sLuLuLe mIIes per Iour,
knoLs, or meLers per second. Here ure LIe conversIon IucLors Ior LIose vurIous expressIons oI
wInd speed:
1 knoL = 1.1z sLuLuLe mIJIr = o.1 mJsec

1 sLuLuLe mIJIr = o.868 knoLs = o.qq; mJsec

1 mJsec = z.z; sLuLuLe mIJIr = 1.qqz knoLs

NoLe:
1 sLuLuLe mIIe = ,z8o IeeL = 1,6oq meLers

ConversIon oI uLmospIerIc poIIuLunL concenLruLIons: Irom mgJm
Lo ppmv

TIe conversIon IucLor depends on LIe LemperuLure uL wIIcI you wunL LIe conversIon (usuuIIy
ubouL zo Lo z degrees CenLIgrude). AL un umbIenL pressure oI 1 uLmospIere, LIe generuI
equuLIon Is:
ppmv = (mgJm
)(z;.1 + C) J (1z.18;)(MW)

wIere:
ppmv = ppm by voIume (I.e., voIume oI guseous poIIuLunL per 1o6 voIumes oI umbIenL uIr)
44 | P a g e

mgJm

MW
C
=
=
=
mIIIIgrums oI guseous poIIuLunL per cubIc meLer oI umbIenL uIr
moIecuIur weIgIL oI LIe guseous poIIuLunL
umbIenL uIr LemperuLure In degrees CenLIgrude

As un exumpIe, Ior guseous poIIuLunL NOx, converL zo mgJm
Lo ppmv uL z C:

ppmv = (zo)(z;.1 + z) J (1z.18;)(q6.o1) = 1o.6

wIere: q6.o1 = moIecuIur weIgIL oI NOz (I.e., NOx expressed us nILrogen dIoxIde)

ConversIon oI uLmospIerIc poIIuLunL concenLruLIons: Irom ppmv Lo mgJm

TIe conversIon IucLor depends on LIe LemperuLure uL wIIcI you wunL LIe conversIon (usuuIIy
ubouL zo Lo z degrees CenLIgrude). AL un umbIenL pressure oI 1 uLmospIere, LIe generuI
equuLIon Is:
mgJm = (ppmv)(1z.18;)(MW) J (z;.1 + C)

wIere:
mgJm

ppmv
MW
C
=
=
=
=
mIIIIgrums oI guseous poIIuLunL per cubIc meLer oI umbIenL uIr
ppm by voIume (I.e., voIume oI guseous poIIuLunL per 1o6 voIumes oI umbIenL uIr)
moIecuIur weIgIL oI LIe guseous poIIuLunL
umbIenL uIr LemperuLure In degrees CenLIgrude

As un exumpIe, Ior guseous poIIuLunL NOx, converL zo ppmv Lo mgJm
uL z C:

mgJm = (zo)(1z.18;)(q6.o1) J (z;.1 + z) = ;.6

wIere: q6.o1 = moIecuIur weIgIL oI NOz (I.e., NOx expressed us nILrogen dIoxIde)

NOTES:
(1) 1 percenL by voIume = 1o,ooo ppmv (I.e., purLs per mIIIIon by voIume).
(z) or uII prucLIcuI purposes, degrees CenLIgrude und degrees CeIsIus ure synonymous.

1 Nm
3
of any gas (measured at 0 C and 1 atm. pressure) equals 37.326 scf of
that gas (measured at 60 F and 1 atm. pressure) ... and thus 1 Nm
3
per hour of
any gas equals 0.622 scf per minute of that gas.

1 kg-mol of any ideal gas equals 22.414 Nm
3
of that gas ... and 1 lb-mol of any
ideal gas equals 379.482 scf of that gas.

3rd Lab

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Air Pollution Sampling

JIIL) LIme (Ir) 6o (mInJIr)

JIIL) LIme (Ir) 6o (mInJIr)

,lit) sumpIIng LIme

,lit) sumpIIng LIme

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