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k=o
A
k
where the polynomials A
k
are dened as follows:
A
k
=
1
k!
d
k
d
k
_
F
_
i=0
i
u
i
__
=0
, k = 0, 1, 2 (5)
The unknown function u(x, t) is assumed to decomposed by a series of components
u(x, t) =
k=o
u
k
(x, t)
where the components u
0
, u
1
, u
2
are usually determined recursively. We employ the recursive rela-
tion:
_
u
0
= f(x)
u
k+1
= L
1
(Ru
k
) L
1
(A
k
), k 0
(6)
All of the components can be calculated by inserting (5) into (6),and the series solution of u(x, t) follows
immediately. The series solution may provide the solution in a closed form if an exact solution exists.
The modied decomposition method. The modied form was established based on the assumption that
the function f(x) can be divided into two parts, namely f
0
(x) and f
1
(x). Under this assumption, we
set f (x) = f
1
(x) +f
0
(x). Consequently, the modied recursive relation
_
_
_
u
0
= f
0
(x)
u
1
= f
1
(x) L
1
(Ru
0
) L
1
(A
0
)
u
k+2
= L
1
(Ru
k+1
) L
1
(A
k+1
) , k 0
(7)
was developed.
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Y Wang, L Wang, W Zhang: Application of the Adomian Decomposition Method to Fully ... 31
3 Solitary solutions of Eq.(1)
Here, we rewrite the equation (1):
(u
m
)
tt
(u
n
)
xx
+sin(u
p
) = 0 (8)
where m, n, p stand for nonlinear intensity, and is arbitrary constant.
When m = n = p, (1) becomes
(u
m
)
tt
(u
m
)
xx
+sin(u
m
) = 0 (9)
After the transform: v = u
m
, we get
(v)
tt
(v)
xx
+sin(v) = 0 (10)
Now, we consider the equation (10) with two conditions:
v (x, 0) = 4 arctan(e
x
) , v
t
(x, 0) =
4
+ 1e
x
1 +e
2x
According to the above-mentioned method, we collect L =
2
t
2
, Nv = sinv, and f
0
(x) = 4 arctan (e
x
)
, f
1
(x) =
4
+1e
x
1+e
2x
t, then we employ the recursive relation as follows:
_
_
v
0
(x, t) = 4 arctan e
x
v
1
(x, t) =
4
+1e
x
1+e
2x
t +L
1
[(v
0
)
xx
] L
1
(A
0
)
v
k+2
= L
1
[(v
k+1
)
xx
] L
1
(A
k+1
) , k 0
(11)
Adomian polynomials A
k
are obtained
A
0
= F (v
0
) = sin(4 arctan e
x
) = sin(4 arctan e
x
)
A
1
= v
1
F
(v
0
) = cos (4 arctan e
x
)
_
4
+ 1e
x
1 +e
2x
t + 2
_
2e
3x
(1 +)
(1 +e
2x
)
2
+
e
x
(1 +)
1 +e
2x
_
t
2
_
A
2
= v
2
F
(v
0
) +
1
2
v
2
1
F
(v
0
) = (12)
Substituting (12) into (11) gives
v
0
(x, t) = 4 arctan e
x
,
v
1
(x, t) =
4
+ 1e
x
1 +e
2x
t + 2
_
2e
3x
(1 +)
(1 +e
2x
)
2
+
e
x
(1 +)
1 +e
2x
_
t
2
,
Thus, this gives the solution to equation (10) in series form
v (x, t) = 4 arctan e
x
4
+ 1e
x
1 +e
2x
t + 2
_
2e
3x
(1 +)
(1 +e
2x
)
2
+
e
x
(1 +)
1 +e
2x
_
t
2
+ (13)
Using Taylor series into (13),we obtain the closed form solution
v (x, t) = 4 arctan e
(x
+1t)
IJNS homepage:http://www.nonlinearscience.org.uk/
32 International Journal of Nonlinear Science, Vol.2(2006), No.1, pp.29-38
Then, we get a kink solitary wave solution to equation (9)
u(x, t) =
_
4 arctan e
(x
+1t)
_ 1
m
which is shown in Fig.1(a) with = 3, m = 1, and in Fig.1(b) when t = 0.
Figure 1: (a)kink solution with = 3, m = 1; (b)plane graph
In addition, we can develop another exact solution for equation (9). Now, in view of the solution above,
we consider another initial value problem of equation(10):
v (x, 0) = 2 arctan
_
cosh
_
_
/3 (1
2
)x
__
,
v
t
(x, 0) = 2
_
/3 (1
2
) sinh
_
_
/3 (1
2
)x
_
1 + cosh
2
_
_
/3 (1
2
)x
_
Using the manner discussed above, we have the components of the series
v
0
(x, t) = 2 arctan
_
cosh
_
x
_
/1
2
3
__
,
v
1
(x, t) =
2
_
_
/1
2
sinh
_
x
/1
2
3
__
3
_
1 + cosh
2
_
x
/1
2
3
__ t
v
2
(x, t) =
_
_
_
_
_
2
cosh
_
x
/1
2
3
_
3 (1
2
)
_
cosh
2
_
x
/1
2
3
__
2
2
cosh
_
x
/1
2
3
_
sinh
2
_
x
/1
2
3
_
3 (1
2
)
_
cosh
2
_
x
/1
2
3
__
2
_
_
_
_
_
t
2
Thus, this gives the solution to equation (10) in series form
v (x, t) = 2 arctan
_
cosh
_
x
_
/1
2
3
__
+
2
_
_
/1
2
sinh
_
x
/1
2
3
__
3
_
1 + cosh
2
_
x
/1
2
3
__ t
IJNS email for contribution: editor@nonlinearscience.org.uk
Y Wang, L Wang, W Zhang: Application of the Adomian Decomposition Method to Fully ... 33
+
_
_
_
_
_
2
cosh
_
x
/1
2
3
_
3 (1
2
)
_
cosh
2
_
x
/1
2
3
__
2
2
cosh
_
x
/1
2
3
_
sinh
2
_
x
/1
2
3
_
3 (1
2
)
_
cosh
2
_
x
/1
2
3
__
2
_
_
_
_
_
t
2
+
(14)
Using Taylor series into (14),we obtain the closed form solution
v (x, t) = 2 arctan
_
cosh
__
3 (1
2
)
(x t)
__
Then, we get a new solitary solution
u(x, t) =
_
2 arctan
_
cosh
__
3 (1
2
)
(x t)
___ 1
m
which is shown in Fig.2(a) with = 3, = 1/2, m = 1, and also in Fig.2(b)when t = 0.
Figure 2: (a)solitary solution with = 3, = 1/2, m = 1; (b)plane graph
4 Compacton solutions of Eq.(2)
(1)when m = p, n = 3p, equation (2) becomes
(u
p
)
tt
_
u
3p
_
xx
+u
p
3!
u
3p
= 0
After the transform: v = u
m
, we get
(v)
tt
_
v
3
_
xx
+v
3!
v
3
= 0 (15)
Now, we consider the equation (15) under two conditions :
v (x, 0) =
_
9
D
2
6
cos
__
54
x
_
, v
t
(x, 0) = D
_
54 D
2
6
sin
__
54
x
_
We collect f
0
(x) =
_
9
D
2
6
cos
__
54
x
_
, f
1
(x) = Dt
_
54D
2
6
sin
__
54
x
_
, and Adomian polynomi-
als A
k
and B
k
are obtained
A
0
=
_
v
3
0
_
xx
= (
_
9
D
2
6
)
3
(cos
3
__
54
x
_
)
xx
, A
1
=
_
3v
1
v
2
0
_
xx
= ,
and
B
0
=
v
3
0
3!
=
6
__
9
D
2
6
_
3
cos
3
__
54
x
_
,
IJNS homepage:http://www.nonlinearscience.org.uk/
34 International Journal of Nonlinear Science, Vol.2(2006), No.1, pp.29-38
B
1
= v
1
_
v
3
0
3!
_
+
1
2
v
2
1
_
v
3
0
3!
_
= ,
Thus, this gives the solution to equation (15) in series form
v (x, t) =
_
9
D
2
6
cos
__
54
x
_
+Dt
_
54 D
2
6
sin
__
54
x
_
+
1
108
_
D
2
_
9
D
2
6
cos
__
54
x
_
_
t
2
+ (16)
Using Taylor series into (16),we obtain the closed form solution
v (x, t) =
_
9
D
2
6
cos
__
54
(x Dt)
_
Then, we get a compacton solution
u(x, t) =
_
_
_
_
9
D
2
6
cos
__
54
(x Dt)
_
_1
p
,
54
(x Dt)
2
0 , others
(17)
which is shown in Fig.3(a) with D = 3, = 6, p = 1, and in Fig.3(b)when t = 0.
Figure 3: (a)compacton solution with D = 3, = 6, p = 1; (b)plane graph
It is interesting to nd that if we dene (17) as below
u(x, t) =
_
_
_
_
9
D
2
6
cos
__
54
(x Dt)
_
_1
p
,
4n - 1
2
_
54
(x Dt)
4n + 1
2
0 , others
(18)
where n = 0, 1, 2, ,we known (18) is a mult-compacton solution. For example,
(a)when n = 0,(18) is the same to (17) with one peak.
(b)when n = 0, 1, (18) is a mult-compacton solution with two peaks.
(c)when n = 1, 0, 1, 2, (18) is a mult-compacton solution with four peaks ,which is shown in Fig.4(a)
with D =
54
x
_
, v
t
(x, 0) = D
_
54 D
2
6
cos
__
54
x
_
Using the method discussed above, we get another compacton solution:
IJNS email for contribution: editor@nonlinearscience.org.uk
Y Wang, L Wang, W Zhang: Application of the Adomian Decomposition Method to Fully ... 35
Figure 4: (a)mult-compacton solution with four peaks with D =
6, = 6, p = 1;(b)plane graph
u(x, t) =
_
_
_
_
9
D
2
6
sin
__
54
(x Dt)
_
_1
p
,
54
(x Dt)
0 , others
(19)
(2) when m = 3p, n = p, equation (2) becomes
_
u
3p
_
tt
(u
p
)
xx
+u
p
3!
u
3p
= 0 (20)
After the transform: v = u
m
, we get
_
v
3
_
tt
v
xx
+v
3!
v
3
= 0 (21)
Here, we collect L =
2
x
2
, and consider the initial value problem of equation (21):
v (0, t) =
_
9
1
6D
2
cos
_
_
54
t
_
, v
x
(0, t) =
_
54D
2
324D
2
sin
_
_
54
t
_
Using the method discussed above, we get a compacton solution
u(x, t) =
_
_
_
__
9
1
6D
2
cos
__
54D
2
(x Dt)
__
1
p
,
_
54D
2
(x Dt)
2
0 , others
(22)
which is shown in Fig.5(a) with D = 3, = 6, p = 3, and in Fig.5(b)when t = 0.
Figure 5: (a)compacton solution with D = 3, = 6, p = 3; (b)plane graph
In addition, we consider another initial value problem of equation (21):
v (0, t) =
_
9
1
6D
2
sin
_
_
54
t
_
,v
x
(0, t) =
_
54D
2
324D
2
cos
_
_
54
t
_
Using the manner as discussed above, we get another compacton solution:
IJNS homepage:http://www.nonlinearscience.org.uk/
36 International Journal of Nonlinear Science, Vol.2(2006), No.1, pp.29-38
u(x, t) =
_
_
_
__
9
1
6D
2
sin
__
54D
2
(x Dt)
__
1
p
,
_
54D
2
(x Dt)
0 , others
(23)
It is interesting to nd that if we dene (23) as below:
u(x, t) =
_
_
9
1
6D
2
,
_
54D
2
(x Dt) <
2
__
9
1
6D
2
sin
__
54D
2
(x Dt)
__
1
p
,
2
_
54D
2
(x Dt)
2
_
9
1
6D
2
,
_
54D
2
(x Dt) >
2
(24)
we known (24) is a compacton-kink solution, which is shown in Fig.6(a) with D = 3, = 6, p = 1, it is
also shown in Fig.6(b) when t = 0.
Figure 6: (a)compacton-kink solution with D = 3, = 6, p = 1; (b)plane graph
5 Other exact solutions
(1) When m = p, n = 3p
In section 4, two exact compacton solutions were given in the form
u(x, t) =
_
_
_
_
9
D
2
6
cos
__
54
(x Dt)
_
_1
p
,
54
(x Dt)
2
0 , others
(25)
and
u(x, t) =
_
_
_
_
9
D
2
6
sin
__
54
(x Dt)
_
_1
p
,
54
(x Dt)
0 , others
(26)
By combining the two results, we will nd that
u(x, t) =
_
_
_
a
_
9
D
2
6
cos
__
54
(x Dt)
_
+b
_
9
D
2
6
sin
__
54
(x Dt)
_
_1
p
,
54
(x Dt)
2
0 ,others
satises the equation(15),where a and b are constants if a
2
+b
2
= 1.
In addition, adding a constant to the argument in (25) and (26) will exhibit more exact solutions. In
other words, we have the exact solution
u(x, t) =
_
_
_
_
9
D
2
6
cos
__
54
(x Dt) +k
_
_1
p
,
2
k
_
54
(x Dt)
2
k
0 ,others
IJNS email for contribution: editor@nonlinearscience.org.uk
Y Wang, L Wang, W Zhang: Application of the Adomian Decomposition Method to Fully ... 37
and
u(x, t) =
_
_
_
_
9
D
2
6
sin
__
54
(x Dt) +k
_
_1
p
, k
_
54
(x Dt) k
0 ,others
where r is arbitrary real.
(2) When m = 3p, n = p
As discussed before, two exact compacton solutions were given in the form
u(x, t) =
_
_
_
__
9
1
6D
2
cos
__
54D
2
(x Dt)
__
1
p
,
_
54D
2
(x Dt)
2
0 , others
(27)
and
u(x, t) =
_
_
_
__
9
1
6D
2
sin
__
54D
2
(x Dt)
__
1
p
,
_
54D
2
(x Dt)
0 , others
(28)
We can obtain a new exact solution by combining the two results (27) and (28) ,and we nd that
u(x, t) =
_
_
_
a
_
9
1
6D
2
cos
__
54D
2
(x Dt)
_
+b
_
9
1
6D
2
sin
__
54D
2
(x Dt)
__
1
p
,
_
54D
2
(x Dt)
2
0 , others
satises the equation (20),where a and b are constants if a
2
+b
2
= 1.
Moreover, adding a constant to the argument in (27) and (28) will exhibit more exact solutions. In other
words, we have the exact solution
u(x, t) =
_
_
_
__
9
1
6D
2
cos
__
54D
2
(x Dt) +k
__
1
p
,
2
k
_
54D
2
(x Dt)
2
k
0 ,others
and
u(x, t) =
_
_
_
__
9
1
6D
2
sin
__
54D
2
(x Dt) +k
__
1
p
, k
_
54D
2
(x Dt) k
0 ,others
where r is arbitrary real.
6 Conclusion
In this paper, the modied Adomian decomposition method was used to the fully nonlinear sine-gordon
equation and the approximate sine-gordon equation under initial conditions, and some exact solutions were
obtained. Meanwhile we developed new exact solutions by combining the two different results. It is worth-
while to point out that some new exact solutions may be obtained by collecting other appropriate initial
conditions.
Acknowledgements
Research was supported by the National Nature Science Foundation of China(NO.10071033)and Nature
Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(NO.BK2002003).
IJNS homepage:http://www.nonlinearscience.org.uk/
38 International Journal of Nonlinear Science, Vol.2(2006), No.1, pp.29-38
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