EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF WIND TURBINE ROTOR BLADES WITH WINGLETS

A PROJECT REPORT Submitted by

RAMAKRISHNA DHARMENTHIRA S (42006101034) SUKUMAR D (42006101041) YOGESWARAN S (42006101050)

in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
in

AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING

TAGORE ENGINEERING COLLEGE, VANDALOOR (POST)

ANNA UNIVERSITY:: CHENNAI 600 025

MAY 2010

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project reportEXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF WIND TURBINE ROTOR BLADES WITH WINGLET S is the bonafide work of D

RAMAKRISHNA

DHARMENTHIRA

(42006101034),

SUKUMAR

(42006101041) AND

YOGESWARAN S (42006101050) who carried out the

project work under my supervision.

SIGNATURE Dr. P. Baskaran PROFESSOR AND HEAD OF DEPARTMENT Department of Aeronautical Engineering Tagore Engineering College Rathinamangalam Chennai 600048

SIGNATURE Mr. P. Saravanan SUPERVISOR AND LECTURER Department of Aeronautical Engineering Tagore Engineering College Rathinamangalam Chennai 600048

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to express our sincere thanks and gratitude to Dr. P.Baskaran, Prof and Head of the Department, Aeronautical engineering for offering all the support and encouragement that was instrumental in the successful completion of the project. We also thank Mr.P.Saravanan, M.E., Our Supervisor for having given us valuable suggestions and support to make this project successful. We would also like to thank all our department staffs for providing the necessary facilities and helping us in every point during the completion of our project. We acknowledge the support given by all the faculty members, lab technicians, friends and family members for the completion of the project.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER NO.

TITLE ABSTRACT LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES NOMENCLATURE

PAGE iii v vi vii

1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Wind turbine 1.2 Importance of rotor 1.3 Winglets 1.4 Composite materials 1.5 Objective 1.6 Methodology 1.7 Importance of work 1 2 3 6 6 7 7

2. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE 2.1 Model selection 2.2 Model fabrication 2.2.1 Wind turbine tower 2.2.2 Wind turbine rotor 8 12 12 14

2.3 Experiment instruments 2.4 Experimental methodology for models efficiency study 21 2.5 Experimental methodology for noise comparison 2.6 Experimental methodology for rotor wake study

17

31 35

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3.1 Result 39

4. CONCLUSION

39

ABSTRACT For thousands of years mankind is utilizing wind energy. Increasing world population and increasingly reducing the oil reserves and resulting requirement for clean, reliable, renewable energy system intensifies the requirements of wind energy in long term. Nowadays wind turbines are mostly used for transforming that energy into electrical energy. In order to gain from a wind turbine economically the efficient wind turbine rotor must be designed and studied experimentally. This paper is about experimentally studying the change of efficiency and performance of wind turbine rotor blades by introducing winglets. The flow distribution behind the rotor was studied. The wake study helps in planning the location of the wind turbine in wind farms allowing for the effective utilization of the available area. During the introduction of winglets in the rotor blades, the vortices is reduced which in turn reduce the vibration and increase the efficiency. The reduction of vortices decreases the vibration noise allowing the wind turbine to work even in populated regions in a reliable manner.

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Table 2: Table 3: Table 4: Table 5: Table 6: Table 7: Table 8: Table 9: Table 10: Table 11: Table 12: Table 13: Table 14: Table 15: Table 16:

Technical specifications of Nordtank NTL 550 Specification of MN-00 Specifications of Winglets Specification of Wind turbine Rotors Wind tunnel specifications RMN-01 power coefficient calculation RMN-02 power coefficient calculation RMN-03 power coefficient calculation RMN-04 power coefficient calculation RMN-00 power coefficient calculation velocity distribution at 1D distance behind rotor velocity distribution at 1.5D distance behind rotor velocity distribution at 2D distance behind rotor velocity distribution at 2.5D distance behind rotor velocity distribution at 2.75D distance behind rotor comparison of Cp and rpm of RMD-00, 01,02,03,04

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: Figure 2: Figure 3: Figure 4: Figure 5: Figure 6: Figure 7: Figure 8: Figure 9: Figure 10: Figure 11: Figure 12: Figure 13: Figure 14: Figure 15: Figure 16: Figure 17: Figure 18:

Typical wind turbine Schematic diagram wind turbine rotor Definition of key parameters describing the winglet Welded projection and sensor in tower Completely fabricated tower Wooden pattern of turbine blade Wax dye Winglets in rotor Wind turbine rotor Image of subsonic wind tunnel Tip speed ratio vs Cpshmitz Wind speed vs Slide number RMD-01 CP vs rpm RMD-02 CP vs rpm RMD-03 CP vs rpm RMD-04 CP vs rpm RMD-00 CP vs rpm Noise level in 32bit vs time a) test section b) RMD-03 c) RMD-00

Figure 19: Figure 20: Figure 21: Figure 22: Figure 23: Figure 24: Figure 25:

Velocity distribution at 1D distance behind rotor Velocity distribution at 1.5D distance behind rotor Velocity distribution at 2D distance behind rotor Velocity distribution at 2.5D distance behind rotor Velocity distribution at 2.75D distance behind rotor Cp comparison of RMD-00, 01, 02, 03 and 04 rpm comparison of RMD-00, 01, 02, 03 and 04

NOMENCLATURE

V Vc B Cp CpSchmitz A p n r D profile uc Ck Cd Pmax Re

Wind speed (m/s) tip speed (m/s) tip speed ratio slide number Blade number coefficient of power Schmitz number Area of the rotor (m2) density of air (Kg/m3) rotation per minute radius of the rotor (m) diameter of the rotor (m) profile loss (%) tip loss (%) lift coefficient drag coefficient maximum theoretical power (watt) Reynolds number

1. INTRODUCTION Wind one of the most renewable resources available in our Earth. The fossil fuels are being slowly degrading due to over-exploitation. This leading us to start depend more on the renewable resources like wind energy, solar energy and etc. Wind energy is one most available resource were we can convert them into electrical energy which can likely satisfy our upgrading needs. This conversion is done with an ever known machine called as the WIND TURBINE.

1.1 Wind Turbine A wind turbine converts the energy of wind into kinetic energy. If the mechanical energy is used directly by machinery, such as pumping water, cutting lumber or grinding stones, the machine is called a windmill. If the mechanical energy is instead converted to electricity, the machine is called wind turbine. A typical wind turbine is shown in figure 1.

Fig 1. Typical wind turbine

Wind turbines have the main rotor shaft and electrical generator at the top of a tower, and must be pointed towards the wind. Small turbines are pointed by a simple wind vane, while large turbines generally use a wind sensor coupled with a servo motor. Most have a gearbox, which turns the slow rotation of the blades into a quicker rotation that is more suitable to drive an electrical generator. Turbines[Wikipedia] used in wind farms for commercial production of electric power are usually three-bladed and pointed into the wind by computer-controlled motors. A gear box is commonly used to step up the speed of the generator, although designs may also use direct drive of an annular generator. Some models operate at constant speed, but more energy can be collected by variable-speed turbines which use a solid-state power converter to interface to the transmission system

1.2 Importance of Rotor Rotor is the device that transforms the available kinetic energy of wind into mechanic energy. For this reason it is very important for wind turbines. It is important for blade and blade profiles for to have optimum features, because these have a direct effect on the efficiency of wind turbine. The rotor commonly consists of three blades, which are aerodynamically designed airfoils. These airfoil blades produce lift and drag due to air flows from leading edge. This lift together with drag force generates the thrust force and the difference of them gives the driving force which is required to rotate the rotor in an efficient manner. The blades are designed at certain blade angle in order to face the apparent wind.

) Fig 2. Schematic diagrams of wind turbine rotor

1.3 Winglets Winglets are usually intended to improve the efficiency of fixed wing aircrafts. There are several types and the main purpose is to reduce the drag at the wingtips. It effectively increases the aspect ratio without increasing the span. The winglets increase the lift near the wingtip by smoothing the airflow across the upper surface of blade near the tip and reduce the lift induced drag caused by wingtip vortices. Adding a winglet to an existing wind turbine rotor will increase power produced and there is also an additional increase in thrust. The art is then to design a winglet, which optimizes drag reduction, maximizes power production and minimizes thrust increase.

The main purpose of adding a winglet to a wind turbine rotor is to decrease the total drag from the blades which could decrease the vibration and noises due to them and thereby increase the aerodynamic efficiency of the turbine. Reduction of total drag is obtained if the additional drag from the winglet is less than the reduction of the induced drag on the remaining blade.

During operation of wind turbine blade the resulting pressure difference on the blades causes inward span wise flow on the suction side and outward span wise flow on the pressure side near the tip. At the trailing edge, vortices are generated, which is the origin of induced drag. The resulting pressure difference on an operating wind turbine blade causes inward span wise flow on the suction side and outward span wise flow on the pressure side near the tip. At the trailing edge, vorticity is generated, which is the origin of induced drag. A winglet is a load carrying device that reduces the span wise flow, diffuses and moves the tip vortex away from the rotor plane reducing the downwash and thereby the induced drag on the blade The key parameters describing the winglets are: 1. Radius of curvature. 2. Height 3. Cant angle 4. Sweep 5. Toe 6. Twist

Fig 3. Definition of key parameters describing the winglet.

In this experiment the winglet parameter like height, radius of curvature, cant angle were considered for designing our winglets. Since based on previous study
[1.pdf]

the variation of the other parameters like sweep and twist dint effectively

change the efficiency of the wind turbine rotor. Due the vortices produced at the wingtips creates large decimals of noise when the wind turbine reaches higher rpm which would allows to settle the wind turbine away from populated region were higher power is required. The introduction of winglets can reduce the wingtip vortices and therefore decreasing the vibrations. This reduction of vibration could reduce the noise and allow the wind turbine to reach higher rpm increasing its efficiency.

1.4 Composite Material The result of developing a material to have properties like high strength and stiffness without gaining weight is the composite material. These composites overcome the conventional materials like metals and alloy by providing low weight and cost. Rapid advancement in this material technology
[wtbp.pdf]

has created some

variations in the structure of wind turbines. That variation primarily provided positive impact for lowering the prices of wind turbines and increasing the strength.

Due to many factors such as mechanical equipment, fatigue, resistance, corrosion resistance, breaking toughness, rigidity, weight and appearance have impacts on wind turbine materials. That fact has caused composite materials to be used widely in wind turbine structure.

1.5 Objective In the present work, an attempt is made on comparing the efficiency of scaled down and redesigned wind turbine rotor blades by introducing four sets of various winglets to the same wind turbine rotor blades without winglets. A study in rotor wake of the most efficient wind turbine rotor blades with winglets was also conducted.

1.6 Methodology An operational Wind Turbine (Nordtank NTK 550) in scaled down to the ratio of 1:120. Four winglets of various dimensions which were designed from the reference of previous studies of winglets were attached to the wind turbine rotor blades. The total five sets of rotor blade were fabricated four rotors with winglet and one without winglet. These models were been tested in wind tunnel at various wind speed and there respective rpm was recorded. Wind turbine rotor with winglets showed higher rpm and power coefficient than the rotor without winglet allowing possible increase in overall efficiency. The efficient wind turbine rotors flow distribution after the rotor (rotor wake) is studied by reading the pressure variation in the area behind the rotor.

1.7 Importance of work In the development of renewable energy generation the wind turbine plays a major role. Increase of efficiency with reduction of vibration and noise by using of winglet increases the reliability and dependence of wind turbine. The design of wind turbine blades with winglets can be done which could help in increasing the efficiency and reduction of noise can allowing the wind turbine to locate in

populated region were the power is required highly, such that the transmission loss can be reduced in large scale. The study of the rotor wake allows getting information of the air flow behind the rotor of wind turbine. This information could help in construction and planning of wind farms, where the air flow of one wind turbine rotor must not affect the other turbine. This could help in reducing the area of dependence for required power that gives us high watt per area ratio for wind farms. This experimental study could help in designing wind turbine rotor to achieve higher efficiency by introducing winglets.

2. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE 2.1 Model selection A wind turbine design was initially required, which allowed us to survey the commercial wind turbine being operated. This allowed us to come across a Nordtank wind turbine systems. The Nordtank NTK 550 was selected as our primary design. Technical specifications of the models are detailed in table 1. Table 1. Technical specifications of Nordtank NTL 550 Company & Country originated Model name Rated power Rotor Diameter Number of blades Swept area Blade settling angle Length of blade Hub height Maximum chord Rotational direction Optimum wind speed Cut-in wind speed Cut-off wind speed Rotational speed NORDTANK NTK 550 550 kilo-watt 41m 3 1320.25m 20 19.04m 35m 1.65m Clockwise 13.887m/s 4m/s 25m/s 27.1rpm Nordtank (U.K)

We scaled down the Nordtank NTK 550 wind turbine to a ratio of 1:120. The respective ratio was selected because of available test section in wind tunnel. This scaled down model MN-00 was fabricated to specific dimensions in table 2. Table 2. Specification of MN-00 Rotor Diameter Number of blades Swept area Length of blade Hub height Maximum chord) Minimum chord) Rotational direction Blade settling angle Clockwise 20 chord (tip 13.7mm chord(root 340mm 3 90792.02mm2 141m 300m 32mm

The rotor of MN-00 was taken as basic design for the rotor with winglets. The winglets were designed from the reference of previous studies. The parameters considered in designing the winglet was height, can angle and radius of curvature. Winglet height was taken as 2% and 4% of rotor radius. The cant angle was selected as 75o constant since from previous studies this angle was given good results and radius of curvature were 12.5% and 25% of their respective heights. The dimensions of these winglets are detailed in table 3.

Table 3. Specifications of Winglets Winglet model name Height Cant angle Root chord Tip chord Radius curvature WMN-01 6.8mm 75o 13.7mm 7.46mm 1.7mm WMN-02 3.4mm 75o 13.7mm 10.58mm 0.85mm WMN-03 6.8mm 75o 13.7mm 7.46mm 0.85mm WMN-04 3.4mm 75o 13.7mm 10.58mm 0.425mm

The total of five sets of wind turbine rotor blades was designed and their respective dimensions are detailed in table 4. Table 4. Specification of Wind turbine Rotors Rotor model name Rotor diameter Hub diameter Blade span Blade root chord Blade tip chord RMN-00 RMN-01 RMN-02 RM-03 RMN-04

170mm

174mm

172mm

174mm

172mm

25mm 141mm 32mm

25mm 145mm 32mm

25mm 143mm 32mm

25mm 145mm 32mm

25mm 143mm 32mm

13.7mm

7.46mm

10.58mm

7.46mm

10.58mm

Swept area Rotor weight

90792.02 mm2 45gm

95114.85 924940.87 mm2 49gm mm2 47gm

95114.85 mm2 48gm

924940.87 mm2 46gm

The above mentioned rotors were designed and selected for experimental study. Since the tower and hub height is common to all the scale downed models a common tower was deigned to hub height of 300mm.

2.2 Model fabrication The fabrication for the project was done using various innovative methods. The commercially available materials were used to make it economical and composite materials were also used. Initially the wind turbine was taken into two parts they were: a. Wind turbine tower b. Wind turbine rotors 2.2.1 Wind turbine tower The wind turbine tower was fabricated using mild steel. The tower was designed using a hollow steel pipe of diameter 36mmwith length of 320mm and flat steel plate of length 22mm and width 30mm with thickness of 3mm is used as bottom stand. These two pieces are welded using Shielded metal arc welding. Shielded metal arc welding (SMAW), also known as manual metal arc (MMA) welding or informally as stick welding, is a manual arc welding process that uses a consumable electrode coated in flux to lay the weld. An electric current, in the form of either alternating current or direct current from a welding power supply, is used to form an electric arc between the electrode and the metals to be joined. As the weld is laid, the flux coating of the electrode disintegrates, giving

off vapors that serve as a shielding gas and providing a layer of slag, both of which protect the weld area from atmospheric contamination.

A horizontal shaft for the wind turbine rotor is fixed to frictional free ball bearing in a 24mm hollow steel pipe of length 85mm. This hollow pipe is horizontally fixed to the tower using nuts and bolts. The rpm sensor for reading the number of rotation in the rotor is fixed above the horizontal pipe such that it faces the small welded projection in the rotor shaft as shown in figure 4.

Fig 4. Welded projection & sensor Fig 5. completely fabricated tower

This tower is completely fabricated as shown in figure 5. The tower was painted with primer and oil paint over the surface to reduce the drag produced by them during the experiment which could possibly reduce the rotor wake in small percent. The tower is fitted to the wind tunnel such that there is no vibration is in the model during the running of the tunnel.

2.2.2 Wind turbine rotors The wind turbine rotors were fabricated using an innovative method Resin Casting using wax dye. This method allowed us to produce the required number of rotor blades in an economical manner without losing the quality equivalent to iron dye casting method. The usage of composite materials allowed easing the fabrication of the rotor and providing the required material properties like strength and stiffness for the blades. Initially one blade pattern was prepared using teak wood, since it meets the surface finish requirement. While preparing the blade pattern, geometrical requirements that are common to all five sets of rotor were taken into consideration. The wooden pattern has been coated with olive oil due to the reason, it provides enough. But we can use any oil which can act as good releasing agent for the wax not to get stuck with the wooden pattern shown in Fig 6. Commercially available candle wax is taken and melted by heating it around 45 0 C to550C. This molten wax was poured in perfectly designed container which allows the wooden pattern to accommodate in required orientation. The container was provided with sufficient shrinkage allowances. The container was kept on a bed of water which provides sufficient cooling in all directions of the container walls. The water maintains the temperature limit between 200C to 300C, which takes approximately 2 hours of curing time for the wax. Finally the wax dye is removed from the container with great precautions. The wax mould was cleaned using dry cotton which allows us to remove the excessive oil (releasing agent). Then dimensions of the wax dye were measured in order to match the required dimensions of the turbine blade shown in Fig 7.

Fig 6. Wooden pattern of turbine blade

Fig 7. Wax dye

. Since the small wind turbine blades require less strength when compared to the large ones, we use resin and hardner which combined together alone provides enough engineering property as required. The composition taken to prepare the blade was resin LY566 and hardner HY 951
[4]

, which was mixed in ratio of 10:1. This composite was mixed with small

quantity of chopped glass rowing. The glass fibers provide sufficient strength to the composition. The wax dye was coated with a small layer of releasing agent (oil) and the excess was removed using dry cotton. The resin hardener composition is poured into the wax dye and allowed to settle. Since we have designed a flat bottomed airfoil small wind turbine blade, open mould technique [6] was followed. It was even possible to cast in closed mould method, which could allow us to design complicated pattern. The blade was allowed to settle in the dye for the respective settling period at normal room temperature. After some duration the mould was removed carefully using the additional projection provided in the dye without affecting the main surface of the mould and wax dye. Finally the composite blade has been taken out and the excessive composite was removed. These blades fixed in 3 numbers in acrylic hub forming 5 sets of wind turbine rotors.

This fabrication method saved us lots of money when compared to the regular iron casting method for this small quantity of blades. This fabrication can be replaced by Plaster of Paris instead of wax, but the surface finish of wax is very high, when compared to Plaster of Paris. The voids and cracks can affect the surface of the mould, which is reduced in large scale for the wax dye. Thus making it more reliable and good in quality.

Fig 8. Winglets in rotors

Fig 9. Wind turbine rotors

These five sets rotors were drilled with hole in centre that allows us to fix in the horizontal shaft in the tower. These composite small wind turbine rotors are shown in figure 9.

2.3 Experiment instruments In our study we tested the models in subsonic suction type wind tunnel. These wind tunnels are used for operations at very low mach number, with speeds in the test section up to 400 km/h (~ 100 m/s, M = 0.3). The air is moved with a propulsion system made of a large axial fan that increases the dynamic pressure to overcome the viscous losses. In a real case the model is made moving and the atmosphere is stable. But in the case of a wind tunnel the model is scaled and made static in the wind tunnel and the air is in motion. Therefore the pressure and other features of the model are calculated as per our requirements. The technical specifications of the wind tunnel is shown in table 5.

Figure 10. Image of a subsonic wind tunnel Wind tunnel type Flow type Test section area Exit area Motor type Current Maximum motor rpm Maximum wind speed Table 5. Wind tunnel specifications The non-contact type optical tachometer was used. It has a distance difference indicating sensor. This sensor gets active when any metal surface gets near its head and de-active when no metal is near. The signal from the sensor is sent to the tachometer that measures the rate of change status. This rate of change is converted to revolution per minute and indicated. Subsonic Suction type 0.37m2 1.81m2 3 Phase, induction motor 230 V, AC 1450rpm

Anemometer consisted simply of a glass U tube containing liquid, a manometer, with one end bent in a horizontal direction to face the wind and the other vertical end remains parallel to the wind flow If the wind blows into the mouth of a tube it causes an increase of pressure on one side of the manometer. The wind over the open end of a vertical tube causes little change in pressure on the other side of the manometer. The resulting liquid change in the U tube is used to calculate the wind speed.

2.4 Calculation of power coefficient: The fabricated wind turbine tower was mounted inside the test section of the wind tunnel. The wires of the sensor on the tower were passed through the holes available in the test section and connected to the tachometer. The two ends anemometer U- tube is connected to the respective pressure ports available in wind tunnel. First the rotor RMN-00 was fixed in the wind turbine tower inside the wind tunnel and rpm and pressure difference were identified. The rpm of the model was noted and the variation of the anemometer reading in the wind tunnel is also noted respectively. Wind velocity in the wind tunnel is calculated by applying the formulae Tunnels wind velocity, V = 2*sqrt [(total pressure static pressure) / Air density at room condition] Where, (Total pressure static pressure) is the difference in Anemometer multiplied with value of 98.373. The tip speed of the wind turbine rotors were calculated using formulae, Tip speed, Vc = ( *rotor radius* models rpm) / 30

The tip speed ratio was derived from ratio of tip speed to wind speed at rotor which are, Tip speed ratio, = ( tip speed, Vc / wind speed , V ) The wind turbine rotor coefficient of power is given by Cp= Cpshmitz profile loss uc. Calculations of Cpshmitz for the rotor were obtained from the table, which has a specific value for each tip speed ratio. The corresponding values are plotted in a graph and extrapolated to get the required values.
Tip speed ratio Vs Cpshmitz
0.57 0.565
Cpshmitz

0.56 Series1 0.555 0.55 0.545 0 2 4 6 Tip speed ratio 8 10 12

Figure 11. Tip speed ratio vs Cpshmitz

The profile loss is given by, profile loss = 1- /. The tip loss is given by, uc= 1-1.84/B.

Where, is the tip speed ratio and B is the blade number which denotes the number of blades. is the slide number for the rotor blade profile The slide number is the ratio between the lift and the drag coefficient of the particular aerofoil. The aerofoil selected for the turbine blade is NACA 4412 symmetrical aerofoil. The slide number for the airfoil at different wind speed is obtained from the table and the values are extrapolated to get the slide number for the different wind speeds.
Wind speed vs Slide number
40 35

Slide number

30 25 20 15 10 5 0 0 2 4 Wind speed 6 8 Series1

Figure 12. Wind speed vs Slide number

The maximum theoretical power of the wind turbine is given by, Pmax= 0.5**swept area*wind velocity3*0.59( Betz limit) The actual power available in the wind turbine model is given by, P = 0.5**swept area*wind velocity3*Cp

Thus, the available power, power coefficient, tip speed ratio and rotor rpm were tabulated for RMN-00. The same procedure is applied to the remaining RMN-01, RMN-02, RMN-03 and RMN-04. Model (RMN-01). Rotor radius Winglet height : 174mm, : 6.8mm,

Winglet curvature : 25% of winglet height.

Model rpm

Vc= nr/30

Wind velocity, V m/s

=Vc/V

Power watt

, Coefficient of power

200 710 960 1210 1470 1750 2010 2310 2650 3010 3230 3460 3860

3.644 12.936 17.491 22.042 26.783 31.885 36.622 42.088 48.283 54.842 58.850 63.040 70.329

2.82 4.00 6.32 6.92 7.48 8.95 9.79 11.31 12.64 13.26 13.85 14.60 15.49

1.290 3.24 2.76 3.18 3.58 3.56 3.73 3.71 3.81 4.13 4.24 4.31 4.54

1.3062 3.7273 14.729 19.366 24.373 41.672 54.779 84.324 117.86 135.78 154.92 181.25 216.45

0.227 0.336 0.319 0.419 0.418 0.421 0.425 0.426 0.428 0.433 0.435 0.437 0.439

Cp vs rpm
0.5 0.45 0.4 0.35 0.3 0.25 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 0 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000

Coefficient of power

Figure 13. RMD-01 CP vs rpm Model (RMN-02). Rotor radius Winglet height : 174mm : 3.4mm =Vc/V

Winglet curvature : 25% of winglet height. Model rpm Vc= nr/30 Wind velocity, V m/s 410 690 750 1200 1450 1730 2030 2360 7.47 12.57 13.66 21.86 26.41 31.52 36.98 42.99 4.00 4.89 6.92 7.48 8.00 8.94 9.79 11.31 1.86 2.56 1.97 2.92 3.30 3.52 3.77 3.80 3.64 6.68 18.92 23.82 29.14 40.72 53.53 82.41 0.316 0.371 0.364 0.407 0.416 0.422 0.425 0.427 Power watt , Coefficient of power

Table 7. RMN-02 power coefficient calculation

Cp vs rpm
0.45 0.4 0.35 0.3 0.25 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 0 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 Cp vs rpm

Figure 14. RMD-02 CP vs rpm Model (RMN-03) Rotor radius Winglet height : 172mm : 6.8mm =Vc/V

Winglet curvature : 12.5% of winglet height Model rpm Vc= nr/30 Wind velocity, V m/s 510 750 1000 1250 1520 1780 2070 2390 2720 3080 9.18 13.5 18.0 22.5 27.4 32.1 37.3 43.1 48.9 55.4 4.00 4.89 5.65 6.92 7.48 8.00 8.94 11.3 12.6 13.5 2.295 2.755 3.182 3.247 3.656 4.005 4.169 3.802 3.870 4.088 3.727 6.843 10.53 19.36 24.37 29.81 41.67 84.32 117.8 145.2 0.339 0.376 0.403 0.412 0.419 0.424 0.427 0.427 0.429 0.437 Power watt , Coefficient of power

3280 3480 3890

59.0 62.6 70.0

14.1 14.9 16.0

4.175 4.187 4.376

164.7 194.9 238.5

0.436 0.437 0.439

Table 8. RMN-03 power coefficient calculation

Cp vs rpm
0.5 0.45 0.4 0.35 0.3 0.25 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 0 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000

Cp vs rpm

Figure 15. RMD-03 CP vs rpm Model (RMN-04). Rotor radius Winglet height : 172mm : 3.4mm =Vc/V

Winglet curvature : 12.5% of winglet height Model rpm Vc= nr/30 Wind velocity, V m/s 500 700 970 1230 1480 9.00 12.6 17.5 22.1 26.6 2.82 4.00 4.89 5.65 6.92 3.182 3.150 3.564 3.914 3.845 1.287 3.643 6.688 10.29 18.92 0.3276 0.3625 0.3899 0.4127 0.4191 Power watt , Coefficient of power

1780 2070 2380

32.0 37.3 42.8

8.00 8.94 10.5

4.005 4.165 4.049

29.14 40.72 67.40

0.4237 0.4252 0.4279

Table 9. RMN-04 power coefficient calculation

Cp vs rpm
0.45 0.4 0.35 0.3 0.25 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 0 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 Cp vs rpm

Figure 16. RMD-04 CP vs rpm Model (RMN-00) Rotor radius Without winglet Model rpm Vc= nr/30 Wind velocity, V m/s 400 530 770 1020 1280 1550 7.12 9.43 13.7 18.2 22.7 27.6 2.82 4.00 4.89 5.65 6.92 7.48 2.51 2.35 2.78 3.21 3.28 3.68 1.256 3.552 6.521 10.04 18.45 23.25 0.3158 0.3420 0.3732 0.4043 0.4119 0.4285 =Vc/V Power watt , Coefficient of power : 170mm

1840 2140 2440

32.7 38.1 43.4

8.00 8.94 11.3

4.09 4.25 3.83

28.41 39.71 80.35

0.4231 0.4264 0.4271

Table 10. RMN-00 power coefficient calculation

Cp vs rpm
0.45 0.4 0.35 0.3 0.25 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 0 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 Cp vs rpm

Figure 17. RMD-00 CP vs rpm The model RMD-03 was found to be the efficient rotor among other models. Thus, the RMD-03 was selected for further investigation in noise comparison and rotor wake study.

2.5 Experimental methodology for noise comparison An high sound recognizing microphone were installed over the surface of test section. The wind tunnel was run to a specific wind velocity and noise produced was plotted in decibels (dB) in 32bit with respective to time. The rotor RMD-03 was mounted and noise level was plotted same specific wind velocity. Now the rotor without winglet RMD-00 was replaced with RMD-03 and the noise level was plotted. The graphs were compared and studied.

Figure 18. of noise level in 32bit vs time a) test section b) RMD-03 c) RMD-00

2.6 Experiment methodology for Rotor wake study A wake is the region of disturbed flow downstream of a solid body moving through a fluid, caused by the flow of the fluid around the body. In wind turbine this flow is found behind the rotor. The model RMN-003 was mounted inside the wind tunnels test section. The grid formed with single row of 14 pitot tubes and 2 static tubes as shown in figure was placed inside the test section. The grid was moved to various length of rotor diameter like 1D, 1.5D, 2D etc horizontally behind the wind turbine rotor. The row in the grid was moved vertically to 7 positions giving us the wind speed at various positions behind the rotor. Thus the wake distribution behind the rotor was identified. The flow structure in the wake region has been investigated with the wind tunnel experiment at constant wind speed especially paying attention to the scale effects of the wind turbine model. The wind velocity of 5.86m/s was created inside the test section ignoring the losses due to boundary layer effect. The virtual test section of 1.87ft X 1.87ft was taken into consideration from 2ft X 2ft test section to avoid the disturbance in the wind flow caused by the walls of test section. The wake is identified by the variation of pressure at the locations the respective locations. This variation is shown in the pressure distribution scale connected to the pitot and static tubes in the grid. This pressure variation is converted to wind velocity using the formulae (1) and tabulated to their respective positions as shown in tables 11,12,13,14 and 15.

The tabulated wind velocities are represented in 3Dgraphs with vertical and horizontal location with respective wind speed.

Figure 19. Velocity distribution at 1D distance behind rotor

Figure 20. Velocity distribution at 1.5D distance behind rotor

Figure 21. Velocity distribution at 2D distance behind rotor

Figure 22. Velocity distribution at 2.5D distance behind rotor

Figure 23. Velocity distribution at 2.75D distance behind rotor

The wake study showed that wind flow variation becomes steamline behind the rotor after the distance 2.75D of the wind turbine rotor at wind speed of 5.86m/s. the variation of the velocity flow due to rotor and tower was alone considered during this study.

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3.1Result The comparison of the models RMD-01, RMD-02, RMD-03, RMD-04 and RMD-00 with respective to their rpm and coefficient of power is tabulated in table 16.

RMD-01 RMD-02 RMD-03 RMD-04 RMD-00 Rpm Cp rpm Cp Rpm Cp rpm Cp rpm Cp 200 0.227 410 0.316 510 0.339 500 0.3276 400 0.3158 710 0.336 690 0.371 750 0.376 700 0.3625 530 0.342 960 0.319 750 0.364 1000 0.403 970 0.3899 770 0.3732 1210 0.419 1200 0.407 1250 0.412 1230 0.4127 1020 0.4043 1470 0.418 1450 0.416 1520 0.419 1480 0.4191 1280 0.4119 1750 0.421 1730 0.422 1780 0.424 1780 0.4237 1550 0.4285 2010 0.425 2030 0.425 2070 0.427 2070 0.4252 1840 0.4231 2310 0.426 2360 0.427 2390 0.427 2380 0.4279 2140 0.4264 2650 0.428 2720 0.429 2440 0.4271 3010 0.433 3080 0.437 3230 0.435 3280 0.436 3460 0.437 3480 0.437 3860 0.439 3890 0.439 Table 16. comparison of Cp and rpm of RMD-00,01,02,03,04

The graphical representation of the comparison of rpm and coefficient of power of the various models RMD-00, RMD-01, RMD-02 ,RMD-03 and RMD-04 are shown in figure 24 and 25 respectively.

Figure 24. Cp comparison of RMD-00, 01, 02, 03 and 04

Figure 25. rpm comparison of RMD-00, 01, 02, 03 and 04

The results of the experiment indicated in the table 16 and figures 24,25 shows that the model RMD-01 and RMD-03 with 6% winglet height in common and with a curvature of 12.5% and 25% of radius were the efficient models. In which the RMD03 indicated higher rpm, lower staring wind speed and coefficient of power than RMD-01. The noise produce by the rotor RMD-03 with winglets of 6% height and 12.5% radius of curvature was lower than the rotor RMD-00 without winglets. The wake created by the rotor RMD-03 with winglet settled at an distance of 2.75D of the rotor.

4. CONCLUSION The present study indicates a strong relation between winglet height, rotation rate (rpm), curvature radius and power co-efficient. Winglet added rotor models gives increase in power coefficient. An increase in winglet height and optimum radius of curvature shows lower starting wind velocity and increase in rotational speed even in low wind speeds allowing overall increase in power coefficient and reduction in noise due to vibration. The wake study of the wind flow behind the rotor allowed us to find the location were the wind get stream lined again. This could positively increase the effective utilization of area in an wind farm in which large number of wind turbines are installed together to satisfy higher energy needs. It is also possible that winglet added wind turbine is best suited for remote areas, where wind power available is less.

REFERENCES

1. Shane.M, Jason G; 2009; Wind tunnel analysis of a counter-rotating wind turbine; proceeding ASEE annual conference; Baylor University. 2. Martin O. L. Hansen; 2008; Aerodynamics of wind turbines; second edition. 3. J.F.Manwell, J.G.mcGowan, A.L.Rogers; 2002; Wind Energy Explained; John Willey & Sons Ltd; England. 4. F.Wang, L.Bai; 2008; The methodology for aerodynamic study on a small domestic wind turbine with scoop; Journal of wind Engg and industrial Aerodynamics; p 1-24. 5. Betz.A; 1926; Wind energy and their utilization by wind mills; Germany Bandenhoeck & Ruprect. 6. J Johansen, N.Sorensen; 2006; Numerical analysis of winglets on wind turbine blades using CFD, Riso-R-1543(EN); Riso National laboratory,

Roskilde;Denmark. 7. Dreese J; 2000; Aero basics and design foil; user guide; USA, Capitola. 8. Ali vardar, Bulent Eker; 2006; Principle of rotor design for horizontal axis wind turbines; Journal of applied sciences 6(7); p 1572-1533. 9. Ozdamar A, Kavas MG; 1999; A research about wind turbine propeller design. Sun day symposium presentation book; p 151 160. 10.Ali Vardar, Halil Unal; 2006; A research towards meeting the electricity demand of a plant via wind turbine; Journal of applied sciences 6(5); p 11761181.