Chapter 1.

Matrices and Systems of Equations

Math1111

Matrix Algebra

Linear Combination - Geometric Meaning

Example. For what a1 , a2 and b will the system

2x1 + 3x2 5x1 4x2 = 8 = 7

be expressed in the form of x1 a1 + x2 a2 = b?

Chapter 1. Matrices and Systems of Equations

Math1111

Matrix Algebra

Linear Combination - Geometric Meaning

Example. For what a1 , a2 and b will the system

2x1 + 3x2 5x1 4x2 = 8 = 7

be expressed in the form of x1 a1 + x2 a2 = b?

Geometric Interpretation Solving the system passes to expressing b as a sum of a1 and a2 after suitable scaling.

Chapter 1. Matrices and Systems of Equations

Math1111

Matrix Algebra

Linear Combination - Denition

n

Denition Let a1 , a2 , , am be vectors in scalars. Then a sum of the form

c1 a1 + c2 a2 + + cm am

, and c1 , c2 , , cm be

is called a linear combination of the vectors a1 , a2 , , am .

1 2 1 1 Example. Is a linear combination of , , ? 3 1 1 2 1 1 0 1 Is 1 a linear combination of 1, 1, 0? 2 1 0 1

Chapter 1. Matrices and Systems of Equations

Math1111

Matrix Algebra

Consistency Ax = b is consistent if and only if b is a linear

Theorem

combination of column vectors of A.

Chapter 1. Matrices and Systems of Equations

Math1111

Matrix Algebra

Consistency Ax = b is consistent if and only if b is a linear

Theorem

combination of column vectors of A. Proof. if: Write A = (a1

a2 an ). Suppose b is a linear combination of

a1 , a2 , , an . It means that we have some scalars 1 , 2 , , n

such that
1 a1 + 2 a2 + + n an = b.

Chapter 1. Matrices and Systems of Equations

Math1111

Matrix Algebra

Consistency Ax = b is consistent if and only if b is a linear

Theorem

combination of column vectors of A. Proof. if: Write A = (a1

a2 an ). Suppose b is a linear combination of

a1 , a2 , , an . It means that we have some scalars 1 , 2 , , n

such that
1 a1 + 2 a2 + + n an = b.
1 2 x = . , . . n

Take

then Ax = b. i.e. The equation Ax = b has solution.

Chapter 1. Matrices and Systems of Equations

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Matrix Algebra

Consistency (Contd)

Proof. only if:

a1 a1 a a 2 2 Let . be a solution of Ax = b. i.e. A . = b. . . . . an an

Chapter 1. Matrices and Systems of Equations

Math1111

Matrix Algebra

Consistency (Contd)

Proof. only if:

a1 a1 a a 2 2 Let . be a solution of Ax = b. i.e. A . = b. . . . . an an

It can be rewritten as
a1 a1 + a2 a2 + + an an = b

where aj is the jth column of A. This means by denition that b is a linear combination of the column vectors of A.

Chapter 1. Matrices and Systems of Equations

Math1111

Matrix Algebra

Matrix Multiplication (Contd)

A
ith ai1 ai2 air

B
b1j b2j =

product AB
jth ith

. . .
brj r n

mr

mn

Chapter 1. Matrices and Systems of Equations

Math1111

Matrix Algebra

Matrix Multiplication (Contd)

A
ith ai1 ai2 air

B
jth b1j b2j =

product AB
jth ith

. . .
brj r n

mr

mn

= ai1 b1j + ai2 b2j + + air brj

Chapter 1. Matrices and Systems of Equations

Math1111

Matrix Algebra

Matrix Multiplication - 4 views

4 views of matrix multiplication Entry by entry Column by column Row by row Block multiplication