Department of Electronics & Telecommunication

College of Engineering, Pune-411005.

A PROJECT REPORT ON

Algorithms for PAPR reduction in OFDM System

BY

110807059 : Sangharsh Borse 110807004 : Uday Dhembare 110707032 : Akash Kure

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

College of Engineering, Pune-05

PROF. S.P. Mohani

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project work titled as Algorithms for PAPR reduction in OFDM system is the Bonafide work carried out by

110708059 110708004 110707032

: Sangharsh Borse : Uday Dhembare : Akash Kure

The project report submitted is approved for partial fulfillment as the phase-1 of B.Tech. (Major) project for requirements of degree B.Tech. In E&TC under the supervision of

Prof. S.P. Mohani (Project Guide) Professor, Department of E &TC, College of Engineering, Pune-05.

Dr. M.S. Sutaone Head of the Department Department of E &TC, College of Engineering, Pune-05.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It feels very delighted in expressing deep sense of gratitude and indebtedness to our project guide Prof. S.P.Mohani, Professor, Dept. of E&TC, for his whole hearted cooperation and his valuable suggestions.

Its our teamwork and efforts lead us to put forth this project with skills, logic but also correct guidance.

We also take this opportunity to thank our department staff and Head of the Department, Dr. M.S. Sutaone for their help in various aspects.

Contents
1. Abstract 2. Introduction FDM OFDM OFDM History 3. OFDM OFDM Development OFDM Theory OFDM System Model OFDM Applications OFDM Advantages OFDM Disadvantages 4. PAPR (peak-to-average power ratio) 5. Various techniques for PAPR reduction. 6. Criteria for selection of PAPR reduction technique. 7. SLM (Selected Mapping Technique) 8. PTS (Partial Transmit Sequence) 9. Conclusion and Proposed Phase-2 Work. 10. References.

1.ABSTRACT

Orthogonal Frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is becoming the chosen modulation technique for wireless communication. OFDM can provide large data rates with sufficient robustness to radio channel impairments. Many research centers in the world have specialized teams working in the optimization of OFDM for number of applications. However, due to high peak-to average power ratio (PAPR), OFDM transmitters require very linear output amplifiers with wide dynamic range. Selected Mapping technique is one of the promising peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) reduction techniques of OFDM. This project Phase-1 concerns about improved Selected Mapping (SLM) and Partial transmit sequences (PTS) algorithms to reduce PAPR of transmitted OFDM signal.

2. Introduction

The tremendous growth in wireless LANs has generated interest in Technologies that provide higher data rates and greater system capacities. The IEEE 802.11a standard, based on OFDM modulation, provides nearly five times the data rate and as much as ten times the overall system capacity as current 802.11b wireless LAN systems. To efficiently use the spectrum provided in the 5GHz range, designers of IEEE 802.11a systems use Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) techniques.

Frequency division multiplexing(FDM):

It is a technology that transmits multiple signals simultaneously over a single transmission path such as a cable or wireless system. Each signal travels within its own unique frequency range (carrier),which is modulated by the data (e.g. text, voice, video etc.).

Need of OFDM:
There are many problems associated with single carrier modulation such as 1. Frequency selective channel introduces Inter-symbol Interference (ISI) at the receiver. 2. Equalization may amplify the noise in the region where channel response is poor. As a result single carrier performance is affected due to high attenuation in some bands since all used frequencies are given equal importance.

 OFDM
Multicarrier modulation has become a key technology for current and future communication systems and Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is a form of multicarrier modulation. It uses spread spectrum technique in which data is distributed over a large number carriers that are spaced apart at precise freuencies. These systems are becoming popular due to the fact that they efficiently use the available frequency band and provide high data rates. In the multicarrier modulation the available frequency band is divided into a large number of subbands and the user data is modulated onto many separate subcarriers. These subcarriers are separated from each other and in case of OFDM the subcarrier are orthogonal to each other. To achieve orthogonality between the different subcarriers the spacing between the carriers is equal to the reciprocal of the useful symbol period.

OFDM History:

A Principle for multi-channel transmission over a band limited channel was proposed in 1966. An analysis on this parallel system was done in 1967 the crosstalk between adjacent channel and the individual channel performance were studied. DFT being used in baseband modulation/demodulation in 1971. Cyclic prefix (CP) being used in 1980.

3. OFDM:

 Development of OFDM:

1 Frequency division multiplexing:

Frequency Division Multiplexing is a form of signal multiplexing which involves assigning non overlapping frequency ranges or channels to different signals or to each user of a medium. A gap or guard band is left between each of these channels to ensure that the signal of one channel does not overlap with the signal from an adjacent one. Due to lack of digital filters it was difficult to filter closely packed adjacent channels.

2 Multicarrier Communication:
As it is ineffective to transfer a high rate data stream through a channel, the signal is split to give a number of signals over that frequency range. Each of these signals are individually modulated and transmitted over the channel. At the receiver end, these signals are fed to a de multiplexer where it is demodulated and re combined to obtain the original signal.

OFDM Theory:

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing is a special form of multicarrier modulation which is particularly suited for transmission over a dispersive channel. Here the different carriers are orthogonal to each other, that is, they are totally independent of one another. This is achieved by placing the carrier exactly at the nulls in the modulation spectra of each other.

Figure : Frequency-domain representation of a multicarrier signal

Orthogonality:
The spacing between the carriers is equal to the reciprocal of the useful symbol Period. Spacing f is eqals to 1/Tb.
FCF= FC + kF k F

Two periodic signals are orthogonal when the integral of their product over one period is equal to zero. For case of continuous time:

For case of discrete time :

k=0N-1cos2knNcos2kmndT=0

Inter-symbol interference:
Inter symbol interference (ISI) is a form of distortion of a signal in which one symbol interferes with subsequent symbols. This is an unwanted phenomenon as the previous symbols have similar effect as noise, thus making the communication less reliable. ISI is usually caused by multipath propagation or the inherent non linear frequency response of a channel causing successive symbols to blur together. The presence of ISI in the system introduces error in the decision device at the receiver output. Therefore, in the design of the transmitting and receiving filters, the objective is to minimize the effects of ISI and thereby deliver the digital data to its destination with the smallest error rate possible.

Inter Carrier Interference:

Presence of Doppler shifts and frequency and phase offsets in an OFDM system causes loss in orthogonality of the sub carriers. As a result, interference is observed between sub carriers. This phenomenon is known as inter carrier interference (ICI) .

Cyclic Prefix:
The Cyclic Prefix or Guard Interval is a periodic extension of the last part of an OFDM symbol that is added to the front of the symbol in the transmitter, and is removed at the receiver before demodulation.
1. The cyclic prefix acts as a guard interval. It eliminates the inter symbol

The cyclic prefix has to two important benefits

interference from the previous symbol. 2. It acts as a repetition of the end of the symbol thus allowing the linear convolution of a frequency selective multipath channel to be modeled as circular convolution which in turn maybe transformed to the frequency domain using a discrete fourier transform. This approach allows for simple frequency domain processing such as channel estimation and equalization.

Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform:

By working with OFDM in frequency domain the modulated QPSK data symbols are fed onto the orthogonal sub-carriers. But transfer of signal over a channel is only possible in its time-domain. For which we implement IDFT which converts the OFDM signal in from frequency domain to time domain. IDFT being a linear transformation can be easily applied to the system and DFT can be applied at the receiver end to regain the original data in frequency domain at the receiver end. Since the basis of Fourier transform is orthogonal in nature we can implement to get the time domain equivalent of the OFDM signal from its frequency components. Usually, in practice instead of DFT and IDFT we implement Fast Fourier Transformation for an N-input signal system because of the lower hardware complexity of the system

OFDM System Model:

A typical OFDM transmission system is shown in Figure.

Block diagram of OFDM Here an input data bit stream is supplied into a channel encoder that Separates the data into N different sub channels. Then that data are mapped onto QPSK/QAM constellation. After this mapping of the data an N-point IFFT is applied to transform the frequency domain incoming symbols into the time domain signal. This transformation maps the data points onto orthogonal subcarriers. A cyclic prefix is added to the signal in the digital domain after the IFFT operation to avoid inter block interference (IBI). The cyclic prefix is a copy of the last samples in time domain that are inserted at the beginning of the block. This time domain signal then under- goes a parallel to serial conversion and an analog signal is generated by using a D/A converter. Finally filtering with a low-pass filter is applied, and this filtered signal is modulated to the desired carrier frequency, which is then sent across the channel for transmission.

To recover the information in the OFDM receiver the inverse operations to the operations listed above are performed in the reverse direction. In the receiver I start with the demodulated of the signal to get the baseband signal. Then this baseband signal is filtered. Now the signal undergoes analog to digital conversation in an A/D converter. The cyclic prefix which was added at the transmitter side is removed and an N point FFT operation in performed on the resulting signal to recover the data in frequency domain. A frequency domain equalizer consisting of N single tap complex equalizers is applied to the frequency domain data and its output is fed into a channel decoder, which finally decodes the transmitted bit stream.

OFDM Applications:

1. Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX). 2. Terrestrial Digital Audio Broadcasting (DVB-T). 3. Wireless Metropolitan Area Network (WMAN). IEEE 802.16d 4. Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN). ETSI Hiperlink 2. 5. Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB). 6. Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB). 7. High Definition Television (HDTV). 8. Broadband Internet Access. 9. Wireless Networking.

Advantages of OFDM:
1. Due to increase in symbol duration, there is a reduction in delay spread. 2. Conversion of the channel into many narrowly spaced orthogonal sub

Addition of guard band almost removes the ISI and ICI in the system.

carriers render it immune to frequency selective fading. 3. As it is evident from the spectral pattern of an OFDM system, orthogonally placing the sub carriers lead to high spectral efficiency. 4. OFDM is less sensitive to sample timing offsets than the single carrier systems. 5. By using adequate channel coding and interleaving, the symbols lost can be recovered, due to the frequency selectivity of the channel.

6. Can be efficiently implemented using FFT and IFFT. 7. OFDM eliminates the need for equalizers.

. Disadvantages

of OFDM:

1. Higher Peak-to-average power ratio. 2. More sensitive to phase noise ,timing and frequency offsets 3. Greater complexity. 4. More expensive transmitters and receivers 5. Efficiency gains reduced by requirement for guard interval. 6. The high PAPR also lowers the efficiency of power amplifiers.

4. PAPR (peak-to-average power ratio) in OFDM

Presence of large number of independently modulated sub-carriers in an OFDM system the peak value of the system can be very high as compared to the average of the whole system. This ratio of the peak to average power value is termed as Peak-to-Average Power Ratio. Coherent addition of N signals of same phase produces a peak which is N times the average signal.

The major disadvantages of a high PAPR are1. Increased complexity in the analog to digital and digital to analog converter. 2. Reduction is efficiency of RF amplifiers.

PAPR OF A MULTICARRIER SIGNAL

Let the data block of length N be represented by a vector X=[x0 ,x1,x3 xn-1] uration of any symbol xk in the set X is T and represents one of the sub carriers {fn,n=0,1,...N-1} set. As the N sub carriers chosen to transmit the signal are orthogonal to each other, so we can have fn=nf , where nf=1/NT and NT is the duration of the OFDM data block X. The complex data block for the OFDM signal to transmitted is given by
D

X(t)= 1 / N n=0N-1 xn.ej2nft

, 0 t NT

The PAPR of the transmitted signal is defined as

PAPR=max0 t NT |x(t)|21NT0NT|xt|2 .dt .

Reducing the max|x(t)| is the principle goal of PARP reduction techniques. Since, discrete- time signals are dealt within most systems, many PAPR techniques are implemented to deal with amplitudes of various samples of x(t).

Due to symbol spaced output in the first equation we find some of the peak missing which can be compensated by oversampling the equation by some factor to give the true PAPR value.

CUMULATIVE DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION

The Cumulative Distribution Function (CDF) is one of the most regularly used parameters, which is used to measure the efficiency of any PAPR technique. Normally, the Complementary CDF (CCDF) is used instead of CDF, which helps us to measure the probability that the PAPR of a certain data block exceeds the given threshold. By implementing the Central Limit Theorem for a multi carrier signal with a large number of sub-carriers, the real and imaginary part of the time domain signals have a mean of zero and a variance of 0.5 and follow a Gaussian distribution. So Rayleigh distribution is followed for the amplitude of the multi carrier signal, where as a central chi-square distribution with two degrees of freedom is followed for the power distribution of the system. The CDF of the amplitude of a signal sample is given by F(z)=1 exp(z). The CCDF of the PAPR of the data block is desired is our case to compare outputs of various reduction techniques. This is given by

P(PAPR > Z) = 1 P(PAPR Z) =1 F(z)N =1 (1 exp(-z))N

------ SLM. ------- PTS.

5. Various techniques for PAPR reduction

PAPR reduction techniques vary according to the needs of the system and are dependent on various factors. PAPR reduction capacity, increase in power in transmit signal, loss in data rate, complexity of computation and increase in the bit-error rate at the receiver end are various factors which are taken into account before adopting a PAPR reduction technique of the system. Some of the PAPR reduction techniques on which we would work upon and compare are as follows.

 SELECTED MAPPING
In this a set of sufficiently different data blocks representing the information same as the original data blocks are selected. Selection of data blocks with low PAPR value makes it suitable for transmission.

PARTIAL TRANSMIT SEQUENCE

Transmitting only part of data of varying sub-carrier which covers all the information to be sent in the signal as a whole is called Partial Transmit Sequence Technique. Some of other Methods:
1. Clipping and filtering. 2. Coding. 3. Interleaving.

4. Tone Reservation.(TR) 5. Tone Injection.(TI) 6. Active Constellation Extension (ACE).

6. Criteria for selection of PAPR reduction Technique

We have to pay costs for PAPR reduction which affects many factors. There are many factors to be considered before a specific technique is applied. These factors include following parameters

PAPR reduction Capability: - This is most important parameter since careful attention must be given if it causes other harmful effects to the system e.g. the amplitude clipping technique clearly removes the time domain peaks but results in in-band distortion and out of band distortion. Power increase in transmit signal :- Some techniques require a more power increase in the transmit signal after implementing reduction technique

BER increase at the receiver: - This is also an important factor and closely related to the power increase in the transmit signal. Some techniques may have an increase in BER at the receiver if the transmit signal power is fixed or equivalently may require larger transmit signal power to maintain the BER after applying the PAPR reduction technique. In some techniques such as SLM, PTS and Interleaving, the entire data block may be lost if the side information is received in error. This also may increase BER at the receiver Loss in data rate: - Some techniques require the data rate to be reduced. The block coding technique requires one out of four information symbols to be decided to control PAPR. In SLM, PTS data rate is reduced due to the side information used to inform the receiver of what has been done in transmitter. In these technique the side information may be received in error unless some form of protection such as channel coding is employed which again cause increase in data rate loss due to side information. Computational complexity: - It is another important parameter. PTS find a solution for the PAPR reduced signal by using many iterations. Interleaving technique has better PAPR reduction capability for large number of inter leavers. Generally, more complex technique has better reduction capability. Other parameters:- Many of the PAPR reduction technique do not consider the effect of components in the transmitter such as transmit filter, D/A converter, transmit power amplifier. In practice, PAPR reduction technique can be used only after careful performance and cost analyses for realistic environments.

7. SLM (Selected Mapping Technique)

Selected mapping (SLM) techniques one of the promising PAPR reduction Techniques for OFDM. In the SLM technique, some statistically independent data blocks are generated from an OFDM data block using a set of phase sequences and one with the lowest PAPR is chosen and transmitted. Here, we implement an SLM technique with novel phase sequences. In the proposed SLM technique, it is not needed to exchange side information between transmitter and receiver, which is usually required in the ordinary SLM technique. It is shown that we can achieve comparable PAPR reduction performance with the ordinary SLM technique with no data rate loss and a small increase in transmitted signal power.

Block Diagram of basic SLM:

The main objective of this technique is to generate a set of data blocks at the transmitter end which represent the original information and then to choose the most favorable block among them for transmission. Let us consider an OFDM system with N orthogonal subcarriers. A data block is a vector X = (xn)N composed of N complex symbols, each of them representing modulation symbol transmitted over a subcarrier. X is multiplied element by element with U vector Bu = (bu,n)N composed of N complex number bu,n , u {0,1,.,U-1}, defined so that bu,n = 1 where |.| denotes the modulus operator. Each resulting vector Xu = (xu,n)N where xu,n = bu,n.xn , produced after IDFT , a corresponding OFDM Su (t) given by

Where T is the OFDM signal duration and f = 1/T is the sub carrier spacing. Among the modified data blocks, the one with the lowest PAPR is selected for transmission. The amount of PAPR reduction for SLM depends on the number of phase sequences U and the design of the phase sequences.

To plot the CCDF for SLM:

8. PTS (Partial transmit sequence)

PTS is to divide OFDM symbol into M independent sub-blocks, every sub-block is of the same size and zero is filled in the position where no original OFDM symbol is inherited in the sub-blocks, presented by X(v), v=1,,V. In the PTS technique, an input data block of N symbols is partitioned into disjoint sub blocks. The subcarriers in each sub block are weighted by a phase factor for that sub block. The phase factors are selected such that the PAPR of the combined signal is minimized. In the ordinary PTS technique input data block X is partitioned into M disjoint sub blocks and the sub blocks are combined to minimize the PAPR in the time domain. The amount of PAPR reduction depends on the number of sub blocks M and the number of allowed phase factors W. Another factor that may affect the PAPR reduction performance in PTS is the sub block partitioning, which is the method of division of the subcarriers into multiple disjoint sub blocks. There are

three kinds of sub block partitioning schemes: adjacent, interleaved and pseudorandom partitioning. Among them, pseudorandom partitioning has been found to be the best choice. The PTS technique works with an arbitrary number of subcarriers and any modulation scheme. As mentioned above, the ordinary PTS technique has exponentially increasing search complexity. To reduce the search complexity, various techniques have been adopted. In iterations for updating the set of phase factors are stopped once the PAPR drops below a preset threshold. In various methods to reduce the number of iterations are presented. These methods achieve significant reduction in search complexity with marginal PAPR performance degradation.

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE PTS TECHNIQUE:

Ordinary PTS method:

It consists of a program which accepts inputs from text file using fread function.

Then convert that file into binary and rearrange the matrices to have 4-bit input for 16 QAM modulation. After modulation the complex data is applied to IFFT function which is in built function. The PAPR is minimized by selecting the optimized phase factor by searching for minimum PAPR from maximum of all phase sequence. PAPR is calculated by taking ratio of peak and average of the signal. The reverse PTS procedure is done by multiplying with proper phase factor is done for recovery at the receiver. The FFT is taken by in built function. 16-qam demodulation is done at the receiver to recover the original data. By rearranging the matrices the bit error rate is calculated at receiver.

To plot the CCDF for PTS:

9. Conclusion and Proposed Phase-2 Work

OFDM is a very attractive technique for multicarrier transmission and has become one of the standard choices for high speed data transmission over a communication channel. It has various advantages; but also has one major drawback: it has a very high PAPR. We have also aimed at investigating some of the techniques which are in common use to reduce the high PAPR of the system. Selected Mapping (SLM) and Partial Transmit Sequence (PTS) do not affect the data. From the comparison

curve of the SLM and PTS techniques, we could infer that PTS is more effective in PAPR reduction. However, no specific PAPR reduction technique is the best solution for the OFDM system. Various parameters like loss in data rate, transmit signal power increase, BER increase, computational complexity increase should be taken into consideration before choosing the appropriate PAPR technique.

10. References

A SLM Scheme With Low Complexity for PAPR Reduction of OFDM Systems, Seok-Joong Heo, Hyung-Suk Noh, Jong-Seon No, Member, IEEE, and Dong-Joon Shin, Member, IEEE. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BROADCASTING, VOL. 53, NO. 4, DECEMBER 2007. An Overview: Peak-to-Average Power Ratio Reduction Techniques for OFDM Signals, Tao Jiang, Member, IEEE, and Yiyan Wu, Fellow, IEEE.

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BROADCASTING, VOL. 54, NO. 2, JUNE 2008. PAPR reduction of an OFDM signal by use of PTS with low computational complexity. Yang, L.; Chen, R.S.; Siu, Y.M.; Soo, K.K.; Dept. of Commun. Eng., Nanjing Univ. of Sci. & Technol., China. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BROADCASTING, VOL. 52, ISSUE 1, March 2006. Web References: 1. www.ieeeexplore.org 2. www.wikipedia.com 3. www.mathworks.com