InglesNaMente.com Present Simple Positive I You We They He She It Question Do I you we they he she it Verb example work.

I You We They He She It Negative dont (do not) Verb example

work. doesnt (does not)

works.

Verb example Yes, No, work? Yes, No,

Does

Short answer do. I you dont. we they does. he she doesnt. it

Use Long-term situations Habits and routines Feelings and opinions Facts

Examples I live in Madrid. Where does she work? I travel to work by car. How often do you play golf? She doesnt like her work. I agree with you. The journey takes 30 minutes. It costs $ 15.

Question words Where do you live? What do you do at weekends? When do they take their holiday? Which magazine does James write for? How do you travel to work? How often do you make business trips? Whose book is this? Who (*Whom) do you visit in London? Who arrives at work first? In Rome. I usually play golf. In July or August. Wine and Dine. By car. About twice a month. Its mine. I visit my sister. Anna does.

* Whom is very formal, and is not used very often.

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Present Continuous Positive I He She It You We They m (am) s (is) working. re (are) Verb example I He She It You We They Yes, No, Yes, No, Yes, No, Negative m not (am not) isnt (is not) working. arent (are not) Verb example

Am Is Are

Positive I he she it you we they

Verb example

working?

Short answer am. I m not. is. he isnt. she it you are. we arent. they

Use Actions happening now Temporary situations or actions

Examples Hes talking on the phone at the moment. Theyre having lunch with a customer. Jeans are selling well this season. Im not travelling on business this month. Which hotel are you staying at?

- A dictionary tells you when the final consonant doubles (travel, travelling), and when we leave out the final e (make, making). Past Simple Positive I You He She It We They Question Did Negative I You He She It We They yesterday?

started rang*

yesterday

didnt (did Start not) ring*

yesterday.

I You

start ring*

Short answer Yes, I You

did.

InglesNaMente.com He She It We They * See the list of irregular verbs on page 16. Use Finished situations and actions in the past He She It We They

No,

didnt.

Examples I lived in Rome for two years. He flew to America last week. They didnt come to the party. Where did you spend your last holiday?

- We often use the Past Simple with finished time phrases like yesterday, last week, an hour ago. - Regular verbs in the Past Simple end in ed. A dictionary tells you when the consonant doubles (Group 3), and when the y changes to I (Group 4). Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 Work worked Live lived Stop stopped Study studied Play played Smile smiled Travel travelled Worry worried Wait waited Close closed Plan planned Try tried

- When the infinitive ends in a / d / or a / t / sound, we pronounce the ed ending as / id / See Grammar timelines on page 36. Comparative and superlative adjectives Form One syllable Two syllables Ending in -y Two or more syllables Irregular Adjectives Adjective long few hot easy happy famous crowded expensive good bad much/many little far Comparative longer fewer hotter easier happier Superlative the longest fewest hottest easiest happiest famous crowded expensive best worst most least farthest / furthest

the

famous more crowded the most expensive better worse more the less farther / further

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Use We use than after a comparative adjective. Much can come before the comparative to add emphasis. We use the before a superlative adjective. As as shows something is the same or equal. Not as as shows something isnt the same or equal.

Examples London is bigger than Paris. He is much younger than his brother. Tokyo is much more expensive than Rome. Camary Wharf is the tallest building in London. Greece is as sunny as Spain. I am as happy as you are. Italy isnt as big as France.

- One syllable adjectives ending with one vowel and a consonant double the consonant: Adjective Big Fat Comparative Bigger Fatter Superlative Biggest fattest

- This doesnt happen when the consonant is w or y: Adjective New Grey Mass and Count nouns Mass nouns Use Mass nouns have no plural form. We do not use a or an with them. We use them with a singular verb form. Count nouns Use Count nouns have a singular and plural form. We use them with a and an. We use them with singular and plural verb forms. Some nouns are both mass and count. Mass / Count nouns Use Examples Examples This machine is expensive. Did you have a good trip? These machines are expensive. Examples They want some information. I dont like music This machinery is expensive. Comparative Newer Greyer Superlative Newest greyest

InglesNaMente.com Mass (general meaning) Count (specific meaning) James writes about wine. She has a lot of experience of the travel industry. Hes writing a book about the wines of Italy. I had some amusing experiences on my last holiday.

some, any, a lot of, much, many some Use With mass and count nouns in positive sentences In offers and requests any Use With mass and count nouns in negative sentences in questions Examples I didnt buy any apples. He didnt spend any money. Did they give you any help? Do you have any questions? Examples I bought some tea. She made some appointments. Would you like some coffee? Could I have some information?

a lot of / lots of Use With mass and count nouns in positive sentences much Use With mass nouns in negative sentences, and in questions many Use With count nouns in negative sentences, and in questions In positive sentences Examples We havent got many suitcases. She didnt have many meetings. How many people did you invite? Many people are on holiday this week. Examples We havent got much luggage. I dont have much time. How much paper do you need? Examples Theres a lot of traffic today. There are a lot of cars in the city centre. Lots of people go jogging in the park.

- In positive sentences, a lot of / lots of is more common than many. - We can use a lot of / lots of in negative sentences and in questions.

InglesNaMente.com - Lots of is mostly used in informal spoken English.

Present Perfect Simple Positive I You We They He She It Question I you we they he she it ve (have) Verb examples arrived. begun. Negative I You We They He She It Short answer Yes, arrived? begun? No, Yes, No, I you we they he she it havent (have not) hasnt (has not) Verb examples arrived. begun.

s (has)

Verb examples

Verb examples have. havent. has. hasnt.

Have

Has

Use Finished experiences in your life up to now Recent situations and actions in a time up to now Situations that started in the past and still continue Past actions in a time up to now where we give the quantity

Examples Shes lived in China and Japan. Hes had experience of marketing Have you ever been to Brazil? Weve reduced prices. Corporate business has increased significantly. Have you had a holiday this year? Hes been an architect since 1992. Shes had a translation agency for ten years. How long have you known her? Shes designed a lot of fashion items for Burberrys. How many letters have you written?

- gone to or been to? Anns gone to New York, means shes in New York now, or shes on her way there. Anns been to New York, means shes not in New York now. Her visit is over.

InglesNaMente.com - contracted forms In spoken English, we usually say Ive, youre, hes, etc. In formal, written English we normally use I have, you have, he has, etc. - For information on yet, just, already, see page 33. See Grammar timelines on page 36. Present Perfect Continuous Positive I You We They He She It Question Have Has I you we they he she it Negative I You We They He She It

ve (have) been working. s (has)

havent (have not) hasnt (has not)

been working.

been working?

Short answer Yes, I you we No, they Yes, he she No, it

have. havent. has. hasnt.

Use Actions that began in the past and continue to the present Actions that began in the past and have just stopped

Examples Weve been producing pens since the 1980s. Hes been living here for five years. How long have you been learning English? You look very tired. Have you been working? Im hot because Ive been running.

- The Present Perfect Continuous and Simple are similar in meaning. The form we use often depends on whether we are more interested in the action or its result. Ive been fixing the car. (My hands are dirty.) Ive fixed the car. (Now I can drive to work.) - We use the Present Perfect Continuous to say how long. Theyve been interviewing people since 10 a.m. Shes been writing letters all morning. We use the Present Perfect Simple to say how many. Theyve interviewed nine people. Shes written five letters. for and since Use Examples Use Examples

InglesNaMente.com With a period of time For three days, five hours, a month, ten minutes, ages With a point in time Since Tuesday, 8 August, 4 oclock, last summer, 1982...