UNIT IV: Introduction to SQL:       Structured Query Language Usually talk to a database server Used as front end to many

databases (mysql, oracle, sybase) Three Subsystems: data description, data access and privileges Optimized for certain data arrangements The language is case-sensitive, but I use upper case for keywords.

SQL(Structured Query Language) 1. DDL(Data Definition Language)- Create , Alter, Drop 2. DML(Data Manipulation Language)- Insert, Update, Select, Delete 3. DCL(Data Control Language)- Commit, Rollback Internet Concepts: Internet: Internet is the worlds largest computer network, the network of networks, scattered all over the world. It was created nearly 25 years ago as a project for the U.S. Department of Defense. Internet is the cheapest and fastest means to y Get information y Provide information y Compile information Browser: A web browser or Internet browser is a software application for retrieving, presenting, and traversing information resources on the World Wide Web. An information resource is identified by a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) and may be a web page, image, video, or other piece of content.[1] Hyperlinks present in resources enable users to easily navigate their browsers to related resources.
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A web browser is a piece of software that acts as an interface between the user and the inner workings of the internet, specifically the world wide web. Browsers are also referred to as web clients. y The browser acts on behalf of the user. The browse y Contacts a web server and sends a request for information y Receives the information and then displays it on the users computer ISP(Internet Service Providers) Internet Service Providers (ISPs) connect their networks to each other in order to exchange traffic between their customers and the customers of other ISPs. ISP Interconnection allows traffic originating at a source connected to one ISPs network to reach a destination connected to another ISPs network, around the block or around the world. An Internet service provider (ISP), also sometimes referred to as an Internet access provider (IAP), is a company that offers its customers access to the Internet.[1] The ISP connects to its customers using a data transmission technology appropriate for delivering Internet Protocol packets or frames, such as dial-up, DSL, cable modem, wireless or dedicated high-speed interconnects. ISPs may provide Internet e-mail accounts to users which allow them to communicate with one another by sending and receiving electronic messages through their ISP's servers. ISPs may provide services such as remotely storing data files on behalf of their customers, as well as other services unique to each particular ISP.

World Wide Web: The World Wide Web, also referred to as the WWW is the universe of information available via hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) The world wide web and HTTP: y Allow you to create links from one piece of information to another y Can incorporate references to sounds, graphics, movies, etc. y Communicate with other internet protocols, such as FTP, Gopher, and Telnet Types of Internet Connection: y Dial up connection y Broad band connection Dial up connection: A connection to the Internet via an analog modem over regular phone lines. Analog modems can typically connect at speeds of up to 56Kbps. With a dial-up account, we use your modem to convert computer bits and bytes into modulated signals that the phone lines can transmit. These signals are received by a modem at your ISP and demodulated into obits and bytes for their computer. To establish a conventional dialup connection to the internet,, we will need the following:      An account with an Internet Service Provider (BSNL, Satyam Online) A telephone connection A computer with serial port A modem (External/Internal) A communication software. ie browsers (Internet Explorer Netscape Navigator)

Broadband Connection: A high-speed Internet connection using DSL, cable, wireless, fiber optic or satellite means of transmitting data. The terms broadband usually refers to a highspeed network connection with data speeds in excess of 128 kilobits per second. URL (Uniform Resource Locator): A URL identifies a particular Internet resource.URLs represent a standardized addressing scheme for Internet resources, and help the users to locate these resources by indicating exactly where they use. Every resource available via the World Wide Web has a unique URL. The basic structure of a URL is hierarchical and the hierarchy moves from left to right. Ex: http://www.inl.net//alexis/index.html Protocols: Protocol is nothing but set of rules. It is used for communication between corresponding layers. HTTP(Hypertext Transfer Protocol) It is the set of rules or protocol that governs the transfer of hypertext between two or more computers. The World Wide Web encompasses the universe of information that is available via HTTP. Hypertext is text that is specially coded using a standard system called Hypertext Markup Language(HTML). The HTML codes are used to create links.

FTP(File Transfer Protocol) It is the protocol or set of rules which enables files to be transferred between computers.FTP is a powerful tool which allows files to be transferred from computer A to computer B. The basic steps to use FTP are,  Connect to the FTP server  Navigate the file structure to find the file we want  Transfer the file TCP/IP( Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) TCP/IP is actually a collection of protocols or rules, that govern the way data travels from one machine to another across networks. TCP: The TCP component does the following. y Breaks data up into packets that the network can handle efficiently y Verifies whether all the packets have arrived at their destination y Reassembles the data IP : The IP component does the following: y Envelopes(packet) and addresses the data y Enables the network to read the envelope and forward the data to its destination y Defines how much data can fit in a single envelope
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SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) SMTP is a text-based protocol, in which a mail sender communicates with a mail receiver by issuing command strings and supplying necessary data over a reliable ordered data stream channel, typically a Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) connection. An SMTP session consists of commands originated by an SMTP client and corresponding responses from the SMTP server so that the session is opened, and session parameters are exchanged. Search Engines: These are websites which store information about webpages and which allow you to search through this information to find the specific page that you are looking for. Some of the most popular search engines are Yahoo, Alta Vista and Google. Google Custom Search and Site Search (Business) Google uses the index they've created for the web search engine, and limits by domain name, host, and/or URLs. When someone enters a query in the search form on your site, the Google server application receives the query, formats the results, and sends them back in either HTML or XML (for the business version) with links directly to the pages on your site. Downloading In computer networks, to download means to receive data to a local system from a remote system, or to initiate such a data transfer. Examples of a remote system from which a download might be performed include a webserver, FTP server, email server, or other similar systems. A download can mean either any file that is
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offered for downloading or that has been downloaded, or the process of receiving such a file. Uploading
"Uploading"

is another way of describing the transfer of local files (files stored on

your computer) to a server connected to the Internet. The process is sometimes referred to as "publishing" or "put", and it usually involves utilizing the File Transfer Protocol (FTP).