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Digital Imaging & Video Editing Basic Notes.

What is Pixels?
A pixel (or picture element) is a single point in a raster image. The pixel is the smallest addressable screen element; it is the smallest unit of picture that can be controlled. Each pixel has its own address. Pixels are normally arranged in a twodimensional grid, and are often represented using dots or squares.

What is Image?
An image is a rectangular grid of pixels. It has a denite height and a denite width counted in pixels. Each pixel is square and has a xed size on a given display. Each pixel has a color information. The color is a 32-bit integer. The rst eight bits determine the redness of the pixel, the next eight bits the greenness, the next eight bits the blueness, and the remaining eight bits the transparency of the pixel. Red - 8-bit Green - 8-bit Blue - 8-bit Transparent/Alpha - 8-bit Each of these values can be interpreted as an unsigned byte between 0 and 255. Within the color higher numbers are brighter. Thus a red of 0 is no red at all while a red of 255 is a very bright red, same with other colors. Different colors are made by mixing different levels of the three primary colors.

What is Image Resolution?


It refers to the sharpness and clarity of an image. It describes the detail an image holds. The term applies to digital images, lm images, and other types of images. Higher resolution means more image detail. Image resolution can be measured in various ways. It can be tied to physical sizes (e.g. lines per mm, lines per inch).
by Ashutosh Singh

Digital Imaging & Video Editing Basic Notes.

What is an Video?
Video is the technology of electronically capturing, recording, processing, storing, transmitting, and reconstructing a sequence of still frames (images) representing a scene in motion.

What is Aspect Ratio?


The aspect ratio of an image or video is the ratio of the width of the image to its height, expressed as two numbers separated by a colon. The most common aspect ratios used today in the presentation of lms in movie theaters are 1.85:1 and 2.39:1. Two common videographic aspect ratios are 4:3 (1.33:1), universal for standarddenition video formats, and 16:9 (1.78:1), universal for high-denition.

What is Bitmap images?


A bitmap (raster) or pixmap is a image le format used to store digital images. The term bitmap means just a map of bits (information). It implies 1-bit per pixel, while pixmap is used for images with multiple bits per pixel.
It uses rectangular picture element (pixels) to represent images. We edit pixels. Resolutions dependent. High le size.

What is Vector Graphics?


It is the use of geometrical primitives (geometrical objects that the system can handle). Such as points, lines, curves & shapes or polygons, which are all based on mathematical equations. Its made up of lines & curves dened by mathematical objects. We edit as objects or shapes. Resolution independent. Less le size.
by Ashutosh Singh

Digital Imaging & Video Editing Basic Notes.

What is Channel?
Color digital images are made of pixel, and pixels are made of combinations of primary colors. An RGB (primary colors) image has three channels: red, green, and blue which additive color is used in digital images. A CMYK (secondary colors) image has four channels: cyan, magenta, yellow, and black. CYMK is the standard for print, where subtractive color is used.

What is Alpha Channel?


A portion of each pixels data that is reserved for transparency information. 32-bit graphics systems contain four channel three 8-bit channels for red, green, and blue (RGB) and one 8-bit alpha channel. The alpha channel is really a mask and used for masking. It species how the pixel's colors should be merged with another pixel when the two are overlaid, one on top of the other.
In this channel black is used for alpha mask. Hue: It is the property of light by which

the color of an object is classied as red, blue, green, or yellow in reference to the spectrum. It is one of the main properties of a color, dened technically as the degree to which a color can be described as similar to or different from color that are described as red, green, blue and yellow. The change in hue will change the property of color.

by Ashutosh Singh

Digital Imaging & Video Editing Basic Notes. Saturation: The saturation of a color is determined by a combination of light intensity & how much it is distributed across the spectrum of different wavelengths.

Value: Value or tone is a measure of how light or

dark a color is, without any consideration for its hue. Value is a property of a color, or a dimension of a color space, that is dened in a way to reect the subjective brightness perception of a color for humans along a lightness - darkness axis. It can be explained as the value of color from 0 to 255. Intensity: Intensity (radiance) is the total amount of light passing through a particular area. Brightness (Luminance): The attribute of a visual sensation according to which an area appears to emit more or less light. Colorfulness: It is the attribute of visual sensation according to which the perceived color of an area appears to be more or less chromatic. Chroma: The attributes of a color, which include its hue (frequency) and saturation (amount of black). It is a measure of how intense color is. Variations in chroma can be achieved by adding different amounts of a neutral gray of the same value as the color you're wanting to alter. There are two colors are used for chroma green and blue.
by Ashutosh Singh

Digital Imaging & Video Editing Basic Notes. Luma: It represents the brightness in

an image. The black/gray/white

information in a image is luma. Color information is transmitted as luma (brightness) and chroma (color). The luma is a weighted sum of the RGB colors. It is used for JPEG compression & video transmission.

Gamma Correction: Gamma is the name of a non-liner operation used to code & decode luminance in video or still image systems.

Bit Depth or Color Depth: It is the number of bits used to represent the color of a single pixel in a bitmapped image or video frame buffer. It is known as bits per pixel (BPP). The higher color depth, it gives a broader range of distinct colors.
Bit Per Pixel Numbers of Colors Available Common Names

1 2 4 8 16 24 32 48

2 4 16 256 65536 16777216 16777216 + Transparency 281 Trillion

Monochrome CGA EGA VGA XGA, High Color SVGA, True Color

by Ashutosh Singh

Digital Imaging & Video Editing Basic Notes.

Interlaced:
Interlaced video frame consist two sub elds taken in sequence, each sequentially scanned at odd & even lines of the image sensor. It is a common way to compress video is to interlace it. Each frame of an interlaced video signal shows every other horizontal line of the image. As the frames are projected on the screen, the video signal alternates between showing even and odd lines. When this is done fast enough, i.e. around 60 frames per second, the video image looks smooth to the human eye.

De-interlaced:
It is the process of converting interlaced video, such as common analog television signals or 1080i format HDTV signals, into a noninterlaced form.

Progressive:
Progressive or noninterlaced scanning is a way of displaying, storing or transmitting moving images in which all the lines of each frame are drawn in sequence.

by Ashutosh Singh

Digital Imaging & Video Editing Basic Notes.

Aliasing:
It refers to an effect that causes different signals to become indistinguishable (or aliases of one another) when sampled. It also refers to the distortion that results when the signal reconstructed from samples is different from the original continuous signal.

Anti-Aliasing:
It is a software technique for diminishing jaggies stair-step like lines that should be smooth. Jaggies occur because the output device, the monitor or printer, doesn't have a high enough resolution to represent a smooth line. Antialiasing reduces the prominence of jaggies by surrounding the stair-steps with intermediate shades of gray (for gray scaling devices) or color (for color devices). Although this reduces the jagged appearance of the lines, it also makes them fuzzier.

Analog Signal:
An analog signal is a continuously varying voltage that appears as a waveform when plotted over time.

Digital Signal:
A digital signal is a numerical representation of an analog signal. A digital signal is really a stream of bits (a long list of binary numbers). Each number in the list is a snap-shot, or sample, of the analog signal at a point in time. Digital has a number of advantages over analog. One of the most important is the very high delity of the content.

by Ashutosh Singh

Digital Imaging & Video Editing Basic Notes.

Frame Rate:
The number of pictures shown per second is called the frame rate. The standard for displaying any type of non-lm video (PAL) is 25 frames per second (lm is 24 frames per second). This means that the video is made up of 25 (or 24) pictures or frames for every second of video.

Color Resolution:
Color resolution refers to the number of colors displayed on the screen at one time. Computers deal with color in an RGB (red-green-blue) format.

Image File Format:


Raster File Format:

.bmp Bitmap Image File .gif Graphical Interchangeable Format File .jpeg JPEG Image File .png Portable Network Graphic .psd Adobe Photoshop Document .tiff Tagged Image File Format
Vector File Format:

.ai Adobe Illustrator .cdr. Corel Draw .xar Xara

Video File Format:

.v Flash Video Format .avi AVI Format (Windows) .mov Quicktime Format (Macintosh) .mp4 MPEG-4 Video Format .mpg MPEG-1 or MPEG-2 Video Format .wmv Windows Media Video Format .3gp 3GP File Extention .rm Real Media Format .swf Flash Movie Format

by Ashutosh Singh

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