PMATH 955: Assignment 1 Due: Wednesday, 10 February, 2010 1. Tangent and normal bundles of submanifolds of Rn .

Recall that a smooth k-dimensional submanifold of Rn is a subset M Rn with the following property: given any point p M , there exists an open neighbourhood W of p in Rn such that M W = {(x1 , , xn ) | F (x1 , . . . , xn ) = 0}, where F : W Rn Rnk is a smooth map whose Jacobian matrix Jac(F ) := (Fi /xj ) has rank (n k) at every point x M W . (a) Dene Tp M := ker(Jac(F )(p)) to be the tangent space of M at p M W , and let T M :=
pM

Tp M

be the tangent bundle of M . Show that T M is a smooth rank-k vector bundle on M . Hint: Recall that any smooth k-dimensional submanifold of Rn is locally the graph of a smooth map f : Rk Rnk , (x1 , . . . , xk ) (f1 (x1 , . . . , xk ), . . . , fnk (x1 , . . . , xk )) and can therefore locally be expressed as the zero set of F : Rn Rnk , (x1 , . . . , xk , y1 , . . . , ynk ) (y1 f1 (x1 , . . . , xk ), . . . , ynk fnk (x1 , . . . , xk )). (b) Dene Np M := spanR ( F1 (p), . . . , Fnk (p)) to be the normal space of M at p M W , and let N M :=
pM

Np M

be the normal bundle of M . Show that N M is a rank-(n k) vector bundle on M . 2. Stereographic projection. Let S n = {x2 + + x2 1 n+1 = 1} be the unit sphere in Rn+1 . Let N = (0, . . . , 0, 1) be the north pole in S n , and S = N be the south pole. Dene the stereographic projection from the north pole : S n \{N } Rn by (x1 , . . . , xn+1 ) = Let (x) = (x) for x S n \{S}. 1 (x1 , . . . , xn ) . 1 xn+1

(a) For any x S n \{N }, show that (x) is the point where the line through N and x intersects the linear subspace where xn+1 = 0, identied with Rn in the obvious way (see Figure 1.13, p.28, in Lees book). Similarly, show that (x) is the point where the line through S and x intersects the same subspace. (The map is therefore called stereographic projection from the south pole.) (b) Show that is bijective with inverse 1 (u1 , . . . , un ) = (2u1 , . . . , 2un , |u|2 1) , |u|2 + 1

where |u| is the distance from the origin to u = (u1 , . . . , un ). (c) Compute the transition map 1 and verify that the atlas consist ing of the two charts (S n \{N }, ) and (S n \{S}, ) denes a smooth n-manifold structure on S n . (The coordinates dened by and are called stereographic coordinates.) (d) Use the atlas obtained in (c) to nd explicit local trivialisation of the tangent bundle T S n over S n \{N } and S n \{S}. Also, compute the corresponding transition function. (e) Show that, for n odd, the tangent bundle T S n has at least one nowhere vanishing section. In other words, there exists at least one tangent vector eld with no zeroes on an odd-dimensional sphere. 3. Tautological line bundle on Pn . Let p be any point in n-dimensional projective space Pn , and denote by lp the line in Rn+1 corresponding to p: if p = [x1 : : xn+1 ], then lp is the line in Rn+1 passing through the origin and (x1 , , xn+1 ). We dene
1 n := pPn 1 (a) Prove that n is a line bundle over Pn , called the tautological line 1 bundle over Pn . In particular, nd explicit local trivialisations of n and compute the corresponding transition functions. 1 (b) Show that n has no nowhere vanishing continuous sections. 1 (c) Conclude that the tautological line bundle n is not isomorphic to the trivial line bundle Pn R on Pn .

{p} lp = {(p, v) Pn Rn+1 | v lp }.

4. Mbius strip. In this exercise, we show that the Mbius strip M is a nono o trivial bre bundle over S 1 . Recall that the Mbius strip can be described o as a surface in R3 parametrised by the two patches 1 (, t) = ((1 t sin(/2)) cos , (1 t sin(/2)) sin , t cos(/2)), with (, t) R1 := (0, 2) ( , ), and 2 (, t) = ((1 t sin(/2)) cos , (1 t sin(/2)) sin , t cos(/2)), 2

with (, t) R2 := (, ) ( , ), for any xed constant 0 < < 0.5. In other words, M = U1 U2 , where U1 := 1 (R1 ) and U2 := 2 (R2 ). Note that points on M of the form 1 (, 0) and 2 (, 0) correspond to unit circle S 1 in the xy-plane, and consider the open cover {U1 , U2 } of S 1 , where U1 := S 1 \{(1, 0, 0)} and U2 := S 1 \{(1, 0, 0)}. (a) Prove that the Mbius strip is a smooth bre bundle over S 1 with o bre F = ( , ). In particular, show that 1 and 2 induce natural local trivialisations 1 and 2 of M over U1 and U2 , respectively, whose transition function is g12 = 1 1 : (U1 U2 ) R (U1 U2 ) R 2 (p, v) (p, (p)v), where : U1 U2 GL(1, R) is dened by (p) = 1, if the y-coordinate of p is > 0, 1, if the y-coordinate of p is < 0.

(b) The innite Mbius strip or Mbius bundle is dened as the quoo o tient space M := ([0, 1] R) / , where the equivalence relation is (0, t) (1, t) for all t R. Show that p: M S1 [(x, t)] (cos(2x), sin(2x), 0) is a smooth line bundle over S 1 . Prove, in particular, that M admits the following local trivialisations 1 : p1 (U1 ) U1 R [(x, t)] ((cos(2x), sin(2x), 0), t) and 2 : p1 (U2 ) U2 R ((cos(2x), sin(2x), 0), t), if 0 x < 1/2, [(x, t)] ((cos(2x), sin(2x), 0), t), if 1/2 < x 1, with transition function 1 1 (p, t) = (p, (p)t) on (U1 U2 ) R, 2 where is the map dened in (a). (c) Prove that the Mbius strip and the Mbius bundle are dieomorphic o o as bre bundles. (Note: Two smooth bre bundles p1 : E1 B1 and p2 : E2 B2 are said to be dieomorphic if there exist smooth maps g : B1 B2

and G : E1 E2 such that p2 G = g p1 , i.e., the following diagram commutes G E 1 E2 p2 p1 B1 B2 ,

g

and such that G maps any bre p1 (b1 ) of p1 dieomorphically onto 1 the bre p1 (g(b1 )) of p2 .) 2 (d) Prove that any continuous section of the Mbius bundle has at least o one zero. (e) Show that the Mbius bundle is not isomorphic to the trivial line buno dle S 1 R on S 1 ; conclude that the Mbius strip is not dieomorphic o to the trivial bre bundle S 1 ( , ). 5. Bundle isomorphisms. Let : E M and : E M be two smooth rank-k vector bundles over a smooth manifold M . Suppose that {U }A is an open cover of M such that both E and E admit local trivialisations over each U . Let { } and { } be the transition matrices determined by the local trivialisations of E and E , respectively. Show that E and E are smoothly isomorphic (over M ) if and only if for each there exists a smooth map : U GL(k, R) such that (p) = (p)1 (p) (p), p U U . 6. (a) Show that the real projective line P1 is dieomorphic to S 1 . (Hint: Use the standard atlas on P1 , whose open sets are V1 = {x1 = 0} and V2 = {x2 = 0}, and the atlas you found in question 1.(d) on S 1 to construct an explicit dieomorphism from P1 to S 1 .)
1 (b) Show that the tautological line bundle 1 on P1 is isomorphic, as a vector bundle, to the Mbius bundle. o

7. Operations on vector bundles. Let : E M and : E M be two vector bundles of rank r and r , respectively, over the manifold M . Consider local trivialisations (U , a ) and (U , ) for E and E , respectively, and their corresponding transition functions and , respectively, on overlaps U U . (a) Let E E := pM Ep Ep , where Ep Ep is the direct sum of the vector spaces Ep and Ep . Show that E E is a rank-(r + r ) vector bundle on M , called the direct sum of E and E , with local trivialisations and transition functions 0 0 .

(b) Let E = pM (Ep ) , where (Ep ) is the dual of the vector spaces Ep . Show that E is a rank-r vector bundle on M , called the dual bundle of E. In particular, show that if : EU U Rr is a local trivialisation of E, then
(t )1 : EU U (Rr )

is a local trivialisation for E ; moreover, the corresponding transition t functions of E are ( )1 . Note: ()t denotes matrix transposition. (c) Tensor products. Let E E := pM Ep Ep , where Ep Ep is the tensor product of the vector spaces Ep and Ep over R. Show that E E is a rank-rr vector bundle on M , called the tensor product of E and E , with local trivialisations and transition functions : U U GL(rr , R). (d) Pullback bundle. Let f : N M be a smooth map between a smooth manifold N and M . We dene the pullback bundle f E of the vector bundle : E M by setting (f E)p := Ef (p) and f E :=
pM

(f E)p = {(p, v) N Rr | v Ef (p) }.

Show that f E is a rank-r vector bundle on M . In particular, verify that the local trivialisations { } of E induce local trivialisations : f Ef 1 U U Rr (p, v) (f (p), v) of f E, and compute their transition functions. 8. Cartesian products. Let M and M be smooth manifolds. (a) Show that the Cartesian product M M is a smooth manifold. (Hint: Recall that M M is endowed with the product topology in which open sets of the form U U , with U M and U M open, forms a basis for the topology. Show that given atlases (U , ) and (U , ) of M and M , respectively, (U U , ) is an atlas for M M .)

(b) The Cartesian product of vector bundles : E M and : E M is dened as E E := E p Ep .

(p,p )M M

Show that E E is a vector bundle over M M . (c) Show that the tangent bundle T (M M ) of M M is isomorphic to the Cartesian product T M T M . (d) Recall that a smooth manifold is called parallelizable if its tangent bundle is trivial. Prove that if M and M are parallelizable, then so is M M . (e) Let T = S 1 S 1 be the n-torus, consisting of the Cartesian product of n copies of the circle S 1 . Show that T is parallelizable. 9. Constructions of vector bundles (a) Let : E M be a smooth vector bundle of rank-k over a smooth manifold M . Suppose {U }A is an open cover of M , and for each A we are given smooth local trivialisations : 1 (U ) U Rk of E with corresponding transition matrices : U U GL(k, R). Show that the following identity is satised for all , , A: (p) (p) = (p), p U U U . ( )

This identity is known as the cocycle rule. (b) Let M be a smooth manifold and let {U }A be an open cover of M . Suppose for each , A we are given a smooth map : U GL(k, R) such that the cocycle rule ( ) is satised for all , , A. Show that there is a smooth rank-k vector bundle E M with smooth local trivialisations : 1 (U ) U Rk whose transition matrices are the given maps . Hint: Dene an appropriate equivalence relation on A (U Rk ), and use the bundle construction lemma. Bonus The Hairy Ball Theorem. Coming soon....