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PLASTICITY

Problems related with asymmetry of elastic


range: polymer & metallic materials
Ryszard B. Pcherski

Institute of Fundamental Technological Research,
Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw
&
AGH University of Science and Technology, Krakow
February 9, 2012
1. Introduction

2. Physical motivation

3. Experimental foundations

4. The Burzyski hypothesis of material effort
accounting for asymmetry of elastic range

4. Experimental specification of asymmetry
of elastic range

5. Conclusions

Introduction

Asymmetry of elastic range for isotropic materials
is related with:

- pressure sensitivity of the limit state,

- influence of the Lode angle on the limit state,

- dependence of the limit state on both:
pressure and Lode angle.

limit state limit of linear elasticity or yield limit.
Lode angle related with the third invariant of
stress deviator.

Explanation of the Lode angle concept
From: Y. Bai, T. Wierzbicki, A new model of
metal plasticity and fracture with pressure and
Lode angle, Int. J. Plasticity, 24, 1071-1096, 2008
Physical motivation


Two experimental observations about
metals by P.W. Bridgman [1947]:
no influence of hydrostatic pressure on yielding,
incompressibility for plastic straining,
became the basic tenets of classical metal plasticity.
Percy Williams
Bridgman
(1882 1961)
1946 Nobel Prize
Bridgman, P.W., 1947,"The Effect of Hydrostatic Pressure on the Fracture of Brittle
Substances," Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 18, p. 246.


Physical motivation
P.W. Bridgman: Studies in Large Plastic Flow
and Fracture with Special Emphasis on the
Effects of Hydrostatic Pressure, [1952], p. 64:

By the time the last series of measurements was being
made under the arsenal contract, however, skill in
making the measurements had so increased, and
probably also the homogeneity of the material of the
specimens had also increased because of care in
preparation, that it was possible to establish a definite
effect of pressure on the strain hardening curve.

Experimental foundations
W.A. Spitzig et al. [1975],
O. Richmond, W.A. Spitzig [1980],
W.A. Spitzig, O. Richmond [1984].
4330 steel
2 1
3
1
1
Y
I c aI
c ap
a c
o
=
| |
= +
|

\ .
Drucker-Prager
yield condition
C. D. Wilson:
A Critical Reexamination
of Classical Metal
Plasticity, J. Appl. Mech.,
2002, 69, 63-68
Experimental foundations
triaxial state of stress in notched
specimen:
results of
tension test
alluminium alloy: 2024-T351 Al
Yield criteria:
result of calculations with use
of J2 theory

Experimental foundations

From: Y. Bai, T. Wierzbicki [2008]
New plasticity model is required
Material effort
Material effort is the state of material point of
continuous body produced by the increase of internal
forces (stresses) and resulting in the change of the
strength of chemical bonds in the RVE of condensed
matter under investigation.
A measure of material effort is
required to estimate the distance
of considered state of stress from
the postulated surface
of limit states.
Y. Bai, T. Wierzbicki [2008]
Energy-based hypotheses of
material effort
Energy as a multilevel scalar quantity can be assumed
as the universal measure of the change of the
strength of chemical bonds material effort.

E. Beltrami [1885] the density of total elastic energy.
M.T. Huber [1904] - the density of elastic energy of
distortion.
J.C. Maxwell [1936] - the density of elastic energy of
distortion (in private letter 1856).

Density of elastic energy
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
1 2 1 3 2 3
1
12
f
o o o o o o

(
u = + +

f v
u = u +u
( )
2
1 2 3
1 2
6
v
E
v
o o o

u = + +
shear modulus, Young modulus, Poisson ratio G E v
volumetric
change
distortion
Distribution of elastic energy density for isotropic solids
derived by Stokes [1855] and Helmholtz [1907]:
Elastic energy density for moderate strains
( ) ( )
2
2 2 2
1 2 3 1 2 3
- infinitesimal strain
2
c c c c c c
A
u = + + + + +
( ) ( )
( )
( )( )
2
2 2 2
1 2 3 1 2 3
Lame constant
,
2
ln , 1, 2, 3
1 1 2
i i
e e e e e e
e i
E

v
v v
A
u = + + + + +
= =
A =
+
L. Anand, On H. Henckys approximate strain-energy function for moderate
deformations, Journal of Applied Mechanics (trans. ASME), 46, 1979, 78-82.

W. BURZYSKI: Study on Material Effort Hypotheses, Lww,
1928 (in Polish) ; English translation: Engineering Transactions,
vol. 57, No. 3-4, 185-215, 2009.



( )
( )
2
1 2
2
3
2 2
2
, 0, 0;
0, 0,
,
6
;
0
,
,
,
3 3
3
9 3 0
3
,
I II III
I II III
I I
C T
eq f Y
I III
Y
T
Y
C
Y
S S
C T
C T C T
Y Y
Y Y Y Y
S
C T
Y Y
eq
S
v
f
G
Energy based hypothesis of material effort
p
p
p p
p K
o o o
o o
o o o
o
o
t t o o o
o
o o o o
o o
o o o o
o o o
t t
q q e
= u
= = =
= = =
=
)
=

=
| |
|

+ +
=
\ .
+ + =
u + u = = +
f
v
density of elastic energy of distortion
density of elastic energy of volume change
u
u
I II III
o o o > >
W. T. BURZYSKI (1900-1970)
Study on Material Effort Hypotheses,
Lww 1928 PhD thesis (in Polish).
Ueber die Anstrengungshypothesen,
Schweizerische Bauzeitung, 94, 259-162,1929.


change volume of energy elastic of density
distortion of energy elastic of density
v
f
u
u
( )
( )
2 2
2 2
0 0
' '
2
3
3
9 3 0
3
0 1
1
3
,
, :
e m m
f m v cr
m
T C T C
C T T C
Y Y Y Y
Y Y Y Y
e
tr
o o o o
o o o o o o o
t t
q o q
o o
+ =
u + u = u s s
=
| |
|
\ .
=
2 2
0 0
0
3
T C
Y Y
Huber Mises Hencky
condition
t o
o o o
=
= =
+

Huber-Mises-Hencky cylinder
Burzynski-Drucker-Prager cone
Burzynski-Torre
paraboloid
ellipse
o
o
m
e
o
Y
C
o
T
Y
3
o
C
Y
3
o
Y
T
0
3
T C
Y Y
t o o =
0
3
T C
Y Y
t o o = =
2
0
3
T C
Y Y
t o o >
Criteria resulting from Burzyskis hypothesis
SDE
SDE Strength Differential Effect
C
Y
T
Y
k
o
o
=
G.Vadillo, J. Fernandez-Saez, R.B. Pcherski, Some application
of Burzyski yield condition in metal plasticity, Material and
Design, 2011
Experimental specification
Coincidence of the experimental results with the modified yield locus
for metallic materials (P.S. Theocaris [1988]).
1.3
C
Y
T
Y
k
o
o
= =
Limit surface for steel and cupper historical data
according to Burzynski criterion
Teresa Fr with use of Mathcad 15
3
s r c
k k k =
Experimental specification
The yield locus for various polymers revealing the SDE for
(P.S. Theocaris [1988]).
1.3
C
Y
T
Y
k
o
o
= =
Limit surface for polymers historical data
according to Burzynski criterion
3
s r c
k k k =
Teresa Fr with use of Mathcad 15
Limit surface for grey cast iron historical data
according to Burzynski criterion
Teresa Fr with use of Mathcad 15
3
s r c
k k k =
Limit surface for Al
2
O
3
foam


2
3
s r c
k k k )
Teresa Fr with use of Mathcad 15
Extension of Burzyski hypothesis accounting
for Lode angle effect
Extension of Burzyski hypothesis accounting
for Lode angle effect

The idea of shear-compression test

D. Rittel, S. Lee, G. Ravichandran, Exp. Mech. [2002]

Originally the idea of the
applications of SCS
was used for obtainning
the stress-strain
characteristics of metallic
materials with symmetric
elastic range under
quasi-static and dynamic
conditions.


3 ,
S C C T
Y Y Y
t o o o = =
Huber-Mises condition
Analytical study of the shear-compression test

(M.Vural, A. Molinari, N. Bhattacharya, Analysis of slot orientation
in shear-compression specimen (SCS), Exp. Mech., 2010)
Boundary conditiongs:

displacements




tractions
0, 0 for 0
y x
u u y = = =
sin( ) cos( ) for
x x
y w o u o u o + = =
h
x
y
P
A
B
D
C
o
u
*
o
q

w
cos( ) sin( ) 0 for
xy yy
y w o u o u = =
( )
0 on ABCD
z
e = t
( )
' ' ' '
0 on BCCB and ADDA
x
e = t
( )
( )
( ) ( ) u u
u o
c c c
2 2
2 2
cos sin 4
cos
2
3
3
4
:
3
2
+
= + = =
h
yy xy eq



( )
( ) ( ) u u
u o
c
2 2
cos sin 4
cos
+

=
w
yy

( )
( ) ( ) u u
u o
c
2 2
cos sin 4
sin 2
+

=
w
xy

yy zz
c c

=
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
t D
P
yy xy eq

+ = + = = u u u o o o
2 2 2 2
cos sin 4 cos
2
3
4
4
3
:
2
3
S S
Analytical study of the shear-compression test
x
y
w
h
x
y
P
A
B
D
C
o
u
u
*
o
State of stress and strain for w << t
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
0 0 0
0 0
0 0
xy
xy

|
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
0 0 0
0
0
p
p
xy
xy
o
o

( )
2
3 3
: 2 3
2 2
eq xy xy
o o o = = =
' '

w
t
( ) ( )
( )
2
1
0
exp
p
e eq q
k k
P
D t
u u c o =

( )
1
1
eq
k h
c
u
o
=
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) u u u u
2 2
1
cos sin 4 cos
2
3
+ = k
( )
( )
( ) ( ) u u
u
u
2 2
2
cos sin 4
cos
2
3
+
= k
Analytical results
h
x
y
P
A
B
D
C
o
u
*
o
Experimental investigations in the lab of
the Division of Applied Plasticity, IPPT
shear
compression
specimen
(SCS)
dimensions:

L= 20.0 mm
D = 7.0 mm
w = 2.0 mm
t = 1.0 mm
u = 45
h = 1.42w
u
w
h
t
L
D
AlMg 5%SiC Composite
Experimental results
Load displacement curve
Numerical simulation of the shear-compression test
Assumptions:

element: C3D8
friction: 0.0001
vertical displacement: 1.0 mm
number of elements: 11540
number of nodes: 13871
ABAQUS Standard
Approximation of material characteristic
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + =
eq eq eq
C
D
C B A c c o exp 1
19 . 3018
21 . 264
02 . 21
24 . 235
=
=
=
=
D
C
MPa B
MPa A
Results of numerical simulation versus experiment
Paraboloidal criterion of Burzyski
T
Y
C
Y
k
o
o
=
C
Y
o
T
Y
o
S
t
- yield limit in compression
- yield limit in tension
- yield limit in shear
1 :
3
1
=
m
o
3
:
2
eq
o =
' '

( ) ( )
2
2 2
1
3 1 9 1 4 0
2
C
m m eq Y
k k k o o o o
(
+ + =
(

3
C T
Y Y S
for paraboloid of revolution t o o =
Solution of elasto-plasticity problem
( )

A + A
= A
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
A
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
A
=


0
0 , ,
C
Y
q e p m p
m
q
e
p
C
Y e m
o
c o c o
c
o
|
c
o
|
c
o o o |
( )
( )
t t
t
e
q
t
e
t
t
e
t
t
e
t
e
q
C
G
C
KG
C
KG
G
G KC K
' '
22 2
2
'
21
'
12
2
11
9
3 3
6 2 1

1 1 I 1 1

'

|
|
.
|

\
| A
+ +

|
|
.
|

\
| A
+ =
c
c
o
c
o
o o o
c
Stiffness matrix:
Newton- Raphson
q
t
e e
p
t
m m
G
K
c o o
c o o
A =
A =
3
G.Vadillo, J. Fernandez-Saez, R.B.
Pcherski, Some application of Burzyski
yield ocndition in metal plasticity, Material
and Design, 2011
The UMAT was programmed
and implemented in Abaqus
by Marcin Nowak, IPPT
G.Vadillo, J. Fernandez-Saez, R.B.
Pcherski, Some application of Burzyski
yield ocndition in metal plasticity, Material
and Design, 2011
Identification of the strength differential factor k
by means of FEM simulation of compression test
1
3
S C
Y
k
t o =
235.24MPa
C
Y
o =
For AlMg 5%SiC:

15 . 1 = k
126.64MPa
S
t =
C
Y
T
Y
k
o
o
=
The preliminary results
Skad chemiczny:

Si 0.2 -0.8
Fe 3.5 - 0.7
Cu 0.4 - 4.5
Mn 0.4 -1.0
Mg < 1.0
Cr < 0.1
Zn < 0.25
Ti + Zr Al < 0.25
( )
N
p
eq eq
B A c o + =
6 . 0
70
220
=
=
=
N
MPa B
MPa A
Aluminum alloy PA6
Experimental results obtained in the lab of the
Division of Applied Plasticity, IPPT
( ) ( ) ( )
o
p
eq eq
g D
P
k k

= c u u o
2 1
exp
( ) h k
p
eq
o
u
c
1
1
=
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) u u u u
2 2
1
cos sin 4 cos
2
3
+ = k
( )
( )
( ) ( ) u u
u
u
2 2
2
cos sin 4
cos
2
3
+
= k
( )
o
p
eq eq
g D
P

= c o 2 . 0 1 85 . 0
h
p
eq
o
c =
Analytical results
Rittel et al.
(2002)
Vural et al.
(2010)
Effect of Lode angle
2
3
3
2
27
1
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
eq
J
o
e
jk ik ij
S S S J
3
1
3
=
kk
p o
3
1
=
eq
q o =
The influence of the slit angle
u = 45
Literature
W. BURZYSKI: Study on Material Effort Hypotheses, Lww, 1928
(in Polish) ; English translation: Engineering Transactions, vol. 57,
No. 3-4, 185-215, 2009.

D.Rittel, S. Lee, G. Ravichandran, A Shear-Compression Specimen
for Large Strain Testing, Experimental Mechanics, 2002

M.Vural, A. Molinari, N. Bhattacharya, Analysis of Slot Orientation
in Shear-Compression Specimen (SCS), Experimental Mechanics,
2010

G.Vadillo, J. Fernandez-Saez, R.B. Pcherski, Some application of
Burzyski yield ocndition in metal plasticity, Material and Design,
2011



Literature
R.B. Pcherski, P. Szeptyski, M. Nowak, An extension of Burzyski
hypothesis of material effort accounting for the third invariant of stress
Tensor, Archives of Metallurgy and Materials, 56, 503-508, 2011.

M. Nowak, Ostrowska-Maciejewska, R. Pcherski, P. Szeptyski, Yield
criterion accounting for the third invariant of stress tensor deviator.,
Part. I. Proposition of the yield criterion based on the concept of influence
functions, Engineering Transactions, 59, No. 4, 2011.
Thank you for your attention
MARIA SKODOWSKA CURIE (1867-1934)
born in Warsaw, Poland

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