CEZARAH: INTRODUCTION at a) historical background of the issue --INTRO, kung ano yung article and sections --Historical background

of the issue, yung CCT, copy paste yung background tapos explanation mo lang yan Edit mo na lang ung mga font, etc.. :) Introduction A citizen is a participatory member of a political community. Citizenship is gained by meeting the legal requirements of a national, state, or local government. A nation grants certain rights and privileges to its citizens. In return, citizens are expected to obey their country's laws and defend it against its enemies. The value of citizenship varies from nation to nation. In some countries, citizenship can mean a citizen has the right to vote, the right to hold government offices, and the right to collect unemployment insurance payments, to name a few examples. Living in a country does not mean that a person is necessarily a citizen of that country. Citizens of one country who live in a foreign country are known as aliens. Their rights and duties are determined by political treaties and by the laws of the country in which they stay. Section 1 and 2 of article IV is about how one would know if a person is a citizen of the Philippines. Mostly, it talks about the requirements of a person to be considered as a Filipino citizen. Section 3 is how one can lose or reacquire his or her citizenship, while section 4 is about the citizens who marry aliens and retain their citizenship unless they renounce it. Section 5 on the other hand talks about dual citizenship, and how it is forbidden. Historical background Conditional Cash Transfer (CCT) or Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps) is a program of the Government of the Philippines through the leadership of the Department of Social Welfare and Develpoment (DSWD) that seeks to reduce poverty in the Philippines through cash grants given to the poorest households of the country. Its objectives are to: 1. Improve health conditions of children aged 0-14, 2. To improve maternal health of pregnant and lactating mothers, 3. To raise consumption of nutrient defense foods among households,

4. To increase enrollment/attendance of children on elementary and high school; and 5. To encourage parents participation in the growth and development of their children, and their involvement in the community. The DSWD expects several outcomes from the said program, and those are the following: A. Health and Nutrition 1. 10 percent increase in the number of pregnant women getting antenatal and post natal care, and whose child birth is attended by a skilled health professional 2. 10 percent increase in the number of children 0-5 years old availing of health preventive services and immunization 3. 6 percent decrease in stunting among children age 0-5 years old 4. 0.5 percent decrease from baseline level in the growth rate of the population B. Education 1. Current attendance of children to increase by 8 percent 2. Transition rates from primary to secondary school to increase by 8 percent 3. Years of education completed to increase by one year 4. Elementary school gross enrollment rate for children 6 to 12 years to increase by 5 percent 5. Attendance in a school or day care over 85 percent of school days to increase by 10 percent 6. Increased enrollment of children 3-5 years old to day care/pre-school by 5 percent C. Economic/Poverty 1. Share of food expenditures in the household budget to increase by 4 percent 2. Expenditure on nutrient dense foods (protein rich foods, fruits and vegetables) to increase by 2 percent. The program works by giving cash grants to the poorest households identified as beneficiaries with pregnant women members and children 0-14 years of age. They shall receive an amount of P500.00 for health and nutrition and P300.00 per child for their education. A maximum of three beneficiaries shall be covered by the program, thus a family having 3 children shall receive an amount of P1400.00 per month, for 5 years as long as they comply with the conditions of the program. Money shall be granted to the most responsible person in the house, most of the time the mother, through Landbank cash cards, in cases of rural areas without Landbank, rural banks will be utilized. Thus the families will have their own bank account, which supposedly lifts their social status.

Because it is a Conditional Cash Transfer, certain conditions must be met by the families, in order for them to continuously receive benefits, and the following are: 1. Pregnant women shall get pre natal care, childbirth shall be attended by skilled/trained health professionals, and mother shall get postnatal care thereafter. 2. Parents/guardians shall attend family planning sessions/mothers classes, Parent Effectiveness Service and other topics that are of their needs and interest. 3. Children 0-5 years old shall get regular preventive health checkups and vaccines. 4. Children in elementary school must at least receive twice a year deworming 5. Children 3-5 years old shall go to day care/pre-school and attend at least 85% of the time. 6. Children 6-14 years of age shall enroll in schools and attend at least 85% of the time. The program shall run for 5 years, and aims to reach and serve P2.3 million poor households in the Philippines. The total budget allocated for the 4Ps is P29 billion, in which P21 billion of this shall go to the CCT program. The program is funded by the governments US$805 million loan from the World Bank (US$405 million) and the Asia Development Bank (US$400 million). A large debt made by the government, which will eventually be passed on the tax payers.