Minis tryofEnergya ndMineralResourcesRepublicofIndonesia

PresentedBy:BAYUMEGANTARA

DemonstrationResearchProjectonSupportProjecttoImproveMaintenanceSkillsfor Photovol ta ica ndOtherRenewableEnergyPowerGenerationSystems

Minis tryofEnergya ndMineralResourcesRepublicofIndonesia

DemonstrationResearchProjectonSupportProjecttoImproveMaintenanceSkillsfor Photovol ta ica ndOtherRenewableEnergyPowerGenerationSystems

Minis tryofEnergya ndMineralResourcesRepublicofIndonesia

CONTENTS
o BasicDesignProcedure o PVStandaloneSystemInstallation o Conclusion

DemonstrationResearchProjectonSupportProjecttoImproveMaintenanceSkillsfor Photovol ta ica ndOtherRenewableEnergyPowerGenerationSystems

Minis tryofEnergya ndMineralResourcesRepublicofIndonesia

Photovoltaic System Standalone system

With storage
SHS

Gridconnected system
Hybrid system
Withdiesel generation

Without storage
PVPumping system

Centralized
PVfarm,MW PV plant

Decentralized
Houseroof top system

PV communication system PVstreet lighting

BCS

Withwind generation

PVventilator system

Withhydro generation

PVpower station

PVCalculator

DemonstrationResearchProjectonSupportProjecttoImproveMaintenanceSkillsfor Photovol ta ica ndOtherRenewableEnergyPowerGenerationSystems

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Inprinciple,PVstandalonesystemsrequire energystoragetocompensatethetimelapse betweentheenergyproductionandthe energyrequirement. Energystorage(batteries)requiresasuitable chargingregulatorasanelectricitymanager foritsprotectionandtoguaranteeahigh availabilityandalonglifeexpectancy.

DemonstrationResearchProjectonSupportProjecttoImproveMaintenanceSkillsfor Photovol ta ica ndOtherRenewableEnergyPowerGenerationSystems

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PVStandalonesystemconsistsofthe followingmaincomponents: PVgenerator, Chargercontroller, Inverter(ACload), Converter(DCload) Battery(energystorage),

DemonstrationResearchProjectonSupportProjecttoImproveMaintenanceSkillsfor Photovol ta ica ndOtherRenewableEnergyPowerGenerationSystems

Minis tryofEnergya ndMineralResourcesRepublicofIndonesia

PVgenerator

Charge controller

Energystorage

DC/DC converter

DCConsumer

~
PVgenerator Charge controller Energystorage DC/AC Inverter ACConsumer

PVStandAloneSLDiagram
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PVStandAloneSystemLayout
DemonstrationResearchProjectonSupportProjecttoImproveMaintenanceSkillsfor Photovol ta ica ndOtherRenewableEnergyPowerGenerationSystems 8

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DC Bus

AC Bus

PV generator Chargeregulator

Inverter

AC consumer

Battery

PVStandAloneSLDiagram
DemonstrationResearchProjectonSupportProjecttoImproveMaintenanceSkillsfor Photovol ta ica ndOtherRenewableEnergyPowerGenerationSystems

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PV generator

DirectcoupledPVsystem

DC Consumer

Source: http://kingsolar.com/catalog/mfg/nulight/atticfan.html

Source: http://kingsolar.com/catalog/mfg/nulight/atticfan.html Source:http://www.tubulardirect.com/fan.html

Photovoltaicventilatorsystems
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PrincipleofPVpumpingsystem withDC/DCcontrollerorinverter

PV array

Controller/inverter Controller/inverter Motor/ Motor/ Pump

PVpumping system
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CrystallinePVarray

AmorphousPVarray
EnergyPa rk,SERT

PVpumpingsystemwithdifferentcelltechnology
Source:EnergyPark,SERT

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PVcommunicationsystem(470MHz)
Source: Energy Park, SERT

PVstreetslightingsystem
Source: Energy Park, SERT 13

DemonstrationResearchProjectonSupportProjecttoImproveMaintenanceSkillsfor Photovol ta ica ndOtherRenewableEnergyPowerGenerationSystems

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PVFountain
(Source:EnergyPark,SERT) DemonstrationResearchProjectonSupportProjecttoImproveMaintenanceSkillsfor Photovol ta ica ndOtherRenewableEnergyPowerGenerationSystems 14

Minis tryofEnergya ndMineralResourcesRepublicofIndonesia

CONTENTS
o PVSTANDALONESYSTEM o PVSTANDALONESYSTEMINSTALLATION o CONCLUSION

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AnnualRadiation data

Demand Calculation

QualityFactorof theSystem

PVArraysizing

BatterySizing

SystemVoltage Selection

CableSizing(at DCandACside)

ChargeController Capacity

Protection&Safety InverterCapacity
PVModuleInstallation ChargeController&InverterInstallation BatteryInstallation

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AnnualRadiation data

Demand Calculation

QualityFactorof theSystem

PVArraysizing

BatterySizing

SystemVoltage Selection

CableSizing(at DCandACside)

ChargeController Capacity

Protection&Safety InverterCapacity
PVModuleInstallation ChargeController&InverterInstallation BatteryInstallation

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Onlyasmallpartofsolarradiationcouldreachestheearths surfacebecauseofthegreatdistancebetween thesunand theearth. Butthissmallpartofsolarradiationarecorrespondstoan energyamountof1x1018 kWhperyear. Andthisamountofsolarenergyisapproximately1000times thecurrentglobalenergydemand.Thus,only0.01%ofthe solarenergywouldhavetobeusedtomeettheentireenergy demandofmankind.

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SolarenergysourceinkWh/m2a
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Annualmeansolarradiation19611990inkWh/m2a
(Source:IntergovernmentalPa nelonCl imateChange) DemonstrationResearchProjectonSupportProjecttoImproveMaintenanceSkillsfor Photovol ta ica ndOtherRenewableEnergyPowerGenerationSystems 21

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Thesolarradiationisusuallymeasuredwitha pyranometerorapyrheliometer andits sensorisdesigned tomeasurethesolarradiationfluxdensityinwattsper squaremeterfromafieldofviewof180degrees. Pyranometer orpyrheliometerisabasicinstrumentfor measuringthesolarradiation.

Pyrheliometer SunTracker

Model2408101StarPyranometer

PVanalyzer
22

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Model2408101StarPyranometer

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Pyrheliometerwithsolartracker

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PVAnalyzer
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PhitsanulokThailand

VientianeLaos

PhnomPenhCambodia

JakartaIndonesia

7.0

Average daily global radiation

6.0 5.0

[kWh/m ]

4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Mean

Month
Annualdistributionofsolarradiationatdifferentcountriesin South EastAsia
(Source:Surfacemeteorol ogyandSolarEnergy http://eosweb.larc.nasa.gov/sse/)

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6

AverageDailySolarRadiation kWh/m2

4.8

SolarRadiationkWh/m2
2

Annualdistribution ofsolarradiationatdifferentcityinIndonesia
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AnnualRadiation data

Demand Calculation

QualityFactorof theSystem

PVArraysizing

BatterySizing

SystemVoltage Selection

CableSizing(at DCandACside)

ChargeController Capacity

Protection&Safety InverterCapacity
PVModuleInstallation ChargeController&InverterInstallation BatteryInstallation

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Edemand Esupply
Apliances
XLLamp Flourecentlamp Televi sion21" Iron Washi ngmachine Ricecooker Electricjug WaterPump Refrigerator Computer

Amount
uni t 6 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Rating power
W 14 20 70 300 300 450 350 350 100 400

DailyTime operation
hour 6 1 12 1 0,5 1 2,5 0,25 8 4

DailyEnergy consumption
kWh/d 0,504 0,02 0,84 0,3 0,15 0,45 0,875 0,0875 0,8 1,6

Annualenergy consumption
kWh/a 183,96 7,3 306,6 109,5 54,75 164,25 319,375 31,9375 292 584

TOTAL

2.424,00

5,63

2.053,67

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AnnualRadiation data

Demand Calculation

QualityFactorof theSystem

PVArraysizing

BatterySizing

SystemVoltage Selection

CableSizing(at DCandACside)

ChargeController Capacity

Protection&Safety InverterCapacity
PVModuleInstallation ChargeController&InverterInstallation BatteryInstallation

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Theenergysupplyshouldbebasicallyhigherthantheenergy demand,duetouncertaintyofdemandandtheradiation. Sometimesthesupplycouldnotmeetthedemandandthe systemfailsconsequently. Forthisreason,aqualityfactor (Q)iscommonlyused.

Q=

Eel Eth

where: Q =qualityfactorofthesystem Eel =realelectricoutputenergyofthesystem[kWh] Eth =theoreticaloutputenergyofthesystem[kWh] Eth isdefinedastheoutputenergyinidealconditions,i.e.StandardTestConditions (STC)whichisISTC =1000W/m2 ,TSTC =25C,AM =1.5
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Energyproduceby moduleatclearday

6 a.m

6 p.m

P(watt)
0 6 12 18 24

time
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Energyproduceby moduleatcloudyday

6 a.m

6 p.m

P(watt)
0 6 12 18 24

time
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Energyproduceby moduleatrainyday

6 a.m

6 p.m

P(watt)
0 6 12 18 24

time
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Thequalityfactorcanbedeterminedoveranygiventimeperiod.In mostcases,atimeperiodofoneyearischosentopresizePV systems.

Qualityfactorstable atdifferentPVsystemsandcomponents
Component/System
PV module (Crystalline) PV array PV system (Grid-connected) Hybrid system (PV/Diesel) PV system (Stand-alone)

Q
0.850.95 0.800.90 0.600.75 0.400.60 0.100.40

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AnnualRadiation data

Demand Calculation

QualityFactorof theSystem

PVArraysizing

BatterySizing

SystemVoltage Selection

CableSizing(at DCandACside)

ChargeController Capacity

Protection&Safety InverterCapacity
PVModuleInstallation ChargeController&InverterInstallation BatteryInstallation

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P peak
Ppeak Eel ISTC Eglob Q

E el .I STC
Eglobe .Q
PeakpowerofthePVarrayon STC[kWp] Realelectricoutputenergyofthesystem[kWh/a] IncidentsolarradiationonSTC[ kW/m Annualglobalsolarradiation[kWh/m a] Qualityfactorofthesystem

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ForexampleofPVarraysizingatJakartasite Eglob =4.8kWh/m2.dX 365 days = 1752kWh/m2.a Eel Thus, Ppeak = 1752kWh/m2.a . =2.930 kW 3kW
DemonstrationResearchProjectonSupportProjecttoImproveMaintenanceSkillsfor Photovol ta ica ndOtherRenewableEnergyPowerGenerationSystems 38

=2024.47 kWh/a 2053.67kWh/a .1 kW/m2 0.4

Minis tryofEnergya ndMineralResourcesRepublicofIndonesia

Modulearea

Source:Pl a nninga ndinstallingphotovol taicsystems DemonstrationResearchProjectonSupportProjecttoImproveMaintenanceSkillsfor Photovol ta ica ndOtherRenewableEnergyPowerGenerationSystems 39

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AnnualRadiation data

Demand Calculation

QualityFactorof theSystem

PVArraysizing

BatterySizing

SystemVoltage Selection

CableSizing(at DCandACside)

ChargeController Capacity

Protection&Safety InverterCapacity
PVModuleInstallation ChargeController&InverterInstallation BatteryInstallation

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Storagebatterycapacityisdefinedtoensurean availabilityofenergysupplywithinacertainnumberof autonomydays. Toobigabattery,besidesexpensive,itwillseldomto getfullyrechargedorchargedatasufficientrate. Toosmallbatterywillbecycledexcessively,again leadingtoanearlydeath.

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1000

Battery capacityC B [kWh]

100

CB = 10 P peak

PV systems

10

PV hybrid systems

Thumbruleforrelationof batterycapacityandPV nominalpower

SHS

0,1 0,01

0,1

10

100

Peak power P peak [kWp]

CB CB Ppeak

Ppeak

batterycapacity[kWh] peakpowerofthePVarray[kWp
DemonstrationResearchProjectonSupportProjecttoImproveMaintenanceSkillsfor Photovol ta ica ndOtherRenewableEnergyPowerGenerationSystems 42

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Foroptimizingofbatterycapacity,itcanbecalculatedasfollows: CB = L.TA DOD.DT.C.W . B

where: CB L TA DOD DT = = = = = = = = batterycapacity[kWh] dailymeanenergyconsumption[kWh/d] numberofautonomydays[2or3days] maximumdepthofdischarge[0,5.0,6] deratefortemperature[0,99] efficiencyofpowerconversion[0,9] efficiencyofwiring[0,95.0,99] efficiencyofbattery[decimal]

C W B

Numberofautonomydaysreferstohowlongtheconsumercanbe suppliedonlybythebattery,e.g.duringofbadweatherperiod.
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ForExample CB = 5.63kWh/d.3days 0.5.0.99 .0.9 .0.99 16.89 0.397

.0.9

CB =

CB =42.544kWh Or CB =42544Wh /12V=3545.34Ah3600Ah

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AnnualRadiation data

Demand Calculation

QualityFactorof theSystem

PVArraysizing

BatterySizing

SystemVoltage Selection

CableSizing(at DCandACside)

ChargeController Capacity

Protection&Safety InverterCapacity
PVModuleInstallation ChargeController&InverterInstallation BatteryInstallation

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Thechoiceofthesystemvoltageshould consideredthepointofenergyconsumption andcoverageofpeakload. Thesystemvoltagemustbechosensohighthat thecablecrosssectionsstaywithinthescopeand thebatteriescansupplytheoccurringpeakload.

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TableofStandardvaluesofsystemDCvoltage
Mean daily energy consumption [kWh/d] Peak power for minutes [kW] Peak power for seconds [kW] System voltage not below [V]

04 26 412 8 and more

0.01.0 1.02.0 2.04.0 4.08.0

0.02.0 2.04.0 4.08.0 8.016.0

12 24 48 96

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AnnualRadiation data

Demand Calculation

QualityFactorof theSystem

PVArraysizing

BatterySizing

SystemVoltage Selection

CableSizing(at DCandACside)

ChargeController Capacity

Protection&Safety InverterCapacity
PVModuleInstallation ChargeController&InverterInstallation BatteryInstallation

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A=
A

2 l I
v Vsys
= = = = = =

or

A=

2 l P
v Vsys2

l I v Vsys

cablecrosssection[mm specificresistance[mm /m] . mm /mfor copper singlecablelength[m] ratedcurrentthroughthecable[A] permissiblelossinthecable(e.g. % v dependingonthesystemcomponent (chargeregulator, converterorinverter) nominal,peak oropencircuit voltage[V] powerofthePVgeneratororthedevice[W]
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Forexample,crosssectionofa10mDCmaincable, whichconnectsto3000WPVgeneratorwith24V batteryandshouldshowmaximum3%lossis: A A = 0.0179.2.10.3000 0.03.242

= 62,15mm2

Asaresult,acablewith60mm2 willbeinstalled(Standard cablesize).

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Ifthesystemvoltageisdoublechosenwith48V,the cablecrosssectioncanbereduced toaquarter. A = 0.0179.2.10.3000 0.03.482

=15,54 mm216mm2(Standardcablesize)

Inaddition,theequationsexplainedabovearevalidin asimilarmannerfordeterminationofcablecross sectionattheconsumerside.

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Ifthesystemvoltageatconsumersideis220Vand the cablelength30m,thusthecablecrosssectionis: 0.0179.2.30.2424 0.03.2202

=1,79 mm22,5mm2(Standardcablesize)

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AnnualRadiation data

Demand Calculation

QualityFactorof theSystem

PVArraysizing

BatterySizing

SystemVoltage Selection

CableSizing(at DCandACside)

ChargeController Capacity

Protection&Safety InverterCapacity
PVModuleInstallation ChargeController&InverterInstallation BatteryInstallation

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Thechargeregulatormustbeabletocarrythe maximumcurrentoccurringatthePVgenerator sideanditsvoltagemustmatchwiththesystem voltage. Somechargeregulatorsknownthesystem voltageandadjustthemselfsomeothersare selectable.

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ChargeControllerCapacity
Inthiscasethemaximumcurrentforchargecontroller couldbecalculated: PVcapacity3000W SystemVoltage48V CurrentatDCside3000W/48V=62,5A

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Theprimarytaskofamodernchargecontroller:
Overchargeprotection Deepdischargeprotection Shortcircuitandoverloadprotection ProtectagainstreversecurrenttoPVarray InformationontheSOC

StecaSolarChargeController (source:www.reihk.com/shop/index.php?language=du)
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PowertechsolarchargecontrollerwithLCDdisplay (source:www.airaus.com/airaus/category.jsp)

LeonicssolarMPPchargecontrollerwithLCDdisplay (source:Leonics Prostarsolarchargecontroller withLCDdisplay (source:www.alternativetechnology.info/solar.htm)

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AnnualRadiation data

Demand Calculation

QualityFactorof theSystem

PVArraysizing

BatterySizing

SystemVoltage Selection

CableSizing(at DCandACside)

ChargeController Capacity

Protection&Safety InverterCapacity
PVModuleInstallation ChargeController&InverterInstallation BatteryInstallation

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Theselectionofthestandaloneinverterwillbe determinedespeciallybytheACpowertobeprovidedand theselectedDCvoltage. Astandaloneinvertermustbeabletopowerallofthe loadsatpeakpower,includinganystartingsurgesfor pumpsandotherlargemotors. Ininverterspecifications,payattentiontopartload efficiency.Relatedtotheoversizingforpeakcurrent securityreason,thestandaloneinverterismostly running inpartloadabout10to30%ofnominalload.
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100% 90% 80% InverterEfficiency 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%

InveterLoad
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InverterCapacity
Inthiscasetheinvertercapacitycanbefind basedonDemanddata: Capacity :2500W InputVoltage :48V OutputVoltage :220V

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Waveformofinverter

Squarewaveinverter

Modifiedsine inverter

Puresineinverter

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AnnualRadiation data

Demand Calculation

QualityFactorof theSystem

PVArraysizing

BatterySizing

SystemVoltage Selection

CableSizing(at DCandACside)

ChargeController Capacity

Protection&Safety InverterCapacity
PVModuleInstallation ChargeController&InverterInstallation BatteryInstallation

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Inverter

ACfused switch/ MCB

Load

Batterysystem

StandAlonesystem
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Wind speed 20 m/s

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CONTENTS
o PVSTANDALONESYSTEM o BASICDESIGNPROCEDURE o CONCLUSION

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ChargeController

3000W,65A 48Vdc

Inverter2500W InputVoltage48Vdc OutputVoltage220Vac

PVarrayswitch

MCB MCCB

2x16mm2

48Vdc

220Vac

2x2,5mm2
Batterydisconnectionswitch MCCB

Ppeak =2.424kW PVCapacity 3000Wp

48Vdc
BatteryCapacity42.43kWhor 42.443kWh/48V=884.23Ah

Energycons umption =5.63kWh/d

=2053.67kWh/a

900Ah
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15

PVmoduleconnectedseriesparallel
14

. . . . . . 2

PV50 Wp x60 module=3000Wp Numberofpanelrowis60/4 =15 row

48V
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12 pcof300AhBattery
connectedseriesparallel 48Vdc 900Ah

300Ah

300Ah

300Ah
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RecommendationonPVmoduleinstallation
1. SufficientModuleSupport(weightload) 2. Moduleorientation 3. ModuleTiltanglemax.10degreeforIndonesiaregion 4. Earthgroundprotection

RecommendationonChargecontroller&Inverterinstallation
1. Installationlocation:avoidrain,humidity 2. Installationundershadeavoidfromtheradiation 3. Goodventilation 4. Installationinsectprotectionequipment
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RecommendationonBatteryinstallation
1. Goodventilation 2. Installationundershadeavoidfromthe radiation 3. Avoidfromheatsource

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1. PVarraysizingisdependonannualsolarradiation data,annualEnergyDemandandQualityfactorofthe system. 2. AreasizeforPVarrayinstallationisdependonmodule efficiency 3. ThemainfunctionofModernChargeControllerisforthe batteryprotectionandlonglifeexpectancy. 4. PuresineInverteristhebestchoiceforinductionand electronicload.

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References
ARCOSOLARtrainingseminar.Basicphotovoltaictechnology. BorderGreenEnergyTeam(BGET).2005.TechManual.Version2. Castaer,L.andSilvestre,S.(2002)ModellingPhotovoltaicSystemusing PSpice.JohnWiley&Sons. DepartmentofEnergyDevelopmentandPromotion,(DEDP)(2000).Solar RadiationMapofThailand. FranzKininger.2003.Photovoltaicsystemstechnology.Universityof Kassel,Germany.

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TomasMarkvart.2000.Solarelectricity.2ndedition.JohnWiley&Sons,Ltd. UK. NiponKetjoy.2004.SafetywithPhotovoltaicSystem.TrainingMaterialfor EngineeringandTechnicianLevelSolarHomeSysteminThailand.Sponsorby NewEnergyandIndustrialTechnologyDevelopmentOrganization(NEDO). Planningandinstallingphotovoltaicsystems:Aguideforinstaller,architects andengineers.James&James(SciencePublishers)Ltd.UKandUSA.2005. Photovoltaicsystem:preparedasapartoftheComettprojectSUNRISE. FraunhoferInstituteforSolarEnergySystems,Freiburg,Germany. RETScreenInternational.PhotovoltaicProjectAnalysis.CleanEnergyProject AnalysaisCourse.

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Planningandinstallingphotovoltaicsystems:Aguideforinstaller,architects andengineers.James&James(SciencePublishers)Ltd.UKandUSA.2005. Photovoltaicsystem:preparedasapartoftheComettprojectSUNRISE. FraunhoferInstituteforSolarEnergySystems,Freiburg,Germany. RETScreenInternational.PhotovoltaicProjectAnalysis.CleanEnergyProject AnalysaisCourse. SUNDAYAtrainingforIndonesia.12VdcElectrical Generation

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