MAE 501 course notes Spring 2011 Copyrighted by R. D.

Gould

ADVANCED ENGR THERMODYNAMICS

II. THERMODYNAMICS DEFINITIONS 1. System: A collection of matter in a three-dimensional region of space bounded by an arbitrary surface. You MUST define this BEFORE working your problem! a.) Closed System: No mass crosses a closed system boundary, however, energy may Constraint: impermeable to mass i.) Closed System with Rigid Boundary (internal constraint): Rigid boundary: Constant volume (dV = 0) Example: Steel tank

ii.) Closed System with Moving Boundary: Boundary moves: (Volume of the system is not constant) Examples: Balloon with tied knot, piston-cylinder device

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MAE 501 course notes Spring 2011 Copyrighted by R. D. Gould

ADVANCED ENGR THERMODYNAMICS

b.) Open System (or Control Volume, C.V.): i.) Mass is permitted to cross system boundaries Open System with Rigid Boundary: Constant volume (rigid) control volume Examples: Water nozzle, rigid tank with valve opened, turbines, compressors, heat exchangers,

ii.) Open System with Moving Boundary: Volume of the C.V. is not constant) Example: Untie knot of balloon 2. Surroundings (or environment): Everything external to the system. Tsurr Q
system

bdry
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MAE 501 course notes Spring 2011 Copyrighted by R. D. Gould

ADVANCED ENGR THERMODYNAMICS

3. Boundary: A zero volume (no mass, not wall) surface, usually located at the interface between two materials (or commonly between the system and surroundings) The properties on a boundary are shared by both the system and the surroundings (i.e continuous function). Consider the boundaries of the control volumes and systems below

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

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MAE 501 course notes Spring 2011 Copyrighted by R. D. Gould

ADVANCED ENGR THERMODYNAMICS

Distinction between wall and boundary (Bejan, pp. 1-3):

Bejan Fig. 1.1

Bejan Fig. 1.2

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MAE 501 course notes Spring 2011 Copyrighted by R. D. Gould

ADVANCED ENGR THERMODYNAMICS

4. Isolated system: 5. A system not influenced by its surroundings. No heat or work (ENERGY) crosses an isolated system boundary!

Property : Any measurable characteristic of a system. Properties are point functions and thus do not depend on how the system arrived at its condition. a.) Extensive Property: (Depends upon the size of the system): 1. Volume 2. Mass 3. Total energy, total enthalpy, total entropy, 4. All mass dependent properties 5. 1st and 2nd laws use extensive properties! (1) b.) Intensive Property: (Independent of system size): 1. Temperature 2. Pressure 3. Specific volume (v V/m) 4. Any specific extensive property (per unit mass or mole)
add partition

(2)

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MAE 501 course notes Spring 2011 Copyrighted by R. D. Gould

ADVANCED ENGR THERMODYNAMICS

6. Walls and constraints: Permit or prevent redistribution of extensive properties. In an closed composite system the internal constraints are impermeable walls Extensive property V, volume N, moles E, energy Adiabatic: Diathermal: Non-permitted or restrictive Rigid wall Impermeable Adiabatic Permitted or nonrestrictive Moving wall Diathermal Observation if permitted Boundary work Heat transfer

Permeable wall Mass transfer

Zero heat transfer regardless of magnitude of temperature gradient normal to the boundary. Temperature gradient normal to the boundary is zero even in the presence of heat transfer.

Recall Fouriers law for heat conduction: qn = kAn T/ n

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MAE 501 course notes Spring 2011 Copyrighted by R. D. Gould

ADVANCED ENGR THERMODYNAMICS

7. State: A description of the condition of the substance defined by specifying its properties (p, T, v, u, h, s, ).

8.

State Postulate: The number of independent intensive thermodynamic properties required to fully describe a specified pure substance is equal to the number of reversible work modes plus one. For simple systems (1 work mode) only 2 properties are needed to fully describe the state of a pure substance. Wbdry

Development of the State Postulate 1st law (closed system): Qnet,in,1-2 - Wnet,out,1-2 = E = E2 E1 Q The 1st law says that we can change the energy of a system by transferring energy as work and/or heat. If we have a compressible substance we can increase its energy through PdV work. Volume is the independently variable property of the work mode (i.e. Wbdry,out = PdV)

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MAE 501 course notes Spring 2011 Copyrighted by R. D. Gould

ADVANCED ENGR THERMODYNAMICS

In addition, we can hold the volume fixed and change the system energy by heat transfer, for which temperature may be the most appropriate independently variable property. This gives us one more free variable. Therefore, for each of the independent ways of varying the energy of a substance there is one independently variable thermodynamic property. Thus: The number of independent intensive thermodynamic properties required to fully describe a specified pure substance is equal to the number of reversible work modes plus one.

The state of a pure simple compressible substance is completely defined by two independent, intensive properties (i.e. u = u(T,v)). If, in addition, potential energy is active in your problem, you have one additional work mode and will need to specify an additional variable, i.e. E(T,v,z).

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MAE 501 course notes Spring 2011 Copyrighted by R. D. Gould

ADVANCED ENGR THERMODYNAMICS

Callens Postulate I: Equilibrium states of simple systems are completely characterized by internal energy U, volume V and the number of moles N1, N2, .., Nr of each chemical component. (Callen, p. 13)

9.

Simple Compressible Substance (SCS) or Simple System: Any substance for which the only important reversible work mode is volume change (i.e. boundary or PdV work). Not subject to the influence of gravitational, electrical, and magnetic fields and inertial forces. Sufficiently large that surface effects can be neglected. Homogeneous and isotropic definite chemical composition. The state of a single component, simple compressible substance is completely defined by two independent, intensive properties (i.e. u = u(T,v)).

10. Phase of a Substance: Defined as a quantity of matter which is homogeneous in chemical composition and in physical structure. All substances can exist in solid, liquid and gaseous phases.

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MAE 501 course notes Spring 2011 Copyrighted by R. D. Gould

ADVANCED ENGR THERMODYNAMICS

11. Equilibrium: A system is in a state of equilibrium if a change of state cannot occur while the system is not subject to interactions with the surroundings. Thermodynamic properties are defined only when a system is in equilibrium! a.) Thermal Equilibrium: Temperature is uniform throughout the system (no temperature gradient). b.) Mechanical Equilibrium: There are no unbalanced forces within the system. Pressure is uniform throughout the system (no pressure gradient). c.) Chemical Equilibrium: There is no tendency for a net chemical reaction to take place when chemical species are allowed to interact. Chemical composition is uniform throughout the system. d.) Phase Equilibrium: There is no tendency for phase transformation (i.e. melting) when the two phases are brought in contact

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MAE 501 course notes Spring 2011 Copyrighted by R. D. Gould

ADVANCED ENGR THERMODYNAMICS

e.) Thermodynamic Equilibrium: There is no flow of macroscopic energy or matter within a system in thermodynamic equilibrium, though the molecules are free to flow. The atoms/molecules have relaxed to a stable state. If all the conditions for mechanical, thermal, chemical and phase equilibrium are satisfied, this system is in a state of thermodynamic equilibrium. 12. Process: The change of a system from one equilibrium state to another. A complete description of a process requires specification of end states and its path. a.) Isothermal Process (constant temperature) Wout P b.) Isobaric Process (constant pressure) c.) Isochoric Process (constant volume) d.) Isentropic Process (constant entropy) Qin system boundary
V

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MAE 501 course notes Spring 2011 Copyrighted by R. D. Gould

ADVANCED ENGR THERMODYNAMICS

13. Quasistatic (Quasiequilibrium) Process: A series of state changes where the substance within the system is infinitesimally close to a state of equilibrium at all times. A quasistatic process may be considered practically as a series of equilibrium states and its path can be represented graphically as a continuous line on a state diagram. The expressions for boundary work (i.e. W = PdV) and heat transfer (i.e. Q = TdS) are valid only for quasistatic processes. From an atomic/molecular point of view, how quickly one can undergo a process, while meeting the quasistatic requirement, is a matter of how quickly the atom/molecules communicate the change amongst one another and relax to an equilibrium state.

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MAE 501 course notes Spring 2011 Copyrighted by R. D. Gould

ADVANCED ENGR THERMODYNAMICS

14. Reversible Process: If at the conclusion of the process, the initial states of the system and surroundings can be restored without leaving any net change at all elsewhere, the process is reversible. A reversible process must be a quasistatic process. Reversible processes cannot involve such phenomena as solid or fluid friction, electric resistance, inelastic deformation, and hysteresis in magnetization or polarization. Some debate on definitions Old interpretation: quasistatic implies reversible New interpretation: reversible process is more restrictive If complete equilibrium is reached at each step along the path, then quasistatic is also reversible. If for example, the thermal diffusion time scale is different from the viscous mixing time scale, this process may be quasistatic in terms of mixing, but may not reversible. 15. Cycle: A process whose initial and final states are identical
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MAE 501 course notes Spring 2011 Copyrighted by R. D. Gould

ADVANCED ENGR THERMODYNAMICS

Solution Flowchart

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