GIS INTEGRATED PAVEMENT MAINTENANCE STUDIES

1. PAVEMENT MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

There is no doubt that the quality and efficiency of roads affect the quality of life , the health of the social system and the continuity of economic and business activity . deterioration of these road may occur because of aging , overuse , misuse and or mismanagement . timely pavement maintenance programs can reduce the rate of deterioration , prolong life of pavements , reduce vehicle operation cost and ensure safety to road user .

PMMS can be defined as a scientific tool for managing the pavement so as to make the best possible use of resource available or to maximize the benefits for society . Therefore PMMS can be used in directing and controlling maintenance resource for optimum benefits .

The introduce of new technologies like geographic information system (GIS) , global positioning system (GPS) , enables highway agencies to perform tasks better and of higher quality

In this paper the method of integration of pavement deterioration data of bengaluru city and other pavement data is done using GIS

For the integration MAP info professional software is used .

2. GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM

Introduction
Geographic Information System (GIS) is a System of computer software, hardware, data and personnel to manipulate, analyze and present information that is tied to spatial locations. In GIS,

geographic location information, visualization of analysis of data system, software, hardware, data personnel, staff and users are linked together.

GIS deals with the data that is of interest to geographers in practice this usually means that the data is spatial data. This data is in some way reference to locations on earth. It can be utilized to store geographic data with the non spatial information attached to the spatial data. It has the capacity to handle and process large amounts of data and also has the added advantage of being able to present both spatial and non-spatial data graphically. The ability to handle large amounts of spatial data and other non spatial data helps us to create a data base of urban plans and developmental activities considering multiple criteria which otherwise would be manually impossible to create, comprehend and make it usable

Advantages of GIS
Following are the advantages of GIS,

1. Monitor natural resources (ground water, recharge areas etc).

2. Monitor urban changes and growth.

3. Monitor, maintain and govern the functioning of urban infrastructure.

4. Planning of future infrastructure (highway construction , water supply, etc )

5. GIS technology provides excellent support for:

y y y y y y y

Land use planning projects Highway development plannings Highway maintenance Ecological and hydrological investigations Environmental assessments Watershed assessments Wellhead protection programs

y y y y

Water quality monitoring and assessment programs Water resource development projects Design and construction of water system infrastructure Public outreach and education programs and transportation planning

3. MAPINFO PROFESSIONAL
MapInfo Professional is the powerful tool for desktop mapping that lets us perform sophisticated and detailed data analysis to increase revenue, lower costs, boost efficiency and improve service with location-based intelligence.

With MapInfo, the power of desktop mapping is completely disposed. It can display data as points as thematically shaded regions, as pie or bar charts, as districts etc it can perform geographic operations such as redistricting, combining and splitting objects and buffering. It also takes our queries against data and assesses the remote data.

MapInfo Professional is used to:

1. Create highly detailed maps to enhance presentations and aid in decision making. 2. Reveal patterns and trends in our data that may otherwise be impossible to see. 3. Perform sophisticated and extensive data analysis. 4. Understand customer and market place demographics. 5. Manage geographically based assets, such as stores, people and property. 6. Plan logistics and prepare for emergency response.

MapInfo Professional is a powerful Microsoft Windows based mapping and geographic analysis application from the experts in location intelligence. Designed to easily visualize the relationships between data and geography, MapInfo Professional helps business analysts, planners, GIS professionals - even non-GIS users - gain new insights into their markets, share information-rich maps and graphs and improve strategic decision-making

DATA COLLECTION : The data of pavement distress such as potholes , rut , raveling , cracks etc and also other data such as land used area of the road stretch , drainage condition etc. These data has to be collected in the field by different survey methods , those data are tabulated in the format as shown below

The above data are integrated using GIS . The GIS provides a database for the future development and maintenance of road , that database is created by available data in GIS software (mapinfo professional) This helps for the pavement maintenance management system

The considered road network in this study are National Highway , State Highway , Outer ring road , Inner ring road .

4. WORKING OF ROAD NETWORK DATA USING MAPINFO PROFESSIONAL

STUDY AREA:

BENGALURU MAP

Geo-registration:
Usually occurs during the first stage of the digitizing process. Before we can work with a paper map or raster image, we must point to several control points across the map, and enter the coordinates (e.g., longitude, latitude) of each control point. After we have registered the map, MapInfo Professional can associate a longitude, latitude position with any point on the map surface. This allows MapInfo Professional to perform area and distance calculations, and it allows MapInfo Professional to overlay multiple map layers in a single map.

Geo-registering any raster image:

1. Open map info software 2. Click on file, open

3. Select raster image 4. Browse the raster image 5. Open 6. Register

The raster image is opened now as shown in the below window in Fig. (1)

Click on projection and make it latitude/longitude

2 Click on units and make it read degree 3 Click on the first corner of the toposheet whose latitude and longitudes are known 4 Enter the values of latitude & longitude i.e. X-lat ,Y-long, then ok.

5 Click add button then click the second point whose geo co-ordinations are known a. Enter the values then ok 6 Same way register other points a. A minimum of 3 points are to be geo registered

Digitization
An electronic device which lets us trace a paper map into a GIS or CAD package. The digitizer consists of a table (or tablet) onto which we attach a paper map. we then can trace the map by moving a hand-held, mouse-like device known as a cursor (or puck) across the surface. Digitizing a map produces vector data as the end result setting the Projection before Digitizing. When we digitize a paper map, we need to specify the projection used for that map, (Default Table Projection preference is used for this operation). Most paper maps indicate their projection, generally in the legend. We can use any of the projections MapInfo Professional provides, or we can create our own coordinate system.

Fig. (2): Showing a new table structure window Note: It is very important to set the correct projection before we begin digitizing because we cannot fix it afterwards. When we do not correctly specify the projection of our paper map, our digitizing is not accurate.

Digitization of any features in a map: Let us take the example of digitizing the streams in a map. Following are the steps to be followed. First create a new table. 1. File new table create. add to the current mapper deselect the new mapper

create new

2. A window will appear as in Fig. (2) 3. Add field 4. Add field Similarly add field state highway lat type-character

type-decimal type-character

national highway

5. Click on the Create button. 6. Give file name. Specify a correct folder. A table is created for highways 7. Go to layer control make the drain table editable 8. Now using the polyline option digitize all the streams.

Fig. (3) Shows a map digitized for its various features like state highway, national highway, outer ring road and inner ring road

BEFORE DIGITIZING

AFTER DIGITIZING

LAYER CONTROL UNIT

Using layer control we can switch off the original map . after tracing the study area will look like as shown below

THE ABOVE FIG SHOWS THE DIGITIZATION OF NH , SH , ORR , IRR

RED INDICATES NATIONAL HIGHWAY (SH) BROWN INDICATES STATE HIGHWAY (NH) GREEN INDICATS INNER RING ROAD (IRR) BLUE INDICATES OUTER RING ROAD (ORR)

The above diagram shows the output of data over digitized state highway

In this diagram , the input data are state highway number , latitude , longitude . what ever data we input at new table option before digitizing , that data we can see by clicking mouse curser on that stretch after digitizing

Similarly the road inventory data such as potholes , rut depth , crack length , raveling , land used area by that pavement are can edited in MS excel , and that sheet can attach to any stretch after digitizing , that would display on map as shown below

Available data are incorporated in mapinfo software and the output is very easy to see by clicking mouse cursor on any stretch as shown in above fig.

CONCLUSION
The mapinfo can be used to facilitate the decision making for PMMS The planning of road maintenance could be easier by this study The GIS is effectively used as supporting tool to develop base frame with static characteristics y The condition of pavement can be analyzed by the GIS maps and maintenance work are predicted y The data of past present are incorporated to GIS , this creates a database for future development of new road construction , maintenance , deterioration analysis etc totally it helps for PMMS

y y y

REFERENCES

1. Journel of the Islamic university of GAZA vol.13 , No.1,p.119-138 , 2005 2. spatial planning for urban cities road network development by Dr.K.M.Lakshmana Rao & Ms.K.Jayasree