Harvard Convention of Citation Citation This is a means of referring, within your text, to the sources from which you

have obtained information. If you use words or information from another source you must acknowledge them whether they are directly quoted or just referred to. Anyone reading your essay should be able to trace your source material. Citation ensures against plagiarism. The Harvard Style of Bibliographical referencing is the standard within the University of Arts London and should be adhered to at all times. Quotes If you quote directly from another source within your essay you must use the following convention of citation: within round brackets, follow the quotation with the authors surname, date of publication and the page number(s) relating to the quoted material e.g. (Wood, 1999: p154). Do not give numbered footnotes to give this information. There are 3 types of quotation (each requiring a citation): 1. Direct 2. General 3. Secondary 1. Direct

a) If your quotation is no more than two lines long, it can remain within single quotation marks within your text. E.g. Heideggers early philosophy can be summarised by his assertion that We are ourselves the entities to be analysed (Heidegger. 1962: p67). (Or) Heideggers early philosophy (1962: p67) can be summarised by his assertion that We are ourselves the entities to be analysed.

b) If the quote is longer, it should be set in a block, indented, not placed in quotation marks, and separated by a space above and below your text. (If writing with double-lined spacing then 3 lines should separate the quote above and below.) Do not use italics, bold or underline for the quoted material unless the original source contains these styles. E.g.

Importantly, the work of art does not just reflect what already pertains for man in his world, but puts a new context of significance in place by which things and man are redefined in relation to one another. Heidegger states: the work of art transports us out of the realm of the ordinary. To submit to the displacement means to transform our accustomed ties to the world and earth and henceforth to restrain all usual doing and prizing, knowing and looking (Heidegger. 1964: p191). For Heidegger, the concept of world serves to establish that intelligibility and meaning are embedded in everyday practical encounters.

2. General If you need to make a general reference to an authors work without quoting directly, use the same convention as above but without the page number. E.g. The debate on Heideggers turning toward National Socialism was reinvigorated in the late 1980s by Victor Faria (Faria.1987).

3. Secondary If you refer to an author that is being quoted in a secondary source you must cite the secondary source. e.g. Benjamin stated that There is no event or object, either in animate or inanimate nature, that does not in some way partake in language (cited in Brodersen. 1996: p111).

Note: 1. An authors initials are only used within the citation brackets if two or more authors have the same surname or have published in the same year. E.g. (L. Smith. 2004) and (K. Smith. 2004) 2. Use lower case letters after the date if referring to more than one published work in the same year by the same author. E.g. (Heidegger. 1964a) and (Heidegger. 1964b) 3. Multiple Authors - One writer (Wood. 1999: p154) - Up to three writers (Edwards, Taylor & Wilson. 2000: p256) - More than three (Robinson et al. 2002: p57) 4. 5. Double quotations are only be used for quotations within quotations. There may be occasions when you wish to draw particular attention to part of the quote or the entire quote. In such cases, the area which you wish to draw attention to can be italicised. At the end of the quote the words emphasis authors own, placed in brackets, should follow. Punctuation within the citation brackets included in the text can vary between different applications of the Harvard system. For example (Heidegger. 1962: p67) or (Heidegger, 1962, p67) or (Heidegger 1962 p67)What is important is that the method of punctuation you use is consistent throughout your paper.

6.

Footnotes These should be numbered and kept to a minimum. Their function is to supply detailed information that would otherwise clog-up the main text, or to discuss a point that is peripheral to

the discussion in the main text. Reference and Bibliography sections These appear at the end of the work and are arranged alphabetically. The Reference section comes first and lists the sources you refer to in your text by medium. The Bibliography includes those sources referred to in your text, but should also include details of material you have also read, that formed your opinion but was not referred to directly. Make sure you make an accurate record of your research as you proceed. * Please not that for this essay you should only supply a bibliography.

Order of information when constructing entries for the Reference and Bibliography sections of your paper: Books Author(s), editor [if any], translator [if any], or the institution responsible for writing the book surname first and then first initial Date of publication (in brackets) Title or subtitle (if any) separated by a colon, underlined or bold or in italics your preference must be consistent Series and individual volume no. (if any) Edition, if not the first. e.g. 4th ed. Place of publication (if known) Publisher E.g. Berry, R. (2000), The Research project: how to write it, 4th ed. London: Routledge In References (When referencing an author in a book of collected writings with an editor) Author of Chapter/Section Date of publication Title of Chapter/Section IN followed by Author/Editor of collected work Title of collected work, underlined or bold or in italics your preference must be consistent Place of publication Publisher Eg. Bloggs, M. (1995,) The right to buy. IN: Burgess, R. ed. Purchasing Power, London: Falmouth Press Journal articles Author - surname first and then first initial Date of publication (in brackets) Title or subtitle (if any) separated by a colon Title of the journal, underlined or bold or in italics your preference must be consistent Volume and part number, month or season of the year Page numbers of article

Place of publication Publisher E.g. Nayak, A. (1997), Frozen bodies: disclosing whiteness in Haegen-Dazs Advertising, Body & Society, Vol. 3 September, pp51-71, London: Sage Publications World Wide Web Author (might be an individual or an institution) Year of publication Title, underlined or bold or in italics (internet) Date the source was last updated or modified Place of publication Publisher (if ascertainable) otherwise use URL (Uniform Resource Locator) Available from: URL (Accessed date) E.g. Scott, C. (1998), Bibliographical references Harvard Style, (Internet), Leeds Metropolitan University, Available from <http://www.lmu.ac.uk/iss/ls/docs/harv.htm> (Accessed 28 August, 2004) Newspaper articles Author - surname first and then first initial Date of publication (in brackets) Title of article Title of Newspaper, underlined or bold or in italics your preference must be consistent Date of issue Place of publication Publisher Page Number(s) E.g. Blanchard T. (1997), Fashionable for fifteen minutes, The Independent, 15th May, London: Newspaper Publishing plc. p.7 Exhibition Catalogues Author (or where there is no author the name of Gallery or Museum) Year of publication Exhibition Title, underlined or bold or in italics your preference must be consistent Place of publication Page Number(s) E.g. The Tate Modern. (2002) Surrealism. London: Tate Publishing, p. 33 Conferences Name of Conference Number (if appropriate) Date Location (if appropriate) Date of publication (in brackets) Title of published work; if different from the name of the conference, underlined or bold or in italics your preference must be consistent

Author/Editor Place Publisher Eg. Conference on Totalitarian Art, 2001. Essex University, (2003) Totalitarian Aesthetics, ed. Ades, D., London: Phaidon Thesis and Dissertations (Remember to include the name of the awarding institution) Author Date of publication Title Level (PhD thesis) Awarding institution Broadcast material (radio/television) Series title Programme title, underlined or bold or in italics Year of Broadcast (in brackets) Director(s) name(s) Writer(s) Date of transmission Length Medium (eg. Radio) Station/Channel E.g. Today, (1998), John Tushers, Tarantino interview, 14th January, 8 mins. Radio, BBC Radio 4 Film Film Title, underlined or bold or in italics preference should be consistent Date of release (in brackets) Director(s) name Screenwriter(s) name if known Place of publication if known Production company name(s) Length (mins) Eg. Marnie, (1964), Directed by Alfred Hitchcock, Universal Pictures, 130 mins. Video Series Title Series Number Programme Title, underlined or bold or in italics your preference must be consistent Year Place of publication Publisher Date of transmission Medium: format (eg. VHS) CD Rom Author/ Institution

Year of publication Title, underlined or bold in italics (CD-Rom) Place of Publication Publisher E.g. Linges, A. (1994), Foreign Bodies, (CD ROM) London: Routledge

E-journals Author(s)/ Editor(s) of the article Year of publication in brackets Title of article Title of journal, underlined or bold or in italics (Type of medium) Date of publication Volume and part number, pagination or online equivalent Availability statement ie. URL (Date of accessing the information) E.g. Mortimer, K. (1995) Enterprise in Higher Education: reflections from the chair, Education and Training (Internet vol.37 (9) pp. 20-24. Available from: <http://fernando.emeraldinsight.com/> (accessed 28 August, 2004) Reference to a Blog Author Day Month Year Subject of message Blog Title Available from: list e-mail address [Accessed Date] E.g. Schofield, J., 20 May 2006. Yahoo is winning in the portal wars. GU technologyblog. Available from: http://blogs.guardian.co.uk/technology/ (Accessed 22 May 2006) Reference to personal electronic communications (e-mail) Author (Senders e-mail address) Day Month Year. Subject of Message E-mail to Recipient's Surname and Initial (Recipients e-mail address) E.g. Brown, D., (dbrown@hotmail.com), 4 April 2000, RE: Venice Conference , e-mail to Latham, P. (platham@ual.ac.uk) Visual References: Pictorial reference material should be treated in the same manner as other quoted material. It should support a point in the text and be properly referenced. It should not be used as decoration. If the visual reference is placed in the main body of the text it should be situated, where possible, opposite the supporting text and properly captioned, indicating the author of work, its title, year of

production, the source of the image (including the institution where the work is housed and the source from which you accessed the image, for example a book or an online resource). If the image is placed in an appendix, the appropriate point in the text should be numbered and cross-referenced in the appendix with the same numbered image. The image in the appendix should be captioned (as indicated above) naming the author of work, its title, year, and the source of the image. Visual References and the Bibliography It is still common for a book or a paper to list separately the visual references included in a text either at the front or back of the text. This can be done by simply listing the illustrations in the numerical order of their appearance in the text followed by the artist's name, the title of piece, and year of production. The source of any visual reference must also be listed in the bibliography. The Harvard convention differs slightly depending on whether the source is from a book or an internet source. However, both types of sources need to be entered into the bibliography. For a visual source taken from a book, the bibliographical entry should refer to the author of the sourced book, not the author of the image. For example, if Gombrich's The Story of Art is used to source a reproduction of a Tintoretto painting, the bibliographical entry would refer only to The Story of Art and its author. The bibliographical entry would also include the page number upon which the illustration appeared, plus the abbreviation 'illus'. The bibliographical entry for a Tintoretto painting sourced in The Story of Art would thus appear: Gombrich E. (1970), The Story of Art, (3rd ed.), London: Phaidon Press, p.241, illus. If however an image is sourced from an online resource, the bibliographical entry takes the following form:
Artist/ Photographer's Surname then initials Year of publication Title of Image [type of medium] Place of publication: Publisher (of online image) if ascertainable. Available from: URL [Date Accessed ].

Eg. Hirst, D., (1991), The Physical Impossibility of Death in the Mind of Someone, (online image), The Artchive, http://www.artchive.com/artchive/h/hirst/hirst_impossibility.jpg.html, (accessed 16 September 2008)

Using tables and figures Tables and figures when included in the text should be identified with a title, be numbered, cited (if appropriate), and enclosed in a box. Tables and figures should be self-sufficient that is, there should be enough information in the caption and any explanatory footnotes for the reader to fully understand what is being presented. A table contains a list of numbers or other numerical data whereas a figure includes any other representation of data, e.g. bar charts, pie charts or a summary of significant

points. Appendices can be used to include tables, figures, charts and other samples of communication that are not easily included in the text. If using an appendix in this way, refer the reader to the appropriate appendix at the appropriate point in the text. Appendices should be presented after the Bibliography at the end of a paper. When using a table or figure from another source this source must be identified beneath the table or figure. For example: Source taken from Reece P., (1994), The Art Market, London: Thames & Hudson