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Peace Operations Training Institute

UNITED NATIONS POLICE: RESTORING CIVIL ORDER FOLLOWING HOSTILITIES


Course Authors
Detective Chief Inspector Peter Heepen German State Police of Baden-Wuerttemberg Colonel Guenther Freisleben German State Police of Baden-Wuerttemberg

series editor
Harvey J. Langholtz, Ph.D. 2008 Peace Operations Training Institute

UNITED NATIONS POLICE: RESTORING CIVIL ORDER FOLLOWING HOSTILITIES


Course Authors
Detective Chief Inspector Peter Heepen German State Police of Baden-Wuerttemberg Colonel Guenther Freisleben German State Police of Baden-Wuerttemberg

series editor
Harvey J. Langholtz, Ph.D.

Peace Operations Training Institute

2008 Peace Operations Training Institute Peace Operations Training Institute 1309 Jamestown Road, Suite 202 Williamsburg, VA 23185 USA www.peaceopstraining.org

First edition: 1997 by COL Larry Forster Second edition: March 2005 by Detective Chief Inspector Peter Heepen and Colonel Guenther Freisleben Cover: UN Photo #200151 by Christopher Herwig Photos in this course were obtained either from the UNs web page or from Peter Heepen unless otherwise indicated. The material contained herein does not necessarily reflect the views of the Peace Operations Training Institute, the Course Author(s), or any United Nations organs or affiliated organizations. Although every effort has been made to verify the contents of this course, the Peace Operations Training Institute and the Course Author(s) disclaim any and all responsibility for facts and opinions contained in the text, which have been assimilated largely from open media and other independent sources. This course was written to be a pedagogical and teaching document, consistent with existing UN policy and doctrine, but this course does not establish or promulgate doctrine. Only officially vetted and approved UN documents may establish or promulgate UN policy or doctrine. Information with diametrically opposing views is sometimes provided on given topics, in order to stimulate scholarly interest, and is in keeping with the norms of pure and free academic pursuit.

United Nations Police: Restoring Civil Order Following Hostilities

TABLE OF CONTENTS
FORMAT OF STUDY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V METHOD OF STUDY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VI

LESSON 1 UNITED NATIONS PEACEKEEPING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6

The United Nations Charter Structure of the United Nations Principles for Peacekeeping Operational and Tactical Considerations Composition of Peacekeeping Operations Management of Peacekeeping Operations

LESSON 2 CIVILIAN POLICE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.10

History of Civilian Police Operations Roles and Duties Privileges, Immunities, and Responsibilities General Requirements Specific Requirements Cultural and Social Relations Interaction with the Media Organisation and Staff Duties Interaction with Military Staff and NGOs Dos and Donts

LESSON 3 STAFF DUTIES AND REPORTING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5

Written Communications Report Writing Style Guide Daily Situations Report Investigation and Charge Report Other Reports

LESSON 4 LIAISON, NEGOTIATION AND MEDIATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4

Liaison Negotiation Mediation The Use of Interpreters iii

LESSON 5 ADMINISTRATIVE AND LOGISTICS MATTERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

5.1 5.2

Notes for the Guidance of UNCIVPOL on Assignment Logistics Support

LESSON 6 SECURITY AND SAFETY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107

6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6

General Security Measures Hijacking Detainment Mines Sniper Fire Lost Radio Contact

LESSON 7 FIRST AID AND HEALTH PRECAUTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .127

7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7

Principles of First Aid Medical Situations Requiring First Aid Assistance CASEVAC/MEDEVAC Requests Notice of Casualty/Death (NOTICAS) Alcohol and Food HIV, Basic Vaccination Stress Management

LESSON 8 INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147

8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4

Communications: The Pros and Cons of Various Devices Regulations Affecting UN Use of Communications Procedures for Radio Communication Postal Arrangements

LESSON 9 DRIVING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161

9.1 9.2 9.3

Permits and Responsibilities Winter Driving Desert Driving

APPENDIX A: ACRONYMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 APPENDIX B: SAMPLE LETTERS AND FORM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 END-OF-COURSE EXAMINATION INSTRUCTIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184

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FORMAT OF STUDY
This course is designed for independent study at a pace determined by the student.

Course format and materials permit: MODULAR STUDY EASE OF REVIEW INCREMENTAL LEARNING

STUDENTS RESPONSIBILITY
The student is responsible for: Learning course material Completing the End-of-Course Examination Submitting the End-of-Course Examination

Please consult your enrolment confirmation email or the end of this course for examination submission instructions.

METHOD OF STUDY
The following are suggestions for how to proceed with this course. Though the student may have alternate approaches that are effective, the following hints have worked for many.

Before you begin actual studies, first browse through the overall course material. Notice the lesson outlines, which give you an idea of what will be involved as you proceed. The material should be logical and straightforward. Instead of memorizing individual details, strive to understand concepts and overall perspectives in regard to the United Nations system. Set up guidelines regarding how you want to schedule your time. Study the lesson content and the learning objectives. At the beginning of each lesson, orient yourself to the main points. If you are able to, read the material twice to ensure maximum understanding and retention, and let time elapse between readings. When you finish a lesson, take the End-of-Lesson Quiz. For any error, go back to the lesson section and re-read it. Before you go on, be aware of the discrepancy in your understanding that led to the error. After you complete all of the lessons, take time to review the main points of each lesson. Then, while the material is fresh in your mind, take the End-of-Course Examination in one sitting. Your exam will be scored, and if you achieve a passing grade of 75 percent or higher, you will be awarded a Certificate of Completion. If you score below 75 percent, you will be given one opportunity to take a second version of the End-ofCourse Examination. One note about spelling is in order. This course was written in English as it is used in the United Kingdom.

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LESSON 1 UNITED NATIONS PEACEKEEPING


1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 The United Nations Charter Structure of the United Nations Principles for Peacekeeping Operational and Tactical Considerations Composition of Peacekeeping Operations Management of Peacekeeping Operations

Lesson 1 / United Nations Peacekeeping

LESSON OBJECTIVES By the end of Lesson 1, the student should be able to meet the following objectives: Understand the background to the creation of the UN; Appreciate the high ideals and aspirations articulated in the preamble to the Charter of the United Nations and the means of achieving those aspirations as outlined in the Chapters of the Charter; Understand the workings of the General Assembly and the Security Council; Be familiar with some of the departments, offices, and programmes of the UN; List and explain the principles for peacekeeping; Understand the operational and tactical considerations of peacekeeping; Be familiar with the composition of peacekeeping operations; Understand the organisation of the Department of Peacekeeping Operations and its role in managing peacekeeping operations; and Be familiar with the different levels of operational command and control of UN Peacekeeping Operations.

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1.1

The United Nations Charter

UN History in Brief The Charter of the United Nations was signed on 26 June 1945 at the conclusion of the United Nations Conference on International Organisation in San Francisco, California, and came into force on 24 October 1945. The Statute of the International Court of Justice is an integral part of the Charter. The name United Nations, coined by United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt, was first used during the Second World War in the Declaration of United Nations on 1 January 1942, when representatives of 26 nations pledged their governments to continue fighting together against the Axis Powers. Prior to the establishment of the United Nations, states first established international UN Headquarters in New York, New York. (Photo by Harvey J. Langholtz) organisations in order to cooperate on specific initiatives. For example, the International Telecommunication Union was founded in 1865 as the International Telegraph Union, and the Universal Postal Union was established in 1874. Both are now United Nations specialized agencies. In 1899, the International Peace Conference was held in The Hague with the goal of elaborating instruments for settling crises peacefully, preventing wars, and codifying rules of warfare. It adopted the Convention for the Pacific Settlement of International Disputes and established the Permanent Court of Arbitration, which began work in 1902. The predecessor of the United Nations was the League of Nations, an organisation conceived in similar circumstances during the First World War and established in 1919 by the Treaty of Versailles to promote international cooperation and to achieve peace and security. The International Labour Organisation was also created by the Treaty of Versailles as an affiliated agency of the League. The League of Nations ceased its activities after failing to prevent the Second World War. In 1945, representatives of 50 countries met in San Francisco at the United Nations Conference on International Organisation to draw up the United Nations Charter. Those delegates deliberated on the basis of proposals worked out by the representatives of China, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom and the United States at a mansion known as Dumbarton Oaks in Washington, D.C., in September and October of 1944. The Charter was signed on 26 June 1945 by the representatives of the 50 countries. Poland, which was not represented at the Conference, signed it later and became one of the original 51 Member States.

Lesson 1 / United Nations Peacekeeping

The United Nations officially came into existence on 24 October 1945, when the Charter was ratified by China, France, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, the United States, and by a majority of other signatories. Therefore, United Nations Day is celebrated on 24 October each year.1 In the past, this day was used for UN relations with the public. For example, on 24 October 1947, United Nations Day was officially designated by the General Assembly, and on 24 October 1949, the cornerstone for the present UN Headquarters in New York City was laid. By the end of 2004, the UN had increased to 191 Member States. The most recent to join are Switzerland and Timor-Leste in 2002. The Charter of the UN The Charter is the constituting instrument of the United Nations, setting out the rights and obligations of Member States and establishing the Organisations organs and procedures. The purposes of the United Nations, as set forth in the Charter, are to maintain international peace and security; to develop friendly relations among nations; to cooperate in solving international economic, environmental, social, cultural and humanitarian problems and in promoting respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms; and to be a centre for harmonizing the nations actions in attaining these ends. The Charter is composed of a preamble, 19 chapters, and 111 articles. The prefixed Introductory Note contains the signature dates of the original version and of all amendments. The spirit of the Preamble is conveyed in the introductory paragraphs of the UN Charter: WE THE PEOPLES OF THE UNITED NATIONS DETERMINED to save succeeding generations from the scourge of war, which twice in our lifetime has brought untold sorrow to mankind, and to reaffirm faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of the human person, in the equal rights of men and women and of nations large and small, and to establish conditions under which justice and respect for the obligations arising from treaties and other sources of international law can be maintained, and to promote social progress and better standards of life in larger freedom, AND FOR THESE ENDS to practice tolerance and live together in peace with one another as good neighbours, and to unite our strength to maintain international peace and security2, and to ensure, by the acceptance of principles and the institution of methods, that armed force shall not be used, save in the common interest, and to employ international machinery for the promotion of the economic and social advancement of all peoples,

1 2

Extract from the fully historical background in Basic Facts about the United Nations, 2000. Bold type by the authors.

Lesson 1 / United Nations Peacekeeping

HAVE RESOLVED TO COMBINE OUR EFFORTS TO ACCOMPLISH THESE AIMS. Accordingly, our respective Governments, through representatives assembled in the city of San Francisco, who have exhibited their full powers found to be in good and due form, have agreed to the present Charter of the United Nations and do hereby establish an international organisation to be known as the United Nations. This final purpose is a worthy goal, but the conditions in the world fall short of this ideal. However, peacekeepers can contribute to reaching this ideal. The structure of the Charter is clear, and the subtitles of the Chapters help to understand the composition, for example, Chapter I Purposes and Principles. Most important for the Civilian Police, as well as for other peacekeeping components, are Chapters V VII (Security Council; Pacific Settlement of Disputes; Action with Respect to Threats to the Peace, Breaches of the Peace, and Acts of Aggression). The essential decisions of the Security Council and the physical elements of the Offence for starting a Peace Operation on behalf of the United Nations are clearly defined in these Chapters.
Outline of the UN Charter Chapter I Chapter II Chapter III Chapter IV Chapter V Chapter VI Chapter VII Chapter VIII Chapter IX Chapter X Chapter XI Chapter XII Chapter XIII Chapter XIV Chapter XV Chapter XVI Chapter XVII Chapter XVIII Chapter XIX Purposes and Principles Membership Organs The General Assembly The Security Council Pacific Settlement of Disputes Action with Respect to Threats to the Peace, Breaches of the Peace, and Acts of Aggression Regional Arrangements International Economic and Social Cooperation The Economic and Social Council Declaration regarding Non-Self-Governing Territories International Trusteeship System The Trusteeship Council The International Court of Justice The Secretariat Miscellaneous Provisions Transitional Security Arrangements Amendments Ratification and Signature

The full UN Charter is available on the web at: http://www.un.org/aboutun/charter/index.html.

Lesson 1 / United Nations Peacekeeping

1.2

Structure of the United Nations

Established in the Charter, the essential structure of the UN accords to the main purposes of the UN. The six principal organs (Chapter III, Article 7, No. 1) of the United Nations are: The General Assembly The Security Council The Economic and Social Council The Trusteeship Council The International Court of Justice The Secretariat Chapter IV Chapter V Chapter X Chapter XII Chapter XIV Chapter XV

Five of these main organs are based at UN Headquarters in New York. The sixth, the International Court of Justice, is located at The Hague in the Netherlands. The United Nations family, however, is much larger, encompassing subsidiary organs, 15 agencies and several programs and bodies (Chapter III, Article 7, No. 2). The UN General Assembly On 10 January 1946, the First General Assembly, with the original 51 Member States represented, opened in Central Hall, Westminster, London, and adopted its first resolution on 24 January 1946. Its main focus was the peaceful use of atomic energy and the elimination of atomic and other weapons of mass destruction.

The General Assembly preparing for a regular session of its Member States.

The United Nations General Assembly holds a special place in international relations and the current world order because all UN Member States are represented in it. The Assembly meets in regular annual sessions and in special sessions as occasion may require. This regular session is held from September to December. When necessary, it may resume its session, or hold a special or emergency session on subjects of particular concern. When the Assembly is not meeting, its work is carried out by its six main committees, other subsidiary bodies, and the UN Secretariat. The main task of this meeting is to consider the worlds most pressing problems within the scope of the UN Charter. A two-thirds majority makes decisions on important matters, such as international peace and security, the admission of new members, the election of the Members of the UN organs, the UN budget, and other budgetary questions. Other matters are decided by a simple majority. In recent years, a special effort has been made to reach decisions through consensus, rather than by taking a formal vote. Each Member State has one vote irrespective of the number of inhabitants, its economic power, or its political or military power. This right to vote in the General Assembly is only restricted by the UN Charter in specific situations, for example, if the Member State has not paid its membership fees (according to Chapter IV, Article 19).

Lesson 1 / United Nations Peacekeeping

In order to effectively deal with the great number of questions and problems that are presented, the Assembly allocates most questions to its six Main Committees. The Committees that are important for peacekeeping include the First, the Fourth and the Fifth Committee. The six main committees3 include: First Committee Second Committee Third Committee Fourth Committee Fifth Committee Sixth Committee Disarmament and International Security Committee Economic and Financial Committee Social, Humanitarian and Cultural Committee Special Political and Decolonization Committee Administrative and Budgetary Committee Legal Committee

The UN Security Council On 17 January 1946, the Security Council met for the first time in London and adopted its rules of procedures. The fundamental goal of the Security Council is to ensure prompt and effective action by the United Nations. Therefore, its Members confer on the Security Councils primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security and agree that in carrying out its duties under this responsibility, the Security Council acts on their behalf. The Security Council may convene at any time, day or night, whenever peace is threatened. Under the Charter, and mainly in accordance to Chapters V, VI and VII, all Member States are obligated to carry out the Councils decisions. The Security Council consists of fifteen Council members. Five of these China, France, the Russian Federation, the United Kingdom, and the United States are permanent members. The other ten five Member States each year for two-year terms are elected by the General Assembly. The Presidency of the Council rotates monthly in alphabetical order of its Member States. Decisions of the Council require nine affirmative votes. Except in votes on procedural questions, a decision cannot be taken if there is a no vote by a permanent member. In other words, the decisions have to include the concurring votes of the permanent members or the unanimity of the permanent members. This special right of the permanent members to prevent decisions of the Security Council is referred to as the veto power. When the Council considers a threat to international peace, it first explores ways to settle the dispute peacefully. It may suggest principles for a settlement or undertake mediation. In case of fighting, the Council tries to secure a cease-fire; it may send a peacekeeping mission to help the parties maintain the truce and to keep opposing forces apart. The Council can take measures to enforce its decisions. Also, it can impose economic sanctions or order an arms embargo. On rare occasions, the Council has authorized Member States to use all necessary means, including collective military action, to see that its decisions are put into action.4

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For further information, see http://www.un.org/ga/57/index.html. For further information, see http://www.un.org/docs/sc.

Lesson 1 / United Nations Peacekeeping

The UN Secretariat The Secretariat carries out the substantive and administrative work of the United Nations as directed by the General Assembly, the Security Council and the other organs. The duties are as varied as the problems dealt with by the UN. At its head is the Secretary-General, who provides overall administrative guidance and acts as chief administrative officer of the Organisation. The Secretary-General is appointed by the General Assembly on the recommendation of the Security Council for a five-year term with possible reelection. Apart from other tasks, like annual reports to the General Assembly, the Secretary-General may bring to the attention of the Security Council any matter which in his opinion may threaten the maintenance of international peace and security.5 The Secretariat consists of departments and offices with a total staff of about 8,900 drawn from some 170 countries. The UN and the Secretariat are headquartered in New York and maintain a significant presence in Addis Ababa, Bangkok, Beirut, Geneva, Nairobi, Santiago, Vienna, and in other offices all over the world. The departments and offices at UN Headquarters in New York include: Executive Office of the Secretary-General Office of Internal Oversight Services Office of Legal Affairs Department of Public Information Department of Peacekeeping Operations Department of Political Affairs Department of Humanitarian Affairs Department of Administration and Management Department for Policy Coordination and Sustainable Development Department for Economic and Social Information and Policy Analysis Department for Development Support and Management Services EOSG OIOS OLA DPI DPKO DPA DHA DAM DPCSD DESIPA DDSMS

In addition to the list above, the United Nations maintain some other programmes and organs: Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees United Nations Centre for Human Rights United Nations International Drug Control Programme United Nations Conference on Trade and Development United Nations Environment Programme United Nations Centre for Human Settlements United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestinian Refugees in the Near East UNHCR UNCHR UNDCP UNCTAD UNEP UNCHS UNRWA

Chapter XV, Article 99 of the UN Charter.

Lesson 1 / United Nations Peacekeeping

Several Regional Commissions are also maintained by the United Nations: Economic Commission for Africa Economic Commission for Europe Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia ECA ECE ECLAC ESCAP ESCWA

The Civilian Police observer may come in contact with some of these programmes, agencies or commissions working in connection with or as a part of the peacekeeping operation. The more common include: The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) in Geneva is voluntarily financed and works to extend international protection to more than eighteen million refugees, seeking to ensure that they receive asylum and favourable legal status in their asylum country. The United Nations Childrens Fund (UNICEF) in New York is voluntarily financed and helps developing countries, at their request, to improve the quality of life of their children through low-cost community-based services in maternal and child health, nutrition, sanitation and education, as well as emergency relief. The United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR) in Geneva undertakes independent research on disarmament and related problems, particularly international security issues. The United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNWRA) in Vienna is voluntarily financed (mainly from governments) and provides education, training, health and relief services to Arab refugees in Jordan, Lebanon, the Syrian Arab Republic and the occupied territories of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. The United Nations Volunteers (UNV) in Geneva includes qualified, experienced and motivated professionals from 120 countries sharing skills on volunteer terms. The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in New York is the worlds largest channel for multilateral technical and pre-investment assistance to developing countries, supporting more than 6,000 projects in some 150 countries.

The following organisational diagram outlines the overall structure of the United Nations system:

Lesson 1 / United Nations Peacekeeping

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1.3

Principles for Peacekeeping

Preserving world peace is a central purpose of the United Nations. Under the Charter, Member States agree to settle disputes by peaceful means and refrain from threatening or using force against other States. However, when the UN Charter was written in the closing days of World War II, the founders sought a document and an organisation that would prevent a reoccurrence of a world war. The concept of peacekeeping was not included in the UN Charter, and the word peacekeeping never appears in the charter. Instead, UN peacekeeping came to evolve beginning in the late 1940s and into the 1950s as a series of ad hoc international efforts to bring an end to specific conflicts. Over the years, the UN and UN peacekeepers played a major role in helping defuse international crises and in resolving protracted conflicts. The UN has undertaken complex operations involving

United for a better world. (Photo by Michael Inderwisch, German UNMIK officer).

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peacemaking, peacekeeping and humanitarian assistance. Additionally, it has worked to prevent conflicts from breaking out. In post-conflict situations, it has increasingly undertaken coordinated action to address the root causes of war and to lay the foundation for durable peace. In conclusion, the system of UN peacekeeping developed from its inception into a close and efficient system of mostly cooperative efforts to maintain or restore peace in the world. Several periods of intervention can be distinguished: Prevention Mitigation Termination Recovery preventive diplomacy and/or peacemaking humanitarian operations peacekeeping or peace-enforcement peace-building
Diagram by Freisleben/Heepen, Feb. 2004
Before a Conflict PREVENTION Preventiv Diplomacy e Negotiation Enquiry Mediation Conciliation Arbitration And comparable actions

Status of Conflict
MITIGATION All kinds of Humanitarian Operations

After a Conflict RECOVERY Peace-building In cooperation with other UN agencies to implement: - Civil law and order - Elections - Human rights And to rebuild services: - Administrative - Health - Educational

TERMINATION Peace keeping Peace -enforcement

In reality, these periods often overlap each other. In Chapters VI and VII, the UN Charter contains variable responses depending on the facts of a crisis. Legal Principles There are two Chapters of the UN Charter that discuss how international conflicts are to be addressed. Chapter VI, entitled Pacific Settlement of Disputes, deals with diplomacy and proposes that, The parties to any dispute shall first of all seek a solution by negotiation, enquiry, mediation, conciliation, arbitration, or other peaceful means. Chapter VII, entitled Action with Respect to Threats to the Peace, Breaches of the Peace, and Acts of Aggression, deals with the application of force to restore international peace and security.

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For the Pacific Settlement of Disputes, Chapter VI, Article 33, provides a variety of peacemaking measures. The goal for the maintenance of international peace and security is to seek a solution of any dispute by: Negotiation, enquiry; Mediation, conciliation, arbitration; Judicial settlement; or Other arrangements or peaceful means.

These measures are alternatives to solve problems and are not just methods of interaction between States. The whole variety of these methods is often named Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR).6 Negotiation is a process in which two or more participants attempt to reach a joint decision on matters of common concern in situations where they are in actual or potential disagreement or conflict. Enquiry is to check the facts of a certain situation by an impartial person or group in order to give the proof to the different parties. Mediation is a process in which an impartial third party helps disputants resolve a dispute or plan a transaction but does not have the power to impose a binding solution7. Many authors distinguish carefully between mediation and conciliation, but there is no universal consensus as to the precise definitions of each of these terms. The term conciliation has often been used interchangeably with mediation. The United Nations uses the term conciliation often as a process of dispute resolution in which parties in dispute usually are not present in the same room. The conciliator communicates with each side separately using shuttle diplomacy. Arbitration means, that the disputing parties put their case before an impartial third party (for example, the United Nations), who renders an opinion or recommendation that the parties may choose to accept or not. Thus, the process is adjudicative, or determinative, but usually not binding or enforceable. Judicial Settlement is a binding arbitration. The parties appear before a judge or expert lawyer who hears the case for both (or more) sides and renders an opinion as to what a judge might award in the case. The recommendation does normally result in a settlement. Chapter VII is essentially coercive and designed to deal with Threats of Peace, Breaches of Peace, and Acts of Aggression. The UN Charter does not use strongly worded language, and a reader not accustomed to the understated approach of diplomacy could miss the intent that such terms as other actions by air force, sea or land forces or all means necessary include the use of military force. In these cases, the Security Council shall make recommendations or decide what measures shall be taken to maintain or restore international peace and security (Article 39). According to Chapter VII, possible measures, often based on a Resolution of the Security Council, include:

For more details, see: Catherine Morris, What is Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR)?: Some Ways of Processing Disputes and Addressing Conflict, Copyright 1997-2002. Revised May 2002. 7 LeBaron, Michelle. Conflict and Culture: A Literature Review and Bibliography. Revised edition. Victoria, BC: Institute for Dispute Resolution, University of Victoria, 2001.

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Complete or partial interruption of economic or financial relations (Article 41); Complete or partial interruption of means of communication (Article 41); Severance of diplomatic relations (Article 41); Demonstration, blockade by air force, sea or land forces of Members of the United Nations (Article 42); All other actions by air force, sea or land forces of Members of the United Nations (Article 42).

Key Principles The key concepts and principles8 of peacekeeping are: preventive diplomacy; peacemaking; peacekeeping; peace-enforcement; and peace-building.

There is a consensus in the international community as to the importance of preventive diplomacy, because once a conflict has escalated, the difficulty of resolving the conflict increases immensely. It is both more efficient and more cost-effective to prevent potential crises before they explode into armed conflict than to have to undertake major politico-military efforts after the conflict has broken out. Preventive diplomacy can consist of early warning systems to alert the international community of possible threats to the environment, nuclear risks, and abuses of human rights. However, preventive diplomacy can also involve quiet diplomacy, preventive deployment, and other policies and tools to resolve conflicts at an early stage of their evolution. Therefore, preventive diplomacy could be defined as an action to prevent disputes from arising between parties, to prevent existing disputes from escalating into armed conflicts, and to limit the spread of the latter when they occur. In close connection to preventive diplomacy is the concept of peacemaking. The major difference between these two activities is that peacemaking is applied after a dispute has turned into an armed conflict. Peacemaking involves action to bring hostile parties to agreement, essentially through such peaceful means as those foreseen in Chapter VI of the Charter of the United Nations. These are negotiation, enquiry, mediation, conciliation, arbitration and, in some cases, judicial settlement. In regard to these judicial settlements, the UN made an effort to foster the role of the International Court of Justice.9 Under certain circumstances, peacemaking requires the imposition of sanctions under Chapter VII, Article 41 of the Charter. The Secretary-General plays an important role in peacemaking. He may bring to the attention of the Security Council any matter which appears to threaten international peace and security10; may use good offices to carry out mediation; or exercise quiet diplomacy behind the scenes, either personally or through special envoys.
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Boutros Boutros-Ghali, An Agenda for Peace Preventive Diplomacy, Peacemaking and Peacekeeping, Report of the Secretary-General pursuant to the statement adopted by the Summit Meeting of the Security Council on 31 January 1992, A/47/277 S/24111, 17 June 1992, No. 20. http://www.un.org/Depts/dpa/prev_dip/fr_peacemaking.htm and DPKO General Guidelines for Peace Operations. 9 Boutros-Ghali, An Agenda for Peace, No. 38 and No. 39. 10 Chapter XV, Article 99 of the UN Charter.

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Peacekeeping is the deployment of a United Nations presence in the field with the consent of all the parties concerned, normally involving United Nations military and/or police personnel and, frequently, civilians as well. If there is no consent of the parties, it is an enforcement mission. Peacekeeping is a technique that expands the possibilities for both the prevention of conflict and the making of peace. For this, the main task is to implement or monitor the implementation of the reached agreement. There are three aspects of recent mandates that, in particular, have led peacekeeping operations to loose the consent of the parties, to behave in a way that was perceived to be partial, and/or to use force other than in self-defence. These have been the tasks of protecting humanitarian operations during continuing warfare; protecting civilian populations in designated safe areas; and pressing the parties to achieve national reconciliation at a pace faster than they were ready to accept.11 Peace-enforcement may be needed when all other efforts fail. The authority for enforcement is provided by Chapter VII of the Charter and includes the use of armed force to maintain or restore international peace and security in situations in which the Security Council has determined the existence of a threat to the peace, breach of the peace, or act of aggression.12 Peace-enforcement is a development of the early 1990s, and Boutros-Ghali suggested cease-fire enforcement13 as a synonym. The situation is well described by war and not peace unlike peacekeepers, peace enforcers are often not welcomed, but have to be active fighters who must impose a cease-fire. In the process, the neutrality that distinguishes peacekeepers will most likely be lost. In some cases, this development has been criticized because impartiality is one of the key principles of Peace Operations. This is a profound misunderstanding of impartiality. Impartiality does not mean to remain inactive against injustice and other unlawful actions. Therefore, the peace-enforcement is based on International Law and accords to the Charter of the United Nations. The representatives of the UN have to take sides with the law and the peace but could still remain impartial, as Civilian Police Officers have to do it in their home countries daily. Peace-building is critical in the aftermath of conflict. Peace-building includes the identification and support of measures and structures that will promote peace and build trust and interaction among former enemies in order to avoid a relapse into conflict. Peace-building operations focus on economic development and institution building, demilitarisation, improved police and judicial systems, electoral reforms, and the monitoring of human rights, with the aim to prevent the recurrence of hostilities. There are two kinds of peace-building situations, and they give raise to different problems. The first situation is when a UN peacekeeping force is already present in the conflict area to supervise an agreed settlement, and the second situation consists of a conflict where no peacekeeping force has been deployed. The first situation is easier to manage, when the UN already has an entree into the conflict. The parties have accepted the role of the UN as peacekeeper and peacemaker, which facilitates the efforts to build peace. This is especially the case when the preceding peacekeeping forces have already begun to launch
11 12 13

Boutros-Ghali, An Agenda for Peace, No. 34. DPKO, General Guidelines for Peace Operations, 2001. Boutros-Gahli, Empowering the United Nations, p. 93 et seq.

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various peace-building activities, such as the reintegration of former combatants into civilian activities. In the second situation, when the UN does not have a peacekeeping or peacemaking mandate, there is the question of who should identify the need for peace-building activities and report them to the governments in the conflict states. Consequently, the UN is increasingly undertaking activities which focus on the underlying causes of violence. Development assistance is a key element of peace-building. In cooperation with UN agencies and with the participation of donor countries, host governments, and NGOs, the United Nations works to support good governance, civil law and order, elections, and human rights in countries struggling to deal with the aftermath of conflict. At the same time, it helps these countries rebuild administrative, health, educational and other services disrupted by conflict. General Principles The following principles for the conduct of UN peacekeeping missions have evolved over the years since the UN was founded in 1945. These principles are arranged clearly by the Department of Peacekeeping Operations (DPKO) in the General Guidelines for Peace Operations.14 Legitimacy is the absolute prerequisite to each peacekeeping operation. Usually, the legitimacy is provided by the Security Council Resolution and includes a specific mandate indicating the composition of the peacekeeping operation, the personnel (mostly from a broad spectrum of States), and the conduct of the operation itself. Once the mandate has been provided to the mission, it is essential that senior mission personnel remain in close contact and provide continuous and active support to the Security Council for further decisions to control and achieve the objectives of the international community. The importance of the Security Councils support becomes evident especially when an operation encounters difficulties. Similar is the need of reliable participation of all national contingents in a sustained commitment of troop-contributing countries to fulfil the mandate. The withdrawal of a fixed contingent as a part of manpower planning can endanger the success of the peace operation, not only when an operation faces difficulties.15 The objectives of the mandate and the mandate itself must be clear, credible, and achievable.16 There is a major difference between the well-known management technique Management by Objectives (MbO)17 and the principle of a clear, credible and achievable mandate. In a company, there is at least one authority that lays down the objectives. In peace
DPKO, General Guidelines for Peace Operations, Chapter 3. In General Assembly Security Council, Fifty-fifth session Fifty-fifth year; Item 87 of the provisional agenda; Comprehensive review of the whole question of peacekeeping operations in all their aspects, A/55/305 S/2000/809 (so-called Brahimi report), p. 11, the problem is described in detail: The potentially large mismatch between desired objective and resources available to meet it raises the prospect of continuing disappointment with United Nations follow-through in this area. If an operation is given a mandate to protect civilians, it thus also must be given the specific resources needed to carry out that mandate. 16 Brahimi report, No. 64. 17 Remember in this context the headword SMART for Specific Measurable Achievable Relevant Timed; but in peacekeeping operations the abbreviation SMART is used as a synonym for Supporting Monitoring Advising Reporting Training.
15 14

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operations, there are at least three (independent) parties the International Community and two clashing parties. Therefore, the operation must be acceptable for all parties involved and carried out in such a way so that everyone: knows what is going on (clear); trusts in it (credible); and believes in the success of the peace operation (achievable).

Contradictory interpretations or missing confidence could be the first step to a failure or a selfcancelling operation. The self-image of the United Nations, the UN Charter and a realistic judgement of the situation necessitate starting peacekeeping operations with the consent and cooperation of the parties to the conflict. Though consent is a legal requirement, cooperation is, above all, a practical requirement for the operation to be able to deploy and carry out its tasks. In contrast to peacekeeping operations, enforcement is coercive in nature. Consent and cooperation depend on the assessment of the United Nations and the Security Council, especially for reaching the ultimate goals of a cease-fire and a lasting peace. Impartiality and objectivity are essential elements of the mandate, as well as for the interventions forces as a part of the legitimacy of the operation and the consent and cooperation of conflicting parties. Peacekeeping is a non-coercive instrument, based on the consent and cooperation of the parties. It is important to carry out the mandate without resort to force (non-use of force). However, peacekeepers at all times retain the right of self-defence. This right includes defending United Nations personnel and property, as well as the operation as a whole. Hence, the use of force should be clearly defined in the mandate or in the Rules of Engagement (ROE). The power and the effectiveness of the United Nation, and thus of the peace operation itself, is unity. International forces can be vulnerable to attempts of the parties involved in the conflict to differentiate between contingents and single them out for favourable or unfavourable treatment. This may lead to repercussions in the home countries, as well as on the ground, that can seriously undermine an operation. Recent years have confirmed the fact that respect for certain basic principles of peacekeeping in mission areas is essential to their success. These particularly important principles18 are: the consent of the parties; the impartiality; and the non-use of force (except in self-defence).

18

Boutros-Ghali, An Agenda for Peace, No. 33.

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1.4

Operational and Tactical Considerations

A peacekeeping mission is primarily a political operation based on a resolution by the Security Council. The resolution describes the final status and governs the activity of all peacekeepers. The head of the mission is responsible for establishing the interoperability of the various components of the mission, considering the political objectives defined in the mandate. The frame of reference for dealing with rapidly changing or unanticipated situations that require an immediate response includes the following items.19 Transparency is consistent with the prevailing requirements for security. All parties should be fully aware of the motives, intentions of the operation, and the connection with the mandate. Peacekeeping forces must make their intentions perfectly clear to all parties. Consequently, transparency involves fostering the overall acceptance by the involved parties. Coordination. A peacekeeping operation may involve a wide range of organisations, in addition to the United Nations relief agencies and other international organisations (e.g., OSCE20) and non-governmental organisations (NGOs). Personnel at all levels should seek to establish and nurture coordination within the mission, with United Nations Headquarters, within their operational areas (including the national and international actors in these areas), and, in general, with the local population. Information is essential for the force in order to formulate continuously updated assessments of the attitudes and capabilities of the parties concerned, as well as of the other responsible and superior institutions, such as UN Headquarters and the Situation Centre of UNDPKO. This Centre gathers information from the field and provides daily situation reports to senior managers at UN Headquarters. Liaison is the piece that connects transparency, coordination, and information. Therefore, the communication to and with all actors in the field should be established at every possible level at the earliest opportunity. Limitations and Restrictions. The area of operations is strictly defined, operations to gather information are limited, and the Rules of Engagement will normally forbid the use of force unless absolutely necessary for self-defence. Armaments. Peacekeeping forces are generally lightly armed and will deploy with only the armaments required for self-defence, consistent with the mandate and the situation in the area of operations. Visibility of the peacekeepers makes it easier to prepare the ground for a successful mission in the point of view of the local population, it could be considered as Blue berets are present and will help us. So they really do their important peace work. The physical visibility of a force is enhanced by wearing distinctive, easily recognizable United Nations headgear, badges, signs, and insignias.
UN DPKO, United Nations Civilian Police Handbook, Chapter 1, p. 7 et seq., UN/223/TH/CIPO95. The Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) is a pan-European security body whose 55 participating States span the geographical area from Vancouver to Vladivostok.
20 19

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Mobility is an unconditional prerequisite for finishing most of the tasks. Peacekeeping forces must be mobile in order to navigate large areas. They must not only have the capacity to respond rapidly to incidents, but also to deal with any mandated tasks. Centralization. All activities of the force and all incidents it encounters may have political ramifications. Therefore, reporting and decision-making may be more centralized than in standard police operations. Forces must have adequate communication systems to facilitate the rapid transmission of information from the lowest level in the field to the mission headquarters. Self-sufficiency. Peacekeeping units should arrive in the area of operations as soon as possible and with sufficient stores to operate until a logistics base is established. 1.5 Composition of Peacekeeping Operations

The composition of a UN Peacekeeping Operation and, subsequently, the tasks for the operation depends on the problems to be solved in the conflict area and the political agreement established between the UN and the conflicting groups or parties. The tailoring of the organisation of the UN operation is completed by selecting the assets needed to fulfill the mandate. This selection may involve consideration of the following subjects21 and components: Diplomatic and political officers and staff members with tasks that may range from political negotiations to supervising, monitoring, and directing the control of all administrative bodies and offices; Human rights component, which undertakes human rights activities such as monitoring the observance of human rights and fundamental freedoms, the prevention of human rights abuses, and the development and implementation of human rights education programmes; Civil administration component, which monitors, supervises, or has direct control of foreign affairs, national defence, finance, public security, and information; Electoral component, which undertakes tasks in organisation and supervising a free and fair general election or referendum; Repatriation component, which takes care of refugees, displaced persons, political prisoners, and other detainees. The component organises resettlement processes. This may also involve rehabilitation to organise the initiation of the process of rehabilitation, covering the immediate needs and laying the groundwork for future plans; Civilian Police component to undertake the supervision or control of local civil police in order to ensure that law and order are maintained effectively and impartially and that human rights and fundamental freedoms are fully protected; Border Monitors to monitor any embargo imposed by the United Nations along parts of an internationally recognized border; and

21

UN DPKO, United Nations Civilian Police Handbook, Chapter 1, p. 9 et seq.

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Military component, whose tasks can generally be summarized as the separation of opposing sides; the establishment of a buffer zone or equivalent; the supervision of a truce or cease-fire agreement; the prevention of armed conflict between nations or within a nation; and the contribution to the maintenance of law and order and a return to normal conditions.

The operation is always supported by the International Staff and Field Service. The administration itself is headed by the Chief Administrative Officer (CAO) and takes care of the administrative, financial, communicative, logistical, and security aspects. There may be a need for Local Recruitment. The authority to recruit local personnel is delegated to the Chief Administrative Officer. The Force Commander / Chief Military Observer may request the recruitment of local staff as needed. The terms and conditions of employment for locally-recruited personnel typically follow those practiced in the host country. 1.6 Management of Peacekeeping Operations

The Security Council has the authority to mandate and terminate United Nations Peacekeeping Operations. Command of Peacekeeping Operations is vested in the SecretaryGeneral, under the authority of the Security Council. Department of Peacekeeping Operations (DPKO) The mission of DPKO is to plan, prepare, manage, and direct all United Nations field operations, in particular peacekeeping operations, and to assist in the provision of substantive services to the Security Council and the General Assembly; it also provides secretariat services to the Special Committee on Peacekeeping Operations. DPKO strives to provide the best possible and cost-efficient support to missions in the field through the timely deployment of quality equipment and services, adequate financial resources, and well-trained personnel.22 The Department consists of: Office of the Under-Secretary-General Executive Office Best Practices Unit Office of Operations Situation Centre Africa Division Asia and Middle East Division Europe and Latin America Division Mine Action Service

22

For further information, see http://www.un.org/Depts/dpko/dpko/home.shtml.

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Office of Mission Support Logistics Support Division Administration Support Division Military Division Training and Evaluation Service (TES) Civilian Police Division

The structure of the DPKO is also illustrated in the diagram below:

Management in the Field Chain of Command With the consent of the Security Council, the executive direction of an operation including political directives and operational control will be delegated by the Secretary-General to the Head of the Mission. Depending on the tasks of the mission, the appointed Head of the Mission could be a Special Representative of the Secretary-General (SRSG), the Force Commander, or a Chief Military Observer.

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When a peacekeeping force performs non-military functions that are not limited to military tasks (multidimensional force), it may require large civilian components in addition to the military component, for example, civilian police or electoral monitors. In such cases, overall command in the field is generally exercised by a civilian official the SRSG to whom the heads of the various components report. The Secretary-General provides the SRSG with legal and political advisers and with a civilian administrative staff. Below is a diagram displaying the typical structure of a peacekeeping mission, in this case, UNMIL:

Guidelines for TCCs Deploying Military Units to UNMIL

Provided by the DPKO

MISSION STRUCTURE
Special Representative of the Secretary-General

Deputy SRSG (Operations and Rule of Law)


Corrections and Prison Advisory Service Office of the Civilian Police Commissioner Electoral Advisory Unit

Division of Administration

Office of the Force Commander


Chief Military Officer

Deputy SRSG (Humanitarian Coordination, Rehabilitation, Recovery and Reconstruction) Relief, Recovery and Rehabilitation Section Resource Mobilization and Trust Fund Programme, Quick Impact Projects Unit Integrated Humanitarian Coordination and NGO Liaison Unit

Civil Affairs Section Human Rights and Protection Section Legal and Judicial System Support Division

Administrative Services

Integrated Support Services

4 Sectors

Definitions of Different Commanding Levels23 Operational Authority (Prrogatives de Commandement) means the authority granted to a commander to use the operational capabilities of assigned forces to undertake mandated missions and tasks. There are three degrees of operational authority that can apply to the assignment of military forces in United Nations peace operations: Operational Command (UN); Operational Control (UN); Tactical Control (UN).

23

UN DPKO, United Nations Civilian Police Handbook, Chapter 1, p. 13 et seqq.

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UN Operational Command (Commandement Oprationnel) is the authority granted to a commander to assign missions or tasks to subordinate commanders, to deploy units, to reassign forces, and to retain or delegate operational and/or tactical control as may be deemed necessary. It does not, in and of itself, include responsibility for administration or logistics. Note: Operational Command is the highest level of operational authority that can be given to an appointed commander who is acting outside of his own national chain of command. It is the authority to task military assets in detail utilizing the full range of their inherent operational capabilities without requiring the prior consent of the Troop-Contributing Country. Traditionally, this level of operational authority is seldom authorized by Member States outside their national chain of command. UN Operational Control (Contrle Oprationnel) means the authority granted to a commander to direct forces assigned so that the commander may accomplish specific missions or tasks which are usually limited by function, time, or location (or a combination thereof), to deploy units concerned, and to retain or assign tactical control of those units. It does not include authority to assign separate employment of the components of the units concerned. It of itself includes responsibility for administration or logistics. Note: Operational Control is a more restrictive level of authority than Operational Command. Under Operational Control, forces are assigned by Troop-Contributing Countries for specific missions or tasks that are normally limited by function, time or location or a combination thereof. These limitations are derived from the relevant Security Council Resolution/Mandate. Where forces are placed under Operational Control, a United Nations Force Commander cannot change the mission of those forces or deploy them outside the area of responsibility previously agreed to by the Troop-Contributing Country without the prior consent of this country. Further, a United Nations commander cannot separate contingents by assigning tasks to components of the units concerned. Finally, under Operational Control as well as under Operational Command, a United Nations commander cannot divide contingents supplies, administer discipline, promote anyone, or change their internal organisation. National Command (Commandement National) is organised by and functions under the authority of a specific nation. It may or may not be placed under a UN commander. A National Commander, territorial or functional, is normally not in the UN chain of command. Area Command (Commandement de Zone) is composed of those organised elements of one or more of the armed services, designated to operate in a specific geographical area, which are placed under a single commander. Base Command (Commandement des Bases) is an area containing a military base or group of such bases organised under one commander.

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LESSON 1 END-OF-LESSON QUIZ


1. When and where did the United Nations officially come into existence? A. In 1919 following Word War I at the Treaty of Versailles; B. In October of 1944 at Dumbarton Oaks in Washington, DC; C. On 24 October 1945 following ratification by a majority of the nations that had met in San Francisco in June of 1945; D. On 24 October 1949 with the laying of the cornerstone for UN Headquarters in New York. What are the six principle organs of the United Nations? A. General Assembly, Security Council, Economic and Social Council, Trusteeship Council, International Court of Justice, Secretariat; B. General Assembly, Security Council, UNICEF, Trusteeship Council, International Court of Justice, Secretariat; C. General Assembly, Security Council, Economic and Social Council, Trusteeship Council, International Criminal Court, Secretariat; D. General Assembly, Security Council, Economic and Social Council, Trusteeship Council, International Atomic Energy Administration, Secretariat. How many votes does each nation have in the General Assembly? A. Votes in the GA are calculated based on GNP; B. Each nation has one vote; C. Only the permanent members may vote; D. Votes are calculated based on population. Which principal organ carries out the substantive and administrative work of the UN? A. The Secretariat; B. DPKO; C. The Secretary-General; D. The diplomatic missions in New York. What is DPKO? A. Department of Peacekeeping Organisation; B. Department of Peace Organisations; C. Division of Peace Operations; D. Department of Peacekeeping Operations.

2.

3.

4.

5.

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6.

Which chapter of the UN Charter addresses the Pacific Settlement of Disputes? A. Chapter V; B. Chapter VI; C. Chapter VII; D. Chapter VIII. Which of the following is the best definition of UN Peacekeeping? A. The collective use of international military personnel to impose the will of the permanent members of the Security Council; B. The exercise of all aspects of diplomacy and military intervention to preserve and enforce peace; C. The deployment of a UN presence in the field with the consent of the parties concerned, normally involving UN military, police, and/or civilian personnel; D. A series of ad hoc missions, each designed to address the needs of a specific conflict. According to the Brahimi report, the objectives of a mandate as articulated in a Security Council Resolution should be: A. Clear, credible, and efficient; B. Clear, credible, and achievable; C. Simple, credible, and achievable; D. Clear, legal, and achievable. A peacekeeping mission is primarily a/n _______ operation. A. Political; B. Military; C. Civilian police; D. Observer.

7.

8.

9.

10. Which UN office or department has the responsibility to plan, prepare, manage, and direct all UN peacekeeping operations? A. The Secretary-General; B. UNHCR; C. UNDP; D. DPKO.

ANSWER KEY 1C, 2A, 3B, 4A, 5D, 6B, 7C, 8B, 9A, 10D

LESSON 2 CIVILIAN POLICE


2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 History of Civilian Police Operations Roles and Duties Privileges, Immunities, and Responsibilities General Requirements Specific Requirements Cultural and Social Relations Interaction with the Media Organisation and Staff Duties Interaction with Military Staff and NGOs

2.10 Dos and Donts

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LESSON OBJECTIVES By the end of Lesson 2, the student should be able to meet the following objectives: Have an awareness of the history of UN Civilian Police and the missions where UN Civilian Police have been deployed; Understand the Roles and Duties of UN Civilian Police; Have an awareness of the Privileges and Immunities enjoyed by UN Civilian Police while serving on UN Missions; Understand the General Character Requirements for serving as a UN Civilian Police; Understand the Specific Requirements and Skills needed to serve successfully as a UN Civilian Police; Have a general awareness and sensitivity to some of the cultural and social aspects of serving as a UN Civilian Police; Be familiar with the proper procedures for dealing with the media; Understand mission CIVPOL organisation and staff duties; Be aware of the need for close working relationships between CIVPOL, military staff, IOs, NGOs, and GOs; and Understand the Dos and Donts of serving as a UN Civilian Police.

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2.1

History of Civilian Police Operations1

Peacekeeping Operations in general started with the United Nations Truce Supervision Organisation (UNTSO) in the Middle East in June 1948. United Nations Civilian Police Officers were deployed for the first time in the 1960s, in the UN peacekeeping operation in the Congo (ONUC) until June 1964. In addition to the peacekeeping operation in West New Guinea (UNSF / UNTEA) from 1962 to 1963, the UN Civilian Police has been a part of the UN Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP) since 1964.

These first missions were followed by:


Namibia Western Sahara Angola El Salvador Cambodia Mozambique Haiti Rwanda Bosnia Kosovo East Timor Sierra Leone Congo East Timor UNTAG MINURSO UNAVEM II/III ONUSAL UNTAC ONUMUZ UNMIH UNAMIR UNMIBH UNMIK UNTAET UNAMSIL MONUC UNMISET

UN Civilian Police Officers were deployed for the first time in the 1960s, in the UN peacekeeping operation in the Congo (ONUC), and for more than 30 years have been part of the UN Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP). Source: UN Civilian Police Division.

UN Transition Assistance Group UN Interim Administration of Western Sahara UN Angola Verification Mission UN Observer Mission in El Salvador UN Transitional Authority in Cambodia UN Operations in Mozambique UN Mission in Haiti UN Assistance Mission in Rwanda UN Mission in Bosnia-Herzegovina UN Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo UN Transitional Authority in East Timor UN Mission in Sierra Leone UN Organisation Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo UN Mission of Support in East Timor

04/1989 03/1990 since 04/1991 05/1991 06/1997 07/1991 04/1995 03/1992 09/1993 12/1992 12/1994 09/1993 06/1996 10/1993 03/1996 12/1995 12/2002 since 06/1999 10/1999 05/2000 since 10/1999 since 12/1999 since 05/2002

Beginning with UNTAG in 1989, UN Civilian Police has become an increasingly important element of UN peacekeeping in helping war-torn societies to restore conditions conducive to social, economic and political stability. Currently, especially since the late 1990s, the number and specifics of Civilian Police have been changing dramatically, for example, in Bosnia and Herzegovina, East Timor, and Kosovo. The UN (and the contributing countries) deployed to Kosovo (UNMIK) as many as 4,700 UN Civilian Police officers to maintain civil law and order, as well as to develop a future police service for the territory. Parallel to the large number of police officers, it was the first time UN Civilian Police was tasked with full executive law enforcement authority.

For more information, see http://www.un.org/Depts/dpko/dpko/civpol/civpol1.html.

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2.2

Roles and Duties

Roles Civilian Police as an Increasing Force of UN Peacekeeping UN Civilian Police play crucial roles2 in UN peacekeeping operations as well as in other UN field missions. The use of UN Civilian Police in peace operations has increased, especially since 1992, as the United Nations has authorized more than a dozen international police missions, bringing the total authorized strength of UN Civilian Police forces to nearly 9,000. With the increase in the number of missions and growth in personnel has come a vast expansion in the roles that are expected of UN Civilian Police. The complexity of peacekeeping operations has led to a need for UN Civilian Police officers trained in a wide variety of police skills, particularly in executive missions like the ones in Kosovo and East Timor. As of 2004, 7,000 UN Civilian Police officers from 80 countries were deployed on 13 missions around the globe. The mandate is different in each mission and may include: Monitoring the local police service; Advising, training and helping establish local police service; Enhancing the work of the local police service; Law enforcement by the UN Civilian Police.

In many missions, UN Civilian Police are mandated to maintain law and order and to establish and train a credible and professional police force. Source: UN Civilian Police Division.

In short, missions may require civilian police to be tasked to reform, train, and restructure local police forces according to international standards for democratic policing and human rights. They also have the capacity to respond effectively to civil disorder and in self-defence. In each mission as well as in the home states of the police officers, the goals of UN Civilian Police under the superior goal of the UN mission in general and apart from the objectives of troops and other players in the field are clearly defined: Create a safer environment; Protect people and communities; Prevent criminal activities; and Fight criminal activities by impartial investigation based on the rule of law.

For those reasons, the fairness and impartiality of the local police force is crucial to maintaining a safe and secure environment; its effectiveness is vital where intimidation and criminal networks continue to obstruct progress on the political and economic fronts.
2

In General Assembly Security Council, Fifty-fifth session Fifty-fifth year; Item 87 of the provisional agenda, A/55/305 S/2000/809 (so-called Brahimi report), e.g. No. 47b, 86, 87, 126.

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Elementary Duties of UN Civilian Police3 To carry out the purpose of the mission very conscientiously, UN Civilian Police must cooperate, coordinate, or arrange their actions with other actors in the field, for example, with the military component, International Organisations (IO) or non-governmental organisation (NGO), due to their specific requests. The fundamental duties vary from mission to mission and depend on the mandate and the given environment, such as state and condition of the equipment, acting and arming of the crime scene. These points form the background of some common tasks: Advisory to the local Police Service in all relevant fields to police work; Establishment of a credible local Police Service The fairness and impartiality of the local police force is essential first to the confidence of the people in the local Police Service and second with that confidence in the local Police Service to maintain a safe and secure environment; Elections As a part of Human Rights4, elections are the core of democracy. Therefore, UN Civilian Police must either guarantee the seven key features5 of a democratic election or support and assist responsible authorities in these procedures (electoral process, registration of voters, course of polling): universal, equal, fair, secret, free, transparent; Human Rights a legitimate subject for international law and international scrutiny6; international human rights law is binding for all States and their agents, including law enforcement officials; Humanitarian supporting and assisting humanitarian aid agencies or Civil Affairs activities, e.g., UNHCR, ICRC, NGO; Law Enforcement if requested, carrying out the duty impartially, professionally, and in an exemplary manner7 in all fields of police work, such as investigation, reporting, observations, handling with rallies, demonstrations or riot control; Monitoring observing and advising the conduct and performance of the local Police Service in all police matters; reporting incidents to your superior; Selection, Recruitment and Training the basic prerequisite for a successful local Police Service and for a successful UN mission.

In addition to these duties, which normally affect the local people or the local Police Service, UN Civilian Police Officers have to respect a clear Chain of Command within the mission. While serving as a UN Civilian Police Officer, you will be responsible to a Civilian Police Commissioner designated for that particular mission. A Civilian Police Officer will discharge his functions and duties and regulate his conduct solely with the interests of the United Nations in view. Also, he will not seek or accept orders or instructions from his government or any other authority external to the United Nations. The Civilian Police Officer is to maintain
UN DPKO, United Nations Civilian Police Handbook, Chapter 2, p. 19 et seq., UN/223/TH/CIPO95. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 21. 5 The ODIHR Election Observation Handbook, ODIHR/OSCE, Fourth Edition, April 1999, Warsaw. 6 International Human Rights Standards for Law Enforcement A Pocket Book on Human Rights for the Police, United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights Centre for Human Rights, June 1999, ISBN 92-1-154122-0 with a list of further sources. 7 International Human Rights Standards for Law Enforcement A Pocket Book on Human Rights for the Police; p.3 et seq. chapter Non-Discrimination in law enforcement.
4 3

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impartiality and objectivity in his dealings. Therefore, he is discouraged from having any family or close friendship ties with individuals or organisations in the mission area, because these ties could give rise to doubts regarding his neutrality. 2.3 Privileges, Immunities, and Responsibilities

As an agent of the United Nations, the UN Civilian Police Officer, like a military observer, enjoys certain legal and international privileges and immunities. This status is defined under Article VI (Experts on Missions for the United Nations) of the Convention on Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations, which are (usually) adhered to by the governments in a mission area. Notwithstanding international acceptance of the philosophy of Article VI, police officers must also adhere to their own country' laws and regulations governing their behaviour. s In the rare instances of gross misbehaviour, a police officers national authorities shall take appropriate legal or disciplinary action. The Secretary-General has the right and authority to waive the immunities and international privileges accorded to a police officer in any case where such immunities and privileges would impede the course of justice.8 This unique status of the UN Civilian Police (and other UN agents) is very sensitive and is, especially after incidents involving UN Civilian Police, in the full glare of publicity. Therefore, UN Civilian Police should always act as diplomats or as ambassadors in uniform.9 2.4 General Requirements

Beyond the general principles of Peacekeeping, UN missions require police officers who are highly motivated, experienced in their jobs, technically competent, equipped with an impeccable character, and are able to act in accordance with the main directives and precise orders. This includes: Impartiality and objectivity as well as integrity dealing with persons and situations due to the aim of the missions mandate; Professionalism is fundamental in order to be accepted by local inhabitants and to restore a safe environment by, generally speaking, fighting against crime and dealing with other police matters; and Establishing a proper relationship with respect to the United Nations and to the country of citizenship to enhance the reputation of both. This goal presupposes an open mind.

United Nations Civilian Police Handbook, Chapter 2, p. 21. United Nations Civilian Police Handbook, Chapter 2, p. 30: Dont forget that as an ambassador of the United Nations, and your own Nation, that your behaviour and bearing will influence how others view the United Nations organisation as a whole.
9

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2.5

Specific Requirements10

In order to successfully fulfil the UN mission and the officers duties, it is necessary that the officers are provided with the following personal traits and skills. Language Skills Each Police Officer selected as a UN Civilian Police Officer should be familiar with the mission official language, whichever language is chosen. In most cases, this will be English, French, or Spanish, although Arabic, Chinese and Russian are also listed as official UN languages. Legal The Civilian Police officer enjoys certain legal and international privileges and immunities: these are defined under Article VI (Experts on Missions for the United Nations) of the Convention on Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations, which are (usually) adhered to by the governments in a mission area. Notwithstanding international acceptance of the philosophy of Article VI, Civilian Police officers must also adhere to their own country' laws s and regulations governing their behaviour. Skill with Arms The Security Council may, in exceptional cases, authorize a United Nations Civilian Police operation to carry arms. In such cases, an instruction for the use of arms will be established, for this purpose as well as for certification of proficiency. De-Escalation UN Civilian Police officers should, whenever possible, endeavour to actively limit or prevent disputes from increasing in tension or scale or erupting into open conflict and violence. The use of preventive diplomacy can ensure that such disputes remain at a manageable, negotiable level. Accordingly, any increase in conflict magnitude may be averted by forecasting and thus de-escalating predictable crises. De-escalation is a practiced and successful strategy11, not only on higher levels but also in daily service, for example, demonstrations, rallies, and riot control. Personal Qualities The UN Civilian Police officer must realize that he will be performing his duties in an environment different from the one in his home nation. He is usually encumbered by difficult living conditions, high stress situations, and often by a language not necessarily his mother tongue. As a representative of both the UN and his home country, the individual nominated as a UN Civilian Police officer must be selected carefully to ensure that he is capable of performing
10 11

United Nations Civilian Police Handbook, Chapter 2, p. 21 et seq. According to a German maxim, The tongue should be the weapon of Police Officers.

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the required tasks. In addition, the individuals actions and overall presentation should reflect favourably upon the UN and his home nation. The selected policeman, hence, must be physically fit, of sound mental character, mature in attitude and outlook, and possess the appropriate career qualifications for the mission. Physical Fitness UN Civilian Police officers must operate at the highest efficiency for long periods of time; consequently, they have to be in as good health and physical condition as possible. The UN Civilian Police officers duties will often consist of patrol on foot or by a four-wheel drive vehicle and will sometimes take several days. During that time, he will be dependent upon the local infrastructure for support (food, accommodation, medical, etc.), and therefore must be able to cope with the numerous physical demands this life-style imposes. As a result, it is imperative that the selected police officer: Is in excellent health and physical condition; Has a high level of physical endurance and stamina; and Does not suffer from any allergies or other medical conditions that may be difficult to treat in areas with limited medical facilities.

Mental Fitness Equally as important as physical fitness is mental fitness. The UN Civilian Police officer must possess a strong character, a well-balanced personality, and good mental health. He must be free of neurotic or other psychological problems, and it is imperative that he is able to operate in conditions of extreme stress and physical danger. In many circumstances, his actions and words will make the difference between success and failure. Thus, he must be honest, loyal, brave, and professional. The effective Police Officer will display the following personality traits: Good judgment, supported by a common-sense approach to problem-solving; An objective attitude, displaying tact and impartiality; A polite demeanour, combined with a firm, yet flexible, honest approach; A considerable self-discipline and patience; A friendly, open approach to other nationalities, and a good sense of humour; An ability to influence others, engendered by imaginativeness and persuasiveness; and An established and credible reputation of being capable of leadership.

Maturity The UN Civilian Police officer should be well-trained and experienced and, accordingly, be of highest professional competence. He should satisfy the following selection criteria, and thus he:

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Is representative of his national background; Is competent in the mission language; Is comfortable in operational and social environments both of the contributing countries policemen and of the parties in conflict; Displays the appropriate operational skills necessary to perform the duties of the appointment for which he is selected; Has the mental capability enabling him to understand the organisation and functional arrangements of the parties in conflict; and Is capable of conducting analytical investigations into alleged incidents and is able to compile and submit factual and impartial recommendations.

National Notwithstanding the UN Civilian Police officers representational responsibilities to the UN, the Police officer must also realize his responsibilities to his own country. While serving for the UN, the policeman must bear in mind that he may be the only representative of his home country in the mission area. Consequently, he has to make a good impression on the local population because he is representing both himself and his country. A police officer must at all times conduct himself with dignity and professional bearing and must not become involved in any activities that could bring discredit upon his country. All matters related to national issues are generally handled by the Senior Police Officer in the national contingent. Idealism vs. Realism The UN Civilian Police officer has to be able to differentiate between idealistic and realistic attitudes and approaches to problems. Problem-analysis as well as clear and factual reporting to superior officers must not be understated. The policeman' ability to determine s courses of action that are achievable rather than desirable is a quality not to be disregarded. Driving Skills Experience with and the ability to operate UN vehicles (usually four-wheel-drive) safely, properly, and exemplary, is a principal skill for success as a UN Civilian Police Officer. The usual behaviour of local drivers in the mission area as well as in the home country should not be the guiding principle for police officers. Mastery of Technology UN Civilian Police Officer must become familiar with all technical equipment that they are provided with for daily duties, such as communications, computers, and cars.

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2.6

Cultural and Social Relations12

Social Customs & Etiquette Cultural Awareness. UN Civilian Police Officers must display a thorough understanding of the differences between their own national culture and economic background and those of the host nation. This must be balanced with those ideals of UN Civilian Police Officers from other countries. In many cases, the policeman' training will generate a sense of s acceptance of other cultures and beliefs; however, as a goodwill ambassador, the UN Civilian Police Officer has to remember that his role in the UN mission is to facilitate conflict resolution and not to impose solutions. Problems in Attitude. As a goodwill ambassador of the United Nations, the policeman' attitude to his duties and environment should reflect the international respect that is s expected of UN personnel serving overseas. The UN Civilian Police Officer must display tolerance of other cultures, some of which may differ noticeably in respect of personal deportment and habits from his own. He has to show respect for local cultures, customs, traditions, and behaviour patterns. Personal Habits/Actions. UN Civilian Police Officers must be aware that although their personal behaviour may be normal in their own society, some of their habits may be offensive in other societies. For example, a seemingly simple gesture, such as patting a small child on the head, is considered to be highly offensive in Buddhist and Islamic cultures. Many societies also have strict rules concerning relationships between males and females as well as the respect due to spiritual leaders, religious artifacts and places of worship. Prospective police officers should make every effort to prepare for the mission they are assigned, for instance by using public libraries and Consulates or Embassy. Consult with police officers that have previously served in the mission, to ensure that neither they nor other male or female members of the mission have inadvertently caused any offence. Souvenir-ing religious artifacts is viewed both as a sacrilegious and a criminal offence. Most elderly religious people will be happy to discuss their belief with interested non-believers, as long as the approach is made in a respectful manner and will not affect the position of the elderly in their society. In the event that cultural differences unwittingly cause offence, explain politely and patiently that such differences are unavoidable, but that understanding each other' points of view s can help resolve disputes. Dealing with Cultural Shocks Cultural shocks are not unusual phenomena in themselves; they are merely the natural response of an individual taken away from his familiar national and ethnic environment and brought to another one in which he feels some discomfort or disorientation. Due to his background and training, the professional police officer will be able to overcome the obstacles imposed by such relocation. Some personnel will deal with the problem more effectively than others. Those officers, who have the benefit of having participated in previous missions, will
12

United Nations Civilian Police Handbook, Chapter 2, p. 25 et seq.

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overcome the phenomenon more quickly than first timers. Ideally, comprehensive predeparture preparation and research will assist in lessening the impact of culture shocks on the individual. Face. UN Civilian Police Officers must understand the importance placed on face in many cultures (i.e., the personal perception of respect and honour). Particularly in negotiations, special attention should be paid to the fact that if one of the combatants is seen to be losing ground in the negotiation, this person will consequently lose face and thus his honour among his people. Accordingly, representatives of parties may be compelled to say one thing whilst meaning another in order to avoid being regarded as the weaker negotiator. Such circumstances may lead to contradictory positions that are to the detriment of the negotiations and only become apparent later. 2.7 Interaction with the Media

UN Civilian Police Officers are reminded of the effect the media may exert upon political leaders and policy makers. It is common for media representatives to attempt ingratiating themselves with UN personnel in order to obtain rides on UN transport assets and thereby presenting themselves as accredited or UN-sponsored spokesmen. You, the UN Civilian Police Officer, are reminded of your obligation to: Always note and report the presence of news media. If you cannot avoid speaking to journalists, only discuss factual matters within your area of responsibility. Refer all other questions to the Public Information Officer (PIO). Never give formal interviews without prior approval of the mission PIO, and do not discuss UN operations, plans, or procedures at any time with journalists. Before speaking at a formal interview, get advice from the PIO (background, cautions, connected events) and be sure to discuss all subjects with the PIO in advance. Think before you speak and be polite and helpful, yet firm when referring journalists to a higher authority. Be honest and positive, whilst remaining professional and dignified. Never divulge information about local forces that might be useful for opponents (i.e., be particularly careful in social environments). Never speculate or express a personal opinion about what might or might not happen in certain circumstances. Say it frankly, if you do not know the answer to a question or if you should not speak about an issue. Never mislead or take sides. Never allow the media to force you into saying things that you would rather not say or that you should not discuss.

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2.8

Organisation and Staff Duties

Organisation The organisation of a UN Civilian Police (CIVPOL) Component may vary from one mission to another and depends on several factors, for example, the mandate, the specific tasks, and the personnel strength. While serving in the United Nations, the Position or Title allocated to a policeman by the CIVPOL Commissioner always takes precedence over the national rank. The duties and tasks for each particular mission and each particular post in a CIVPOL Headquarters (HQ) or CIVPOL Regional Headquarters are covered in the mission' Standard Operating Procedures (SOP). s Consequently, only brief advice will be given here regarding the duties at CIVPOL Headquarters or District stations. Staff Duties The importance of Staff Duties should not be underestimated. The CIVPOL officers will not only be deployed in patrol teams, but also in the functions as HQ Personnel, Regional Chiefs, Station Commanders, Operations Officers, Duty Officers or Administrative Officers. It is therefore imperative that Police Officers chosen for a UN mission are competent in their ability to write concise and accurate reports and recommendations. A recent completion of a UN Police Officer' Course or UN Staff Officer' Course is extremely beneficial to the prospective CIVPOL s s officer. CIVPOL District Police Station or Detachment The Station Commander and his Staff (Operations and Administrative Officers) are usually on duty seven days a week. The Station Commander and/or his deputy (Operations Officer) are normally responsible for liaison with the local police. The local police station should be visited every day to establish a procedure of mutual understanding. The Operations Officer is below the Station Commander responsible for the accurate conduct of the daily duty and the precise reporting of incidents to Regional HQ. The latter are to be used when additional information in the same case is reported the following day or later. If Personnel strength permits, the Duty Officers' (DO) shift should cover 24 hours. If this is not possible, the DO should be on call during night hours. The Duty Officers are responsible for radio and telecommunication. Additionally, they are in charge of the documentation of the radio/fax transmission, as well as of daily situation reports. It is often necessary to use CIVPOL Liaison Officers. The Liaison Officer liaises with the ICRC, UNHCR, Local Red Cross and NGO' and is also below the Operations Officer s responsible for the documentation and report of humanitarian matters. CIVPOL officers in the patrol group should be on duty according to a roster covering as much of the day as possible. Some patrols are on duty in the morning shift, while others patrol

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in the afternoon. Night-patrolling should be performed if the security situation permits operations after sunset. In the entire area of responsibility (AOR), village patrols should be conducted. They could be carried out either as a vehicle patrol or foot patrol, the latter in the village where the CIVPOL station is located. During the patrolling, you should visit local police stations, the local Red Cross, schools, and other places to try to get familiar with the AOR. It is to your benefit if you have met the local police officers before you have to present first complaints to their station. When returning to your station, a Patrol Report should be submitted, reflecting the observations you and your colleague have made. During your visits to the different villages in your AOR, you will get to know the ethnic composition of the villages, names of the Mayors, local Police Chiefs, and others. This information should be documented in a Village Information, which will be completed step-by-step. It should be noted that this information is only for your further cooperation with the authorities in the village and area and should not be considered as any kind of intelligence-gathering. Special Patrols may be carried out to visit prisons, escort duties or assistance to humanitarian organisations. Joint Patrols with the Local Police are usually difficult to establish, but should be done whenever possible. It is advisable that CIVPOL and Local Police Patrol conduct the patrol in their respective vehicles, even in cases where the patrol route is exactly the same for both patrols. Mnemonic phrases: While on patrol, always use maps with no additional markings. Maps marked with UN locations may be acceptable. While on patrol, always make sure that you have radio contact with your HQ and report when leaving your vehicle. When approaching checkpoints, slow down your speed, stop and talk to the guard. Do not hand over your ID card, but show it if requested. Be aware that speeding has caused far too many UN fatalities. Bear in mind that you are a guest in the country and are using the hosts roads.

Assistance CIVPOL may be requested to ensure the security of refugees and displaced persons and to safeguard their human rights. This task is generally complementary to all other duties. It is carried out jointly with UN agencies and/or NGOs that provide humanitarian assistance. CIVPOL may also be tasked to provide and guarantee security, as well as a neutral political environment with no intimidation or interference, in a UN supervised electoral process. Other Duties CIVPOL officers will maintain a close working relationship with other UN elements involved in civilian law enforcement. Being present in a UN operations area, CIVPOL are obliged to record and report in accordance with the UN mandate. This also involves reporting on any important event in violation of human rights, security matters, and any other serious incident that may threaten the stability of the area.

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2.9

Interaction with Military Staff and NGOs


14

From the operational point of view and in some cases also for legal aspects13, the Civilian Police is a separate component of the Peacekeeping Mission under the command of a Police Commissioner, who reports directly to the Special Representative of the Secretary-General (SRSG). This separation of the Civilian Police may be a problem for some officers in the mission area, especially when they are from countries where police powers are exercised by either military authorities whether uniformed or not or by State security forces. The separation may also be hard to accept for those officers whose home countries put police forces under the command of military authorities. At the same time, the CIVPOL Component will complement and work closely with other components, such as military, humanitarian, electoral, and administrative components in the mission. A strong interrelationship with the other components (Troops, IO, NGO, GO) must be assured to guarantee the success of the CIVPOL mandate. United Nations peacekeeping operations are prepared and organised to handle both civilian and military aspects. As a unique feature, UN field operations have a well-developed system providing a liaison from government down to the local level. Liaison officers, military observers, civilian police and officers in UN units perform the actual daily duty.

Liberian National Police Director Chris Massaquoi, UNMIL Police Commissioner Mark Kroeker and DSRSG Souren Seraydarian laying cinder block foundation for new police station. 10 February 2004, UNMIL Photo/Patrick Coker.

For example, in Germany, Military Troops and Civilian Police are strictly separated by the Constitution. Police officers are often called Civilian because they did not have a Combatant status like the troops (based on The Hague Agreement about the Regulation of Land War and the Geneva Convention). By International Law policemen in that case are part of the Civilian Administration.
14

13

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2.10 DOs

Dos and Donts15

Do keep strictly neutral and display impartiality to all parties in the dispute; Do impress upon local commanders that you are to be granted freedom of movement appropriate to the mandate applicable to your area; Do ensure that local commanders are aware of the provisions and requirements to report any breaches of applicable agreements and cease-fires; Do be alert to efforts trying to undermine your authority and impartiality; Do take into account personal and environmental security threats; Do practice documentary security measures to ensure that no unauthorized persons view UN sensitive material; Do consider the likelihood that all radio communications and phrase messages are being monitored; Do be aware that local employees and interpreters may have increased interest in matters that require sensitive handling; Do be aware of the possible loyalty of the host population to previous governments; Do inform your superiors of your plans and forecast activities, and maintain close liaison with your fellow police officers in adjacent AOs; Do encourage a frank and open exchange of viewpoints during discussions and conferences; Do compile accurate reports (including sketches and drawings where necessary) and ensure timely submission to your HQ; Do be particularly respectful of your responsibilities when using UN equipment and transportation assets; Do remember to remain calm and patient when dealing with parties who require the use of interpreters to negotiate. In such cases, talk to the parties' representative, not the interpreter; Do remember to watch what you eat and drink, and avoid uncooked foods unless you are certain that they are not contaminated; Do try to maintain the health and sanitation practices to which you are accustomed in order to maintain your health; Do remember that your good behaviour and the image that you present is your security; Do be aware that you may be required to stand duty for long periods without adequate rest; a peacekeeper is considered to be on-duty 24 hours a day, seven days a week;

15

United Nations Civilian Police Handbook, Chapter 2, p. 27 et seq.

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Do maintain your uniform and equipment to present the best possible image and ensure visibility of your UN accoutrements (flag, beret, etc.) at all times whilst on duty; and Do remember that, although temporarily assigned to one party or the other of a dispute, you are still a CIVPOL officer and must remain neutral and impartial at all times. DONTs Don' take part in any illegal activities (i.e., prohibited substance abuse) or black-market trade t in goods; Don' allow yourself to become involved in surreptitious sexual liaisons that could compromise t your neutrality and impartiality or affect your personal hygiene (i.e., sexually transmitted diseases); Don' criticize the host nation or the parties involved in the dispute; t Don' collect unauthorized souvenirs (i.e., weapons, unexploded ordnance, religious artifacts); t Don' over-consume alcohol; t Don' dress in a manner that would be offensive to the local population or bring the UN or your t home nation into disrepute; Don' carry visibly marked maps or documents across cease-fire lines; t Don' express political or police opinions to nationals of either party in a dispute; t Don' make unauthorized press or media statements (i.e., be aware of alleged authorized t persons inquiring about the progress of a particular matter); Don' allow disagreements with support personnel to create a hostile or non-productive working t environment; Don' take or allow photographs to be taken in areas that are subject to dispute unless t specifically authorized; Don' allow local gossip or hearsay to influence t decisions or reports to your superiors unless you can verify all the facts expressed; and Don' allow yourself to be coerced into saying or t doing anything that could reflect poorly upon you, your home nation, or the UN.

UNMIK UN Civilian Police Station in Pristina, Kosovo. Photo by Harvey Langholtz.

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LESSON 2 END-OF-LESSON QUIZ

1.

What was the first deployment of UN Civilian Police? A. UNTSO in the Middle East in 1948; B. ONUC in the Congo in the 1960s; C. UNTAG in Namibia in 1989; D. UNMISET in East Timor in 2002. As of 2004, how many different nations contributed personnel to serve as UN Civilian Police? A. 15; B. 34; C. 80; D. 191. UN Civilian Police enjoy certain legal and international privileges and immunities as defined in: A. Article VI of the Convention on Privileges and Immunities of the UN; B. The First Protocol to the Geneva Convention; C. The Hague Convention; D. The UN Charter. What are some of the general requirements for serving as a UN Civilian Police? A. Forcefulness, integrity, professionalism, proper relationship, and an open mind; B. Impartiality, integrity, professionalism, proper relationship, 20 years experience; C. Impartiality, integrity, professionalism, military experience, and an open mind; D. Impartiality, integrity, professionalism, proper relationship, and an open mind. Which of the following sentences is true? A. UN Civilian Police are not governed by their own countrys laws and regulations; B. UN Civilian Police must adhere to their own countrys laws and regulations governing their behaviour; C. UN Civilian Police need only adhere to local laws in the mission area; D. UN Civilian Police are governed only by the Code of Conduct.

2.

3.

4.

5.

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6.

Which of the following is NOT a physical fitness requirement for serving as a UNCIVPOL? A. No sicknesses within the previous 5 years; B. Excellent health and physical condition; C. High level of endurance and stamina; D. Free of any allergies or other conditions that may be difficult to treat with limited medical facilities. UN Civilian Police should possess: A. Mental toughness, an aggressive character, and good mental health; B. Mental aggressiveness, an assertive personality, and solid mental health; C. Strong character, a well-balanced personality, and good mental health; D. An aggressive character, a high level of self-confidence, and strong mental health. Which of the following statements is false? A. UN Civilian Police Officers must display an understanding of the differences between their own national culture and economic background and those of the host nation; B. UN Civilian Police need not be concerned with local culture or customs; C. UN Civilian Police Training will generate a sense of acceptance of other cultures; D. As a goodwill ambassador, the UN Civilian Police Officer has to remember that his role is to facilitate conflict resolution and not to impose outside solutions. What is culture shock? A. A reaction to seeing primitive behaviour; B. A negative reaction to some of the stressful work-related demands placed on UN Civilian Police serving on missions; C. A psychological condition of disorientation often caused by prolonged deployments; D. A common reaction when an individual is taken away from his familiar national and ethnic environment and brought to another one in which he feels discomfort or disorientation.

7.

8.

9.

10. Who is responsible for liaising with the ICRC, UNHCR, Local Red Cross, and NGOs? A. The CIVPOL Liaison Officer; B. The Station Commander; C. The Station Administration Officer; D. The PIO.

ANSWER KEY: 1B, 2C, 3A, 4D, 5B, 6A, 7C, 8B, 9D, 10A

LESSON 3 STAFF DUTIES AND REPORTING


3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Written Communications Report Writing Style Guide Daily Situations Report Investigation and Charge Report Other Reports

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LESSON OBJECTIVES By the end of Lesson 3, the student should be able to meet the following objectives: Understand the important role that staff duties play in the work of UN Civilian Police; Have an awareness of the various forms of official written communications within the United Nations and the proper use of each; Be aware of the Report Writing Style Guide and some of the specifics covered in the guide; Be familiar with the accepted definitions of crimes (recognising that these definitions may vary from one location and culture to another); Understand the purpose and format of Daily Situation Reports (SITREPs); Understand some of the basics of conducting an investigation and writing a Charge Report; Understand the purpose and format of a Flash Report; and Understand the basics of conducting a Traffic Accident Investigation.

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Introduction The importance of Staff Duties should not be underestimated. The CIVPOL Officers will not only be deployed in patrol teams, but also in the functions as HQ Personnel, Regional Chiefs, Station Commanders, Operations Officers, Duty Officers, or Administrative Officers. It is therefore imperative that Police Officers chosen for UN Missions are competent in their ability to compose concise and accurate reports and recommendations. Recent completion of a UN Police Officers Course or Staff Officers Course would be extremely beneficial to the prospective CIVPOL monitor. 3.1 Written Communications

Communications, both written and spoken, will be the observers tools of the trade. For many policemen, the spoken form will probably be in a language other than their own national tongue. It is imperative that policemen chosen for UN duty are familiar with the UN mission language.

The correspondence of the Organisation must be clear and accurate in content, direct and dignified in style, correct in form, and attractive in appearance. English is the working language of the UN, but essential communications such as those regarding clearance, signature of outgoing correspondence, enclosures, copies (cc), and identification of drafter and typist may be written in any of the official languages of the UN. General Remarks Official communications may take the form of formal or informal letters, notes verbales, interoffice memoranda, internal notes, faxes or, increasingly, electronic communication channels (i.e., e-mail). Below, you will find the most important guidelines for some of the forms of correspondence mentioned above. Formal Letters Formal letters are used for communications to Heads of State or Government, Ministers for Foreign Affairs, and Heads of Delegations, on subjects such as official statements of policy by the Secretary-General and actions taken or contemplated by the Secretary-General in connection with decisions or recommendations of organs of the UN. Furthermore, formal letters are also used for acknowledgements of the credentials or appointments of Heads of Delegations, and similar information to governments and delegations on matters involving the duties and responsibilities of the Secretary-General. If a formal communication is to be addressed to a ministry, office or international organisation rather than to a person, it should be in the form of a note verbale (see below).

In the mission, you will meet police officers from many nations. Pictured above is the Station Commander from IPTF Station Brcko, Lt. Col. Jatinder Singh, with course author Peter Heepen. (1998)

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Informal Letters Informal letters are used for everyday correspondence with persons outside the organisation and for communication to specialized agencies. Also, informal letters are utilized for correspondence between the Secretary-General, the Department Heads and senior delegation staff unless the subject matter requires a formal letter. Notes Verbales Notes verbales are formal communications between institutions and are written in the third-person point of view. They should not be addressed to private persons or to nongovernmental organisations. Furthermore, they commonly transmit requests for information and documents; acknowledge their receipt; deliver information regarding the time and place of meetings; recognize changes in the membership of delegations; and concede requests of participating states or delegations. Thus, notes verbales are generally used in replying to incoming communications that are in note verbale form; they should refer to just one topic. Interoffice Memoranda Interoffice memoranda (IOMs) should be used for interdepartmental correspondence. They are appropriate for correspondence both within a given office and within UN Missions and field offices. They may, at the discretion of the sender, be sent to staff members in OSCE offices at other locations. Additionally, IOMs record facts, decisions or opinions to which reference may be needed later. IOMs are incorporated in the official files and are the officially accepted form of written reports for internal use. For simple messages, however, a routing slip may be more appropriate than a memorandum. Similar to notes verbales, each memorandum should deal with just one subject. Supporting analyses or detailed statistical information that are required in a specific memorandum should be listed in an attachment. Internal Notes The same guidelines as those presented for interoffice memoranda also apply to the creation of internal notes, notes for the file, records of meetings, and the like. Telefaxes Although the use of electronic messaging (e-mail) has increased significantly, the sending and receiving of faxes nevertheless remains the most frequent means of communication between the UN, its missions, and its field activities. Depending on the nature and intrinsic importance of their subject matter and the rank of the person addressed, the original copies of the correspondence (formal letter, note verbale) should also be dispatched by mail in addition to being faxed. Faxing, however, may not be advisable or appropriate if questions of protocol or of a delicate nature are involved.

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Electronic Mail (E-mail) Sending messages using a computer or electronic device. You can send e-mail across a local area network or via the Internet. As with many e words, there is a lingering debate on whether the spelling should be email or e-mail. While it is argued that the spelling e-mail represents the proper handling of electronic mail, it is also argued that English is a living language, especially Web English, and words change over time to reflect usage. E-mail is regarded as a primary tool of the new economy. It has become a critical means of communication for a great many organisations and individuals. E-mail is used because it makes communication more efficient and cost effective. 3.2 Report Writing Style Guide

Introduction The Report Writing Style Guide provides guidelines for Staff Officers and Duty Officers on abbreviations, capitalization, dates, format, media, names and places, numbers, sequencing, spelling, and other points of style when editing and writing reports. It is of high importance to give all international police officers general information on how the mission expects them to write reports, in order to: Fulfil the requirements of the investigation units; Prepare good cases for the investigation judge; and Prepare good cases for the court.

There can be complaints from investigation judges, the courts, and the Commissioner from time to time. The following are suggested ways of avoiding these complaints. Write reports according to your ability use common and simple words. Do not try to impress anyone. It is recommended that CIVPOLs write reports on the computer, even though handwritten reports are accepted. But nevertheless, keep in mind that handwritten reports are always more difficult to read, and it is difficult to make changes without compromising legibility. In describing any incident or investigation you are actively involved in, use the firstperson, present tense. If you are not involved in the incident of the investigation but are reporting it to your supervisor (such as in a flash report), use the third-person. Start training on a computer. Do not be afraid of it, you will soon find it really helpful.

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Police Reports1 A Police Report is a written document prepared by the officer. It is the purpose of the Police Report to record in detail the officers observations and actions related to a specific event or incident. Likewise, this report or legal document becomes a permanent record of a particular event or incident. Writing reports with the specific goal of recording information that may determine the fate of another person, whether criminal or not, involves a great deal of responsibility. Thus, officers must ensure that information relating to any investigation, arrest or other police action is initiated, supported, and justified by the information presented. Mission Reports Mission Reports are the principal method of conveying information from Mission and Field Activities to the Chairmanship, Delegations, HQs and the Secretariat. The Press and Public Information Section also use the information for press releases, newsletters, and for updating web pages. Reports from Missions should focus on aspects relevant to the Missions mandate in the light of UN commitments. An analysis of a general nature, however, should be avoided. A Mission Activity Report basically aims to describe progress in terms of the increased implementation of the mandate corresponding to the Missions current program budget. Its themes should be addressed in a progressive and analytical manner rather than merely in a descriptive way. In larger missions, these themes should reflect the work of separate departments and Field Offices of the Mission. Also, reports can only be released for transmission to New York after permission from the Head of Mission or a designated representative. Details of the different types of reports and their content can be found in the Reporting Guidelines.2 Types of Reports Formatted Reports: Incident Report Sudden Death Report Minor Offences Report Flash Report Daily Occurrence / Daily Situation Report

Narrative Reports:
1 2

Officers report Statements (victim, witness, suspect) Interview Forms

From the Kosovo Police Service School Trainers Guide. See UNCIVPOL Handbook and UN Editorial Manual, UN Correspondence Manual, The Oxford English Dictionary.

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Crime Definitions3 The following definitions of reported crimes are used as guidelines to determine the classification of the crime when officers are preparing an incident report. Crime definitions are general in nature. If the law changes and thus different degrees of a crime are also changed, the crime definition can be applied more specifically to that degree of crime. Also, crime definitions are neither global nor universal. Arson Unlawfully setting fire with the intent to destroy property and building. Assault Unlawful physical attack on a person whether causing injury or not. Any physical attack or verbal attack, together with any previous physical act initiating the attack that causes the victim to fear an assault. This offence is a part of Aggravated or Grievous Assault. Aggravated or Grievous Assault is any assault committed with a weapon or that results in serious physical injuries of the victim. Burglary Unlawful entry of a building with the intention to steal. Car Theft Unlawful taking of a person ' vehicle without permission. A person is guilty of car s theft when knowing that he/she does not have the consent of the owner, he takes, operates, exercises control over, rides in or otherwise uses a vehicle. A person is guilty of theft (larceny) when he steals property; or the property consists of a public record, writing or instrument kept, filed or deposited or in the keeping of any public office or public servant; or the property regardless of its nature and value, is taken from the person of another; or the property regardless of its nature and value, is obtained by extortion committed by instilling in the victim a fear that the actor or another person will: cause physical injury to some person in the future; cause damage to property; or abuse his position as a public servant by engaging in conduct within or related to his/her official duties. Car Jacking A person is guilty of car jacking when he/she forcibly steals property and this property consists of a motor vehicle. Criminal Damage Unlawful and wilful damage to property. Possession of Drugs4 Unlawful possession of a narcotic (e.g., cocaine, heroin, etc.). Fraud Unlawfully obtaining money or goods by trickery (cheating or deceiving a person). House Occupation Unlawfully taking over another persons dwelling or property. Intimidation Unlawfully instilling fear in a person, by making indirect threats in order to force him/her to do something against his/her will.
3 4

Definitions taken from UNMIK and UNMIBH Missions in Kosovo and Bosnia-Herzegovina MHQ Sarajevo. Note: not unlawful in all countries.

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Illegal Entry A person is guilty of illegal entry if he/she knowingly enters or remains unlawfully in or upon premises, in a dwelling or in a building. Enter or remain unlawfully means a person enters or remains unlawfully in or upon premises, when he/she is not licensed or privileged to do so. A person who, regardless of his/her intention, enters or remains in or upon premises that are at that time open to the public, does so with license or privilege unless he/she defies a lawful order not to enter or remain that is personally communicated to him/her by the owner of such premise. Kidnapping Unlawful taking of a person by force against his/her will. A person is guilty of kidnapping if he/she abducts another person; restrains the abducted person for more than 12 hours; inflicts physical injury, violates, or abuses the person sexually; or terrorizes the person. A person is also guilty of kidnapping if his/her intention is to compel a third person to pay or deliver money or property as a ransom. Kidnapping also involves restraining and abducting: Restrain Restricting a persons movement intentionally and unlawfully by interfering substantially with his/her freedom of liberty and movement from one place to another without consent of any other person. Abduct Restraining a person with the intention to prevent his/her liberation by either secreting or keeping him/her in a place where he/she is not likely to be found and using threatening or deadly physical force. Attempted Kidnapping Unlawful attempt to take a person by force against their will, unsuccessfully. Looting Unlawfully entering of private or commercial buildings with intention to steal during a demonstration or other mass event. Missing Person A person whose location has been unknown for a certain period of time (i.e., 24 hours). Murder Unlawful killing of another human being with intention. Homicide Conduct that causes the death of a person. Manslaughter Death of a person caused recklessly by another or with intent to cause serious physical injury to another person. Death of a person caused by another persons intention to seriously physically injure that person. Attempted Murder Attempting to kill another human being with intention, unsuccessfully. Rape (different definitions depending on jurisdiction) Unlawfully forcing a person to have sexual contact against their will. Robbery Unlawful stealing from a persons property using force, fear and/or a weapon. Robbery is forcible stealing. A person forcibly steals property and commits robbery if, in the course of committing a larceny (theft), he/she uses or threatens the immediate use of physical force upon another person for the purpose of: preventing resistance to the taking of the property; compelling the owner of such property or another person to deliver the property; or engaging in other conduct which aids in the commission of the larceny.

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A person is guilty of robbery if: he/she forcibly steals property; he/she is aided by another, actually present person; in the course of the commission of the crime or the immediate flight, he/she or other participant cause (serious) physical injury to any person not participating in the crime; what appears to be a pistol, revolver, rifle, shotgun, machine gun or other firearm is displayed; he/she is armed with a deadly weapon; or he/she uses or threatens the immediate use of a dangerous instrument. Note: Not all requirements mentioned above need to be fulfilled to constitute the crime of ROBBERY. It can be one or any combination of elements. Sexual Assault Less serious than rape and does not involve sexual intercourse. However, an attempted rape can also be considered a sexual assault. Theft Unlawful taking of someone' property without using force (stealing property of any s value). Property refers to any money, personal property, substance or thing of value, including any gas, steam or electricity, that is provided for a charge or compensation. Threats Any verbal, written or gesticulate expression of a persons intention to harm another person or property. Weapons Includes the following: machine gun, firearm silencer, pistol, revolver, rifle, shotgun, switchblade knife, gravity knife, sword, cane sword, chuka stick, Kung Fu star, hand grenade, and other explosive devices. Illegal Possession of Weapons Unlawful possession5 of firearms or ordnance (grenades, mines, etc.). A person is guilty of illegal possession of a weapon if he/she possesses any of the following aforementioned weapons or has the intent to use these weapons unlawfully against another person or property of another person.

Note: not unlawful in all countries.

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Contents of the Report The contents of a report must include Personal Data and Report Data. Personal Data are the identification of all persons involved. This includes the following information: Surname / Last Name / Family Name (also Maiden Name) First Name / Christian Name / Forename / Given Name Date and Place of Birth (DOB) Status: singlemarrieddivorcedwidowedseparated Nationality / Ethnicity / Country / Citizenship ID Card (Type and Number) Residence / Address / Mailing Address Grid reference Telephone / Mobile Phone Occupation / Profession / Job / Rank Fathers name (Surname and first name) Mothers name Address (Street, village, town, country)

Note: In western cultures, the surname is stated secondly, after the first name (e.g., Peter Heepen). In some nations, however, the surname is stated first (e.g., Heepen, Peter). The Report Data are the summary of all important facts and details. For example, ask the following questions to the persons involved and write down their answers in your report form or your writing pad. The following list is not all-inclusive. Specific crimes will require certain information that should be noted by the investigating officer in the report. Example questions: When did it (the case) happen? (Date and time) Where did it happen? (Grid points, geographic particularities) Where were you (the involved person) when it happened? What happened exactly? Who did what? How did it happen? (Detailed description of the incident in details) With what was it done? (Type of tool, weapon, hand/fist, etc.) Why did it happen? (Motive) Who is the victim? Who is the suspect? Who is the witness? (List witnesses) What action did you take? Additional examples of questions include:

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WHAT Was the crime that was committed? Are the elements of the crime? Were the actions of the suspect before and after the crime? Happened actually? Do the witnesses know about it? Evidence was obtained? Was done with the evidence? Weapons were used? Action did the officers take? Further action should be taken? Knowledge, skill or strength was needed to commit the crime? Other agencies were notified? Other agencies need to be notified? WHEN Was the crime committed? Was it discovered? Were the authorities notified? Did they arrive at the scene? Was the victim last seen alive? Did officers arrive? Was any arrest made? Did witnesses hear anything unusual? Did the suspect decide to commit the crime? WHERE Was the crime committed? Was the crime discovered? Was the exit? Was the weapon obtained that was used to commit the crime? Was the victim found? Was the suspect seen during the crime? Was the suspect last seen? Were the witnesses during the crime? Did the suspect live? Does the suspect currently live? Is the suspect now? Would the suspect assumingly go? Was the evidence found? Was the evidence stored?

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WHO... Are the parties involved in the incident? (i.e., victims, witnesses, suspect) Was the complainant? Discovered the crime? Saw or heard anything of importance? Had a motive for committing the crime? Committed the crime? Had the means to commit the crime? Had access to the crime scene? Searched for, identified and gathered evidence? WITH WHOM... Did the victim associate? Did the suspect associate? Was the victim last seen? Do the witnesses associate? Did the suspect commit the crime? HOW Was the crime committed? (Force, violence, threats, etc.) Did the suspect leave the scene? (By foot, by car, etc.) Did the suspect obtain the information necessary to commit the crime? Was the crime discovered? Was entry made? (Smashing, breaking, using a key, etc.) Was the weapon/tool for the crime obtained? Was the weapon/tool used? Was the arrest made? WHY Was the crime committed? Was a certain weapon/tool used? Was the crime reported? Was the crime reported late? Were witnesses reluctant to give information? Is the suspect lying? Did the suspect commit the crime when he/she did? Did the suspect commit the crime where he/she did? To complete your report, do not forget to think about the following: accuracy, brevity, completeness, clarity, and fairness. Accuracy Do not confuse facts with hearsay or opinions. Use clear, specific and precise language. Make sure the facts are clear to you before you describe them in your police report.

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Brevity Eliminate all information not related to the subject. Realise that some additional information may be necessary when focusing on a particular detail. Remember that a brief, wellwritten and accurate report is more effective than a long and one. Completeness Partial facts will create a false picture. Be certain to record all the facts in your report. Any information related to or having any bearing on the incident should be included. If you are unable to include essential information in your report, you always have to explain the reason for this inability. Record all the facts in your police report as all facts kept in the officers mind or personal notebook are of no value to anyone else working on the investigation. Clarity Clarity is essential. Clarity should be the officers primary goal when writing any police document. Use simple, familiar words, so that the meanings are clear to the reader. Facts must be presented clearly and to the point in logical order. All reports should be written in logical order. DO NOT use police jargon or slang terms. Remember, the reader of your report may not be a native English speaker. Fairness The report should be a complete objective statement of fact. Report all facts, even if they are advantageous to the defendant. It is essential for the officer to know all the facts if they are to understand thoroughly the strengths or weaknesses of the case. Officers should avoid expressing biases and preconceived theories in the report. The Report Writing Style Guide The Report Styling Guide includes information about the following: Abbreviations Abbreviations should be introduced first, then use capital letters in the continuation of your report. Unusual abbreviations or acronyms should be spelled out the first time they are used in a document. Write USA, not US, to describe the United States of America. Reports sometimes are telexed in upper case, and the pronoun us can be confused with the country abbreviation U.S. in the upper case. Abbreviations for reports should be in upper case, e.g., NOTICAS (Notification of Casualty) or SITREP (Daily Situation Report). Should you come across any unknown abbreviations, re-check with the originator and follow the rule mentioned above when you report.

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Capitalization Capitalization of words in English is never easy. Proper names are almost always capitalized along with titles attached to names. The titles of organisations are also capitalized. A generic description of something, however, is rarely capitalized. For example, The presidents of the parties will meet tomorrow. Note that if a title is used to signify a specific individual, it must be capitalized. Government is almost always capitalized, even if used generally. Dates Dates should follow the format: Day, Month, and Year (e.g., 02 September 2003). To avoid confusion do not use today or yesterday, but use dates instead. When in doubt, start the report statement with the date of the event. The year does not need to be inserted unless the event is related to another year. For example, All GERMAN police officers will depart on 13 September 2003. Format Reports may have a header and footer with a UN Classification. Maps or diagrams used to illustrate a particular point are to be included in the report, if technical means for the layout and the communication of the report are available. Media Media reports should be accredited at the end of the sentence or paragraph with the source in brackets, e.g., (AFN), (CNN) or (REUTER). When using media reports in a report, always indicate the source, e.g., The media report that.... If it is not clear how reliable the media report may be, use phrases such as UNIT A-controlled media sources claim that.... Names and Places Always use the person' title or a salutation (e.g., Mr. or Ms.). As a general rule, the s United Nations says the Government of Canada instead of Canada. This avoids confusion since there may be many governments at various levels in a country. If you are in doubt whether a particular government is recognized by the United Nations, check the list of Permanent Missions to the United Nations. Only recognized governments can have representatives or observers at the UN. If a place or region is not internationally recognized, put the name in quotation marks when describing it (e.g., BOSNIA or the BOSNIAN Defence Minister). All names of places (cities, countries) should be typed in capital letters, e.g., TUZLA, SARAJEVO, etc. If a geographical expression is part of a name, the first letter should be capitalized, e.g., Sector East, State of California, and City of New York. If referring to a place that is not mentioned on the map, indicate its distance and direction from a place mentioned on the map.

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Numbers The numbers from one to nine are usually spelled out in full. The numbers 10 and above are usually expressed as figures, e.g., 42. Measurement is always expressed in a number, for example, 5 km and not five km. A number as the first word in a sentence is written out in full. For example, Twelve soldiers were observed. Sequencing If incidents are referred to by date, ensure that they are put down in the correct sequence, e.g., On 21 December, a meeting took place between..., On 23 December, three vehicles.... Spelling The UN uses International English (also known as British spelling, as described in the Oxford Dictionary). Therefore, the correct spellings are centre, organisation, and defence, as opposed to the American English spellings. Other common spelling problems include: Style6 Refer to the UN Correspondence Manual and the UN Editorial Manual when in doubt as to matters of style, abbreviations or format. Ensure that correct titles are used for individuals. The words cease-fire and machine-gun are always hyphenated when used as nouns. Middle East is not hyphenated. The expression small arms is always plural and consists of two words. The word logistics as a noun is always plural. The word battalion has two t' and one l. s Secretary-General is always hyphenated and written in full.

3.3

Daily Situations Report

All peacekeeping missions are required to provide the headquarters with daily situations reports (SITREP). SITREPs are not intended to replace the normal detailed communications between missions and headquarters on specific matters. The daily SITREP covers the period midnight-to-midnight local time. The topics mentioned under the individual headlines will be reported to the necessary extent in accordance with the mandate of the mission and the situation on the ground. Before you start working: See the Mission SOP (Standing Operating Procedures).
6

Destroyed houses in Kosovo.

See www.un.org/Pubs/whatsnew/21jul00.htm.

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Highlight The highlights paragraph covers the major events or trends of the reporting period. This includes any new political, military or humanitarian developments and any major casualties, as well as any significant developments that may impact the safety and security of personnel. Further details are provided in topic paragraphs below. Political The information presented in this section includes any governmental or political events directly affecting the mission or the mission' mandate. The following are some examples of s political topics. Meetings: In-country, international; proposed, actual, dates, attendance, decisions and outcome. Elections: Proposed, actual, dates, attendance, decisions and outcome. Negotiations: Proposed, actual, dates, attendance, decisions and outcome. Internal political parties: Formation, alliances, change of leadership, change of direction. Setting up of councils, local government. Any political decisions that affect the mission.

Military The information presented in this section includes any military events of significance during the reporting period, including: Ceasefire agreements, military action, aid to the civil powers, use of new weapons, escalation of violence, changes in operating procedures, and new alliances. Significant Troop Movements: Formation of new sector or regional commands and units, changes to mission deployment or withdrawal of national contingents, relocation of national contingents. Factional Forces: Significant troop movement or redeployment, new commanders, changes to weapons or formations, military assessments. Restriction on Movement This section includes information on the status of routes: blocking (either natural or manmade roadblocks), persons responsible for the block, open or closed routes.

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Humanitarian The humanitarian section reports significant developments, problems encountered in provision, and support of aid distribution: road, rail, air, and sea. Refugees: Numbers, locations, movement, housing, feeding, health problems. Infrastructure: Hospitals, roads, power and water supply, schools. The UN helps in providing or repairing infrastructure. Civil Affairs This section reports important developments affecting electoral activity, Civilian Police operations, mine clearing, or UN agencies in areas of responsibility. It may include information on NGOs and where they impact on mission activities, if this information is not covered elsewhere. Coverage of other organisations activities may be included if applicable in order to enhance the ability of managers at Headquarters to liaise at this level on behalf of the mission concerned. Do not include wider governmental or political activities that are to be stated in the political section of the report. Security and Safety of Personnel Any information noted or activity observed that affects or may affect the safety of UN personnel including targeting or threats against UN personnel, kidnapping, extortion and murder. Casualties Death and injuries. When reporting casualties, separate military, civilian police and civilian deaths and casualties, and state clearly whether they were caused by hostile action, accident, natural causes (i.e., heart attack), etc. Logistics Major logistics activities or problems affecting operations: Equipment, accommodation, transport (both strategic and tactical), food, power, fuel, and money. Comments Comments made by the person in charge, including the Special Representative of the Secretary-General (SRSG), the Force Commander (FC), or the Sector Commander (SECTOR CMDR).

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3.4

Investigation and Charge Report

Incident Investigation Techniques Investigations develop from: A serious incident requiring further detailed investigation; A request by one of the parties after an alleged incident involving the other party; A discovery by the organisation; or A complaint from one of the parties about the operational behaviour of UN military personnel or Peace Keeping Forces.

Case examples: Shooting incidents; Violations of the cease-fire agreement; Shelling; Attacks on civilians, stealing; Hostage-taking or abductions; Human Rights abuses; Movement/reinforcements of troops; Military activities (e.g., redeployment of forces); and Serious incidents involving UN-personnel.

General Remarks for Investigations The basic purpose is to establish the facts. Be correct, firm, fair and honest. Investigation teams may include: at least two experienced officers, one interpreter, a Liaison Officer, and, if needed, personnel of other organisations (e.g., UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, ICRC, etc.). Preparation Prepare yourself before you start with your investigations and think about the following. Who is the initiating party? Dont forget, each case is unique. Every case is a sensitive matter routine is out of place! Where is the location you have to investigate? Look into your files; are there old cases in the same area?
Think about your preparation before you leave your station.

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Be well briefed about the task or case. Be properly prepared concerning the timetable, meeting points, communication, transportation, and map reading. It is recommended that during your patrol you take with you the following important equipment, which you will need for your investigation: The written complaint (if it exists) Forms (statement-forms, sketch-forms) Maps and compass Camera Binoculars Notebook Radios with spare battery First Aid Kit Evacuation Kit (e.g., with the following content: rations, flak jacket, helmet, sleeping bag, extra clothing)

When you arrive: Inform your HQ (Headquarters); Note time of arrival; Identify your guide; Make sure it is safe; Identify witnesses; and Find your accommodation.

Arrival from a new contingent in the mission.

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Tips for Your Investigations at the Crime Scene

Crime scene investigations after an explosion.

Consider the following points during your investigation at the scene: Start with small talk; Observe and report; Maintain vigilance; Create good order at the scene; Look around during your conversation and record every piece of information; Start at a low level and work upwards in the hierarchy; Try to get authentic eyewitnesses, one by one; Let the complaining party present their evidence; Let the representatives of the parties ask questions; Use a camera, but ask first; and Visit local police, military, and authorities.

And think about possible general problems during your investigations, including: Translation problems (reliable interpreter needed); Witnesses do not show up; Old cases and rumours; Physical evidence; Cheating; and Keeping observers occupied.

Also, NEVER express personal opinions!!

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Possible problems with witnesses can also arise. A good witness is usually an authentic eyewitness, NOT relatives or people who heard about the case. Always keep in mind the possible risks for witnesses when they are seen talking with UN personnel. If you have to use interpreters, assess their reliability. Keep unauthorized personnel and public out, and keep witnesses apart from each other ensure everyone has a job and does it! Also, constantly assess the security situation for booby traps, mines, snipers, and other hazards. When meeting people If they offer you food, never say no! (But think about contaminated water) If you want to take notes, ask first. When taking statements, ensure the interpreter does not interfere (i.e., no leading questions).

Visit the site of incident 3.5 You should try to visit the site of the incident but if the site is of low value and exposed, do not risk your life. If there is a victim, render first aid. Do not accept armed guides. Other Reports

The number of different reports the operational UNCIVPOL needs to be familiar with depends to a great extend on the mandate of the mission and the situation on the ground. The following, mentioned examples, as well as those displayed in Appendix B, should not be considered a comprehensive selection of report forms. You may also find minor deviations in the content of the reports depending on the mission inquest; therefore, review the SOP for the actual mission before you start reporting. Flash Report A Flash Report is basically a brief summary of an incident for your supervisor and UN HQ. They must have the important information as soon as possible (e.g.. when they start with their work in the morning) so that they are not unprepared in making decisions or in giving statements to the media. A Flash Report is used to forward all information of serious incidents and/or events that happen in all regions, including the borders. Flash Reports must not, under any circumstances, be forwarded to anyone outside of UNCIVPOL. All such requests for Flash Reports have to be sent to the Assistant Director of Operations, who will make the final decision. Flash Reports are submitted only in the approved format and immediately after the incident!

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Examples of serious incidents: Murder / Attempts Kidnapping / Attempts Abduction / Attempts Arson Rape / Attempts Explosions Crimes involving politicians All crimes committed by or against the UN, UN Staff, and other international staff

More precisely, serious incidents can also include: Incidents that can attract public and/or media attention, such as: murder, armed robberies, kidnapping, abduction, ethnically motivated crimes; Incidents involving misconduct or unlawful actions of law enforcement, including International Civpol officers and the Local Police Service; Incidents of misconduct or unlawful actions involving well-known local politicians or members of their staff; Incidents that may lead to a breakdown in overall security: Civil unrest (riot) Civil disobedience Demonstrations Occupation of buildings Strikes Hostage situations International protected persons Incidents involving the staff members of UN Police: Motor vehicle accidents (MVA) Involving injury or death Threats Arrest Discharge of firearms Officers killed or wounded

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An ethnically motivated crime grenade attack against a car.

Contents of a Flash Report: Grid Reference (2 letters 3-3 characters) Ethnic region of the area Ethnic group of all suspects Witnesses location name using military map (e.g., always use the original pre-war geographical names) Time and date of incident (19/09/03 16.15 hrs.) Time and date of Flash Report being made Name of the incident matches the description

Route of the Flash Report


CIVPOL Commissioner Director of Operations Assistant Director of Operations

Operations Center / Main HQ /

Operations Center / Regional HQ /

Duty Officer / Police Station /

Investigations / Regional HQ /

Patrol / Public Order Responding Officer

Investigations Responding Officer

Traffic Police Responding Officer

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Example: Traffic Accident Investigation Motor Vehicle Accident Investigation should be viewed as a simple task when performed by a well-trained police Officer who approaches the investigation methodically or in a step-by-step fashion. Steps of Investigation Step I Receiving the Call There are three primary ways you may get to know of a traffic accident:
The outcome of careless driving the breakdowntruck disposes of a damaged car after an accident.

1. On-view In the course of your patrol duties, you discover the accident on your own. In this case, it is important to advise your dispatcher of the facts of the accident scene as soon as possible. 2. Advised by a witness or reporter A witness to the accident or passer-by may advise you and directs you to the accident. Make sure you find out whether the person reporting the accident is an actual witness or only a reporter. In any case, if the person reporting the accident is cooperative, you should note the persons pertinent information in case it becomes necessary to contact him/her later. 3. Dispatched If you are dispatched to a traffic accident, it is important to gather as much information as possible from the dispatcher. For example, the location must be made as clear as possible. Also, be sure there are no misunderstandings between you and the dispatcher. Just remember that the amount and quality of information you receive from the dispatcher depend on many factors. The caller who reported the accident may have given poor details or no details at all about the accident other than the mere location. This, of course, is not the fault of the dispatcher, and the officer should keep this in mind. Step II Arrival at the Scene When you arrive at the scene of a traffic accident, many things must be accomplished in a short amount of time. After having experienced several traffic accidents, you will get used to certain investigating patterns. You will develop a mental checklist of things that must be accomplished when arriving at an accident scene. The following is a guide for the new officer and will serve as a basis for formulating your own investigation plan. You will need to become familiar with these procedures as you proceed in your career. Therefore, you should outline the main points. 1. Advise your dispatcher of the actual situation this may be different from what was initially reported when called in.

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2. Investigate for injuries; determine if medical personnel are necessary. In general, medical personnel will be dispatched if there are any known injuries. As most police officers are only trained in First Aid and cannot diagnose or advise further medical screening or treatment, they consequently must not attempt to do so. 3. Determine if additional units are needed for traffic control. You may need the assistance of other units to safely conduct an accident investigation. In any case, do not hesitate to ask for assistance; do not risk your life or the lives of others. Secondary accidents and injuries to investigating officers and others are a serious threat when conducting a traffic investigation. 4. Provide first aid to seriously injured persons. If people require immediate medical attention, you must render First Aid without regard to the actual investigation of the accident. Be sure that aid is administered in a safe manner. 5. If necessary, enlist the aid of as many civilians as necessary for traffic control or other tasks until backup arrives. Locate vehicles, drivers, passengers and witnesses involved in the accident. 6. If vehicles are blocking the roadway, remove the vehicles to a nearby safe area for further investigation and report writing. Step III Investigation With enough experience, you will be able to determine the probable cause of a traffic accident just by observing the positions of vehicles, debris and injured persons. Even the most experienced officers, however, hesitate to jump to conclusions, since many factors can contribute to an accident. Therefore, it is nearly impossible to conclude undoubtedly what exactly happened before a thorough examination of all contributing factors has taken place. Thus, officers, especially new ones, should gather all the facts before making any statements on causes and faults. Whenever possible, it is important to make a rough sketch of the accident scene upon arrival. This is especially important if injured persons who were ejected from vehicles need to be removed for treatment or if the vehicles are blocking the roadway and need to be removed quickly for safety and restoration of the proper flow of traffic. 1. Begin documentation of the accident, including positions of vehicles, debris, and injured. 2. Record all required information on the proper report forms CLEARLY and LEGIBLY. The actual recording of information in written form is one of the most important aspects of traffic accident investigation. If one digit of the serial number for a vehicle is not recorded correctly, there is no way to properly crosscheck this information with the license plate number later. Remember that there may be subsequent investigations after your initial investigation. Other people will be viewing your paperwork. It is important to adhere to writing styles that are common print and number characters. Neatness is most important. 3. Be sure to get all required information. Do your best not to leave any blanks on the accident report form. For example, if a driver has no telephone number, it is acceptable to write down a relatives or neighbors telephone number for a contact number.

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Example: Search and Seizure of Property With a court order (warrant) A court order (warrant) is required for the search of apartments and other premises. The warrant shall be presented before the location is to be searched, and two adult witnesses should be present during the search. Unnecessary damage should be avoided. Without a court order A search may be conducted without a court order in the following situations: if the occupant so desires; if someone calls for help; if it is necessary to apprehend the perpetrator; if the person on the premises has been ordered to be detained; if the person is compelled to appear by a government body; if the person is hiding to avoid prosecution; or for the sake of the safety of persons or property. Evidence cannot be obtained in any other way, and occupants should immediately know the reason for the search. The report must be submitted immediately to the Investigating Judge. If the preliminary search has not yet begun, then the report must be submitted to the Public Prosecutor. Search without witnesses A search may be conducted without witnesses if it is impossible to arrange their presence on short-notice or if their delay would be detrimental to the investigation. Also, reasons for conducting the search without witnesses must be mentioned in the report. Search of persons In general, a substantiated written court order (warrant) will be required for a search of a person. Two adult witnesses should be present during the search. Only female officers can search females and, in this case, only females may be used as witnesses. The same record keeping process that is used in the search of premises is used in the search of persons. When making an arrest The police may search the person without a written court order and in absence of witnesses if there is a suspicion that the person possesses a firearm or weapon or will dispose of, conceal, or destroy articles that are to be taken from him/her as evidence. The record of the search should include: the signature of the occupant and witnesses; witnesses who must be: informed to pay attention to the conducting of the search; and instructed that they have the right to object before signing; only items and papers related to the purpose of the search may be temporarily taken by the police; items and papers need to be specified precisely; and receipts should be given immediately to the owner of the taken items and papers.

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LESSON 3 END-OF-LESSON QUIZ


1. What type of document is used to communicate with Heads of State or Government, Ministries for Foreign Affairs, and Heads of Delegations, on subjects such as official statements of policy by the Secretary-General? A. Notes Verbales; B. Informal Letters; C. Formal Letters; D. Statements of Intent. What is the differentiating feature between theft and robbery? A. The act of robbery includes the use of force, fear, and/or a weapon, but theft may not; B. If nothing is actually taken, it is robbery, not theft; C. Robbery must be premeditated; D. Theft is stealing but not necessarily from a person, while robbery means stealing from a person. Which of the following statements is true? A. Forename is the family name and surname is the first name; B. Christian name is the family name and forename is the first name; C. Surname is the family name and maiden name is the first name; D. Surname is the family name and forename is the first name. When a CIVPOL is writing a report, how should a fact be treated if it is advantageous to the defendant? A. Omit facts that might be advantageous to the defendant; B. Report all facts, even if they are advantageous to the defendant; C. Divide the report into sections: advantageous to the defendant and incriminating to the defendant; D. Include facts that might be advantageous to the defendant but also offer your own opinion on these facts. What is the basic purpose of an Investigation and Charge Report? A. To establish the facts; B. To provide data for use by the prosecution in any possible legal action; C. As a basis for further prosecution; D. To document that the event was investigated by CIVPOL.

2.

3.

4.

5.

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6.

Which of the following is the correct way to report on casualties in a police report? A. Combine military, civilian police and civilian deaths and casualties, but state clearly whether each was caused by hostile action, accident, or natural causes; B. Separate military, civilian police and civilian deaths and casualties, but do not indicate the cause of death; C. Report only the total number of deaths and casualties; D. Separate military, civilian police and civilian deaths and casualties, and state clearly whether they were caused by hostile action, accident, or natural causes. When obtaining information as part of an investigation at a crime scene, what is the best type of witness? A. The victim; B. Someone who has known the accused for a long time; C. An eyewitness; D. A relative of the victim. When should a Flash Report be submitted? A. Immediately after the incident; B. Within 24 hours of the incident; C. When directed by a higher authority; D. If there is no time for a normal report. Which of the following applies when a female is to be searched? A. Any CIVPOL may search a female but male CIVPOLs must use proper respect; B. Only female officers may search females and only females may be used as witnesses to the search; C. Any CIVPOL may search a female but the witness to the search must be a female; D. Either the searching CIVPOL or the witness must be a female.

7.

8.

9.

10. When may a CIVPOL search a person in the absence of a written court order? A. Never; B. If it will take more than 24 hours to obtain a written court order; C. If the value of any stolen goods exceeds US $1000; D. If there is suspicion that the person possesses a firearm or weapon or will dispose of evidence.

ANSWER KEY: 1C, 2A, 3D, 4B, 5A, 6D, 7C, 8A, 9B, 10D

LESSON 4 LIAISON, NEGOTIATION AND MEDIATION


4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Liaison Negotiation Mediation The Use of Interpreters

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LESSON OBJECTIVES By the end of Lesson 4, the student should be able to meet the following objectives: Understand the need for liaising as part of a UN Peacekeeping Mission; Be familiar with the techniques of negotiation; Be familiar with the techniques of mediation; and Understand the proper and most effective use of interpreters.

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Introduction Liaison with the parties involved at every level is essential to promote transparency and to ensure the timely passage of information, as well as to maintain regular communications for the purposes of negotiation and mediation. Consequently, communication should be established at every possible level at the earliest convenience. The requirement for liaison opportunities will increase in proportion to the complexity of the political environment. At the political or strategic level, liaison should include the policy level. At the operational level, a working relationship is needed between the Force Headquarters and the parties on a day-to-day basis. Negotiation refers to the direct dialogue with one or more parties, for example, to secure the safe passage of a relief convoy. Mediation means to act as a go-between for the parties. The ultimate aim for negotiation and mediation is to reach agreements to which all parties have freely concurred. Thus, negotiation and mediation have enormous potential to de-escalate a conflict, to promote understanding and consensus, to work out solutions to small and large problems at every level, and to develop peaceful and lasting solutions to a conflict. To study the question of intercultural mediation, the Berghof Centre in Germany brought together 30 mediators, 10 from each country, to a series of three research seminars. The researchers1 understand mediation as a process-based procedure for managing conflict, in which a neutral party attempts to restore communication between the disputants following its impairment by the conflict, with a view of finding a solution that brings the greatest degree of satisfaction possible to all those involved. When examining intercultural mediation, several factors need to be included. As a communicative procedure that lends structure to negotiating processes, it is difficult to reduce mediation to formal, technical aspects, independent of the context brought to the mediation. Different people in different contexts (such as individuals, members of groups, organisations, or systems) have developed different ways of dealing with negotiation processes and of conducting themselves within them. The art of the mediator is to be able to make formal features appear flexible, or shape them in a flexible manner so that those involved feel that their needs are acknowledged. When parties to a conflict come from different national cultures, culture provides another context for how individuals deal with conflict. Timothy D. Sisk from the United States Institute for Peace (www.usip.org) says in his publication, New Approaches to International Negotiation and Mediation - Findings from USIP Sponsored Research, that negotiation means much more than gathering around a table making concessions until an agreement is secured. It involves creative thinking about the ways parties might reach an agreement, laying careful groundwork to build the conditions for a sustainable settlement. What goes on behind the scenes in domestic politics, for example is as important as the dynamics of formal bargaining sessions. Negotiation and mediation permeate virtually every dimension of contemporary international conflict resolution. It is especially important,
Summary of the Intercultural Mediation Project which came into being as a result of a project entitled Conflict Cultures and Intercultural Mediation begun at the Berghof Research Centre in Berlin, Germany. The intent of the project was to study intercultural mediation in an intercultural context. Petra Haumersen and Frank Liebe of the Berghof Centre initiated a collaborative effort with Dr. Thomas Fiutak of the Conflict and Change Centre of the University of Minnesota and Prof. Jacques Salzer of the University of Paris, Dauphine.
1

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then, to consider ways that new approaches to negotiation and mediation can inform practice. The theory of negotiation and mediation contains a treasure trove of general findings that can inform bargaining strategies. We might think that negotiating with friends is easier than negotiating with strangers. For example, their overview of research suggests that sometimes it too easy to concede with friends, leading to disappointment and frustration. We also learn that even though parties to a conflict may not see a mutually beneficial solution and indeed they may see a conflict as zero-sum, where one partys gain is anothers loss the careful and practically minded application of theory can reveal ways that zero-sum perceptions can be transformed into a positive-sum perception of mutual gain. Thus, research findings on negotiation tell us much about general principles that can guide policymakers in such efforts. Nevertheless, a better understanding of the pathways between theory and policy is needed.

Case discussion between involved police officers. Course author Colonel Guenther Freisleben is second from the right.

4.1

Liaison

Definition and Purpose Liaison on a UN Peacekeeping Mission is defined as the intercommunication established and maintained between elements of military forces, military and civilian populations, and officials. All operations will have a liaison system in place to provide a structural link between the UN, the organisation, and the parties, through which discussions of mutual problems can take place. It is important that such a liaison system is established in the very first phase of an operation in order to facilitate the deployment of a force and the implementation of the given mandate. In the areas of military liaison work, certain officers at the Force Headquarters and unit levels may be nominated to conduct negotiations. Therefore, the selection of personnel with negotiation ability and experience is all-important. Structure In general, all UN field operations liaise from government down to observers and officers in UN units.

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4.2

Negotiation

Negotiation, mediation, and diplomatic activities are the concern of governments and experienced diplomats. Their approach to mediation and negotiation involves political considerations rather than practical military issues. Peacekeeping operations can contain elements of both small- and large-scale confrontations, which have to be dealt with during the de-escalating effort. United Nations peacekeeping operations are prepared and organised to handle both civilian and military aspects. As a unique feature, UN field operations have a well-developed system providing liaison from government down to the local level. Liaison officers, military observers, civilian police, and officers in UN units perform the actual day-to-day duty. Negotiation Techniques The CIVPOL Officer may be required to mediate and negotiate concessions to locally imposed restrictions and limitations in order to allow him to complete his mission. Some points to note in respect to both behaviour and action during such negotiations are: Maintain dignity and politeness during dealings with other persons; Remain respectful towards all with whom he/she deals; and Remember to pay military and social compliments to hosts and representatives involved in the negotiations;

Always agree prior to the next meeting: On location, time, attendees, content/subject matter to be discussed; and Perhaps most importantly, the nature of documentation (i.e., agenda and minutes to record what was discussed and, hopefully, agreed).

Negotiation Plan Situations that require the implementation of negotiation include: Identification and isolation of areas of disputes; Prevention of escalation; Down-scaling of differences in perception of areas of conflict; Resolution of disputes; and Preventive action against recurrence of disputes.

Topics Likely to be Discussed Prisoner of War (POW) exchange; Repatriation of war-dead; Status of Forces Agreement (SOFA) and the UN conduct of tasks; Possible areas of limitation; Separation of opposing forces;

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Administration of the area between the opposing forces; Freedom of movement; Traffic in and out of the Area of Separation (AOS), and movements within the AOS; Conditions for the population in the AOS; Exploitation of natural resources and infrastructure; Refugees and displaced persons; and Communication between the UN and the parties.

Negotiation Preparation When the area(s) of dispute(s) have been identified, the forthcoming negotiation has to be prepared carefully. As in all matters and tasks, planning and preparation are the keys to success. The following considerations should apply: What is the problem/task? Has it been dealt with before? Why has it come up at this time? What is the background/history? Obtain all possible information about the immediate conflict and outline the options for a settlement; Read previous reports on the matter; What was the UN conclusion and how does it relate to previous/future arrangements? Who are the persons involved (name, rank, personality, authority, religion, and attitudes)? What are your options, limitations, frame, mandate, etc.? When and where will the negotiation take place? (Be sure to get confirmation) Establish an agenda for the meeting.

Internal Preparations Who is going to do the talking? Who is taking notes? (Can notes can be taken? If so, can a tape recorder be used?) Decide on the role of the interpreter; Are you all going to attend the meeting (driver, extra team)? Decide on need for specialists (weapons, mines, economic, cultural, etc.).

Final Preparations Be at the place for the meeting in due time, in good shape, and well dressed; Provide seating, security, parking, and communication; Consider coffee, drinks, food, smoking; and Place the agenda, pencils and writing pads on the table.

Conduct of Negotiation During the process of negotiation one must recognize that both parties have a stake and a share in the peaceful settlement of their dispute, but also that a successful outcome by itself may not represent the end to the dispute.

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The Opening Talks Take your time and be patient; Remember the customary salutations and exchanges of courtesies (in accordance with the local habit); Introduce yourself and your team (wear name tags); Outline the framework of the meeting; Some introductory small talk may be useful and polite (it gives everybody a chance to get used to the way the common language is used, and it offers a chance to assess the mood); and Offer/take refreshments.

The Main Talks If possible, let your counterpart start. Listen closely, do not interrupt, and be patient; Start to agree on the agenda subjects; If incorrect information is given, state the actual facts (supported by evidence) but do not argue; State the UN point of view (facts only); If there are differences in points of view, note the view of the counterpart and highlight the point of view of the opposite side (eventually also the UN attitude). Declare that you will come back to the issue following an investigation of the key problems. Carry out your investigation and negotiation in a similar manner with the other party; In some cases, the task of the UN team includes conveying complaints, either from the opposing party or from the UN itself. Make sure that the complaint is clear in all its details preferably, confirmed in writing; Make no promises or admissions, unless the situation or your mandate clearly states you can do so. Do not reveal anything about one party that could be exploited by the other party. Impartiality and correctness are of the greatest importance; Always be restrained if one of the parties expresses a negative view about the UN, the opposing party' morale, politics or methods. Try to make everybody accept the UN s mandate and the solution it promotes; Make careful reminders about agreements, actual arrangements, and past practices; Complete the negotiation by repeating what has been agreed upon; if possible, have it confirmed in writing; Agree upon a time and place for further negotiations; and Do not forget final polite phrases.

The Follow-Up to Negotiation The reporting of results and the follow-up on the meeting is very important for the credibility of the UN operation. Prepare a short verbal briefing for your headquarters (involve all UN members present at the meeting); Prepare a detailed written report on the negotiation, facts, conclusions, recommendations, and arrangements; and Contribute to other general information systems in accordance with the SOP.

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4.3

Mediation

The technique applied in mediation is basically the same as for negotiation. The most important difference is that representatives for the opposing parties are present in the same location. This calls for careful considerations concerning security measures as well as preaccepted subjects for the meeting. Preparations Meet the parties separately before the meeting; Discuss the subjects, make an approved agenda, and distribute it before the meeting; Select a meeting place (a no-man' land or secured area); s Establish the conditions for the meeting: armed/unarmed, how many persons, interpreters, communications, seating, who goes first, separate rooms, etc.; and Consider possible solutions to the main issue.

Conduct of Mediation Start the meeting by reading the agreed-upon agenda; If there has been a previous meeting, give the result and the status of what has been implemented; Appear neutral, observe objectivity, and remain respectful; Try to balance the outcome (one for you and another one for me); Do not subvert or jump to conclusions let the parties negotiate; If nothing has been agreed on, maybe the parties can agree to meet again; and No one can change the past, but you may be able to change the future.

Follow up in the same way you would in a negotiation.

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4.4

The Use of Interpreters2

Introduction n interpreter is a person who translates orally for people speaking different languages. Interpretation requires teamwork, close collaboration, and a high level of trust. A good interpreter skilled in both the language and the techniques of effective interpretation can literally save the lives of officers. They are very important. The interpreter is a vital part of you and your job. He or she is an interpretation aid attached to your ears and mouth. Instructions The United Nations provides the interpreters.3 They are often recruited from the local population and paid a salary in accordance with a UN contract. Not all of them may be working in a full-time job. Whenever an interpreter is needed, you need to make sure that arrangements are made for the pick-up and transportation of the interpreter to the meeting place. In addition you will give the interpreter instructions before the meeting. He/she must: act with a non-visible attitude; be fully impartial; translate your sentences with the greatest accuracy; not add anything to your sentences or try to explain your sentence; and never participate in the discussion.

Meeting with an interpreter at the station.

During the interpretation, you will watch the eyes of your counterpart (not of the interpreter) to see if the non-verbal communication appears to be in line with your sentence. General Remarks for Police Officers In order to ensure the impartiality and accuracy of police work in a UN Mission, it is important that International Police Officers and Language Assistants cooperate with each other and conduct themselves according to the established human rights and standards of professional conduct. Police Officers and Language Assistants will have knowledge of personal information
2 3

OSCE Handbook for Fieldwork, and UNCIVPOL Handbook. Note: Interpreters are also called Language Assistants or communication assistants.

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from crime victims and suspects because of the nature of police employment. The police are expected to treat this information with respect and confidentiality. It is the intention of the UN Police to establish a professional working relationship and an environment of mutual respect and honesty between the UN Police Officer and the Language Assistant. A police officer should: Conduct themselves in accordance with professional standards of police conduct as required in the Police Officers home country; Take under consideration any warnings from the Language Assistant; Create a professional relationship with the Language Assistant and an atmosphere of a team; Treat every Language Assistant with respect; Do all reports and take any notes needed; and Take control of police activities and situations through the Language Assistant if necessary.

A police officer should not: Use the Language Assistant as a Police Officer; Use the Language Assistant for any purpose other than for translations related to police work and policing in the mission area; Place the Language Assistant in a position of choosing sides in any investigation; Create a non-productive hostile work environment; and Place the Language Assistant in any danger or compromising situations.

The Language Assistant should: Never take instructions relating to his/her police duties from the Police Officer; Perform the duty in the highest standard of conduct; Remain neutral, objective, and impartial at all times; Translate exactly what is said and only what is said without adding anything to the translation; Translate as accurately and directly as possible; Warn the Police Officer if the officer is about to violate safety rules; Warn the Police Officer if the Language Assistant feels they are in danger or about to violate customs or cultural rules of the host province; Hold information in confidence and release nothing to the public about police activities; and Stay at the side of the Police Officer at all times while on a police assignment.

The Language Assistant should not: Change the context of what is said or improve the language spoken by any party; Take the lead on any questions during an investigation; Express personal opinions in any way or at any time during an investigation; Allow bias or prejudice to interfere with or influence their impartiality;

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Create a non-productive work environment; Take notes, statements, conduct interviews, or complete police reports; Take files home; Photocopy or make notes from pages or files; Have private conversations with suspects or victims of crimes; Discuss files and/or investigations with unauthorized persons; and Never give press releases to the media about UN activities under any circumstance.

Professional secrecy: Information will only be given to the appropriate authorities; and A high level of discretion is to be used when releasing information.

Etiquette Language Assistants: Shall not have their cell phones on when they are working; Must not read the files at their department; Should neither hesitate nor attempt to alter the officers instructions with yeah but, you do not understand. These are unneeded, improper responses and are consequently unacceptable behaviour; and It is not up to the Language Assistants to decide when lunch hour will be taken the officer in charge will decide when the lunch hour or break will occur. WORK HAS PRIORITY.

The Language Assistants are the key to: The local language; The contact to the local population; The culture in the host province; and The place where minority groups live.

And could be the key to: The place where most criminal acts are committed; and The place where the hangouts are.

A Language Assistant between a local and UN police officer.

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LESSON 4 END-OF-LESSON QUIZ


1. What is the ultimate aim for negotiation and mediation? A. To force compromises by both sides; B. To forge an agreement that corrects any previous wrongs; C. To reach agreements to which all parties have freely concurred; D. To produce a signed agreement and clear set of obligations. How is liaison defined on a UN Peacekeeping Mission? A. The intercommunication established and maintained between elements of military forces, military and civilian populations, and officials; B. The intercommunication established and maintained between the mission and UNHQ; C. The intercommunication established and maintained between UNHQ and local officials; D. The intercommunication established and maintained between the parties to the conflict. When should a system of liaison be established at a UN Mission? A. Before the mission is established; B. In the very first phase of an operation; C. When the parties to the conflict agree; D. At any time depending on circumstances. Which of the following is NOT appropriate behaviour for a CIVPOL Officer during negotiations? A. Maintaining dignity and politeness during dealing with others; B. Remaining respectful towards all with whom he or she deals; C. Paying military and social compliments to hosts and representatives in the negotiations; D. Controlling the agenda so the UN position will prevail.

2.

3.

4.

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5.

If a UNCIVPOL Officer is engaged in negotiations and there are differences in points of view, how should he or she respond? A. Note the view of the counterpart and indicate that he or she will come back to the issue following an investigation; B. Continue discussing the point until an agreement is reached; C. Seek a comprise solution; D. Call a higher authority for instructions. When a negotiating session is drawing to a close, what action should a CIVPOL Officer take? A. Seek additional concessions; B. Call a higher authority for instructions; C. Repeat what has been agreed upon and, if possible, have it confirmed in writing; D. None of the above. For a UNCIVPOL on a Mission, what is the most important difference between negotiation and mediation? A. Negotiation is not binding but mediation is; B. In negotiation, only one side is present at a time, and the UNCIVPOL meets oneon-one as an equal with a counterpart from a side and carries information between the two sides. But in mediation, both sides are present at the same time and they speak directly to each other while the UNCIVPOL attempts to assist in seeking agreements; C. Mediation is conducted at the working level, but negotiation is conducted at the level of the SRSG or at a higher political level; D. Negotiations are typically resolved by a series of informal compromises while mediations end in a formal written agreement. Which of the following is NOT appropriate behaviour for an interpreter? A. Acting with a non-visible attitude; B. Being fully impartial; C. Translating with accuracy; D. Guiding the discussion. When you are communicating through an interpreter and the interpreter is translating your words into the language of your counterpart, what should you do? A. Look at the interpreter; B. Watch the eyes and non-verbal communication of your counterpart to confirm the reaction is in line with your statement; C. Keep your attention on both your counterpart and the interpreter; D. Consider your next statement.

6.

7.

8.

9.

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10. Which of the following is among the functions to be provided by an interpreter? A. Warn the CIVPOL Officer if they are in danger or about to violate customs or cultural rules of the host province; B. Change the context of what is said; C. Allow bias or prejudice to interfere with or influence their impartiality; D. Take notes and assist with CIVPOL duties.

ANSWER KEY: 1C, 2A, 3B, 4D, 5A, 6C, 7B, 8D, 9B, 10A

LESSON 5 ADMINISTRATIVE AND LOGISTICS MATTERS


5.1 5.2 Notes for the Guidance of UNCIVPOL on Assignment Logistics Support

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LESSON OBJECTIVES By the end of Lesson 5, the student should be able to meet the following objectives: Have a general understanding of administrative and logistics issues relevant to assignment as a UNCIVPOL; Be familiar with the general conditions of service for UNCIVPOLs; Be aware of the steps needed for Pre-Deployment Preparation; Be familiar with arrangements for travel prior to deployment as a UNCIVPOL; Be aware of procedures and regulations regarding uniforms, clothing, and equipment; Understand what to expect in terms of living conditions and accommodations in the mission area; Understand medical and dental arrangements; Be aware of the policy for duty hours and time off; Be familiar with Mission Subsistence Allowance; Understand procedures and compensation for death, injury, or illness; Understand the policy regarding personal effects; Understand each CIVPOLs responsibilities regarding evacuation plans; Be familiar with the concept of logistics support; and Know the duties and responsibilities of the Chief Administrative Officer.

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Introduction The spectrum of logistics support for peacekeeping operations varies in size from support of a small group of UNCIVPOL to support of a large multidimensional force involving sizable military units involved in complex operations. Regardless of the types of operations to be supported, the logistics support concepts and requirements are the same. However, the United Nations peacekeeping operations are complex, involving the United Nations Headquarters in New York, troop-contributing countries, and the host country each with its own logistics system and specific requirements. Consequently, the management of the logistics operations requires full appreciation by all members of a mission. A CIVPOL observer normally will not be involved but may have certain responsibilities as a staff officer. This lesson will only deal with logistics related to a CIVPOL observer's daily duties.

5.1

Notes for the Guidance of UNCIVPOL on Assignment

Much of the administrative information required by Civilian Police is included in the publication Notes for the Guidance of UNCIVPOL on Assignment, which contains basic information for established missions.1 The extract shown below from these guidelines for the UN Mission in Bosnia and Herzegovina (UNMIBH) provides an example and background information for countries contributing United Nations civilian police officers (CIVPOLs) assigned to other United Nations Missions. These guidelines were prepared by the Civilian Police Unit, Department of Peacekeeping Operations, and United Nations Secretariat to make it easier for CIVPOLs to make necessary arrangements prior to departure to the mission area. Adherence to the guidelines will ease the administrative problems in the initial stages of service with the UN and enhance operational efficiency. CIVPOLs will receive further and current information upon their arrival in their own mission. The UNMIBH guidelines are shown below but for simplicity the Annexes to the guidelines are not included here. Extract from the Notes for the Guidance of UNCIVPOL on Assignment Administrative Guidelines for Civilian Police Observers These guidelines apply to Civilian Police Officers, Members of the UN missions, in the text referred to as CIVPOL. General Conditions of Service 1. Command and Control

UN Police Commissioner exercises operational authority over all Civilian Police Officers (CIVPOL) assigned to UNMIBH. He/she is also responsible for the discipline of all Civilian Police. This also provides authority to deploy and re-deploy officers within the approved Area of Responsibility. The Chief Administrative Officer (CAO), under the overall authority of the
For a more thorough understanding of UN Logistics, the student is encouraged to enroll in the correspondence course, Logistical Support of UN Peacekeeping Operations, available from Peace Operations Training Institute.
1

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Head of Mission (HOM), is responsible for all administrative functions, all general and technical services relating to the Mission' activities, and for providing the requisite administrative support s for carrying out the substantive work of UNMIBH, including the Mission Civilian Police. The CAO is also responsible for all administrative and financial certification and for the proper implementation of the rules and regulations issued by United Nations Headquarters in the areas of finance, personnel, logistics and general services. 2. Conduct and Performance

CIVPOLs shall perform their functions under the authority of and in full compliance with the instructions of the Secretary-General and the person acting on his/her behalf. They shall not seek or accept instructions with regard to the performance of duties from their government or any other authority external to the United Nations. CIVPOLs shall refrain from any conduct, which would adversely reflect on the United Nations, and shall not engage in any activity, which is incompatible with the aims and objectives of the United Nations. They shall comply with all rules, regulations, and instructions, procedures or directives issued by the Secretary-General. Failure to meet the conduct and performance standards may lead to an early repatriation. 3. Duration of Tour of Duty (TOD)

The normal tour of duty for a CIVPOL is one year, or to the end of the mission' mandate year or s to the end of the mission' mandate period. Assignments may be extended, subject to s recommendation by the Commissioner and the approval of the Secretary-General and the Government concerned. Application must be given in at least 3 weeks before end of mission date. 4. Legal Status

Civilian Police are considered as experts on mission within the meaning of Article VI of the Convention of the Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations (1946) and they enjoy the privileges, immunities and facilities specified in that article wherever they perform missions for the United Nations. These privileges and immunities are granted in the interest of the United Nations and not for the personal benefit of the individuals. The Secretary-General has the right and duty to waive the immunity in any case where, in his opinion, the immunity would impede the course of justice. Such a waiver shall be without prejudice to the interest of the United Nations. The text of Article VI is reproduced in the Annex to these Administrative Guidelines. 5. Financial Liabilities

CIVPOLs may be required to reimburse the United Nations either partially or in full for any financial loss or damage suffered by the United Nations as a result of their negligence or wilful act or of having violated any regulation, rule or administrative instruction or if such loss/damage occurred outside the performance of services within the United Nations. This may be done by withholding the mission subsistence allowance.

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6.

Dependents

The UNMIBH is not considered as a family mission for CIVPOLs. CIVPOLs are not therefore permitted to be accompanied by dependents during their tour of duty. Pre-Deployment Preparations A. 7. DOCUMENTS Travel Documents

CIVPOLs are responsible for securing their own travel documents. 8. Passport

CIVPOLs must obtain a diplomatic or service passport from their national authority. It is essential that the Observer' title in the passport is shown as Civilian Police Officer and that s there is an entry stating For the Service of the United Nations Mission. The passport must be valid for at least two years. 9. Visas

CIVPOLs must ensure that visas are obtained for entry into the mission area prior to departure from their home country. If difficulties are experienced because of the lack of consular facilities in the home country, the assistance of DPKO' Personnel Management and Support Service s (PMSS) may be requested (via fax number 212-963-0664). It is also essential to obtain any transit visas, which may be required for passage through countries en route to the mission. 10. Driving Licenses

CIVPOLs must have at least two years recent driving experience, and must be in possession of a valid national or international civilian driving license, covering all vehicle types up to and including minibuses and 4x4 light trucks, with manual gearboxes. 11. Photographs

To facilitate the issue of identity cards, and for internal record purposes, CIVPOLs must bring with them at least 12 recent passport-size photographs (approximately 3 cm x 3 cm) of themselves in uniform. The cost of these photographs is reimbursable by the United Nations. Note that the photos not are to be sent in advance to the UN. B. 12. MEDICAL Immunizations

For full details of the immunization requirements for the UN mission, see the Annex.

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13.

Medical Examination

CIVPOLs are to ensure that, prior to their departure for the mission area, the police authorities of their country forward (through their Government' Permanent Mission to the United Nations in s New York) a copy of their medical history and the result of their latest medical examination (United Nations form MS2), accompanied by a radiologist' report, to the Medical Director, s Medical Service, United Nations, New York, NY 10017 USA. These will be used by the Medical Director for verification of physical fitness and as a record of the CIVPOL' physical s condition upon assignment. Note that the original X-ray negatives are not to be sent to New York. The report of the radiologist is sufficient. 14. Medical Documents

CIVPOLs must possess an international certificate of vaccination, showing all vaccinations and immunizations received. CIVPOLs must also obtain an authoritative record of blood type and Rh factor. Both of these documents must be carried with the CIVPOLs at all times. 15. All personnel are to bring at least 2 copies of their personal health documents to the mission, in order to provide proper information for the mission' health service personnel. s Travel Arrangements 16. The United Nations will pay all the travel expenses of Civilian Police Officers travelling to the mission area upon assignment, and returning to their home country upon completion of their tour of duty. 17. Air Transportation

Air transportation will be by economy or tourist class, by the most direct and economical commercial route between the officer' home duty station or home country (residence or place s where his/her police authorities are located) and the UN. Travel will normally be arranged by a UN nominated travel agency and by a UN designated shipping company, on instructions from the UN. Once these arrangements have been completed, PMSS will send the details completed, and PMSS will send the details (including the travel authorization) to the relevant Permanent Mission. At the same time they will inform the field mission HQ of the details of the CIVPOLs travel itinerary, in order to ensure that the mission makes the necessary reception arrangements. 18. In instances when travel is arranged by the Officer' Government at the request of the s United Nations, the United Nations will reimburse the Government upon receipt of invoices up to the amount of the entitlement established by the Untied Nations (normally economy class or its equivalent). The Government must advise PMSS, Office of Mission Support, Department of Peacekeeping Operations, United Nations, New York, of the travellers flight details so that arrangements may be made to meet him. 19. Civilian Police Officers are normally met on arrival at the airport. An Officer whose travel has not been arranged directly by the United Nations is under the obligation to ensure that

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PMSS is informed, as soon as possible, of airline and flight numbers, and of any subsequent changes. This information will be communicated to the mission by PMSS. Details of any delays encountered en route, which may affect the date of arrival, must be faxed to the Department of Peacekeeping Operations Situation Centre. 20. Mission Identification Card

Upon arrival, all Police personnel will be issued with a United Nations temporary identification card for the current UN mission. 21. Travel Claims

CIVPOLs must arrange their travel so as to be in a position to take up duties with UNMIBH on the date agreed with the home government. Copies of all relevant travel documents (tickets, boarding passes and receipts) must be retained, as they will be required to support a travel claim (see paragraph 52 below). 22. Group Travel

Where a large number of CIVPOLs are travelling together, the United Nations may consider the use of a chartered aircraft for their movement. Generally, such arrangements are made for groups of twenty or more personnel when rotating. It is dependent on an assessment of whether chartering will be more economical than the use of commercial aircraft for each particular case. PMSS and the Movement Control Unit in the Logistics and Communications Service will resolve the mode of travel, and will advise the relevant Permanent Mission accordingly. 23. Where a chartered aircraft is used for the transportation, CIVPOLs are limited to a total of 120kg of personnel effects, which will be transported with them on the chartered aircraft. 24. Early Repatriation

If a CIVPOL is repatriated for either failure to meet the necessary requirements, or disciplinary reasons, all costs associated with his/her travel home and arrival of his/her replacement to complete the tour of duty will be at the expense of the CIVPOL' government. s 25. Compassionate Repatriation

When a CIVPOL has compassionate reasons to return home either temporarily or permanently, the United Nations will pay for the travel home. However, it will be the responsibility of the CIVPOL' government to pay for his/her or his/her replacement' return to the mission area. The s s only exception is when the replacement observer will finish the repatriated observer' tour of s duty (TOD), in addition to completing a full year of service on his/her own. In this case, the United Nations will cover the replacement observer' travel costs. s 26. Medical Repatriation

When a CIVPOL is repatriated for medical reasons, the UN will cover all travel costs, both for him/her and his/her replacement. When a CIVPOL' government chooses to limit the length of s

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the tour of duty to less than the normal period of one year, however, it must bear the costs of travel expenses for the additional rotations required to complete the full year. Before a decision is made, the United Nations Medical Service will determine whether the condition was preexisting. 27. In the unfortunate event of the death of a CIVPOL while serving in a UN mission, all costs associated with the return of the remains to the home country and travel of a replacement observer to the mission area will be borne by the UN. Shipment and Insurance of Personal Baggage 28. Baggage Allowance

Due to operational requirements, CIVPOLs are authorized to carry up to 100kg of accompanied excess baggage, in addition to the three baggage pieces allowed by airlines. This entitlement is only for the initial trip to the mission. When CIVPOLs return to their home country upon completion of their tour, they will be authorized to ship their personal effects at the United Nations'expense, by the most economical means, up to 100kg. Normally unaccompanied shipment by air freight will be selected as the most economical means. 29. When travelling on initial assignment, the cost of accompanied excess baggage, in certain cases, will be prepaid by the United Nations. Where the United Nations does not prepay such costs, either the Officer' government or the Officer himself is requested to pay the costs and s seek reimbursement later. If the Officer pays the charges of accompanied excess baggage, reimbursement will be made by the CAO upon submission of original receipts. When the government prepays, such costs will be reimbursed by United Nations Headquarters through the Permanent Mission upon the submission of relevant documentation. 30. The United Nations does not accept responsibility for insuring accompanied baggage. CIVPOLs requiring such insurance must arrange it at their own expense. Clothing and Equipment 31. General Information

CIVPOLs are to wear their national uniforms while on duty. The United Nations will provide a blue beret, blue helmet cover, blue peaked cap, cap badge, 2 neck scarves, and 6 shoulder patches to be sewn on the upper right sleeve of the uniform shirt or jacket. A national identification symbol, normally a small national flag, is to be sewn on the upper left sleeve of the uniform shirt and jacket. A detailed guide to the clothing and equipment, which CIVPOLs must bring, is contained in the Annex to these guidelines.

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32.

Selection of Uniforms

Summer as well as winter uniforms will be required. Fieldwork or fatigue uniforms are most suitable for conducting investigations or performing other duties in the field. When assigned to duty in an area where firing may occur, CIVPOLs must wear blue helmets and armoured vests. 33. Civilian Clothing

CIVPOLs may wear civilian clothes while off duty. 34. Field Equipment

CIVPOLs must bring their own police-issued equipment, such as sleeping bags/rolls, and compass and first aid kits, as these will not be available locally. 35. Clothing and Equipment Allowance

The present entitlement for clothing and equipment is US $200 for each full year of service. The allowance is paid in two installments, the first half upon arrival in the mission area and the second half at the end of six months, when there is a reasonable expectation that the CIVPOL will complete a full years tour of duty. 36. Weapons

For information about carrying sidearms or possessing firearms in the mission area, look at the current mission SOP. Living Conditions in the Mission Area 37. 38. Climate and Terrain depends on the mission area. Living Accommodations

CIVPOLs will be briefed on accommodation arrangements in the mission. Upon arrival, they are likely to stay at a local hotel for a few days while undergoing briefings on their duties in the field. Thereafter, the location of their duties and accommodations will be determined by the UN Police Commissioner. 39. While on duty, CIVPOLs will be expected to cook and keep house for themselves. They may sometimes be subject to hardship-conditions while on duty, particularly during periods of tension. When either the United Nations or a sponsor military unit provides accommodations, the CIVPOLs mission subsistence allowance (MSA) will be reduced accordingly. 40. Food

Outside main centres of population, there may sometimes be difficulties finding basic foodstuffs. In such cases, the Mission will arrange to deliver food by truck, or even by air if necessary. When either the United Nations or a government or a related institution provides food free of charge, the CIVPOLs subsistence allowance will be reduced accordingly.

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Medical and Dental Arrangements Medical treatment and hospitalization are provided at United Nations expense to CIVPOLs while on duty in the mission area. Dental expenses are not reimbursable, except when they result from service-incurred illness or injury. 41. A Chief Medical Coordinator is assigned for assessment and support. Medical treatment is normally given by local physicians and at local hospitals. 42. When a CIVPOL is hospitalized in the mission area, his/her subsistence allowance will be reduced accordingly. Full details of the first aid and medical procedures for the current mission are contained in the Annex. 43. If further specialized or definitive treatment is required, the casualty will be prepared for medical repatriation to the individual' country of origin. This medical evacuation would be s performed by a fixed wing aircraft, configured to support a patient and will be staffed by medical personnel, with the necessary equipment and supplies to provide full in-flight support to the patient. When necessary, the Rega Air Ambulance from Switzerland could be used for repatriation Medevac cases. 44. Medical repatriation is a medical evacuation to the patient' home country. This s procedure will apply to all those who are unlikely to be fit for duty in 30 days, or those requiring treatment not available in the mission area. The Medical Services Division, UN HQ will make the formal decision of medical repatriation. Duty Hours and Time Off Policy 45. CIVPOLs hours of duty will be determined by the UN Police Commissioner, based upon the tasks to be performed and the situation in the area. CIVPOLs must be prepared to work irregular and long hours when necessary. CIVPOLs duties do not usually allow for a regular or settled way of life. A schedule of hours of work, the working week, and official holidays for those serving in a UN mission will be issued by the UN Police Commissioner in consultation with the CAO. 46. Leave is accrued at the rate of 11/2 days per month of completed service. CIVPOLs are not allowed to take home leave at United Nations expense. The following general conditions apply to the granting of leave: Except with regard to leave accruing in respect of the final month of service, leave may not be taken before it is earned; There will be no cash compensation for accrued but unused leave; During the final month of service no more than 12 days leave may be approved; no annual leave is granted or should be taken during the last week of duty; Leave must be taken during the tour of duty at the mission at which it was accrued; assignments will not be extended for the purpose of exhausting leave entitlements; The full rate of mission subsistence allowance applicable to a CIVPOLs tour of duty is payable for all leave days taken, irrespective of where they are taken.

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47. For CIVPOLs, a five-day week has been established in UNMIBH and there is no provision for compensatory time off (CTO). The CIVPOL Commissioner has the authority to develop a strict schedule within the concept of 40 hours/week, which has days off in lieu of holidays, in order to cover the 24-hours, 7-days per week operation when required. 48. In those situations where UN personnel are required to work above and beyond the normal workweek, the UN has been authorized to apply provisions of the Occasional Recuperation Break (ORB), as applicable to the mission, in respect of CIVPOL officers. 49. Up to 6 days of CTO may be granted for each month of continuous and uninterrupted service, which is defined as 7 working days per week, every week of the qualifying month. A maximum of 9 periods of CTO may be granted in a single year, each period being no longer than 6 days. CTO is to be taken immediately after the period in which it was earned. Travel and Mission Subsistence Allowance (MSA) 50. Travel Expenses/Travel Claims

Upon arrival at the mission, CIVPOLs should submit a travel claim for reimbursement to the CAO for administrative processing. All supporting documentation, including the receipts for payments made during the journey, should be attached to the claim. 51. Mission Subsistence Allowance

The Mission Subsistence Allowance (MSA) is designed to cover the cost of board and lodging, local transportation and other incidental expenses and constitutes the total United Nations contribution towards such costs. The current rates, which are subject to change, are $95 per day for the first 30 days, and thereafter $75 per day for the rest of the tour of duty. Where accommodation and/or food are provided by the United Nations, the MSA will be reduced accordingly. 52. Withholding of Mission Subsistence Allowance

The Head of Mission may withhold a portion of a CIVPOL' MSA to cover financial loss or s damage caused to United Nations property through negligence or wilful act. 53. Currency Regulations

It is the CIVPOL' responsibility to learn and abide by the currency regulations of his/her home s country, and of the countries in the mission area: especially in regards to the foreign currency exchanges on the local market. A portion of the MSA is normally paid in the local currency, and the balance may be drawn in United States dollars if permitted by the exchange control regulations of the CIVPOL' home country. Violations of these regulations may result in s disciplinary action and will be reported to the CIVPOL' Government. s

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Compensation for Death, Injury, or Illness 54. Entitlement

The United Nations may provide CIVPOLs with compensation coverage for any death, injury, or illness which is determined by the Secretary-General to have been attributable to the performance of official duties on behalf of the United Nations, to the amount of US $50,000, or twice the officer' annual base salary, less allowances, whichever is the greater. The s compensation payable under the rules governing this entitlement will be the sole compensation payable by the United Nations in respect of death, injury, or illness. Compensation may not be paid where a CIVPOL' death, injury, or illness is deemed to have been caused by that s individual' own wilful misconduct or wilful negligence. s 55. Compensation Claims

A claim for compensation by or on behalf of a CIVPOL must be submitted through the SRSG to the Director of OMS / DPKO by the Officer or his/her dependants or his/her Government, within two months of the CIVPOL' death, injury, or onset of illness. In exceptional circumstances, the s Secretary-General may accept for consideration a claim made at a later date. The SecretaryGeneral has appointed an Advisory Board on Compensation Claims to review claims filed under the rules governing entitlement and to report to him regarding such claims or appeals. The determination of the injury or illness and the type and degree of incapacity and of the relevant award will be decided on the basis of the documentary evidence and in accordance with the provisions established by the Secretary-General. 56. All cases will be given sympathetic consideration, taking into account all relevant factors, including the possibility that such death, injury, or illness could have occurred during the performance of official duties. 57. Beneficiary

A CIVPOL is at liberty to name his/her own beneficiary, whether the latter is a recognized dependant or not. For this purpose, each CIVPOL, upon arrival in the UN mission, is required to complete, in triplicate, a designation of beneficiary form. 58. Death

In the event of death in the service of the United Nations, the award of compensation will follow a similar procedure, but the payment will be made to the duly designated beneficiary of the CIVPOL. If no beneficiary has been named, the payment will be made to the estate of the deceased. In either case, payment will be made by the United Nations through the CIVPOL' s Government.

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Compensation for Loss of Personal Effects 59. Entitlement

CIVPOLs may be entitled, within the limits and under the terms and conditions established by the Secretary-General, to reasonable compensation in the event of the loss of or damage to their personal effects determined to be directly attributable to the performance of official duties on behalf of the United Nations. 60. Limitations

CIVPOLs should not only take all possible precautions against loss or theft of their personal property, but should avoid bringing to the mission area expensive or luxury items, such as cameras, watches, radios, computers, or large amounts of cash or travellers cheques. 61. No compensation will be paid for loss or damage to any article which, in the opinion of the Secretary-General, cannot be considered to have been reasonably required for day-to-day life under the conditions existing at the duty station. 62. The United Nations will not provide compensation for any loss or damage to personal household effects in the area, irrespective of whether such losses occur as a result of theft, fire or transfer from one post to another in the mission area. This applies even if the United Nations as a courtesy service provides transportation for the transfer from one post to another. 63. The above interpretation is based on the United Nations position that, in view of the emphasis that has been placed on the need for mobility, CIVPOLs must not encumber themselves with personal household effects. It must be understood that CIVPOLs are placed at the disposal of the organisation to perform operational duties, which sometimes need to be conducted in conditions of hardship and even physical danger. 64. No compensation shall be paid for any loss or damage that was caused by the negligence or misconduct of the CIVPOL.

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EVACUATION PLANS In the event it becomes necessary for the staff to relocate to a Safe Haven each monitor will follow these guidelines: THE BASICS YOUR PREPARATION RESPONSIBILITIES Keep your Station records up to date with your accommodation address and phone number; make sure other monitors know where you live. You must prepare and maintain an evacuation bag. Only one bag per person is allowed during an evacuation situation; the weight is limited to 20kg. Contents of the Evacuation Bag: A suitable change of clothing (considering the time of year). Sleeping bag, toiletries, food and water for at least 3-5 days. A first aid kit (including all your personal medication). Money (US $400). Personal documents: UN Identification Card, Passport, Visas, Health-Vaccination, Blood Group Certificates, any other UN documents. Body armour and UN Helmet (if issued) will be worn during a relocation.

Important Information for When You Get Your Call: The name of the operation and the codeword for activation is, e.g., CHURCHlll. When given the instruction you should proceed to your Pick-up Point as soon as possible, in any case within 30 minutes of the call. You should be in uniform suitable for the evacuation, considering the time of year. Have your evacuation kit with you. The primary Pick-up Point for you will be at your assigned Station. If you are not close to this location when relocation orders are given, you should go to any UN Station. When you are at a place of safety you should notify the UN District Commander or Headquarters, to prevent an unnecessary search. If all else fails and it is safe to do so, remain at your accommodation and inform your Station Commander or District Duty Office by any means of your location and the local situation.

Evacuation of deployed personnel.

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5.2

Logistics Support

The logistics system for any UNCIVPOL Observer operation is designed to perform the following tasks: Maintenance of the UNCIVPOL mission; Planning and support of its operational requirements; Planning, provisioning and coordination of logistics and communications, general stores, rations, electronic data processing, and petrol, oil, and lubricants; Control of the allocation of transport facilities; Supervision and review of the administrative activities of the mission; and Management and operation of postal services, movement control, and security arrangements.

The Operation Support Manual provides a comprehensive and detailed statement on how the services are provided. Logistics Command and Control Within the DPKO, the administrative and logistics support related to field missions is performed by the Office of Mission Support (OMS). To complete these tasks, OMS works in close cooperation with the Department of Administration & Management concerning commercial purchase and transportation services, personnel administration, recruitment and programme planning, budget and finance. Chief Administrative Officer (CAO) Under the overall authority of the Head of Mission, on behalf of OMS, the CAO is responsible for providing the requisite support to the mission. He advises the Head of Mission on all matters relating to the civilian administration of the mission. He also plans and forecasts the mission' personnel and financial requirements, provides overall management, and exercises s budgetary control. The Chief Administrative Officer' organisation is as follows: s The Chief Civilian Personnel Officer (CPO) is responsible for the administration of all civilian personnel in the mission. The Chief General Services Section (CGSO) is responsible for the provision of mail; courier and central registry operations; service institutes; travel and traffic services; office supplies and general stores; UN property management; building and facilities management; and security and safety. The Chief Finance Officer (CFO) is responsible for the maintenance of the mission budget, commitment accounting, and all financial transaction settlements. The Chief Transportation Officer (CTO) is responsible for coordination, allocation, distribution, accounting, and maintenance of UN-owned vehicles. The CTO may also run a motor pool of UN-owned and rental vehicles. The Chief Communications Officer (CCO) is responsible for global communication between UN missions and UN New York; intra-theatre communications services to

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civilian components and military installations not covered by military signal elements/units; and the maintenance of UN-owned communications equipment. The Chief Procurement Officer (CPO) is responsible for the procurement of all material and services required for all elements. The Electronic Services Section provides computer related services to all elements of the mission and arrange for programming and hardware support.

Note: In personnel issues involving UNCIVPOL, the CAO works in close cooperation with the Police Commissioner.

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LESSON 5 END-OF-LESSON QUIZ


1.

Who exercises operational authority over all UNCIVPOLs on a mission? A. The SRSG; B. The Secretary-General; C. The UN Police Commissioner; D. The Chief Administrative Officer. Who on a mission is responsible to the HOM for all administrative functions, all general and technical services relating to the missions activities, and for providing the requisite administrative support for carrying out the substantive work of the mission, including the mission CIVPOL? A. The SRSG; B. The Secretary-General; C. The UN Police Commissioner; D. The Chief Administrative Officer. Where is the legal status of CIVPOL defined? A. Article VI of the Convention of the Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations (1946); B. Protocol VI of The Geneva Convention; C. The Security Council Resolution; D. The SOFA. If a CIVPOL is repatriated early for either failure to meet the necessary requirements, or for disciplinary reasons, who pays the cost associated with his or her travel home and the arrival of his or her replacement? A. OMS; B. The CIVPOLs government; C. DPKO; D. The Mission. What uniform do UNCIVPOLs wear while on duty? A. Their national uniforms with a small national flag sewn on the upper-left sleeve; B. Special UNCIVPOL uniforms; C. Unique uniforms provided by each UN Mission; D. The uniforms of the local police.

2.

3.

4.

5.

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6.

What is MSA designed to cover? A. Mission Strategic Activities; B. Minimum Security Articles; C. Mission Savings Accounts; D. The cost of board and lodging, local transportation, and other incidental expenses. Who determines the hours of duty for CIVPOLs? A. The SRSG; B. Each individual CIVPOL; C. The UN Police Commissioner; D. The senior CIVPOL from each nation. Which of the following is an important component of a UNCIVPOLs evacuation plan? A. Keep a ready supply of ammunition on hand; B. Keep your vehicle fuel tank at least half full at all times; C. Keep your Station records up to date with your accommodation address and phone number; D. Have alternate quarters identified in advance. When given instructions to evacuate, how long does a UNCIVPOL have to proceed to his or her Pick-up Point? A. 10 minutes; B. 15 minutes; C. 30 minutes; D. 1 hour.

7.

8.

9.

10. Within DPKO, which organisation provides administrative and logistic support related to field missions? A. TES; B. OMS; C. OHRM; D. Best Practices Unit.

ANSWER KEY: 1C, 2D, 3A, 4B, 5A, 6D, 7C, 8C, 9C, 10B

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LESSON 6 SECURITY AND SAFETY


6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 General Security Measures Hijacking Detainment Mines Sniper Fire Lost Radio Contact

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LESSON OBJECTIVES By the end of Lesson 6, the student should be able to meet the following objectives: Understand the reasons why safety and security are so important for UN Peacekeeping Missions; Be aware of general security measures; Be familiar with general personal security guidelines; Be acquainted with some of the physical and psychological measures that can increase a persons chances of survival if they are taken hostage; Understand what to do if detained; Be familiar with mines and precautions to take against mines; and Understand what measures to take to minimise exposure to sniper fire.

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Introduction The establishment of a secure environment enabling the various components and individuals of a mission to operate has been characteristic of recent peacekeeping operations. This not only serves the security and safety needs of the military components and their installations, but also protects civilian personnel, the local population, the permanent and temporary installations, and the activities of all UN components and personnel. Security includes control of movement and access through observation posts, guarding objects and individuals, and escorting personnel and vehicles in order to maintain freedom of movement and safety. It is, therefore, an essential requirement that personnel become familiar with the security situation and its latest developments. However, it should be stated that the majority of the fatalities that occur on UN missions are the result of automobile accidents that have been caused by bad and/or unskilful driving. Personal security is an individual responsibility. Using common sense and taking precautionary actions can The result of careless driving. reduce the security risk. You the individual play the most important role in maintaining your personal security. These guidelines are provided to assist you in developing good security practices. However, they are not complete, and staff members who have further concerns should contact the Security Officer. You should adapt these guidelines to your own duty station, situation and abilities and use them to assist you in security planning. Although locally recruited staff members are generally well versed in dealing with the security and safety aspects of life in their own homeland and city, some of the measures outlined herein may also be of interest to them. The best way to be safe is to avoid trouble in the first place, rather than having to attempt an extraction later. This means that you should develop a strong sense of security awareness and adjust your behaviour to take into account the environment in which you find yourself and the possible risks related to it. CIVPOL observers are to be cognizant of their responsibilities in respect to personal and site security. The nature of UN Mission duties indicates the necessity for greater security awareness than would be the case in an officer' country of origin. s

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6.1

General Security Measures

Measures CIVPOL observers are to be cognizant of their responsibilities in respect to personal and site security. The nature of UN Mission duties indicates the necessity for greater security awareness than would be the case in an officer' country of origin. s Neutrality/Impartiality A display of neutrality contributes to your own protection, as well as to the protection of the force. It further ensures that you do not become a target of needless hostility. Make sure that the UN flag is prominently displayed on buildings and vehicles. Photography Photography may become a point of concern. Do not photograph military installations, equipment and personnel, or any other sensitive area or object. Mission SOPs will promulgate specific instructions about this matter. Sites and Accommodation CIVPOL observers must always remain on guard against the possibility of attack by extremist fringe groups. Do not develop regular times for routine tasks. Do not become complacent and predictable. Personnel Exercise extreme caution when discussing UN operational matters and, in particular, when handling documents in the presence of local staff and non-UN personnel. UN Identification Cards Each UN mission issues mission-specific Identification Cards (ID cards). To ensure verifiable and accurate identification as a member of the UN, you are to carry your ID card at all times. Your ID card is to be presented whenever demanded by any of the following: local authority acting within the scope of official duties; members of the UN mission performing guard or police duty; and members of the UN mission senior in rank to the ID card holder. Do not lose your ID card!! Personal Precautions Never carry large sums of money or other valuables that would make you attractive to bandits or hijackers. Avoid any political behaviour or speech that would draw unfavourable attention to the UN and make you a potential target. Never pretend to be any kind of expert who could be useful for extreme political factions.

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Before You Travel to Your Duty Station: Make sure your documentation is in order. Make copies of all important documents; bring one set to the duty station and leave one set outside the duty station with family or friends; Draw up a power of attorney and give it to a trusted friend or family member in your home country and a valid will for each adult family member that specifies arrangements for permanent guardianship of minor children in the event that both parents die; Ensure that you are properly equipped for the duty station; Check the Security Phase in effect at the duty station, if there is any, and ensure that you have the required security clearances; and Ensure that the duty station is aware of your travel plans and, if necessary, will meet you and your family upon arrival.

Once You Arrive at Your Duty Station: Ensure that you receive a security briefing regarding conditions at the duty station and the precautions you should take; Ask who your warden is. If your warden does not make contact with you, ask him/her to discuss with you as soon as possible the security and evacuation plans as they apply to you; Ensure that you have the telephone numbers and addresses of all officials responsible for security at the duty station; If you are issued with a walkie-talkie, make sure you know how it works and how to keep it operational, know the list of call signs at the duty station; Complete the record of internationally recruited staff members regarding: your address and telephone number; the names of your dependants; the names of your childrens schools; the numbers of your passports and laissez-passers; your vehicle registration and license numbers; and information regarding any medical conditions; and Ensure you have completed and provided your organisations headquarters with a copy of your inventory of furniture, household effects, automobiles and valuables. This form is mandatory if you require compensation from loss of personal effects or for insurance purposes.

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General Personal Security Guidelines1 The following are considerations that will increase your own personal security awareness. Dos and Donts DO Follow your instincts. If you feel uncomfortable about a location or a situation, leave immediately. Learn to notice details about people. In case of an incident, this will help to give a good description of the surroundings. Become knowledgeable about your neighbourhood. Understand and respect the cultural environment in which you are living. Always know where you are going. Always behave as though you know where you are going. Demonstrate a confidence that you may not necessarily feel. Keep a low profile. Dress and behave conservatively. Establish several routes to work, and vary your selection of them and the time you depart for work and return home. Many incidents take place as the individual either leaves or returns home. Know your own abilities. Be honest with yourself and be aware of your capabilities. You should always try to maintain yourself in a good physical condition. Be alert of any evidence of surveillance of your house or travel route to work; serious attacks are usually preceded by a period of surveillance. Do not hesitate to call attention to yourself if you are in danger: scream, shout, and blow the horn of your vehicle. Be sure that you know what specific security arrangements are in place at the mission and duty station; know how the radio system operates, and check your radio from your residence. At a new duty station, find out about customs, how you are expected to dress, behaviour, potential threats and areas to avoid. Learn a few phrases in the local language so that you can signal your need for help; also, learn a few phrases in the local language. Rehearse what action you would take if you were to be confronted. There is no right or wrong way to respond to an attack. Each situation will be different. Whether to resist an attacker or not can only be your decision. Generally, the following options will be open to you: Talk your way out of it; Give in to the demands made of you; and Shout for help or yell, flee, or fight.

ZIF Berlin Zentrum fr internationale Friedensmissionen, UNCIVPOL Handbook, UNHCR.

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DO NOT Place yourself in situations that may attract threats, e.g., political rallies. Fail to ignore unusual or strange circumstances. Become emotionally involved with people you are trying to help. Promise assistance that you cannot deliver and make financial commitments that you cannot honour. Display cash, keys or other valuables, as this may attract potential robbers. Establish routines, as they make your movements easy to predict for any observer. At Home While On A Mission Do not be complacent about your security because you are at home! Your home may be the target of robbers who might harm you during the commission of a crime. You should carefully assess the physical security of your home and make improvements as necessary. By considering the following points, you will increase your home security. DO Be sure your doors and locks are strong, and be sure to lock your doors even if you are at home or even if you leave for only a few minutes. Make sure your entrance area is well lit. Consider making one area of your home a safe haven some place where you can secure yourself against attack and call for help. This might be a bedroom with a strong door and a bolt or possibly a bathroom. Your mobile phone should be operable in your safe haven. Make sure you have a possible fire exit. Place shades, curtains, or blinds on every window. Ensure that you know to whom to give an alarm in case of trouble. Get to know your neighbours. Place telephones away from windows and doors where you can be observed. Be wary of unexpected visitors, especially after dark. In an elevator, stand near the control panel. If threatened, hit the alarm button and press as may buttons as you can reach, enabling the door to open at any of several floors.

DO NOT Put your name on a mailbox or gatepost. Leave your valuable items outside, and do not leave potential tools for criminals to use against you where they can find them. For example, if you have a ladder, lock it up. Open your door to strangers. Permit a stranger to use your telephone; offer to make a call for the person. Sleep with your windows open unless they have secure bars.

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Enter your house if you find the door open or damaged and unlocked. Call police for assistance. Stay on a ground floor or a room facing an outside corridor. If possible, stay between the second and fourth floor floors above ground level prevent easy entrance from the outside and are low enough for fire equipment to reach in an emergency.

KEYS Keep a limited number of keys per lock. Ensure keys are strictly controlled (no access by unauthorized persons). In a large compound, ensure that keys are signed in and out.

DOORS Good solid doors are vital. Never have exterior glass doors. Install: a peephole; a safety chain and security bar; strong locks and bolts; and an intercom to the main entrance (where possible).

WINDOWS Install bars or grills to prevent entry if on the ground floor. Use shutters or Venetian blinds. All windows should have locks.

LIGHTING If possible, install outside lighting. Have and know the location of emergency power sources (candles, lamps, torches and generators).

REMINDERS Always install a telephone if possible. Only give your number to known and trusted people. If you receive a threatening call, replace the receiver immediately and inform the police and your security officer. First open the door on the safety chain. If you recognise the visitor, open the door fully stepping behind the door for cover and be prepared to close the door quickly. Do not hold doorstep conversations. All members living in your residence should know the emergency procedures in case of a fire, bomb threat, or attack. If servants are used, they must be vetted. Servants must know emergency telephone numbers.

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Walking By considering the following point, you will improve your security while walking. DO As you prepare to go out, check that all the closures of your bags are shut. Put your wallet in a front pocket or under clothing. Carry only the cash you need and divide it. Always be aware and alert of your surroundings. Walk nearer to the curb to avoid passing too close to shrubbery, dark doorways, and other places of concealment. If you must use a personal walkman, keep the volume down low enough so that you can hear your surroundings. Keep only those keys on your chain that you use. Mark your keys so they can be identified in the dark; this makes it easier to find the appropriate keys quickly. Always be alert to the possibility of confrontation with groups or individuals; by doing so, you will have taken the first step towards personal preparation. If someone suspicious is behind you or ahead of you, cross and re-cross the street to the other side. If in doubt, use whatever means necessary to draw attention to yourself. Remember, it is much better to suffer the embarrassment of being wrong than to fail to take action if you feel threatened. Carry identification, preferably with blood type indicated.

DO NOT Approach the vehicle if a driver pulls up next to you asking for directions. Beware of the suggestions to look at this map. Be afraid to yell and run in the opposite direction if a car approaches you and the driver threatens you. Hitchhike or accept a ride from a stranger. Jingle your keys in your hand unnecessarily; it announces that you are on your way home. Take shortcuts through isolated areas. Walk alone at night. Talk to strangers. Have your name and address on your key chain.

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Driving Being in a vehicle can give you a false sense of security and can possibly make you a target of hijackers. The following tips can improve your security. DO Whenever possible, travel on well-lit, populated streets. Keep windows rolled up, except for a small space for ventilation. Keep doors locked. Be especially alert when you are at a red light or a stop sign. Develop the habit of adjusting driving speed to avoid stopping at traffic lights. Be prepared to drive away and/or sound the horn if you are threatened. Keep your car in good working order. Make sure you have a full tank of gas, flashlight, inflated spare tire, jack, tire iron, basic tool kit, jumper cables, folding shovel, first aid kit, and a gallon of potable water. Know where you are going and how to get there. Carry a map with you. When parking at night, select a place that will be lit when you return. Check for loiterers before leaving your car. Do not park your car on the street if you have access to a garage or secure parking area. Before getting into your car, look inside first to make sure no one is hiding in the back seat. When driving your car, make sure it is locked. Think twice before deciding to offer assistance to what might appear to be a stranded motorist, regardless of gender.

DO NOT Drive into your own driveway or park in a deserted area if you suspect that someone is following you. Make a few turns down active streets. If the car continues to follow you, drive to a location where you can get help, such as the nearest police station. Drive alone at night. Panic if someone attempts to force you off the road. Blow your horn constantly to attract attention. If you are forced over, as soon as you stop, put your car in reverse and back away. Blow your horn and keep the car in motion. Pick up hitchhikers.

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Travelling Travellers are often exposed to particular risk, as they are known to be carrying money, passports, and valuables. They are vulnerable because they are often disoriented and unsure of the safety of their surroundings. Consideration of the following points will improve your security while travelling. DO Always check the security phase of the country to which you are travelling, and ensure that you have the proper security clearances, as required. Always inform your office of your arrival and local contact numbers. Remain in touch with the office; ensure you have the telephone number of the Designated Official and his/her deputy. Before you leave home, let someone know your plans. Leave contact numbers. If you change your plans, let someone know. Stay alert watch your luggage and briefcase. Keep your passport, airline tickets, money and travellers cheques safe; it is preferable to keep them on your person. Photocopy airline tickets, your passport identification page and relevant visa pages, drivers license, and credit cards you plan to take. Leave one set at home and keep another with you in a separate place from your valuables. If possible, schedule direct flights. Try to minimize time spent in unsecured airport public areas. Move quickly from the check-in counter to the secured area. Stay calm at the airport. Do not allow people to rush you. Keep your possessions under control. Know exactly how you will travel from the airport to the hotel or first business appointment. If you are being met at the airport, does the person waiting for you have proper identification? Stay in larger hotels that have elaborate security. Park in well-lit areas. Be wary of con artists and people willing to exchange money at black market rates.

DO NOT Travel after dark, unless absolutely necessary. Travel alone, unless absolutely necessary. Enter your room if you find the door open or unlocked. Return to the desk and ask someone to accompany you to your room. Leave the Please clean my room sign on your door. It tells people the room is empty.

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6.2

Hijacking

Surviving as a Hostage Over the past few years, the number of staff members who have been kidnapped or taken hostage has increased substantially. Every hostage or kidnap situation is different. There are no strict rules of behaviour; however, there are a number of steps that you can take to minimize the effects of detention and enhance your ability to cope and see the incident through to a successful release. Survival Considerations These techniques have been successfully employed by others who have been taken hostage: No one can tell an individual whether he or she should resist or not if taken hostage or kidnapped. This decision must be made by each persons own assessment of the circumstances. Resisting the attempt may be extremely risky. You may be injured if you attempt to resist armed individuals. It is possible that you will immediately be blindfolded and drugged. Being taken hostage is probably one of the most devastating experiences a staff member can undergo. The first 15 to 45 minutes of a hostage situation are the most dangerous. Follow the instructions of your captors. They are in a highly emotional state, regardless of whether they are psychologically unstable or caught in an untenable situation. They are in a fight-or-flight reactive state and could strike out. Your job is to survive. After the initial shock wears off, your captors are able to better recognise their position. Be certain you can explain everything on your person. Immediately after you have been taken, pause, take a deep breath, and try to relax. Fear of death or injury is a normal reaction in this situation. Recognizing your reactions may help you adapt more effectively. A hostage usually experiences the greatest anxiety in the hours immediately following the incident. This anxiety will begin to decline when the person realizes he/she is still alive at least for now and a certain routine sets in. Feelings of depression and helplessness will continue throughout captivity. Most hostages, however, will quickly adapt to the situation. Remember, your responsibility is to survive. Do not be a hero; do not talk back or act tough. Accept your situation. Any action on your part could bring a violent reaction from your captors. Keep a low profile. Avoid appearing to study your abductors, although, to the extent possible, you should make mental notes about their mannerisms, clothes, and apparent rank structure. This may help authorities after your release. Be cooperative and obey the hostage-takers demands without appearing either servile or antagonistic. Be conscious of your body language as well as your speech. Do not say or do anything to arouse the hostility or suspicions of your captors. Do not be argumentative. Act neutral and be a good listener to your captors. Do not speak unless spoken to and then only when necessary. Be cautious about making suggestions to your captors, as you may be held responsible if something you suggest goes wrong.

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Anticipate isolation and possible efforts by the hostage-takers to disorient you. Your watch may be taken away so you are unable to determine whether it is night or day. Nevertheless, try to maintain a routine. Try to keep cool by focusing your mind on pleasant scenes, memories, or prayers. Try to recall the plots of movies or books. This will keep you mentally active. You must try to think positively. Try to maintain a certain sense of humour. It will lessen the anxiety. Ask for anything you need or want (medicines, books, papers). All they can say is no. Build a rapport with your captors. Find areas of mutual interest, which emphasize personal rather than political interests. An excellent topic of discussion is family and children. If you speak their language, use it - it will enhance communication and rapport. Bear in mind that hostages often develop a positive attitude towards their captors. This is known as Stockholm Syndrome, after an incident involving hostages at a Swedish bank. In addition, as the hostage identifies with his/her captors, a negative attitude towards those on the outside may develop. You may be asked to sign notes verifying that you are alive, and/or you may be asked to write a confession that you or the organisation have been involved in nefarious activities. The decision to sign these is an individual one based on the situation. Some hostages refuse to sign unless the language of the note is changed. This may help bolster your morale and make you feel less helpless. It can also serve to command a certain degree of respect from the captors. Exercise daily. Develop a daily physical fitness programme and stick to it. If possible, stay well groomed and clean. As a result of the hostage situation, you may have difficulty in retaining fluids and may experience a loss of appetite and weight. Try to drink and eat even if you are not hungry. It is important to maintain your strength. Do not make threats against hostage-takers or give any indication that you would testify against them. If hostage-takers are attempting to conceal their identity, give no indication that you recognise them. Try to think of persuasive reasons why hostage-takers should not harm you. Encourage them to let authorities know your whereabouts and condition. Suggest ways in which you may benefit your captors in negotiations that would free you. It is important that your abductors view you as a person worthy of compassion and mercy. Never beg, plead, or cry. You must gain their respect as well as their sympathy. If you end up serving as a negotiator between hostage-takers and authorities, make sure the messages are conveyed accurately. Be prepared to speak on the radio or telephone. Escape only if you are sure you will be successful. If you are caught, your captors may use violence to teach you and others a lesson. At every opportunity, emphasise that, as a staff member of an international organisation, you are neutral and are not involved in politics. If there is a rescue attempt by force, drop quickly on the floor and seek cover. Keep your hands over your head. When appropriate, identify yourself. Be patient and flexible.

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6.3

Detainment

If you are detained, there is no reason to conceal anything from the abductors. Make it clear that you are a member of a UN mission and that your duty is a peaceful one. Explain the mandate of your mission and that it has the support of all Member States of the United Nations and the consent of all parties of the conflict in question. Do not hide your personality or fear any punishment because of saying something you were forced to. Under these circumstances your first task is to survive! 6.4 Try to find out the reason for your detainment and act accordingly. Be aware that everything will be done by the UN to save your life. Do not provoke your detainers, but attempt to find out their interest in you. Never do anything that could undermine the fact that you are a UN member. Avoid any resistance that could be misinterpreted by your detainers. They will probably be skilled in extracting information from people. Trust in the efforts of the UN and all other nations involved to achieve your release. Try to remain as healthy as possible. Mines

In the past, the aim of a minefield was to surprise and delay an enemy and to inflict casualties without exposing ones own forces to a confrontation. Nowadays, mines are frequently laid indiscriminately and kill friend and foe. If an area is suspected of being mined, stay well away from it. A peacekeeping or a CIVPOL observer force will normally be deployed in the vicinity of former battlefields. Therefore, CIVPOL observers as well as other UN personnel have to contend with the mine situation and other types of battlefield debris. CIVPOL observers can also find themselves in situations where the conflicting parties are engaged in operations using not only mines but also roadside bombs and other explosive devices, directed against each other or against UN personnel. If off-route movement is inevitable, walk or drive on stony ground where mines or munitions would be hard to conceal. Recognition of existent devices/mines and the principle of how to recognize these minefield areas combined with the handling of such threats are imperative to know for all CIVPOL observers and others involved in peacekeeping operations. The following can serve as general guidance. Where to Expect Mines Bottlenecks, edges, and forks in roads and tracks; Anywhere in non-metal tracks; In diversions around obstacles; In exits from roads; Around abandoned equipment; and In damaged roads (placed to delay repair).

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Movement in Mined Areas Be alert for signs of mines (objects natural or artificial out of place in surroundings); Be wary in moving over most obvious and easy ground, and do not walk on road verges; If caught in a mined or trapped area on foot, make for the nearest safe area (hard road or recent vehicle tracks). Feel with hands for anti-personnel mines near the surface of tripwires; If in a vehicle that is halted in a minefield, withdraw in the vehicles track until clear; Mark and report finds.

Precautions for Drivers Vary routes in and out to avoid roadside bombs; Drive in the centre of the road (clear of verges), and avoid turns on roads; and Avoid excessive speed, and stay on the road at halts.

Types of Mines General Features2 There are two main classes of mines: anti-tank and anti-personnel mines. Certain types can be used for either purpose by varying the method of arming the mine. Anti-tank mines are normally designed to break a tank track and part of the suspension, but they will usually destroy anything on wheels that passes over them. A fairly heavy weight (100 kg+) is needed to activate anti-tank mines, so that people stepping on the mine might not set them off. However, they can be fitted with devices to kill or wound any person trying to lift or neutralize them.

Anti-tank mine TMA4 used in former Yugoslavia.

Anti-personnel mines are normally designed to kill or wound when being set off. There are two main types. One relies on the blast and is meant to blow off a foot or a leg of anyone stepping on it, or to put a wheeled vehicle out of action. The other throws a container into the air, where it bursts and scatters fragments to wound or kill anyone within effective range. A load of about 3 kg will actuate an anti-personnel mine.

UNHCR UN Security Awareness.

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Components All mines consist of three main parts: The main charge, in a container that usually forms the body of the mine; The detonator, or the igniter charge, which sets off the main charge when it explodes; and The mechanism, or other device, to set off the detonator or igniter charge.

Mines Precautions Take the precautions listed here when operating in an area where you may encounter mines and exploding devices. Ask local people for advice as to possible locations of mines. If travelling on roads where mines are thought to be, avoid the edges of the road and be alert for fresh road repairs. Stop if you are not sure. When getting out of the vehicle, step out into the middle of the road, not on the edge. If encountering any obstacles in the road, stop well before and inspect (use binoculars). Do not proceed if you are not sure. Never touch, pull, or cut any wires. If you find yourself in an area where mines are located, you can always retrace your own footsteps or tire tracks. Anti-lift devices or booby traps An anti-lift device fixed or attached to a mine is in effect a booby trap. Some common devices include a pull type, so that lifting the mine tightens the wire and pulls out the pin and fires the mine.

Use the Mnemonic Always care. Always be alert. Be always ready for the unexpected. Examine the ground thoroughly. Follow wires visually but do not touch. Understand the nature of mines and simple mechanisms. Leave novelties and attractive items.

If you encounter an object that looks like an exploding device: Do not touch. Do not walk in the immediate area. Mark the spot to warn others. Inform the local authorities. If possible, sketch the device. Pass on a description of the device in a report to the authorities. Inform your colleagues of the location and description. Talk to local people. They are usually aware of areas where mines may be encountered.

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Mine Incident Drill From a Vehicle If a vehicle hits a mine, the convoy must halt. There is no movement and no dismount unless directed. Persons thrown from the vehicle by an explosion should not move. Aid personnel to move forward in vehicle tracks. Clear a path to the vehicle and to casualties so that first aid can be given. Search the route for further mines these should be marked.

On Foot 6.5 Take cover from explosions. Freeze and do not move. Determine if a mine caused the explosion and casualties. Determine the safest route out of the minefield (i.e., the way in). The person nearest to the casualty probes toward the casualty, clears the area, gives first aid, and clears a path out and exits using the way in. Check also for trip wires. Sniper Fire

Sniper fire may be expected at any time and in any place. All personnel must be constantly vigilant and use their common sense. Personnel should not: Stand by open windows; Leave the curtains/blinds open at night when the lights are on in occupied rooms; or Remain stationary for longer than necessary when on vehicle patrol.

In some cases, you should think about the need for an armoured car.

However, if personnel are subjected to sniper fire when indoors, they are to take cover immediately. If standing near a window, personnel should move to a position where they have a substantial wall between themselves and the direction from which the fire was directed. Sniper fire can also occur when in a vehicle. If personnel are subjected to sniper fire when stationary, then they should exit the area immediately. If the sniper fire is accurate, they should dismount the vehicle and take cover. If possible, personnel should radio for assistance, and an armed armoured escort will be dispatched to protect their egress from the area they are in. If the personnel, when moving, receive sniper fire, they are to speed up to the safest possible speed and exit the area immediately.

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6.6

Lost Radio Contact

In the event of loss of radio contact on patrol, attempt to use a spare set. If you are not able to establish contact, move the vehicle to a higher ground and try again. If none of the attempts work, the patrol is to return to the last known location where communication was achieved. On losing radio contact with a patrol, the controlling team site is to inform higher HQ regarding the last known location of the patrol. The HQ then contacts UN units, local authorities, and armed elements in the area where contact was lost with the patrol. They are to arrange a vehicle escort to search for the missing patrol.

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LESSON 6 END-OF-LESSON QUIZ


1.

What is the most common cause of accidents on a UN mission? A. Munitions; B. Alcohol; C. Driving; D. Aviation. Should a UNCIVPOL develop regular times for routine tasks while on a mission? A. No, this invites attacks; B. Yes, it is good to develop a routine while on a mission; C. Yes, a simple daily routine is predictable and leads to less stress; D. Yes, this makes it easier for the Station to contact the CIVPOL. What should a CIVPOL do if he or she instinctively feels uncomfortable in a given location or situation? A. Try to remain calm; B. Call for help; C. Leave immediately; D. Apply force. Which of the following is an example of a security measure to use at your home while on a mission? A. Hide a spare key outside near your home; B. Make sure your entrance area is well lit; C. Put your name on a mailbox; D. Put your name on a gatepost. What should be considered when selecting a parking space? A. Will it be lit at night? B. Does it present an easy escape route? C. Is it likely to be blocked? D. Is the car likely to be hit by another?

2.

3.

4.

5.

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6.

What should be the primary goal of a victim in a hostage situation? A. Escape; B. Surveillance; C. Survival; D. Distracting the captors. What is the clinical name of the tendency for hostages to develop positive attitudes about their captors? A. PTSD; B. Depression; C. Paranoia; D. The Stockholm Syndrome. What are the two main types of anti-personnel mines? A. One is activated by the weight of a person, while the other is activated by movement; B. One relies on a blast to blow off a foot or leg, while the other throws a container into the air, where it bursts and scatters fragments; C. One is plastic, the other is metal; D. One is designed to be concealed near the surface, while the other is buried deeper in the soil. If personnel are subjected to sniper fire while they are in a stationery vehicle, what action should they take? A. Return fire; B. Call for reinforcements; C. Take cover; D. Exit the area immediately.

7.

8.

9.

10. What actions should be taken in the event of loss of radio contact while on patrol? A. Repeat transmission attempts; B. Wait five minutes and try again; C. Attempt to use a spare radio. If that fails, move to higher ground and try again; D. Turn off the radio, turn it back on, and attempt to regain contact.

ANSWER KEY: 1C, 2A, 3C, 4B, 5A, 6C, 7D, 8B, 9D, 10C

LESSON 7 FIRST AID AND HEALTH PRECAUTIONS


7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 Principles of First Aid Medical Situations Requiring First Aid Assistance CASEVAC/MEDEVAC Requests Notice of Casualty/Death (NOTICAS) Alcohol and Food HIV, Basic Vaccination Stress Management

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LESSON OBJECTIVES By the end of Lesson 7, the student should be able to meet the following objectives: Understand the principles of First Aid; Know how to diagnosis and treat common medical situations including shock, unconsciousness, respiratory arrest, cardiac arrest, bleeding, burns, fractures and larger wounds, head injuries, snake bites, heat exhaustion and heat stroke, and others; Be familiar with the criteria and procedures for CASEVAC/MEDEVAC; Be familiar with the actions to be taken in case of casualties; Be aware of the cause and preventive methods of HIV/AIDS; and Understand the causes of stress and techniques for stress management.

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Introduction While the administration of medical assistance is the responsibility of properly trained medical personnel, UNCIVPOLs are often the first to respond to an emergency and should therefore be prepared to render First Aid. Whether this First Aid is rendered to save a fellow CIVPOL, military UN peacekeeper, or civilian, these are important skills to have and will therefore be covered briefly in this lesson. Personnel interested in seeking a deeper background in First Aid are encouraged to obtain this training from the Red Cross, their own police unit, or other recognized training organisation. 7.1 Principles of First Aid

Safety first. In case of an accident, bring the patient to a safe place. Stay calm; act with care, but also act decisively. Assess the following carefully: Is he/she breathing, and is the air passage clear? How does he/she react? (conscious and alert, drowsy, unconscious) How is the pulse? Is the victim bleeding?

These four symptoms may indicate a requirement for immediate action. Carefully assess the nature of the injuries or illness, and administer the necessary care. Position the patient appropriately and reassure him/her. You should remain calm. Never leave an unconscious or severely injured patient without supervision. Call for help, or get somebody to call for CASEVAC (Casualty Evacuation) at the closest Medical Clinic or Headquarters/Teamsite. If several casualties are dispersed in an area, mark their locations clearly. 7.2 Shock Shock may occur as a result of severe external or internal blood loss, severe dehydration, heat stroke, and in rare cases, by severe illness. Symptoms Moist, pale, and cool skin; Dizziness, confusion, restlessness, and combativeness; unconsciousness; Rapid and superficial pulse at rest (above 100/min); and Additional symptoms of an underlying disorder. Medical Situations Requiring First Aid Assistance

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Procedures Place the patient lying down on his or her back with his/her head down; Position the patient with legs elevated at a 45 angle; Side positioning if patient is unconscious; Eliminate the cause of the shock (stop loss of blood, force patient to drink if he/she is fully conscious); and Set i.v. or s.c. infusion, if trained. NOTE: ALL shock patients require CASEVAC. Unconsciousness A person may loose consciousness as a result of a head injury, heat stroke, failure of blood circulation or respiration, shock, or intoxication. Procedures Turn patient on the uninjured side, open his mouth, and clear air passages; Avoid unnecessary movements; Never force an unconscious patient to swallow fluids; and Never leave the victim alone, and observe the respiration and pulse. Special Risks: Vomiting and air passage obstruction, and respiratory arrest. Respiratory Arrest Patients with respiratory arrest rapidly become unconscious. Expired Air Resuscitation (EAR) has to be initiated as soon as possible, within less than 30 seconds. Respiratory arrest may occur as a result of airway obstructions, cardiac arrest, electric shock, head injury, chest injury, internal bleeding and shock, intoxication, or severe illness. Procedures Clear the air passages; Elevate the jaw, and open the mouth; Start mouth-to-mouth or mouth-to-nose respiration; Blow all your air through the mouth or the nose to inflate the lungs; Observe the chest rising, then listen for air being exhaled; Repeat this cycle 15 times per minute; and Continue until spontaneous breathing starts or a doctor arrives.

HA

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Cardiac Arrest Cardiac arrest can occur from respiratory arrest, heart disease, advance heat stroke, or a severe accident. A person may be suffering from cardiac arrest if he/she is unconscious, has no pulse, and is not breathing. Procedures If experienced, immediately start cardio-pulmonary resuscitation (CPR). CPR is expired air resuscitation plus external compression with 60 chest compressions a minute (including one mouth-to-mouth ventilation every 5 compressions). Bleeding External Bleeding Elevate the wounded extremity; Apply a compression bandage to the wound; Check after 2 minutes; if bleeding continues, apply a second compressing bandage on top of the first bandage. (The use of an arterial tourniquet is necessary only in exceptional circumstances amputation with bleeding artery in spite of dressing and as near the bleeding point as possible.) Internal Bleeding May occur after blunt injuries involving soft tissue (legs, buttocks, back, chest or abdomen). Swelling and pain are the main symptoms. The suspicion of internal bleeding always requires immediate CASEVAC, since shock may develop rapidly. Burns Procedures Immediately cool the burned area with cold water for 15 minutes; Do not break blisters or apply cream; Apply clean dressings, soaked with clean water if possible; and Transport the patient for further medical treatment. Special Risks: If the patient is conscious, supply frequent drinks of water.

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Fractures and Larger Wounds Procedures Immobilization and external fixation is the best way to prevent further tissue damage. This reduces both pain and loss of blood. Avoid unnecessary movement of the limb. Cover the wound, arrest bleeding, and prepare material for external fixation; and When necessary, prepare a soft cover or splint the fracture to another non-injured limb, immobilizing the joint above and below. Special Risks: If there is suspicion of back injuries (severe back/vertebral pain), do not move the patient. Stabilize the position (with a rolled blanket, for example), and put him/her on a solid, flat surface. Initiate CASEVAC and mention the fact that there is a back injury in order to receive specific transport equipment. Head Injury Blunt and open head injuries mainly occur in car accidents, from falls, or are caused by direct blows. Penetrating head injuries may be caused by foreign bodies (bullet or fragments of missiles, mines, grenades, etc.). Unconsciousness is the leading symptom; it can develop slowly over hours. Cerebral damage or bleeding must be suspected when the patient: Becomes drowsy, irritable, disoriented or irrational; Complains of a headache; Vomits; Does not respond adequately, becomes unconscious, or may have a seizure; Loses consciousness.

Procedures All patients with suspected head injuries represent emergencies where immediate CASEVAC is necessary. Never leave the patient alone. If unconscious, turn the victim on his/her side and put a support under the head. Bruises Procedures Clean the area, and apply an ice pack directly to the damaged area for 10 minutes; Cover with a clean bandage; and Elevate and splint the affected area.

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Cuts Procedures Use ample Betadine or soap; Protect the wound with a proper dressing; Immobilize to prevent swelling and infection; and If the cut is deep or extensive or involves the face or hands, call for CASEVAC (suturing may be necessary). Snake Bite A snake bite is a medical emergency, but it is rarely deadly. More than 75% of bites inflict the lower limbs. Prevention Protect legs with boots and trousers; Watch your step; Don'turn over stones with bare hands; t Retreat when you see a snake, and never touch a dead snake; and Avoid sleeping on the floor. Turn and shake clothes, boots, and sleeping bags before use. Treatment Remain calm; Make sure it was a snake bite (if possible, kill the snake and take it for later identification); Provide medication for pain (analgesics) and stand-by assistance; Cool the affected area; Disinfect with Betadine or soap; Immobilize the patient and the bitten area; and Initiate CASEVAC to the nearest Medical Section. Snake anti-venoms are available only at the Medical Clinics. Doctors may only use this for the treatment of patients. Scorpion Bite Scorpion bites are more painful than snakes bites, but less dangerous. In most cases, they do not require immediate medical attention, but to be sure, call the nearest Medical Clinic for advice. Anti-venom is usually not required. Procedures Disinfect the area with Betadine; Elevate and cool the affected limb; Provide medication for pain; and Immobilize the limb.

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Heat Exhaustion and Heat Stroke A person suffering from heat exhaustion or heat stroke can experience thirst, vomiting, muscle cramps, headaches, and a feeling of being hot (red skin, confusion, rapid pulse, unconsciousness). These are potentially dangerous conditions caused by heat exposure and affect mostly non-acclimatized, dehydrated persons. If heat exhaustion is not treated immediately, the condition can progress to heat stroke, which is a life-threatening emergency. Confusion and unconsciousness may rapidly follow the symptoms of heat exhaustion. Prevention Stay in shaded areas, avoid physical work during the hot daytime, and take frequent rests (15 min./hour); Drink before exposing yourself to the heat, and ensure adequate fluid intake more than listening to your thirst; Increase quantities when exercising or when the temperature or humidity rise; Rules of thumb: Above 35C: 1-2 liters per working hour, 8-15 liters per day; 30 - 35C: 1 liter per 2 working hours, 5 liters per day; Below 30C: 3 liters per day. Treatment: Treat the early signs of heat exhaustion by moving the patient to a cool and shaded place, splash the victim with water, fan them, and supply cold drinks. Ask for CASEVAC if symptoms or confusion do not decrease within one hour. Eye Irritation Extremely light, dry air, heat, and dusty winds are all hazardous to your eyes. Procedures Use goggles or sunglasses; Avoid direct strong airflow to the face (air-conditioning/ventilation of the car or patient' head too close to an open window in a car); s Do not rub your eyes once you have developed an irritation, but eliminate the possible cause; and Once irritation has developed, flush your eyes with clean water and apply eye drops every two hours. Foot Care Procedures Keep feet clean and dry; Wash and massage daily, and frequently apply ointment to dry skin; Change socks daily; and Elevate feet when possible.

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7.3

CASEVAC/MEDEVAC Requests

CASEVAC Request CASEVAC is, by definition, the casualty evacuation from points of injury to the next suitable level of care. The time factor has first priority. A CASEVAC request could be transmitted by either telephone or radio. When using the radio, review the SOP to see if special frequencies are allocated for this purpose. If not, use the OPS-channel. Procedures The following information must be available to initiate a CASEVAC: Your own location (e.g., the call-sign of the team site, sector HQ, and/or name of person requesting the evacuation); Nature of injury or illness (e.g., head injury, broken leg, heatstroke, snakebite, etc.); Casualtys location (e.g., GPS coordinates, team site, road between X and Y, etc.); Number of casualties; and Additional remarks, such as the nature of the accident, possible local hazards, and the condition of the patient (stable, deteriorating, etc.).

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Sample CASEVAC Request MESSAGE: CASEVAC - CASEVAC - CASEVAC From: (Unit or Team) TO: (Medical Unit or Unit with ambulances or helicopters) See SOP. Date-Time-Group: A. Request AMBULANCE/HELICOPTER: ____________________________ B. Requesting Contingent/Unit: ______________________________________ C. Location of patient(s) in AMR or description: ________________________ D. Degree of URGENCY (immediate, delayed, not urgent): ________________ E. Time of Injury/Accident: _________________________________________ F. Number of persons to be evacuated:_________________________________ G. Type of casualty (death, injury, illness): _____________________________ H. Description of injuries (diagnosis): Patient 1: _________________________________________________ Patient 2: _________________________________________________ I. CASEVAC/EMERGENCY TEAM is/is not required: __________________ J. Area and marking of LZ: _________________________________________ K. Additional information sent with patient/or ASAP by radio: _____________ ADDITIONAL INFORMATION: Rank: ________ Name: _________________________ Sex: _____ ID: ______ NO.______ Unit: ____________ Nationality: _______________ Date of Birth: __________ Blood group: ________________ Short medical history to follow YES/NO _______________________________ Any known allergies _______________________________________________ The patient was evacuated from accident site at time ______________________ Note: Record the time of all medical treatment provided on site (drugs, fluids, tourniquet, dressings, splinting, catheters, etc.) STAY ON STAND-BY CONTINUE FIRST AID PREPARE GPS COORDINATES/PATIENTS LOCATION MEDEVAC Request MEDEVAC is, by definition, the evacuation of medical cases between the level of care established in theatre (intra-theatre MEDEVAC) or to medical facilities out of theatre (intertheatre MEDEVAC). A MEDEVAC request uses the same form as the CASEVAC request above. However, the only difference is the message: MESSAGE: MEDEVAC - MEDEVAC MEDEVAC.

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7.4

Notice of Casualty/Death (NOTICAS)

Immediately after the receipt of information concerning a casualty, mission headquarters must inform United Nations Headquarters by using a preliminary cable that shall include all relevant details available at the time of dispatch. In the case of a death, the unit concerned shall advise its national headquarters to inform the next of kin and to notify mission headquarters immediately when that has been done. No mention of the deceased' name shall be made in any public statement before such notification s has been received. Following the dispatch of the preliminary information to United Nations Headquarters, a Notification of Casualty (NOTICAS) shall be prepared by the Chief Military Personnel Officer (CMPO) as follows: NOTICAS number Name of mission Service Number United Nations ID card number and date of birth Rank Last name and (in brackets) first and middle name Sex Nationality Next of kin (name, address and relationship) Category (e.g., contingent number, etc.) On duty at the time of the occurrence (yes or no) Date of occurrence (day, month, year) Time (Local time) Place Type of casualty (death, injury or illness) Cause of casualty.

The Notice shall be prepared in the name of the DOA/CAO and dispatched to the UNHQ Director. The DOA/CAO is responsible for notifying United Nations Headquarters immediately in case of death, serious injury, or illness of internationally or locally-recruited civilian staff members following the NOTICAS procedure described above.

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7.5

Alcohol and Food

The military observer must be aware that ethnic cultures have different attitudes and requirements concerning food preparation and handling. For example, some ethnic cultures expressly forbid the consumption of alcohol. Some general rules include the following: Avoid local spirituous liquors and excessive consumption of alcohol; Spicy and highly seasoned foods should be consumed only in moderation until you are confident of your digestive tolerances; Raw vegetables, salads, cold sauces (gravies), and dairy products should be avoided unless their source or origin can be verified; Fresh fruits should be avoided unless the outer skin is unbroken and can be removed prior to consumption; and Use only canned or boiled milk and, similarly, ensure that water purification tablets are used, or that water is boiled prior to consumption. Water should be kept at boiling temperature for at least 10 minutes.

Well-cooked foods are normally safe to eat, but common sense must prevail. 7.6 HIV, Basic Vaccination

Introduction AIDS, the Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, is the late stage of infection caused by a virus, the Human Immunodeficiency Virus. The vast majority of all HIV infections are caused by having sexual contact with someone who is already infected with HIV. HIV can also be transmitted by infected blood or blood products (as in blood transfusions), by sharing contaminated needles for injecting drugs or for tattooing, and by an infected woman to her baby during delivery or through breast-feeding. It is not spread through ordinary (non-sexual) social contact. As a member of a UNCIVPOL Mission or as a member of a peacekeeping force, you need to know that you have a greater chance of being infected with HIV than a civilian in your own country. Research has shown that military personnel, when posted away from home, are likely to have more sexual partners than usual. Also, some peacekeeping operations in foreign countries are in areas where AIDS is already a common problem. Sex with a number of different partners, with prostitutes, with people who inject drugs, and with men who have sex with other men increases the chances of being exposed to HIV. Therefore, when you are being deployed on a peacekeeping mission, you must be aware of these facts about HIV and AIDS, be on guard against the threat of AIDS, and be sure that you protect yourself against HIV/AIDS.

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Stages of HIV Infection The so-called window period lasts several weeks to several months right after the first infection. During this period, HIV tests are still negative, but the person can pass on the infection. A symptomatic period lasts for 5 to 12 years during which the person is fully fit. AIDS is a syndrome, a combination of opportunistic infections (like pneumonia, diarrhea, or meningitis) that begin to attack the body when the immune system fails. T-Helper Cells T-helper cells are a part of the bodys immune system. Like a commander, they tell other cells what to do so the body can fight off invasion from infection and disease. HIV acts like a sniper who kills the commander T-helper cells. When the number of T-helper cells is reduced, the body becomes less able to fight off infection and disease. Sexual Transmission of HIV You do not just get a sexually transmitted disease (STD) from the person you are having sex with, but also from all the people that that person had sex with. Reasons Mission Personnel Are At Risk for HIV? Mission work takes people away from home for long periods of time; The need to relieve stress, loneliness and boredom can lead to risky behaviour; Using alcohol and drugs increases the likelihood of risky behaviour; The large numbers of sexually active young adults; Attitude that nothing will ever hurt me; Value risk-taking and aggressiveness; and Mission sites attract commercial sex workers.

In addition, war and social upheaval dislocates populations, increasing the number of persons who use sex as a means of survival. Facts About HIV and AIDS An HIV-positive person can look and feel healthy for many years before signs of AIDS appear. Most HIV positive persons require life-long treatment. There is no known cure. There is no vaccine to protect against HIV infection. Being tattooed or body-pierced with unsterilized needles can result in infection with HIV.

What is Risky Behaviour? Having more than one sexual partner; Not using condoms; and Having unprotected anal sex.

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Safest Ways to Avoid HIV Abstain from all sexual contact; Develop a mutually monogamous or safe relationship; Use a condom every time you have vaginal, oral or anal sex; and Practice outercourse.

Risk Factors for HIV Infection HIV is spread: By having sex with an HIV-positive person; By sharing needles or syringes with an HIV-positive person; and During pregnancy, birth or breast-feeding from an HIV-positive mother to her baby. The body fluids of an HIV-positive person that spread HIV include semen, vaginal fluid, blood, and breast milk. Universal Precautions In order to minimize the risk of blood-borne disease transmission, exercise the following. Safely handle needles; Wash your hands with soap and water; Wear gloves and protective clothing when in contact with blood, bodily fluids, etc.; and Safely dispose of medical waste and decontaminated instruments and equipment.

Practicing safer sex can prevent HIV. 7.7 Stress Management1

What is Stress? Stress can be defined as any change or demand that the human system (mind, body and spirit) is required to meet or to respond to. There are normal stressors such as those consistent with life: breathing, blood circulation, walking, eating, talking and playing. These functions are common to everyone and are a part of everyday life. Without these stressors and other physical demands on the human system, you would not continue to live. The more you know and understand about stress, the better prepared you will be to manage and control its effects. Stress becomes a problem when it occurs too often (frequency), lasts too long (duration), and is too severe (intensity). In these circumstances, distress occurs. However, it is extremely important to note that what may be distressful for one person may not necessarily be distressful for someone else. Your perception of the event, the degree of threat you feel, and the amount of control you have over the circumstances most often determine the degree of distress you will experience.
1

Security in the Field Information for staff members of the United Nations system; New York, 1998.

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Some factors that influence your perception and your control of stress include your personality and your past experiences. Your education, your skills, your philosophical approach to life, your age, your sex, your level of physical fitness, and your personal esteem are all factors that can also influence the degree which you will be affected by a given distressful event or a series of events. Given the frequency, intensity and duration of a situation, anyone can become a victim of stress. In 1936, Dr. Hans Seyle2 made an important discovery: when threatened, the body always reacts with the same general adaptive mechanism. He defines this concept as follows: The Alarm Phase In order to understand the effects of both useful and harmful stress, it is necessary to understand the mechanisms of a basic life-protecting reaction. In the presence of a threatening or dangerous situation, the person reacts with the fight or flight response. This is a reaction that causes adrenaline to increase and prepares us to run or fight. If we respond in a physical manner, such as by running, fighting or even with verbal aggression, much of the stress-produced fear, anger or hostility can be greatly reduced or dissipated altogether. The fight or flight response is a primitive physical protective reaction. In todays society, it may not be appropriate to respond to some threats in a physical manner. The Adaptation Phase When a stressor continues without being resolved, the intensity of the alarm stimulus is often lessened but not lost, and the person enters what Seyle calls the Adaptation Phase. In this phase, vital biochemical, physiological, psychological and spiritual resources act to sustain the person against the original distressors. Adaptation or adjustment to the situation, however, is not a solution. The Exhaustion Phase After an undetermined period of time that varies from person to person as a consequence of long-term distressors or daily cumulative stress, an individual may begin to exhibit signs of breaking down. This may be manifested in the form of physical, mental or behavioral syndromes that are symptoms of long-term, unresolved distress. Some common symptoms are: Physical Fatigue Back pain Headache Ulcer Psychological Memory loss Poor concentration Decrease in esteem Depression Behavioral Verbal outburst Increased smoking Increased alcohol use Eating disorders

Dr. Hans Seyle (1907-1982) M.D., PhD McGill University; endocrinologist at the Institute of Experimental Medicine and Surgery at the University of Montreal; Nobel prize winner; studied stress and identified it as a result of general adaptation syndrome (GAS), consisting of three stages: alarm reaction, resistance, and exhaustion; GAS has served as a model for the effects of long-term stress on the body.

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Critical Incident Stress Management Critical incident stress is an event outside the range of normal experience that is sudden and unexpected, disrupts ones sense of control, involves the perception of a threat to life, and may include elements of physical or emotional loss. Examples of critical incidents are: natural disasters, multiple casualty accidents, sexual or other assault, death of a child, hostage-taking, suicide, traumatic death in family, duty-related death of co-worker, war-related civilian death, bombing of buildings, mining of roads, attacks on vehicles/convoys, armed attacks/robberies, and direct or indirect intimidation/threats. While a critical incident may occur anywhere and at anytime, there are occupational groups that are at an increased risk of exposure to psychologically traumatic events, including: fire-fighters, emergency medical personnel, police officers, search and rescue personnel, disaster relief and humanitarian aid workers, and international organisations staff. Critical incident stress is a normal reaction to an abnormal situation. Reactions may be physical, cognitive or emotional. Reactions may also develop over time. The table below outlines normal immediate and delayed reactions to a critical incident. Physical Immediate Reactions Emotional Anxiety Anger Fear Irritability Guilt Grief Hopelessness Delayed Reactions Emotional Feeling abandoned Resentment Alienation Withdrawal Numbness Depression Cognitive Confusion Inability to decide Impaired thinking Memory loss

Nausea Muscle tremors Sweating Dizziness Chills Rapid heart rate High blood pressure

Fatigue Startle response Substance abuse Sleep difficulties Nightmares Restlessness

Physical

Cognitive Decreased attention span Poor concentration Memory problems Flashbacks

The severity of an individuals reactions to a critical incident depends on several factors: Factors Related to the Incident Suddenness Intensity Duration Available social support Factors Related to the Person Past experience Personal loss Perception of threat Personal coping abilities

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Research and experience provide a variety of techniques to assist you both during and after the event. During the critical incident: Recognize the signs of critical incident stress; Maintain a positive attitude; Try to control breathing slow and regular; Focus on the immediate task; Stay in contact with others by talking; Care for yourself food, water, clothing, and rest; and If prolonged exposure, take breaks and rotate tasks. After a critical incident: Talk about the event what you saw, heard, smelled, did; Talk about your reactions, particularly how you felt; and Practice stress management techniques, such as: deep-breathing exercises, progressive relaxation, meditation, physical activity, music, and reading and humor to facilitate acceptance of reactions. Also participate in critical incident stress defusing as soon as possible after the event, as well as in critical incident stress debriefing later. Critical Incident Stress Defusing occurs in a group meeting of those involved, directly after the event. The purpose of this exercise is to allow those involved to describe what happened and to talk about their reactions, as well as to provide information about normal stress reactions, support services, and details of the follow-up critical incident stress debriefing. Critical Incident Stress Debriefing (CISD) is a military term for a report that a subordinate submits on his/her mission and the conclusions drawn by his/her supervisor. By extension, it is used in psychology to describe a detailed account that is given on return from a mission, concerning the facts and emotions experienced in the field and the thought to which they give rise. CISD is a process designed to lessen the impact of a critical incident. It is not designed to provide counseling, but rather to provide a safe opportunity to deal with immediate reactions to a stressful, traumatic situation. It includes: A structured intervention by specially trained members of a critical incident stress team; and An organised group meeting that allows and encourages those involved in a critical incident to openly discuss their thoughts and reactions in a safe, non-threatening environment 48 to 72 hours after the critical incident.

For most people, most symptoms will diminish both in intensity and in frequency within a few days or weeks. The process will be greatly assisted by a formal debriefing and by discussing concerns with trusted family members and friends.

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Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder If the above symptoms last more than a month, they may be an indication of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This is a more serious condition, which is a complication of psychological stress that could be compared to a wound that will not heal naturally. To be diagnosed, the following factors must be present: Trauma; A persistent tendency to relieve the trauma in the form of memories, nightmares, flashbacks or intense emotional reactions to any event reminiscent of the trauma; A tendency to avoid any thought, emotion or activity that reminds one of the traumatic event; A marked hyperactivity, accompanied by an exaggerated startle reaction, a quick temper, and sleep disorders, particularly upon falling asleep; and A persistence of these symptoms for at least one month. A specialist must carry out the diagnosis and treatment of PTSD.

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LESSON 7 END-OF-LESSON QUIZ


1.

Which of the following can be symptoms of shock? A. Moist, pale, and cool skin; B. Dizziness, confusion, restlessness, and combativeness; C. Unconsciousness; D. All of the above. What is the procedure for the application of CPR? A. Constant Pressure and Resuscitation; B. EAR plus 60 external compressions per minute and mouth-to-mouth ventilation every five compressions; C. Rhythmic pressures to the back and chest; D. Compression of the wound. What are some of the treatments for external bleeding? A. Cold soaking and application of ice; B. Application of cream and pressure; C. Elevation of the wounded extremity and application of a compression bandage to the wound; D. EAR. What does CASEVAC stand for? A. Casualty Evacuation; B. Case Evaluation; C. Cease Elevation; D. None of the above. Which of the following is not a proper treatment for burns? A. Cool the burned area with cold water for 15 minutes; B. Break blisters and apply cream; C. Apply clean dressings soaked in clean water; D. Transport the patient for further medical treatment.

2.

3.

4.

5.

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6.

Which of the following always requires an immediate CASEVAC? A. Burns; B. External bleeding; C. Internal bleeding; D. Unconsciousness. Does heat exhaustion require immediate treatment? A. No, heat exhaustion does not require immediate treatment; B. Yes, because heat exhaustion can sometimes have long-term effects; C. It depends on how severe the heat exhaustion is; D. Yes, because if heat exhaustion is not treated immediately, it can progress to heat stroke, which is a life-threatening emergency. What is a MEDEVAC? A. The evacuation of medical cases between the level of care established in theatre, or to medical facilities out of theatre; B. Any form of medical transportation; C. Medical Emergency Activity; D. Medical Evaluation and Care. How long must water be boiled to ensure it is suitable for consumption? A. 1 minute; B. 5 minutes; C. 10 minutes; D. 15 minutes.

7.

8.

9.

10. What is PTSD? A. Pre-training stress development; B. Post-traumatic stress disorder; C. Primary Trauma Stimulated Distress; D. Prevention Techniques of Sexual Diseases.

ANSWER KEY: 1D, 2B, 3C, 4A, 5B, 6C, 7D, 8A, 9C, 10B

LESSON 8 INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATIONS


8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 Communications: The Pros and Cons of Various Devices Regulations Affecting UN Use of Communications Procedures for Radio Communication Postal Arrangements

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LESSON OBJECTIVES By the end of Lesson 8, the student should be able to meet the following objectives: Appreciate the importance of communications in order to achieve mission effectiveness; Understand the pros and cons of various forms of communications and devices, including text, fax, e-mail, and phone; Be aware of some of the regulations affecting UN use of communications; Be familiar with procedures for radio communications, including techniques for speaking, radio procedures, standard terminology to be used on the radio, emergency procedures, procedure words, and phonetics; and Have an awareness of the handling of mail at a UN mission, as well as the rights and limitations on mission personnel and the local government.

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8.1

Communications: The Pros and Cons of Various Devices

Without effective communications1, any organisation is a disorganisation. Every UN officer involved in disaster, aid and allied voluntary services is aware of the obstacles to effectiveness that can be caused by poor communications in the field. Time can be wasted driving around looking for staff and equipment. The rapid deployment of the right equipment in the right place at the right time can become impossible. Managers may have no idea what is happening once people leave their sight. Without eyes, ears and a Close contact and friendships with the next generation. voice, it is possible for people in any organisation to feel they are just by-passed by the staff at the front-end of the job. The staff in the field can come to feel there is no back-up, no help coming from the outside, and would rather valiantly improvise than spend days in a possibly fruitless search for help. For a variety of reasons, UN missions must bring with them their own communications in the mission area that do not depend on any lines or power from the area. We also need communication devices that can be set up in a few hours, anywhere in the world and with no previous notice or time to plan elaborate engineering. The solution to this problem must also be portable in order to be quickly moved into position by a small number of people, who will be too busy to spend hours with complex technology. Most importantly, it must be affordable to the UN and all involved organisations subsidizing the effort. What Do We Want? Knowing the type and amount of messages you will want to send and to whom is the key in deciding which of the many systems to use. We will now look briefly at some of the decisive factors in choosing the message types. Pro Telephone Most NGO workers who are not communication experts have expressed a preference for voice communication phone calls via the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN). The telephone has many advantages. Problems can be discussed and many alternative ideas can be brainstormed in one single conversation. Also, the caller is psychologically reassured that the person he wanted to talk to has received and has understood the meaning of the message. Besides, hearing the voice of a familiar person is very warming. Furthermore, there are
1

http://www.ericsson.com.

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telephones everywhere in the world. Thus, it is highly likely that the person being called has access to a telephone. It is also the best way of reassuring relatives at home and putting their anxieties to rest. Contra Telephone On average, telephone calls are very inefficient in transmitting specific technical information, facts, tables of abstract figures and numbers, and the like. Also, we must realize that a telephone can call every other telephone in the world, and therefore it is not always safe in communicating secret messages. You, as the caller, must know the number to dial, and it is possible that the person you are trying to contact will be unavailable. Another con is the problem of working in different time zones. If you wish to call a person in their office number, they may only be available during the office hours in their country. Also, you may be far too busy at a certain time, be on the move, or be out of communication. Or perhaps you only have a small amount of time available for communication. The solution is to call the person at home. Pro Text A text or written message usually consists of letters of the alphabet and numbers and is used for letters, telegrams, telexes, and also electronic mails. There are many advantages of communicating by text messages. The sender does not have to worry about the availability of the person to whom the message is to be sent (the addressee) because the message can be passed on later. Additionally, different time zones and office hours are no longer problematic, as the message can be sent at a time convenient to the sender. This is important because the sender has his/her work set by the demands of the field or is probably travelling a lot. Therefore, the sender may be able to set up and use communication equipment occasionally. Furthermore, text messages can be sent from a mobile unit in the field to a fax machine in an ordinary landline back at the office. By sending a text message electronically (e-mail), the message can be stored off-line. Consequently, it permits the recipient to read the message whenever and as often as he/she wishes. Moreover, this system of electronic communication provides a great opportunity for the sender to construct messages logically and clearly, as the possibility of revising and editing before sending is given. Another advantage of written messages is precision in regard to details. The recipient does not have to deal anymore with hastily taken and often confusing and vague notes from a call. Instead, the message is available to the recipient in its original version and with all its specific details. Additionally, the message can be copied and distributed easier and faster, as the creation of a new text with the content of a phone call is unnecessary. If the people stationed in the field have access to a fixed location, their communication equipment can remain switched on and left unattended, thus enabling the people to concentrate on their primary mission. Also, by remaining turned on, the communication equipment permits people to deal with incoming messages at any convenient time. In addition, language barriers

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are a serious problem during a telephone conversation and often result in misunderstandings. In contrast to telephone conversations, text messages may be translated more competently and thus be easier to understand. Also, computers are an efficient way to send graphical information, such as maps, photos, and diagrams. Contra Text The lack of human contact renders text messages less reassuring than the phone. For those who are familiar with computers and are used to keyboards, screens, and commands, it is a simple way to communicate. For others, though, it may seem rather complicated and hard to learn. In order to receive text messages back at the office, specific types of hardware and software are needed, such as telex or fax machines, modems, or electronic mailing systems. Obviously, fewer telex or email terminals than faxes or telephones are in use, so this fact, as well as the recipients accessibility to different ways of communication, has to be taken into consideration when choosing a communication system. Also, computers need regular charging or power, as well as a programme of backing up the hard disc to a floppy disc or CD-ROM. Remember, if your PC fails, nothing will work at all. The wisest thing to do is to use at least two computers, both equipped with identical software and compatible hardware. Before leaving for the field, you need to check both computers for correct functioning of the communication gears, as small problems are easier to fix at the base than in the field. Due to computer problems, documents occasionally get lost during the writing process. Also, viruses may prevent the operating system on the PC from booting up, thus resulting in the necessity to reformat the hard disc. Hence, you should save the document to another hard disc or server as well as another external device, i.e., CD, thumb drive, or floppy disc. Do keep in mind, computers may just crash. To fix them, you need an expert, which are not always easy to find. In the field, there is seldom a Local Area Network (LAN). Consequently, discs are exchanged frequently. But do check each disc for viruses before running it. And keep in mind that even if files may have been developed using incompatible formats or systems, it is often possible to transfer files by first saving them in the plain text ASCII format, or converting them to plain text (*.txt) before exchanging them. A less obvious problem is the necessity of the field team to be equipped with a printer. It is needed to print out, for instance, an urgent message that may then be passed to the addressee if he/she does not have access to the computer at that time. Printers will need interface cables and driver programmes, a power supply system, and plenty of special paper and ink cartridges, which all add to the cost and weight.

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Pro Fax For example, as a rule, the ICRC (International Committee of the Red Cross) prefers text messaging. Nevertheless, it has found one advantage of faxing: Sometimes, a convoy needs to pass a checkpoint or border and the local official is reluctant to allow the passing without a properly accredited certificate or form. Through the use of a fax, a copy of the required form complete with stamps, seals and signatures may be shown to the official, who will then allow the convoy to pass. Most small companies, as well as numerous people working from home, already use fax machines. Also, fax machines automatically stamp the faxed document with the originating fax number and date/time. A journal keeps account of the number of messages sent or received. With regard to convenience, faxes and text messages have the same advantages. In the field, the fax machine may remain switched on and unattended, and the team only has to check for messages periodically. As an added bonus, most fax machines offer a local copy the fax machine can be used as a copier as well. Some models even work as computer printers and image scanners. If you do not want to carry a fax machine along, any PC can be programmed to create and receive faxes. However, a printer is still needed to hardcopy the FAX in order to pass it to someone else. Contra Fax From the experiences of other organisations, we know that in very hot and humid conditions, fax paper tends to become sticky and will not run smoothly through the machine. Another problem is the supply of the main power, or the regular charging of batteries that fax machines need. Internet Electronic Mail The Internet is a global network of computers connected together, mostly by ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) circuits. Personal computers are used to contact hosts which are ordinary computers that run special mailing software and are connected to the Internet either by a Local Area Network (LAN) wired in your building, or by a dial-up PSTN phone line via a modem. Then, the message is send to the host. The first line of the message must be the Internet address of the addressee. After having finished your message, it is passed from host to host until it reaches the host that serves as the addressees mailbox. The message remains in the mailbox until the addressee connects his/her computer to the host, reads the message on the computer screen, or prints it out. It is problematic, however, that there is not always a sound or other alert to signal the user to log on (connect up) and collect his/her mail, so the addressee may be unaware of urgent messages. Although the messages take just seconds to reach the addressees mailbox, it could be hours or even days before the addressee logs in. As a result, it is best to let the user know in some other way of the urgent e-mail message you have just sent via the Internet.

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Communication in Peacekeeping Missions The authority for a UN operation to install and operate communication systems (i.e., radio communication, including satellite, mobile and hand-held radio, telephone, fax or any other means) is stated in the Status of Forces Agreement (SOFA) for the specific operation. Since peacekeeping operations are basically political operations, all activities of the force and all incidents it encounters may have political consequences. Therefore, reporting and decisionmaking may be more centralized than in standard military operations. To support centralization, a peacekeeping force must have an adequate communication system to facilitate rapid transmission from the lowest level in the field to the mission headquarters. A lack of proper communication could seriously undermine the control of an operation. The peacekeeping tasks of the UN force within the area of operation require an efficient signal system. For various reasons, the nature of the assignment can be entirely specific to duties with the UN and, essentially, different from normal military procedure. This calls for more stringent controls from senior headquarters over subordinate formations and units than is normally required. A CIVPOL observer, whether working alone in very remote areas or as a staff officer in headquarters, should be familiar with the overall communication system and with the English voice procedures. 8.2 Regulations Affecting UN Use of Communications

The telecommunications services of UN peacekeeping operations shall be operated in accordance with Article III of the International Telecommunications Convention and Regulation. The UN peacekeeping force shall enjoy, in cooperation with the host Government(s), the right to unrestricted communication by radio (including satellite, mobile and hand-held radio), telephone, telegraph, facsimile or any other means, and of establishing the necessary facilities for maintaining such communications within or between premises of the force, including the laying of cables and land lines and the establishment of fixed and mobile sending, receiving and repeater stations. The conditional terms are stated in the Status of Force Agreement for the specific operation. The Telecommunication Service within the Force is handled by military and civilian signal units and personnel, while service between the Force HQ and UNHQ in New York is operated by Field Service Officers from the UN Secretariat. The peacekeeping force assists in providing and maintaining equipment needed for telephone communication from its headquarters to contingents and between contingents, if such assistance is required and equipment cannot be provided by the contingents themselves. Furthermore, the peacekeeping force also assists in the allotment and maintenance of equipment needed for radio communication from the peacekeeping force HQ to the HQ of the contingents. Special radio equipment may be authorized by the force for communication without posts or for patrols where normal contingent equipment is inadequate for the task. Contingents may use the national language on communication nets within their own unit. On UN communication nets, however, the language to be used is the official mission language, which is generally English.

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8.3

Procedures for Radio Communication2 Decide previously what you are going to say, ensuring that it will be clear and concise. Make notes if necessary. Check that nobody else is speaking on the net before you start. Avoid excessive calling. Allow time for the remote stations automatic reply this can take up to 40 seconds. Calling again too shortly after the original call may delay an incoming reply from the called station. The called station may be able to hear you but may be unable to reply, or you may not hear their reply. Make one last call starting: X HEARD OUT. The other station can then call you back when they are in a better position to do so. If your message is long, divide it into sensible phrases; pause to allow your message to be understood while maintaining a natural rhythm. Use standard pronunciation. Emphasise vowels sufficiently. Avoid extremes of pitch; do not let your voice drop at the end of a sentence. Speak in a moderately strong voice but do not shout, as this will distort the signal. Hold the microphone about 5 cm from your lips while speaking. Shield the microphone from background noises. Be aware that everything that you say can be heard by anyone using a radio receiver on the same frequency. Depending on the situation in the country of operations, it may be wise to use simple codes (e.g., alpha numeric codes for locations, cal signs for names, etc.). Ensure that each user on the network is registered on a master list held by the Radio Room and that any unauthorized call signs heard on the net are noted. The users (if known) are properly registered or informed that they do not have permission to use the network. NEVER transmit military or other confidential information on UN networks. Doing so could seriously jeopardize telecommunications and may result in the withdrawal of permission to operate the station or the confiscation of the station by competent authorities.

Example of a Radio Conversation The calling station is indicated by the use of this is or from: Juliet Hotel this is Romeo Foxtrot message over. This is Juliet Hotel send over. From Romeo Foxtrot Convoy 6 has just passed November 5. ETA November 14:30 hours over. Juliet hotel Roger out.

Reference: UNHCR.

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Radio Checks Each vehicle should hold periodic radio checks with their assigned HQ. Each vehicle should note the grid positions where communications were lost and report such information as part of the mission debrief. The following phrases are for use when initiating and answering queries concerning signal strength and readability. RADIO CHECK YOU ARE (I READ YOU) Signal Strength LOUD GOOD WEAK VERY WEAK NOTHING HEARD Readability CLEAR READABLE DISTORTED WITH INTERFEARANCE NOT READABLE Example Three Zero One this is Two Five Nine Radio Check over. From Three Zero One (you are) loud and clear over. This is Two Five Nine (you are) good and readable out. What To Do in an Emergency Call for help as follows: EMERGENCY EMERGENCY EMERGENCY FIVE-TWOFIVE-TWO THIS IS HOTEL-THREE-NINER HOTEL-THREE-NINER EMGERNCY. DO YOU COPY? OVER. Wait for a response and then proceed. For a lesser degree of urgency, use the world SECURITY instead of EMERGENCY. Any situation hearing an EMERGENCY or SECURITY must immediately stop transmitting and listen-out. Excellent quality. Good quality, no difficulty in reading you. I have problems reading you. I have problems reading you due to interference. I can hear that you are transmitting but cannot read you at all. Your signal is strong. Your signal is good. I can hear you but with difficulty. I can hear you but with great difficulty. I cannot hear you at all. What is my signal strength and readability, how do you read me? Your signal strength and readability is as follows

If You Need to Interrupt Another Radio Conversation:

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Wait for a pause (immediately after you hear OVER); Call BREAK BREAK BREAK. THIS IS HOTEL-THREE-NINER, HOTEL-THREENINER. I HAVE AN EMERGENCY. PLEASE STAND BY; Pause transmission and listen to ensure the other communication has ceased; and Proceed with the emergency call.

Procedure Words The following is a list of the most common pro-words to be used and their meanings. Pro-Word Acknowledge Affirmative Negative All after All before Break, Break Break! Correct Correction Wrong Disregard this transmission out Do not answer out Figures Message Message follows Over Out Out to you Read back I read back Relay to Relay through Roger Roger so far? Meaning Confirm that you have received my message and will comply. (will comply = WILCO) Yes/Correct No/Incorrect Everything that you (I) transmitted after. Everything that you (I) transmitted before. All stations will immediately cease transmission on hearing that ProWord. The station BREAK-ing has an urgent life-saving message. Only to be used in EXTREME emergencies. You are correct The correct version is Your last transmission was incorrect; the correct version is. This transmission is an error, disregard it. Station(s) called are not to answer this call, acknowledge this message, or to transmit in connection with this transmission. Numbers follow (in message). I have an informal message for you. I have a formal message which should be recorded (e.g. written down). I have finished my turn. A response is expected. Go ahead, transmit. I have finished my transmission. No reply is expected. (Note: Over and Out are never used together.) I have nothing more for you, do not reply, I shall now call another station on the net. Read back the following message to me exactly as received. The following is my reply to your request to read back. Transmit the following message to all addressees or to the addressee immediately following. Send this message by way of call sign. I have received your last transmission satisfactorily. Have you received this part of my message satisfactorily?

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Say again

Repeat all of your last transmission.

Say again all (word) Repeat portion of message indicated. after (before) I say again Send Send your message Silence, Silence, Silence! Silence lifted Speak slower/faster I spell Through me Message passed to Unknown station Verify I am repeating my transmission or portion indicated. Go ahead with your transmission. Go ahead, I am ready to copy. Cease all transmission immediately. Will be maintained until lifted (Used by Network Control Operator). Silence is lifted. Net is free for traffic. Adjust the speed of your transmission I shall spell the next word phonetically I am in contact with the station your are calling. I can act as a relay station. Your message has been passed to The identity of the station calling or with whom I am attempting to establish communication is unknown. Verify entire message (or portion indicated) with the originator and send correct version. To be used only at discretion of or by the addressee to which the questioned message was directed. That which follows has been verified at your request and is repeated. To be used only as a reply to verify. I must pause for a few seconds. I must pause longer than some seconds, and will call you again when ready. I have received and understood your message and will comply (only used by the addressee). The word of the message to which I refer is that which follows The word of the message to which I refer is that which follows Communication is difficult. Transmit each phrase twice. This pro-word can be used as an order, request, or as information.

I verify Wait (wait wait) Wait out WILCO Word after Word before Words twice

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Phonetics Use the International Phonetic Alphabet to avoid any possible misunderstanding. If in doubt, spell the word using the following table: A B C D E F G H I ALFA BRAVO CHARLIE DELTA ECHO FOXTROT GOLF HOTEL INDIA Spoken As ZERO WUN TOO THRUH-REE FO-WER FIFE SIX SEVEN ATE NINER J K L M N O P Q R JULIET KILO LIMA MIKE NOVEMBER OSCAR PAPA QUEBEC ROMEO S T U V W X Y Z SIERRA TANGO UNIFORM VICTOR WHISKEY X-RAY YANKEE ZULU

Numeral 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

In general, numbers are retransmitted digit by digit except that exact multiples of hundreds and thousands are sent as such: 12 44 90 136 500 16000 Twelve Fo-wer Fo-wer Niner Zero Wun Thuh-ree six Fife hundred Wun Six thousand

8.4

Postal Arrangements

The UN peacekeeping operation may make arrangements, through its own facilities, for the processing and transport of private mail addressed to or emanating from members of the operation. The Government shall be informed of the nature of such arrangements and shall not interfere with or apply censorship to the mail of the UN peacekeeping operation or its members. In the event that postal arrangements applying to private mail of members of the UN peacekeeping operation are extended to the transfer of currency or the transport of packages and parcels, the conditions under which such operations are conducted shall be agreed upon by the Government.

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LESSON 8 END-OF-LESSON QUIZ


1. Why are effective communications so important on a UN mission? A. Effective communications are required by each Security Council Resolution; B. Every UN officer is aware of the obstacles to effectiveness that can be caused by poor communications in the field. Without effective communications, any organisation is disorganisation; C. Effective communications are part of the Status of Forces Agreement; D. None of the above. What is PSTN? A. Post-stress tension neurosis; B. Publicly Supported Television Network; C. Political Stability Terms Negotiation; D. Public Switched Telephone Network. When would text messages be preferred over telephone conversation? A. When translation might be a problem, and clear understanding is essential; B. When speed is essential; C. When a topic is interactive and requires mutual analysis; D. When distances are great. Where should authority for a UN operation to install and operate communications systems be stated? A. In the Security Council Resolution; B. As part of the PSTN agreement; C. In the SOFA; D. Article III of the International Telecommunications Convention and Regulation. Telecommunications services of UN peacekeeping operations are operated in accordance with: A. The SOFA; B. Article III of the International Telecommunications Convention and Regulation; C. The PSTN agreement; D. The Security Council Resolution.

2.

3.

4.

5.

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6.

Which of the following statements is true? A. On UN communications nets the official mission language is to be used, but national contingents may use their national language on communications nets within their own unit; B. Any language may be used on any communication nets on the mission; C. Only English may be used on any communication nets on the mission; D. The language to be used on UN communications nets is the local language. When may military or confidential information be transmitted on UN radio networks? A. By permission of the SRSG only; B. As provided for in the SOFA; C. Never; D. When authorised by DPKO. What is the proper radio transmission to indicate an emergency? A. BREAK BREAK BREAK; B. ALL STATIONS, ALL STATIONS; C. SECURITY SECURITY; D. EMERGENCY, EMERGENCY, EMERGENCY. What is the radio procedural word for yes? A. Negative; B. Affirmative; C. Acknowledge; D. Over.

7.

8.

9.

10. Which of the following statements is true? A. The Government shall be informed of the nature of postal arrangements but shall not interfere with or apply censorship to the mail of the UN peacekeeping operation or its members; B. The Government need not be informed of the nature of postal arrangements; C. The Government shall be informed of the nature of postal arrangements and may censor the mail of the UN peacekeeping operation or its members; D. The Government shall be informed of the nature of postal arrangements and may censor the mail of the UN peacekeeping operation but not its individual members.

ANSWER KEY: 1B, 2D, 3A, 4C, 5B, 6A, 7C, 8D, 9B, 10A

LESSON 9 DRIVING
9.1 9.2 9.3 Permits and Responsibilities Winter Driving Desert Driving

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LESSON OBJECTIVES By the end of Lesson 9, the student should be able to meet the following objectives: Understand the importance of safe driving while on a UN Mission; Be acquainted with a drivers responsibilities; Know what precautions and actions to take as part of the safe operation of a UN vehicle and also during accidents, breakdowns, and at checkpoints; Be aware of the unique hazards of winter driving on the road, in ice, in rain, in snow, and in other difficult conditions; and Be familiar with the special challenges of desert driving and the techniques for dealing with sand storms and sand dunes and what action to take if stuck in the sand.

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Introduction While serving as a UNCIVPOL, it will be your responsibility to operate UN-owned vehicles for a variety of reasons. Your movement within your operating area will depend on your ability to drive safely. Driving conditions on UN Missions are almost never as safe or reliable as the conditions you will be accustomed to in your home country, and you will find that you will need to deal with problems as diverse as desert sand storms, blizzards and ice, animals on the road, and roadways that have been damaged by conflict. This lesson is provided to acquaint you with some of these problems. 9.1 Permits and Responsibilities

Road Safety Instructions1 Driver' Permit s Driving a UN-owned vehicle requires a drivers license. After having passed a special UN driver' s test, the drivers license is obtained on the basis of an international driver' license. All Civilian Police s observers are required to drive UN vehicles only when performing their duties. Driver' Responsibility s Besides driving the vehicle in a secure and safe manner, the driver has special responsibilities toward the United Nations. The driver of any UN vehicle is responsible for: Carrying out the first parade service on his vehicle in accordance with special instruction; Ensuring that the vehicle documentation is complete and that the trip is properly authorized; Ensuring that the vehicle load and equipment is complete and stored safely; Reporting any defects or damage to the Motor Transport Office (MTO); Arranging vehicle maintenance and repair as required; Organizing fuel, lubricants and vehicle consumables; and Adherence to all local traffic regulations and directives issued by the administration of the mission.

MTO Motor Transport Office/Unit in the mission area.

Chapter 9 from the United Nations Civilian Police Handbook, 1995.

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Driving Incidents Driving incidents are by far the most common risks to the safety of Mission members. These risks can be reduced by common-sense precautions. Always buckle up you are not covered by insurance if you do not and ensure that everyone else in your vehicle does the same. Always stick to the speed limit, and if you are being driven, insist that the driver does so. Remember, 50 percent of all security incidents occur when travelling. Use the following checklist to reduce risks. Always get authorization to travel; Always carry a means of communication (radio, mobile telephone, etc.); Assess the security situation; Plan the trip carefully and deliberately (maps, communications, breakdown equipment, water, etc.); Inform all persons involved of your travel plans; Do not travel alone; Do not consume any alcohol or other drugs before or during driving; Adjust speed to limits and conditions; Keep enough distance from other vehicles; Do not travel after dark unless necessary; Report progress regularly to the base; Follow accident procedures; Do not carry unauthorized passengers; Stick to main routes; Always buckle up; Avoid known hostile areas; Be ready to take evasive action; Always keep doors and windows locked; and Always check your vehicle before departure.

Accidents or Breakdowns Stay calm; Avoid further damage (get off the road); Report (who, where, when, why, what, how); and Apply first aid if required and await assistance.

An accident on duty.

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At Checkpoints Slow down (if it is dark, dim headlights, turn on interior light, keep both hands on the wheel and visible); Do not stop unless signalled to; Be friendly and courteous; If requested, show your ID card, but do not surrender it; Stay close to the vehicle; Observe any search closely (beware of planting or theft); and Protest any removal of equipment but do not resist if they insist.

Driving Safely Civilian Police observers should bear in mind that the largest number of casualties in UN operations is caused by traffic accidents or driving in off-road conditions. The flow of traffic, the roads, and the terrain are very often different from the conditions most observers are familiar with from their home country. This calls for extra caution. 9.2 Winter Driving

Rain, ice and snow impose the most difficult driving conditions on all drivers. Your vehicle needs to be properly prepared, so start with the following points before you depart to make driving safer. All lights should be clean and working. Screen washers and wipers need to work effectively, and the washer bottle should be full. Some anti-freeze agents should be added to the water, as well as to the radiator. Windows should be clean inside and out and free from ice and snow. Mirrors should be completely clean. Tires should be inflated to the right pressure with plenty of tread. The battery should be fully charged and topped up. Diesel engine vehicles should be filled up with winter grade fuel. Check the weather forecast before you depart and be prepared.

On the Road Speed is a decisive factor in difficult weather conditions and should always be lower than in good weather. In wintertime, always keep a safe distance to other vehicles and pay better attention to other cars, motorcyclists, and cyclists in case they suddenly encounter difficulties. A good driver always bears in mind the particular characteristics of different weather conditions. Ice Icy roads are one of the most potentially dangerous conditions that drivers face. To keep control, it is imperative to act more carefully than in normal weather conditions. Slow down as soon as you are aware of ice, and steer gently, avoiding harsh turns. Remain in the highest gear possible. If you have to brake, use short, even intervals of constant pressure.

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Rain Rain increases the risks of driving at any time of the year. Particularly in wintertime, it usually worsens visibility, especially in the case of heavy spray from other vehicles. Therefore, switch on dimmed headlights to see and be seen. Slow down and watch out for large gushes of water in heavy storms. Hitting these at a high speed can cause even the most experienced drivers to lose control. At night, rain aggravates the glare from headlights, so keep the speed low. If the streetlights are good, use dimmed headlights to reduce the glare all round, but use dipped headlights if you need the MTO to see the road. In addition, stopping distances are much longer on wet roads, so allow plenty of distance between the vehicle in front of you and your vehicle. Snow Poor visibility is one of the main problems of driving in falling snow. Therefore, switch on your lights. Another problem is lack of road adherence; until the snow has melted, this problem may even occur on treated roads. Consequently, drive slowly on snow in the highest gear possible. As with ice, lessen your speed, manoeuvre gently and avoid intense or strong braking. Overtaking needs much more care than usually. If you overtake salt-spreading trucks or snow ploughs, the road ahead will probably be untreated and thus dangerous. Additionally, children might be playing on or near the roads in towns and villages, so watch out for them. Getting caught in severe snow conditions can be both uncomfortable and dangerous. If you must set out and severe weather conditions are forecasted, take hot beverages, food, warm clothing or blankets, and a shovel with you. Also, wearing a fluorescent band will make you more visible in case you get out of your car. Fog In wintertime, poor visibility and icy roads frequently occur together in the case of freezing fog. In these conditions, speed should be absolutely minimal. Dimmed headlights should be turned on as soon as you run into fog. Also, turn your rear fog lamps on if the visibility is less than 100 meters. Hail Hail usually happens unexpectedly and can be almost blinding for drivers. But as it generally does not last long, slow down to a safe speed, turn dimmed headlights on, and, if safe, pull off the road until the storm has passed. For some time after a hailstorm, the road will be slippery. Therefore, slow and gentle driving will be required. Winter Sun Winter suns glare and dazzle are underestimated hazards. As the winter sun is lower in the sky, reduce speed and use your visor to lessen these effects.

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9.3

Desert Driving

Sand Storms Sand storms occur very often and all of sudden. If there are animals in the area (goats or camels, for instance), previous warning signals may be observed in their behaviour. Animals start fleeing in a direction opposite to the approaching sand storm. In light sandstorms, driving may be continued, provided that the same rules are obeyed as when dealing with fog. If the flying sand is dense, the engine of the vehicle should be stopped to avoid getting sand in the filters, which could result in an engine breakdown. Take the necessary precautions to warn other travellers of the stationary vehicle. Sand Dunes Sand dunes across the road or tracks could be overcome in the following manner. Speed up the vehicle to a speed high enough to cross the dune (but not much more), keep a straight line while passing through the loose sand, maintain the front wheels in a straight forward position (do not attempt to turn), and drive at a constant speed until you reach a firm surface. Stuck in the Sand If stuck in sand, you should try to get out in the same tracks as you got in. In case you are so firmly stuck that further assistance is required, you should: Lift the vehicle using the jack close to the stuck wheel. The jack should be placed on a piece of wood big enough to create a firm basis for the jack. Shovel the loose sand away from under the wheel. Place sandbags (filled 1/3 with sand) under the wheel to create a firm track. Reverse slowly.

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LESSON 9 END-OF-LESSON QUIZ


1. Which of the following sentences is correct? A. Civilian Police observers have the option of driving either UN vehicles or vehicles of the local police when performing their duties; B. All Civilian Police observers are required to drive UN vehicles only when performing their duties; C. Civilian Police observers perform their duties using vehicles supplied by their home country; D. None of the above. If a UNCIVPOL fails to wear a seat belt, is he or she covered by insurance? A. No; B. This will vary by mission; C. Yes, as long as there have been no previous infractions; D. Yes, but only while performing official duty. What should you do if you are driving a vehicle and you are asked at a checkpoint for your UN ID? A. Surrender your ID to the person at the checkpoint; B. Refuse; C. Step out of your vehicle; D. Show your ID but do not surrender it. When driving in ice or snow, what gear should you use? A. First gear; B. Second gear; C. The highest gear possible; D. The lowest gear possible. If driving in the desert and a light sand storm is encountered, what action should you take? A. No special action is needed; B. Slow down the vehicle; C. The same action as for fog minimal speed, dimmed headlights, rear fog lamps; D. Pull over and stop the engine to avoid clogging the filters and causing an engine breakdown.

2.

3.

4.

5.

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6.

If driving in the desert and a heavy sand storm is encountered with dense flying sand, what action should you take? A. No special action is needed; B. Slow down the vehicle; C. The same action as for fog minimal speed, dimmed headlights, rear fog lamps; D. Pull over and stop the engine to avoid clogging the filters and causing an engine breakdown. If you are driving in the desert and become stuck in sand, what action should you try first? A. Do a U-turn and drive out; B. Get out in the same tracks as you got in; C. Call for a tow; D. Lift the vehicle using a jack.

7.

ANSWER KEY: 1B, 2A, 3D, 4C, 5C, 6D, 7B

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APPENDIX A: ACRONYMS
AA ACCN ACK ADMIN AL AO AOR AOS APM ARR ASAP ATM ATT AU BCP BDRY BH BSD C CAO CAFAO CAPT CASEVAC CAU CC CC CDR CF CFL/ CL CHP/ CP CICO CIS CISD CIU CIV CIVPOL CJAU CLO CO CONF COI Assembly Areas Accommodation Acknowledge Administration Annual Leave Administration Officer Area of Responsibility Area of Separation Anti-Personnel Mine Arrival/ Arrive As soon as possible Anti Tank Mine At this time Analysis Unit Border Crossing Point Boundary Bosnia Herzegovina Border Service Department Confidential Chief Administration Officer Customs and Fiscal Assistance Office Captain Casualty Evacuation Criminal Advisory Unit Contingent Commander Coordination Centre Commander Cease-Fire Confrontation Line Check Point Chief of the Internal Control Unit Communications and Information Services Critical Incident Stress Debriefing Criminal Investigation Unit Civilian Staff Civilian Police Criminal Justice Advisory Unit Chief Liaison Officers Commanding Officer Conference Committee of Inquiry

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COL COP C/OC CP CPers C/S CSS CTO DAO DCC DEP DHOM DLA DMR DO DOA DOB D.O.R DP DPKO EC ECMM EMR ETA ETD EU EUMM EUPM EUSR EXO FO FOM FIGHT FIN FIR FRY FWD FYR (O) M GFAP GRID

Colonel Chief Operations Centre Chief Operations Centre Collection Point Chief of Personnel (or COP) Call Sign Chief of Support Services Compensatory Time Off Department of Administration and Operations Designated Contingent Commander Departure Deputy Head of Mission Duty Language Assistant Daily Mission Report Duty Officer Date of Arrival Date of Birth Daily Occurrence Report Displaced Person Department of Peacekeeping Operations (UN) European Community European Community Monitor Mission Event Mission Report Estimated Time of Arrival Estimated Time of Departure European Union European Union Monitor Mission European Union Police Mission European Union Special Representative Executive Officer Field Office Freedom of Movement Fight and Intervention Against Human Trafficking Finance Office Final Investigation Report Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro) Forwarded Former Yugoslavia Republic of Macedonia General Framework Agreement for Peace in BIH Grid Reference

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HOM HQ HR HRO IATA IAW IC ICMP ICO ICS ICTY ICRC IC ID IDP IFOR IIR IO IOM IP IPTF ISDN IT IT KDOM KFOR KVM LA LEGAD LF / LPF LMTP LNO/ LO LOC LogO LOGREP LS LT LT LTCOL MAJ MAR MCAC

Head of Mission Headquarters High Representative Human Rights Office/ Human Rights Officer International Air Transport Authority In Accordance With International Committee International Commission of Missing Persons Internal Control Office Internal Control Section International Criminal Tribunal for former Yugoslavia International Committee of the Red Cross International Control Unit Identity Card Internally Displaced Person(s) Implementation Force (BuH) Internal Investigation Report International Organisation International Organisation for Migration Interpreter International Police Task Force Integrated Services Digital Network Internal Training Office Information Technology Kosovo Diplomatic Observation Mission Kosovo Force Kosovo Verification Mission Language Assistant Legal Adviser Local Police Forces Logistics/MTO/Procurement Liaison Officer Local Staff Logistics Officer Logistics Report Local Staff Local Time Lieutenant Lieutenant Colonel Major Mission Assessment Report Ministry for Civil Affairs and Communication

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MEDEVAC MG MIA MOP MOC MP MTO MTU MOE MSA MUP NATO NGO NPC NTR OC OHCHR OHR OMS OPLAN OPS OSCE PA PERSREP PKO PM PNG POC POL POLAD POS POW PPIO PR PT R RC RHQ ROE RO RS RTA

Medical Evacuation Machine Gun Missing in Action Movement of Personnel Major Organised Crime Military Police Motor Transport Officer Motor Transport Unit Measure of Effective Mission Subsistence Allowance Ministry of Interior Police (Serbia) North Atlantic Treaty Organisation Non-Governmental Organisation(s) National Point of Contact Nothing to report Operations Centre Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights Office of the High Representative Office of Mission Support Operation Plan Operations Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe Public Affairs Personnel Report Peacekeeping Operations Police Monitor Persona Non Grata Point of Contact Police Officer Political Adviser Position Prisoner of War Protocol and Public Information Office Preliminary Report Planning Team Restricted Regional Centre Regional Headquarters Rules of Engagement Regional Office Republika Srpska Road Traffic Accident

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RTB SBS SC SECO SFOR SGT SG SIPA SITREP SOFA SOM SOP SRSG STD TOD UCK (KLA) UN UNHCR UNMIBH UNMIK UNPROFOR UNU UXB UXO VJ WELO WEU WR ZOS

Return to Base State Boarder Service Sector Commander Security Officer Stabilization Forces Sergeant Secretary-General State Information and Protection Agency (Daily) Situation Report Status of Forces Agreement Start of Mission Standing Operating Procedures Special Representative of the Secretary-General Sexually Transmitted Disease Tour of Duty Kosovo Liberation Army United Nations United Nations High Commissioner of Refugees United Nations Mission in BIH United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo UN Protection Force in Yugoslavia (in Croatia, BiH, FYROM) United Nations University Unexploded Bomb Unexploded Ordnance Army of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Welfare Officer West European Union Weekly Report Zone of Separation

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APPENDIX B: SAMPLE LETTERS AND FORMS


The UN Initial Report Form (Example: UNMIK) The Initial Report Form currently in use by the UN serves as model for this course. The actual form may change slightly from mission to mission, from station to station. The basic information required ensuring a completed report, however, will be the same throughout all missions. Data Section (or Cover Sheet) This section includes all boxes on the first page of the report, from the Report Number to the signature of the Supervisor. Continuation Sheet This section is the narrative section of the report. Here, the officer writes in detail his/her observations and actions as they relate to a specific action, event, or incident. Data Section of the UN Initial Report Form General Information The top section of the Initial Report asks for general information. The following is a description of requirements for each of these fields. Report number (case number, file number): this number comes from the dispatcher, desk officer or the station log. Type of Incident: for example theft, assault, murder. Station/Unit: (i.e., Pristina St. #1, Traffic Unit) Location of the Incident: where the offence was committed. Grid Reference: enter the correct grid number of the incident location. Date of the Incident: when the crime was committed. Time of the Incident: at what time the crime was committed; this is always stated in military time (1800 hrs.). Date of the Report: the date the report was made to the police. Time of the Report: the time the report was reported to the police. Time Assigned: the time the assignment was given to the officer. Time Arrived: the time the officer arrived at the complaint, at the scene. Time Completed: Time the officer completed the details. Local Staff ID: the identification number of the Language Assistant. Closed/Pending/Under Investigation: Indicate the status of the case. For example: Is the case closed? Is it pending further investigation? Or has it been referred to investigations for additional work?

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Personal Information The next section of this Initial Report requires personal information from the people involved in the case. The order in which people are listed is not important. For example, the officer can list the victim, the witness, or the complainant first. However, it is critical that the type of person reporting the crime is marked. Only one box is to be marked and the information following must be that of the marked box.

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Appendix B / Sample Letters and Forms

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The following are different Continuation Sheets, as mentioned above, for these items: Offence, Persons, Property, Vehicle, and Follow Up.

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PATROL REPORT - TEAM Sarajevo Date: ___/____/2001 Patrol Leader: ______________________ Interpreter: __________ Patrol Started: ____________ Patrol Member: _______________

Patrol Finished: ____________ Working Hours: _____

Code Remarks:

Grid

Time

Strength

Unit

Code Remarks:

Grid

Time

Strength

Unit

Code Remarks:

Grid

Time

Strength

Unit

Code Remarks:

Grid

Time

Strength

Unit

Code Remarks:

Grid

Time

Strength

Unit

Signature of Patrol Leader

Signature of Patrol Member

End-of-Course Examination Instructions

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End-of-Course Examination Instructions

The End-of-Course Examination is provided as a separate component of this course.

The examination questions cover the material in all the lessons of this course.

Read each question carefully and follow the provided instructions to submit your exam for scoring.

End-of-Course Examination Instructions

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INFORMATION ABOUT THE END-OF-COURSE EXAMINATION

Format of Questions The End-of-Course Examination consists of 50 questions. Exam questions generally give you a choice of answers, marked as A, B, C, or D. You may choose only one response as the correct answer.

Time Limit to Complete the End-of-Course Examination Because your enrolment in the course is valid for one year only, the examination must be submitted before your enrolment expires.

Passing Grade A score of 75% is the minimum score required for a passing grade. You will be presented with an electronic Certificate of Completion when you pass your exam. If your score is less than 75%, you will be informed that you have received a failing grade. You will be provided with an alternate version of the End-of-Course Examination, which you may complete when you feel you are ready. If you pass the second version of the examination, you will be presented with an electronic Certificate of Completion. If you fail the second time, you will be informed and dis-enrolled from the course.

TO VIEW OR SUBMIT YOUR EXAMINATION, PLEASE VISIT THE WEBSITE FOR YOUR TRAINING PROGRAMME.

IF YOU ARE UNSURE OF YOUR PROGRAMMES WEBSITE, VISIT HTTP://WWW.PEACEOPSTRAINING.ORG/JOIN.

End-of-Course Examination Instructions

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ABOUT THE AUTHORS


Detective Chief Inspector Peter Heepen Peter Heepen is a member of the German State Police of Baden-Wuerttemberg. He gained his experience in conflict areas during his deployment as a CIVPOL Monitor for the UN IPTF United Nations International Police Task Force in Bosnia-Herzegovina in 1997-98 and as one of the first German members of the OSCE KVM Kosovo Verification Mission in 199899. In Kosovo, he was in charge of Humanitarian Aid and Assistance and was later deployed as the Chief of the Office for Human Rights Violations. During his police career, Chief Inspector Heepen served in a wide variety of posts and functions from Patrol Officer, which began in 1976, to the Deputy Head of a C.I.D. department that deals with political crimes, genocide, murder cases and capital crimes in the German police division. In 2000, he was employed as Deputy and Chief of the Office for Police Missions Abroad at the Police College Baden-Wuerttemberg. There, he is currently in charge for the training of all German Police officers going to serve in BiH (IPTF and EUPM) and is experienced as a facilitator in basic pre-mission, debriefing, and computer courses. He is also a speaker for international police missions German-wide. As a permanent member of the nationwide workinggroup Missions Abroad, he is involved in various peacekeeping matters. As of 2002, he is a member of the Executive Committee of the International Association of Peacekeeping Training Centres (IAPTC). Colonel Guenther Freisleben Guenther Freisleben is member of the German State Police of Baden-Wuerttemberg. Since June 2004, he has been deployed to the European Union Police Mission in BosniaHerzegovina for the highest function in the Republika Srpska as Chief Advisor. During his police career, Colonel Freisleben served in a wide variety of posts and functions, from Patrol Officer to Project Manager in the Ministry of Interior of the South-West-State. Beginning in 1976 as a Patrol Officer, he was appointed to several posts at operational, staff, commanding and strategic levels. He graduated from the German Senior Staff College, as well as from the European Union Commander Course. Since 2001, he has served as the Head of the State Police College Wertheim and therefore is responsible for the training of all German Police officers going to serve in BiH. Additionally, the Police College Wertheim is offering further Police Training courses for State, Federal and International Police Forces. As a permanent member of the nationwide working-group Missions Abroad, he is very involved in peacekeeping matters. He was employed by OSCE and other International Organisations on international peace and security issues. In 2002, he was elected as a member of the Executive Committee of the International Association of Peacekeeping Training Centres (IAPTC). For October 2003 to October 2004, he served as President of the IAPTC.
UNPOL 090201

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Courses Offered by the Peace Operations Training Institute


As of July 2011 COURSE NAME
An Introduction to the UN System Civil-Military Coordination (CIMIC) Commanding UN Peacekeeping Operations The Conduct of Humanitarian Relief Ops Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration Ethics in Peacekeeping Gender Perspectives in UN Peacekeeping Ops History of UN Peacekeeping 19451987 History of UN Peacekeeping 19881996 History of UN Peacekeeping 19972006 Implementation of SCR 1325 (2000) in Africa Implementation of SCR 1325 (2000) in LAC International Humanitarian Law Logistical Support to UN Peacekeeping Ops Operational Logistical Support Advanced Topics in UN Logistics (COE) Mine Action Peacekeeping & International Conflict Resolution Preventing Violence Against Women Principles and Guidelines for UN Peacekeeping Ops United Nations Military Observers United Nations Police

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SPANISH

Thank you for your interest in our courses. We are committed to bringing essential, practical knowledge to our students, and we are always working to expand our curriculum. The most up-to-date course list complete with available translations, including Arabic and Portuguese, may be found on our website. For the latest announcements and to enrol in our courses, please visit our website at http://www.peaceopstraining.org/.

Peace Operations Training Institute


www.peaceopstraining.org

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