nUMAN PERFORMANCE

INTRODUCTION

HUMAN PERFORMANCE
1.1

INTRODUCTION

THE HIST tIlt OF HUMAN PERFORMANCE In November 1753 the ilea manned balloon soyuge took plaec. Two men took MT from the grounds v oldie Chateau dc la Piltactse in Pans ma Vdontgol fen hot air balloon and landed 25 nunots i bier. has tog drifted floe mites and reached .1 height 013.000 feet. The trouble wan. and still es. that balloons arc nensten-abbe and are dependent on the wind to pnn wit their hormasnal rnotere To overcome the normireeratolity of balloons, ii became obn ous that a moose min of tome sort was needed to allow them to become a UK hAl form of transport and the concept of the airship was forrrmlated It was not until I832 that Henri (arrived was abbe to fly the lint practical ranhip. Even at this early stage it was realised that the future of assation lay not with balloons and airshipn but with heron than air rriaclunes. The lira powered airplane to fly was a model steam powered aircraft designed and built by John Stringfellow in 1548. 1k first amused MOw of a hen ser than air maehtne, and the beginning of men.lion a mums.. took rime at Katy/oink an 1901 +ben Orville Wright made a flight of 12 uceonds in the aptly g . s name:1'0:68d Flyer'. This short duration flight ushered in ann = which has probably een a preface s number of mentific advances than any other period in Moon With the aircraft came aircraft accidents. lathe early decodes of this century a went number of tlex accident, indeed the majority. were caused by an-pupa-mu failure or other factors outside the control of the operators. Over the last 10 to 40 yen hovococr the major came of aircraft accidents have been humors fader. Asrfrarne. have become more reliable, rrICK1L-M .1g111., and avsocuised equipment seldom fast_ navir eational equipment 'both in the aircraft and on the *rmancl) has imp-wird in leapt and
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hounds. go mg a degree of accuracy undreamt of by the early pioneers of flying. [be P n the estuM e as atlabae. allied w rat the -tin mum on Meteorological formsome shoaldi have ituaalty eliminated aviation accidents except for the rnoa freak emulous.. NA trese accidents haw not reduced at the rate one would espect from the advances of technolopy. The factor that has not changed is the Marron being. It in often teen in remun ofatreralt isrealenes that thC iause w as 'Pilot Error' but_ of course a more correct reason vi oak-1 tie 'Huntsaun Error'. It is tailor nonahe that CV7 -CC,VI at all urges of an OlfCrlift's. life. Idesigrers may make . smull arithmetical slops ....loch nu) not be picked up. servicing personnel can pat the ...wog fuel rend L oa n loading staff . men, lubricants into enmnes or fit components incorrectly. oftentimes andN A. . OAR , eado get the weights owning but the major contributions to flight safety can be achieves-1 by oducaung the open...a crew.
im tmement i m est

1 -2

HUMAN OERFORMANCE
1,1

INTRODUCTION

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I his pub.:at:on is somea to enable you, the future plot. to appressate the limo..., of the human bring in the as iatuss envIroamera_ Otr bodies are designed so exist on the Farface of the meth and a stable eras-tuner...I form In as lawn 1st subsoct to neu factors. among which are altitude, large changes an pressure. changes of grasitatton.s1 forces. radiation and shortage of oxygen

In the purely ph y > ad sense yssa will need to leans how to reosintve the symptoms of ossgen . deficiency lani the effects of high Cs forces cc tarte changes of tempera...m o. You should stun an appreciation of the problems brought about by stress and awe Axle changes as well as won; to organise sleep parifffn which may be can of synchronnalssn with your internal body clock In adslatun to the phyucal probissen associated with as sation you will need an angr ...non of the psseholiogual aspects of lIving such m remoing Inloorsation. aincaurng data. trukarte devotees. and Can) ing cut the necessary acmons to ensure the safe progress of your ritea in all eons/mom You will learn some of the ways in uh tert mistake. occur and be able to solute your personal errors 503 mtnorsum. As a RV ne nber. you will be flying with many contrasting personalities some of wfuen may be from . sees different cultural lucky ..sands ft tan yourself If yost Inc a number fa hope mime. you will be meeting your fellow crew numbers nowily for the first tone It is total that you become adept in recognotng these different peesonalues and be able to usak with then, as a sucoesslial nworsber of the group. A contaeraing study of both CR.4 and human Performance will be your basic tool but the development of successful Interpersonal skills ..... st be an on-going personal mm. It is to be hoped that you will not have to face truny entergenctes in your flying career. except in the simulator. but to be finew awed ts ro be foreanned Knouledge brings confidence and the iollsmir,g ho st rs m g l e e dest red to Increase your knowledge of yourself and your leroutuass Ube layout or thew norm is design., to match the syllabus as taught or the Oxfonl Assation College These notes abould be used as a reference and ressuon rod They do not noccasarthContaan all the motets/LI r which ysciwill rree ir donng the count. Students arc urged to complete the its uon comatorn at the end of each chino, at %CI I as the multt-chotoe papers found at the end of thew notes Whereas cony effort has been made to 'departmentalise" the subject into &Re ent ehaptei headings...Mere is stimatable smenehapter overlap In theses:au, repetition is studio highltght the COninnin
g ,- i e y

1.2

THE RELEVANCE 01 Ift. MAN PERFORNI AST I. IN AVIATION

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dilation in "'toff IS mot ankrorner &rowd ... bo . his rite WV. asia 000ethnotety soncs. polog of air curates-awe, Useop...viy co- negro,. /Isms. 1/Perhoromece 1.0111LIK C refored to as 14.71.1171 Fat l0411 I, relevant alserescr m53 y y atxncstr lix honon t ing a. ano/ved in as onion Ihus it plays a lowbo ...al and situ l role
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pani ie efficiency al - above all oho safety in every facet of the Ji : am industry It prcenosev tas (e) (e) (di (0) Safely and efficiency. tileahh. fitness and weDibeing Operating skills Awareness of thc 01.1.11100 areas of kran1.123 error 1.4.c-rm.nt and decimon-making LeadcHhio qualite, Crew min:nits...on. Oil Efficient design of Aircraft. cockpit. ali nment and control Dregs. Operating Provoiars, (Deck Lists. Clurta Training procirchirc.
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Efficient and comfortable working ens...lament. Efficient personnel salecitton Efficient cortuntencations.

Ilene can be summarised as the:

Safety Hid efficiency of the open:loon and Well-being of the Ind . idual
y

ICAO REQUIREMENT FOR THE STUDY OF HUMAN FACTORS. Since the mcluisson of Ar.r.jrriai ,9o Anon/4110 am Crisono Convention whch COMO IMO force on 16' November 1969. IC-A0 has mare*. th0 Study f or Human FaCtecil a mandatory part of otitaming a p olessional plot's leer.,
t

1-3

C Curl .40%

- 0Julne

HUMAN PERFORMANCE It Ill,. PI (II s\ I) PlIJOT TRAINING latrodoctlea

iNtRODUCTiON

The 17104 neltible INA tr , emoritrone comp...cm nahin aviation is the aircrew Thus selection, teaming. maintenance of morale and monitoring of aircrews make the lagest contabuitton to tlight safety. The (ompeteat Pilot NS tan assesaiss the comp:Teeny of* pilot a number of qualm. are sought Among die qualities that go Smoak making a mk. effective and COCSVCICM pilot are at b) C) d) C)
g)

A high sone of responsibility Ability (academe: and flagM handling) Motautton A 0..1 cornmunicatm Flexibility Physical fitness Reliability A halaraMJ roCC/J_VfalSty A leant player Calmness Pals.kr stress An eye to detail Competency in Risk Assessment Competency m the skills of Stress and Cress- M....gement.

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raiaanc There is J tnyrod of pilot treeing methods and lochemasei Flight SimuLaten. Crews . Resoa,e Mmagenum Line Oriented Flying Training (LflPf). Self deselopenene. I enacts/up, Flight Safety. Smstval and Comespendence <01Jr fes are all asailabk to ancrevi o ensure the lunar competency of palms. coams asauld *learned to be : al bi C) 0 Reies ant Regular (kit and concise Include course reading and revises'. Maternal

d)Tinsc-efiletern e)Panteipalmral

NUMAN Pl1tFORMANCE MTR000CTI001

Self -Training
self- Tratnire iv a process aimed at ak,-.elo fwng sot.fi stills, know kat or

attitudes. As plots

ysscs will, through/4w your careen. be subicct to continuous and regular training. k is of
fundamental trrtportance that you do not rely solely on the formal training to maintain your

av eat ion cap<rii I- very opptxttuaity should be taken to toscane your

coinfetcncy. kmurw tedpe and professionalism Ala ay welt de -lus efaticrestry flight Read research. discuss and dawner

as mush as ysu.an of this enormous and fascinating field

Ais your csompetencc and capering es:reane so N ill your self confidence ibis. in tun- will arm N.011 to tackle new aspects a yaw prufessioo with enthusiasm and sins toison
1,4. AIRCRAFT

ACCIDENT STATISTICS

General

Statistics play a fundamental role in aocidmt analysis It is only by the

prsk,wtion of
asomprehctssase and wide - ranging s4Mastws that the recast cause of accidents can he established

The Safety Data Department of the CAA reQrularly distribute a number of puM,cutioro in this
field of which Aviation Safety- Review. Data Plus and Global Accident Re less are but three When cuenpucad with other form, of transportations aviation has the best safety record <the risk of death per person per year to a Cal se..dent es I in 111.000 is the UK and

1 in 4,000 an the USAI The accident rate is approximately I per million airport movements (1 ""tel - in other
aaseds_ approximately erse acculent per wsillio.n Iegs flaws l lo acier. the sad fact is that as unmet safety has out sagiificantly improver oves the last 40 years.
This is in spree of enormous ushrsacal ads attises ei

Aircrew training and selection

Aircraft merino fn.. cure and dc at fin

Weather tracking and pmda.t.un Mechanical reliability

Systems monitoring equipment
Cornmunieati.,ras

Accuracy and range of nav:Qu isinal equipment

Cockpit and cabin layout

Safety equipment

Air Traffic C ..ntrol expertise and capabilities

Control and weather radar equipment

Airfield lighting and facilities

Even with all the abaisse technical arccesses and the overall standards of safety that hase been achieved, the art and science of advanced aetc,nautic s in all types of !bang

condinans are nut yet

fully perfected Nor has the co mines relationship between technological progress on the one hand. and human frailty ais the other. been fully resolved In satsa,m. perhaps ris
e than in either

fields of human endeavour, maniacal rensares as much a ict,rn of hsrnarif as of the elements

around him
1 -5 e o.ss.i .4...iiav. y,.t :.orxr0

Searchable, web-optimized PDF created using a watermarked evaluation copy of CVISION MaestroHUMAN
PERFORMANCE UlTROOUCT1ON

cens +.f ..cc{de.ts - (.enta

Appruenseely 73%0'a)I accidcnte arc caused by Yuman (sectors Ilistoricatly this figure his
not changed once the 19Stra. Cr 11 it ...strolled Flight mss !centers) myna...* the moat c..mnrws general form cif-accident.

Figure 1 1 Cauros of AocOontti t tuses ut .itccldc.te - rebt Induced

the fase most common specific cosec .sf pelea- snJuccd rocalerds. so order of finquency. asee : u) I n.a of directional conansl

b) P.Ysr rasdgctrecttt c) Aueptcd not mauu.emcd

dl Poor pee-flight planrsereF and pre-flight des:est..a making

e) Not nwtnt41 ntnt gr..und a leaf unac !he phu.c. or IleYlst es .1 pr..ne t.. w>..1.-ni. ari. .n v.1ar a.t'Isn0:4.-110C a) Inter ntohatc:vW Ftrsrl Appnxnh

bI hnden a: ) Fake-off

di Descent
Predicted Accident Rates
If the safety keels remain the sans -. with the late-dieted increase of traffic. a se cs.r.rsaaud that there IA ell he one yet trtensp.sst hull kiss aeYre surds by the west 2010. The term -hull loss ceosnssnly mea n %tiaaaageherund economic-al repair ('Ieady fists rs ursacceptshlct.. the general puhlsc It se tharefutc of (ee benental tmpcsrtarwz that pns)sres to

enjxussag flight safety as

ru bs:ally temprue cd 1 -6 C Oeb.t Aa.aeQ. QVxs tAneed

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PERFORMANCE INTRODUCTION

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vrooNst0 hull bases D.rr raY

r. s.. I I I I
Bering

World Air Fatality Treads

One jet trunsprt hull less even woo; bs the sear 2010 Based cn para 10 year's accidtnt rates for v.artdwide fleets expected fleet smoutth oune.

Figure 1 2

The nia, pruNtrn is that the marlin lot Imrosementa a. r ,* trawls

snail let *owl shut.

aal \Jntemerst DUN!' dllla.ult t.. ua Mere K about doubt In future gain the lakus ors th; Iluaatn l aci r. element sv1H take tip mare arils more attcrai,,u and .nvtstment thn ajtssut the j.. JIhua
tndustrs

LS FLIGHT AFFTN

Kalrs plastd b thr sarit.u. aviation )wticipantv in llieht Safet'

%Ir tr.rn.p.rt is a huge stitc<rn crnpl...trig 'no 'token rfls;ali: an th,v,vraJ. red ufTerent capot-mes.

Thuv has+tv av tlught .ufet_ are r.tasl Itl..w together wrth then iv...saMe
Iumn.atn.a.
al

Nt arkmal asl I owe sat Mesa AutMrades (K'A(.. I 1 JAA. (AA_ FAA

tete)
!hew sng-an nacrons have. among their resp.sarsthtltt acs those of.etttng . t mplmw.istmg

und us snotty mg flight sale'''. st.usstrrds. 1 he, are also charged vrai

dess.ping the
as Latices ,ndsatrs within then field or anllucssx. lht twu rssluins7ucnts s&vtwtones sosufls.'t HMI. .M moor ..a.:.tu..ta. rescisrnuhte ss,nlfraxnses hase to he fiond ihr.
conflict nece..srtates Iunutattcen winch. m mans. cases. arc hosed co either rmare, ,l .r
fvJrtrcal assnsadtrsAurn.

1 -7 C 0.42,4 AMwatert fa.uus t er+cd

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