JenniferE.Tollefsonl, Department Botany, of Univers of VermontBur ngton Vermont ty 05405 FfederickJ. Swanson,USDAForest Service.

Pacf c North\lest Research Staton 3200Jefferson Wav Corva s Oregof 9733l ano John H. Cissel,Bureau Land[4anagement Box 10226, of PO Eugene. Oregon97440

FireSeverityin Intermittent StreamDrainages, WesternCascade Range, Oregon

Abstract
We quantiiicd lirc severil\ prtterns $'irhin intermittcnl strexmdrainages a recenrlybumcd,lrca of the cenral wencm Cascades. in Ofegon.Aerial pholographs\r ere usedto estimateposl ilrc live canopvcover lvithin slrcamside and upland zoneson rhc soude.rst and south$e\I-facing slopcs of 33 \iatersheds.Live canopy colcr did not differ sigrrificanlh bclween streamsideand upland zones in the $aiersheds.Firc sc\crily dala obtained from aerial pholographswere highl,v correlatcd $ith lire severirydata ob urined in the field in \ix of thc qalcrsheds.confirning that aerial pholognph esiimrte\ of live canopy cover reflecred acrual condilions on the ground. whilc prclious studiesindicate that firc sc\crirv ma) be lo\\'er along percnnial sre.rnN. the fesults of thi\ \tud)_suggestthat ilrc scvcritv in inknse event\ may be similar bet$een intermittent strea channelsand adj.rcentupland areas.At the hndscapc scalc. dilGrences in fife se|eritl along slreamsof different sizes nray jnilucnce rhe mo\aic of post firc vegetationand contribulc to o!crrll nructural di|eNity in forcns of mouDrainous landscapes. Firc rcgime irfbrmation obtaincdil1 tiis and felated \tudies nray bc used |o guide fore\t managenrcnl acliliries that are modeledaftcr natural disturbanceproccsscs and seekto balancecomnrodily production and ecoslsten protection.

Introduction
Contemporaryecologistsagreeth t natural dis lurbanccevents occurringovervariousspatialand temporal scalesarc integral components ecoof slslems (White I979, Pickeu and White 1985. Sprugel1991,Whiteet 1999). al. Infbnnationabout the histoic l'rcqucncy.sevedty, and spatial cxtcnt of suchdisturbance elents can be appliedto (Agee l993. Huntcr 1993. landscapc management Morganet al. 1994, Swanson al. 1994. et Engstrom el al. 1999).Basedon the assumption that species have adaptedto a certain range of ecosystem conditionscreatedby naturaldisturbance regimes. concept managing ecosystem the of an rvithin its rangeof naturalvadability is being erplored as a way to increasethe potential for suslaining nativespecies across broadrangeof a habitat types(Morganet al. 1994. Swanson al. ct 199.1, Engstrom al. 1999). et ln thc Pacitic Northwest,federal lorest mana-qcnentobjectivesinclude both ecosystem pro
r A u t h o r t o w h o r c o r c s p o n d e n c es h o u l d b e addrc\scd. E mail: tollefson@hard.cdu. Cunent address: Hudronia t-ld. PO 8or 5000, Annandale. \!'u YoR 1250,1

tection and timber production. Thc Norlhu'est ForestPlan employs a systemof static reserves. corridors, and habitat management prescriptions for matrix lands to protect an array of terrestrial species thoughtto dependupon late successional forest habitat,to protectaquaticecosystems. and to providea sustainable supplvoftimber (USDA and USDI 1994).Riparianreserves. which consist of zonesof uncut forest along streamsof all sizes.arean integralcomponentofthc Nofthwest ForestPIan. Thesercserves.which are intcnded to prolcct streamsldeareas,concentratetlmber management the upland areasbetweenbuf'fers in and result in spatialsegregation ofold and young lbrest stands. An altemativestrategytbr meeling the broad objectivesof the Northwest ForestPlan involves u s i n gn a t u r ad i s t u r b r n cre g i m e n l o n n r t i o n , . r l e i r guide forest management activities (Cissel et al. 1999). In Douglas-fir(.P seutlotsuga enli esii ) n dominatcdtbrestsofthe centralwcstgrnCascades of Oregon, fire has historically been the domi nant naturaldisturbance agcnt and a pdmary dcterminant offoreststmcture composition (Agee and 1993. Weisberg 1998. Weisberg1ir Prcss). Understanding rangeofnatural variabilitv within the

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this landscapc, therelore. coutingeirt is upon an t u n d c r . t a n d io l! l l r e r e ! i m ec h a r . r e r i : l i c . . n Intcnnittcnt stlcam drainagesare a predomi landscapes ni:urt structurul elementof mountainous in thc Pacitlc Northwest.Variation in fire sever ity at the scale of these small watershedsmay contribute signiticantly remnant to trcc dcnsiti(]s (Ronme 1982. and orerall habitat heterogeneity Morrisonand Swanson 1990. Turneret al. 199,1. KushlaandRipple 1997, TaylorandSkinner1998. Kccton 2000). Pattems of fire sevedt)' in these however. poorly understood. smallu'atersheds. are The centralobjective this studywas to quanof tify fire sevedty pattems $,ithin the watersheds of internittent streamsin a recently burnedarea in thc centralwestemCascades. tbr Documented regimecharacteristics the hre watcrsheds perennialsffeamssuggest ol that fire severit)'is lower in riparian zonesthan in adjacent uplands(Camp et al. 1997,Wimberly and Spies200l. Skinner2002).Riparian-associated are landtbrms andvegetation conditions thought 1(r nitigate fire severity(Campet al. 1997,Impara 1997,Kushlaand Ripplc 1997, Taylorand Skin2001. ner 1998, Keeton 2000.Wimberly Spies and Skinner 2002, Lee and Smyth 2003). Higher humidity, lower solar heating,the eft'ects ofcold air hydric soils.abundant herbaceous and drainage. . d c e i J u o u \sc g e l a l i o na n d h i g h e r o i \ t u r e o n m c may all tentin both living and deadwoody t'uels contribute to apparentlylower fire intensity and (Romme 1977.RommeaDd in severit), theseareas t n K n i . e h t1 9 8 1 . g e ee t ; 1 . 2 0 0 2 . B e r ' a u s ie t e r ' A mittcnt strcam channelsin the study landscape u,ith aregenerallysteeperand oftenassociated less humid riparian zonesand deciduoustrees.ho\4cvcr. wc predicted that proximity to the steam n'ithin these channel doesnot mitigatefire severity snall watelsheds.

the southfaceofBunchgrassRidge. a north*est southcast trcndingridgc that roughlybisccts thc fire arer.andnorthinto adjacent A drainages. total of 3,630 ha bumed befole rain showersslowed The tire andextinguished fire on 23 October. the was actively fought by the USDA ForestSerrice using aerialretiLrdeurt dropsand backlires(USDA Forest 1993). Because suppression Service effbfts were less intensiveon the south side of Bulch grass Ridgc,howcvcrwc thinkllrccffcclsofsupp r c r s i o n c t i r t i e .r ' n i i r e . e r e r i t rp l l u e r ni\n u f i u study areawere mininal. The study areaincluded the watersheds 33 of intermittentstreansinc;sedinto the steep.southsouthwcst Iaccof Bunchgrass Ridgc (Fi-surc 1). The average watershed sizeis 16.2ha. and eler,ation rangesfrom 800-1750m abovesealevel. Vegetation of the wcstcrn hemlock (fsir,qa heten4 ryllu) zoneis dominantin the study arca (FranklinandDyrnessl9lJll).Althoughrvestern (Tlurjaplituttil are hemlockandwestemredcedar common. shade-tolerant specjesin this zone, Douglas-fir maintains dominancc manystands in asa rcsultofits longevityrelativeto the frequenc) (Fianklin offires thatcontinuallylesetsuccession and Hemstrom191|]1).

Methods
Aerial photographs werc usedto quantifypattems within the focal watersheds. Beof fire severity causea fire of a particular intensity (e.g.,eoerg,v pcr releascd unitoffirc linc lcngth)canhavcdiilcr(Agee1993). plantspecies enteft-ects different on Wc quantified lire severityin tems of the eflect of the fire on Douglas fir, which is the dominant in canopyspecies the study area.Aerial photographs of the Wamer Creek Fire area taker 1n 1990.one year befine the fire, inclicatc that the watersheds had nearly completeforest co\,erbe was therelbredelined forc Lhe bum. Fire severiLy as the percentage canopl' ffee cover that surof vivedthe fire. The 33 samplestrcams and thcir watcrshcd boundarieswere drarvn on acetatethat overlaid I :12,000 takcnin l99li. color acrialphotographs u'e This photo dateindicates sampled both immediatetree mo ality and nortalit.v of treesthat >7 was occumed yr atter the lire. Each watershed podividcdinto four zones defined landscape by sition (sh'eamside upland) and aspect(south or slope).The division east or southwest-tiicing 187

StudyArea
We examincda portion ol the Wamer Creek Fire on the Willamette National Forest, l9 km eastof Cascade Range Oakfidgein thc ccntralwestern of Oregon. In this region, Iow summer raintall, castcrly winds. and lightning storms create favorablewildflre conditionsin latc summerand early fall. The Wamer Creek Fire was ignited b1' an arsonist l0 October1991aftera prolongcd on periodofhot, dry weatherand desiccating winds. u'ind. the fire ran eastalong Dri\,enbl' a southwest

Fire Se\edty in lntennittent StreamDrainages

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bet$eenthe streamside and uplard zoneswas drawn halfway betweenthe strcam channeland the idgclinc so that the zoneswould be large enoughto visuallv estimatelive canopycovt:ron the 1:12.000 aerialphotographs. resulted This in individual zonescoveringslopcdistances of-50100 m. Using a Stratex prism nirror stereoscope percent post-tire with,lx binoculars, live canopy cover in each of the four \\,atelshedzones was visuallyestimated within l0cqual intervals ranging from 0-1007c(e.g.,0-10%, I l-207o,etc.).The nid-point of eachintervalwasusedin statistical = (e.g.. l07c= 5a/cl1 20c/c l5%. etc.). analyses 0. The direct and interactive etTectsof landscape (southposition(streamside upslope) v. andaspcct eastv. southwcst-tacing slope) Iivec,ulopv on co\er $,ere tested using t\\"o way analysisof variancc (ANOVA) on the arcsinesquarc-root transtbrnred data(Zar 1999,SAS Institute1995). The levelol signilicance was sel at P = 0.05. To test the accuracyof the aerial photograph interpretation,fire severitydataobtainedfrom aerial photographs wcrc conrpared with lire severity data obtainedin the tleld. Six of the study wate$heds (totaling-103 ha. or 197cof thc arcasanpled) werc randomly selected ground-truthing. fbr Per cent live canopycover was calculatcdin the field (Garrison19,191. usinga Moosehomdensitometer Each watcrshcd was divided into a l0 x l0 m

grid, and a canopy reading was taken at every grid interscction. eachpoint,the canopywas At open if livc canopytilled lessthan half ol the visible in the Moosehon grid, andclosed squares if live canopv filled half or more of the squares. Field drta were collapsedinto the four watcrshed zonesusedin thc acrial photograph analysis,and the percentage ofclosedcanopypointswithin each zone was calculatedto obtain an estimaLc live of canopy cover within each zonc. Wc testedfbr a coraelation betweenlivc canopycovercalculated from tield data and live canopy cover estimated from aerialphotographs eiich watershed fbr zone using Pearsonproduct-momentcorelation (Zar 1999,SAS Institute1995).Thc level of significancewas setat P = 0.05.

Results
Aerial photograph data revealedno significant differencc in Jivecanopycover betweensffeamside and upland zoneson either the soulheast or southwest-facing slopcs the sarnpled of watersheds (Figure 2). Wc observeda significantcorelation bctween live canopycover calculatedfrom field dataand live canopycover estimatedfrom acrial photographs eachof the tbur watershed in zones (Pearson product moment corelation: r = 0.950.98.N=6,P<0.005).

45

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Figure 2. Niean livc canopy colcr (+ I srandarderor) estinated fionl aerial fhorographs in strcamsidcrnd adjacentupland Toncson sourhcasl irnd soulhwesl iacing slopesu ithin the $arershedsof 33 i.lcrmit tent streamsin the Warner Creek Fire studv arca.Jul! 2000.

Fire Severity Intcmrittent in Drainages 189 Stream

Discussion F-ire Severity wlth n Watersheds The watersheds includedin this studyare located in steep. south-1acing. dissectedterain where vegetation composition and environmental conditions are similar along thc strcam and on the rdjacent uplands. Solar radiation is high in the stud,varea and. by late sunmer, soil and fueJ moistureare extremelylow. The potentialfor ilrtermittent streamdrainages suchastheseto mitigatc tirc scvcrity may be reducedby a lack of n r i c r o c i i t n r t e d i o l r r r n r o i s l u rc h r r i l c lr i \ l i () cn e ( u'ith riparianvegetation landfoms associated and commonalongJarger, lower-gradient The streams. extentto which fire severityis reducedalong stream drainagesin general.thcrcforc, mav dependon the size of the streamand the degreeof differentiation betweendparian and upland fuel conditions. At the landscapescale.diflerencesin fire severityalong strcams differentsizesarelikely of to influencethe mosaicofpost fire vegetation and contribute overallstructural to diversityin forestsof nountainous landscapes. The conelationbetween flre severity dataestimatedfrom aerialphotographs and fire severity data obtained in the lield was signihcant, con llrming that acrial photographestimatesof live canopy cover reflected actual conditions on the ground. Althoughtheremay havebeensorne dela,ved motality between fire year(1991)and the the ycar thc acrialphotographs weretaken(1998), u'e assumed signitlcant no change live canopy in coverbctwccn 1998and 2000.when field sampling was conducted. Potent a l\,4anagement lmp cations An alternativestrategy1br meetingthe broadobjectivesof theNothwest Forcst Planinvolves using

fire regimeinformationto guide the location.fie quency.and intensity ol fbrest management ac tivities(Cissel al. 1999). et This strategv based is on the assumptionthat specieshavc adapted a to certainfange of ecosystcm conditionsbrought about by natural disturbanceregimes, and that humanactivitiesthat maintainecosystems within this rangemay increase potentialfor sustainthe ing ecologicalprocesses and native biological diversity. The results of this study demonstrate that some fire-relateddistuftance occurs in the riparian zones of steep,intermittent streamson south-south\\, facing slopesin thc western est Ca.cade.. ma) rherel-orc ilpploprillelo.unTt be g . i d c rp e r m i t t i ns o m e u m a n i : l u r h r ne i n s o n r e h J . riparian zonesof managedlandscapes this rein gion, provided other critical riparian zone functions, such as shading and large woody dcbris inputs, are appropriatelydistributedin time and spaceat the landscapcscale.Modeling silvicul tural practices processes atier naturaldisturbance may contribute landscape to diversityandincreasc the likelihood of balancingconmodity production andbiodiversity conseruation. Acknowledgements Fundingandsupportwere providcdby the USDA Forest Service-PacificNonhwest ResearchStation andWillametteNationalForest;OregonState University; University Vermont: Con the of the seryationand Rescarch Foundation:andthe H. J. Andrews ExperimentalForest Long-Term Ecological Rcsearchprogram.sponsored the Na by tional ScienceFoundationand the USDA Forest Service. ShayMcKusick,Luther Skeels. Mark and Merwin assisted with fieldwork. Art McKee, Jim Mayo. Winsor Lowe, and Jeffrey Hughcs shared their expertisegenerously.
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Received20 October 2003 Accepted pubLicationI I I-ebruttry2001 for

Fire Severityin Intermittent StreamDrainages

l9l