Masonry Movement & Bond Patterns

Durgesh C. Rai
Associate Professor

Department of Civil Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur Kanpur - 208 016

Movement

effects of Movement
Building elements in state of constant motion Change in volume due to internal/external stimuli
Temperature Moisture Elastic deformations due to loads Creep

Cementitious materials shrink and creep Clay masonry expands Consider differential movements relative to steel or concrete frames

effects of Movement

Restraining these movements causes stresses Resulting in cracks To avoid cracking Minimize volume change Prevent source of movement Accommodate differential movement between materials Design movement joints by estimating these movements

Temperature Movement Surface temperature can be higher than ambient temperature Governing factors
Orientation Wall type Colour
Dark south facing wall surface temperature can be as high as 60C for mean ambient temperature 37.7C

Temperature Movement

Unrestrained thermal movement is product of Temperature change Coefficient of thermal expansion Length of element Thermal Coefficient (2.5 to 3.6)10-6/F (4.3 to 5.2)10-6/F (4.4 to 7.3)10-6/F (4.5 to 6.0)10-6/F (6.5 to 12.8)10-6/F
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Clay Masonry Concrete Masonry Stone Concrete Metals (Fe, Al)

Moisture Movement Bricks expand slowly over time upon exposure to moisture
Brick units is smallest when it is cooled after kiln Expands quickly over first few weeks Depends on
Raw Materials Firing Temperature (low temperature expands more)

Moisture Movement

Clay Brick Masonry

Long-term moisture expansion strain is 0.02% Moisture induced volume changes not always reversible

Concrete Masonry Units

Susceptible to shrinkage
Depends on
Shrinkage Potential Humidity

Linear shrinkage % varies from 0.03-0.065 depending on moisture content

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Expansion Joints Joints should be placed

Abrupt change in wall height Any change in thickness of wall Movement joints in floors, roofs and foundation One or both sides of window/door openings

Expansion Joints

Control joints To control cracking from shrinkage of CMUs Pressure relieving or expansion joints To control expansion of masonry joints ACI recommends the following joints spacing
Recommend control Vertical spacing of joint steel

Joint spacing (in.) Panel length/height Panel length

2.0 40

24 2.5 45

16 3.0 50

8 4.0 60

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Expansion Joints

In brick masonry
Width and spacing of expansion joints W=[0.0002 + 0.0000045(Tmax-Tmin)]L {inches} S= 24000/(Tmax-Tmin)p {feet}
p is ratio of opaque to gross wall area Tmax and Tmin in F L is length of wall (in.)

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Expansion Joints

Details
Expansion Joint

Copper

Foam Rubber

Neoprene

Extruded Plastic

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Expansion Joints

Expansion Problems
Diagonal cracks often occur between window and door openings if differential movement is not accommodated

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Expansion Joints

Expansion Problems
Diagonal cracks often occur between window and door openings if differential movement is not accommodated Expansion or control joints at openings

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Expansion Joints

Expansion Problems
Opposing moisture expansion of brick and curing shrinkage of concrete slab (foundation) can cause cracking at building corners if differential movement is not accommodated.

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Expansion Joints

Expansion Problems
Brick parapets are sensitive to temperature since they are exposed to changing temperature on both sides

Parapet

Elongation will be longer than for wall below

Roof

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Water Ingress

Water Penetration in Brick Walls

Reasons
Most single wythe walls leak Water passes through head joints and intersections of head and bed joints Water ingress through joint lamination (avoid high IRA) Units do not leak until internally cracked

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Water Ingress

Reasons
Joint profiles: concave vs. raked Poor workmanship
Rough joints with voids

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Water Ingress

Reasons
Poor drainage around building

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Water Ingress

Three Rules to Mitigate Water Ingress

Good design
Provide barrier type wall Provide weep holes and flashing Proper joint design

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Water Ingress

Three Rules to Mitigate Water Ingress

Proper materials
Low IRA units Non-corrosive flashing

High Quality Workmanship

Pre-wet bricks with high IRA Lay units soon after laying mortar Dont furrow bed joints deeply Filled head joints and tight bed joints Keep drainage space clear of mortar

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Water Ingress

Remedies of Leaky Walls

Ideal solution
Demolish, re-design and re-construct

Alternative Cost-effective solution

Re-pointing of mortar joints and filling cracks

Colourless coatings
Use with caution May not prevent leakage Efflorescence problems Units may spall or disintegrate Subsequent re-pointing requires re-coating

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Masonry Bonds

Bonds and Patterns in Masonry Bond

Structural Bond
Method by which individual masonry units are interlocked or tied together to cause entire assembly to act as a single structural unit
Head joints Collar joints

Bed joints

Pattern Bond
Pattern which bricks and mortars joints make on face
It can be due to structural bond/or purely decorative one

Mortar Bond
Adhesion of bricks to the mortar
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Bonds and Patterns in Masonry

Structural bonds
Three methods
Overlapping (interlocking ) the masonry units Metal ties embedded in connecting joints Adhesion of grout to adjacent withes of masonry

Overlapped bonds
Variation of two traditional methods of bonding
English Bond
Alternate courses for headers and stretchers

Flemish Bond
Alternate headers and stretchers in every course Pattern so arranged appears as headers and stretcher arranged in vertical lines
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Bonds and Patterns in Masonry

Structural bonds
Stretcher develop longitudinal bending strength Header develop transverse bonding strength Building code requires
4% of wall surface composed of headers and distance between adjacent headers not exceeding 600 mm horizontally and vertically Common (American) bond has
Header course every fifth course (sixth or seventh) Header course is started with (three quarter brick) Dutch bond is variation of English bond in which stretcher course in alternate course do not align vertically
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Bonds and Patterns in Masonry

Structural bonds

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English bond
Even Layer Odd Layer Even Layer Odd Layer Even Layer Odd Layer

Elevation Even Layer

Odd Layer Brick arrangement in the alternative layers

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Credits: CVR Murty

Flemish bond
Even Layer Odd Layer Even Layer Odd Layer Even Layer Odd Layer

Elevation Even Layer

Odd Layer Brick arrangement in the alternative layers

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Credits: CVR Murty

Connectors

English Bond

More nos. of connectors

Flemish Bond

Less nos. of connectors

- Indicating Connectors (Headers)

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Credits: CVR Murty

Corner with English bond

Arrangement of bricks in the odd layers

Arrangement of bricks in the even layers

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Credits: CVR Murty

Corner with English bond

Arrangement of bricks in the odd layers

Arrangement of bricks in the even layers

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Credits: CVR Murty

cross with English bond

Arrangement of bricks in the odd layers

Arrangement of bricks in the even layers

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Credits: CVR Murty

Indian Standards on Masonry

Indian Standards Masonry related

IS:1905-1987
Code of Practice for Structural Use of Unreinforced Masonry (3rd Revision 1961, 1969)

IS:1077-1986
Specifications for Common Burnt Clay Building Bricks

IS:2212-1962
Code of Practice for Brickwork

IS:2185-141 & 142

Specifications for Concrete Masonry Units (Solid and Hollow)

IS:3952-1978
Specifications for Burnt Hollow Clay Blocks

IS:3316-1974
Specifications for Stones (in regular size)

IS:2250-1981
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Code of Practice for Preparation and Use of Masonry Mortar