Luchmunpersad ritish

Safety and permit to work

LUCHMUNPERSAD RITISH YEAR 1 HND TELECOM

TRAINER PRIYA KOTEA

Permit to work The permit-to-work is a documented procedure that authorizes certain people to carry out specific work within a specified time frame. It sets out the precautions
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required to complete the work safely, based on a risk assessment. It describes what work will be done and how it will be done; the latter can be detailed in a method statement. The permit-to-work requires declarations from the people authorizing the work and carrying out the work. Where necessary it requires a declaration from those involved in shift handover procedures or extensions to the work. Finally, before equipment or machinery is put back into service, it will require a declaration from the permit originator that it is ready for normal use.

The Permit-to-Work consists of documents which: _ Details the work to be done. _ Details the precautions to take. _ identifies all the foreseeable hazards. _ States the control measures to be implemented. _ Cancellation. _ List other permits in operation.

Battery

As batteries are energy storage devices, they are prone to make many threats to human life and safety. A short circuit is one of the common battery perils. The most important reason for short circuits is overcharging or over discharging. Other causes for cell short circuits include faulty separators, aggregation of lead particles
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or other metals between both the plates, buckling of the plates and excessive sediments in the bottom of the jar. Another battery hazard is the generation of gasses. "Battery gassing" is a normal product of charging. Passage of electricity through water dissociates the water into hydrogen and oxygen. These are the gases that emanate from an open cell battery. When hydrogen reaches an intensity of 4% in air, it can be explosive. Therefore, it is essential that the area is well ventilated and there is no chance of open flame. High-power lithium cells should be maintained with extreme care because a short circuit can lead to internal overheating thereby making an explosion or battery rupture. These lithium cells are more sensitive to physical stress than alkaline batteries and are commonly found in today's cellular phones. Electrical burns, strains, and sprains are some of the common hazards that arise when servicing, charging, or jumping the common lead-acid battery. Lead-acid batteries can also cause danger when the acid spills out. For these types of batteries, the occurrence of short circuit while replacing can be minimized by disconnecting the earth lead first and replacing them last. One way to reduce battery hazards in a vehicle is to switch off all the vehicle electrical equipment before the charger leads are removed from the vehicle.

Safety precautions for battery Do not allow overcharging Make sure area is well ventilated No chance of open flame Keep battery on requirement temperature Disconnect all devices before charging Do not connect both poles on a battery to each other
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y Always make sure good connection of positive and negative poles y While replacing battery user should ensure that the battery is being handle properly

EM Radiation
Electromagnetic radiation is a self-propagating wave of energy, produced by many contemporary electronic devices and this is a form of energy to possess beneficial and harmful health effects. Some people claim that exposure to so much electromagnetic radiation has cause them to heal injuries and wounds and to become sick. Electromagnetic radiation hazard from common household current at 50-60 Hz range has demonstrated repeatedly that it can cause:
y y y

serious and sometimes fatal disease major psychological and physical stress and changes in hormones, body weight and blood chemistry This has resulted in many suffering, loss of productivity and shortened lives. The current epidemic of numerous degenerative diseases including cancer, leukemia and other immune dysfunctions is not purely coincidental. They often relate directly to the catastrophic effects of uncontrolled electromagnetic radiation hazard in our ever declining environment.
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3 dangers overshadow are that:

The first has been conclusively proven: ELF (extremely low frequency) electromagnetic field vibrations at about 30-100 Hz. Even if they're weaker than Earth electromagnetic field, it interferes with the cues that keep our biological cycles properly timed. Chronic stress and impaired disease resistance result." "Secondly, the available evidence strongly suggests that regulation of cellular growth processes is impaired by electro pollution. The danger is immediate and overwhelming." "In the long run, however, I believe the ultimate weapon is manipulation of our electromagnetic environment, because it's imperceptibly subtle and strikes at the core of life itself." Electromagnetic field exposure with adverse effects including:
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weakness and fatigue emotional imbalance such as increased anxiety decreased mental function such as mental fatigue headaches dizziness And impaired vision.

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Some precautions are there that can reduce electromagnetic radiations effects on Health:
1. Avoid living near a radio/TV transmitters or mobile phone masts. 2. Avoid using wireless security systems or wireless baby monitors, where possible hard wire them in. 3. Avoid using especially DECT phones, cordless phones as these transmit radiation when not in use. 4. Do not use wireless routers, use CAT5 cable. 5. Do not use the Microwave, it does not good for your food and will flood adjacent rooms with radiation. 6. Use a cordless phone or mobile phone for emergency calls; use a corded phone for all regular conversations. Do not use a mobile phone in pregnancy and do not allow a child under 16 to use a mobile phone at all. 7. Use your mobile phone on hands free but without a Bluetooth headset. Do not use a mobile phone in your car without an external antenna because the radio waves will be reflected back from the metal chassis at you. 8. Avoid keeping your mobile phone in the same pocket every time; keep it away from the body on a desk or in a bag. OR rotate it around the body. 9. Reduce the number of electronic devices around your bed like alarm clocks, lights, telephones, electric blankets and extension cords. Battery operated devices like an alarm clock are good replacements. 10. Do not living under or near high voltage power lines. The same goes for electric transformers and sub-stations. 11. Dont sleep near your distribution box or fuse box. 12. Avoid all unnecessary exposure to CT scans and x-rays. 13. Electronic devices should be grounded. 14. Drive those cars that have low electromagnetic fields. 15. Do not uses a dimmer switch in the house as it emit high magnetic fields and cause dirty electricity.

Low voltage power supplies

Circuits with a nominal voltage less than or equal to 600 volts The human body can build up static charges of up to 25000 volts. These can discharge into a body or device that has lower charge. This surge of electricity can damage electronic devices.

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Why is a 25kV discharge not fatal?

The 25kV associated with video monitors can be deadly; whereas the 25kV associated with ESD is not harmful to humans. The reason is the difference in current-delivering capabilities created by the voltage: A video monitor gets its power from a constant power supply. Current is continually supplied, pushed at a constant voltage. In a static discharge, a build-up of electrical charge creates the high voltage. When the discharge occurs, the charges move (current flows) through the conductor (a human or a PC circuit board). However, as the built-up charges dissipate the pushing voltage drops and the current also drops. Within microseconds the current will cease to be at dangerous levels.

Precautions
Follow these procedures to help minimize the chances of destructive static discharges:
y

y y

If you do not have an antistatic wrist strap, touch an exposed part of the chassis with your finger before touching any components inside the system. Use antistatic sprays or solutions on floors, carpets, desks, and computer equipment. Install static-free carpeting in the work area. Use a room humidifier to keep the humidity level above 50% in the work area.

Protection during storage

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The best storage option for most computer equipment is the original manufacturer's box. These boxes are designed specifically to store and transport the device safely. They include form-fitting protective foam to protect the device from shock hazards. The device is normally wrapped in a protective antistatic bag or wrapper to defeat the effects of ESD (electrostatic discharge).

High voltage equipment

Circuits with a nominal voltage more than 600 volts. The purpose of this is to establish minimum standards to prevent hazardous electrical exposures to personnel and ensure compliance with regulatory requirements applicable to electrical systems. Working on the equipment in a deenergized state is required unless de-energizing introduces an increased hazard or is infeasible. This program is designed to help ensure that energized high voltage electrical work at UC Irvine is performed safely by authorized employees, who are trained and provided with the appropriate safe work procedures, protective equipment and other controls. The program is intended to ensure the employees are protected against electrical shock, burns and other potential electrical safety hazards as well as comply with regulatory requirements. Voltages of greater than 50 V applied across dry unbroken human skin are capable of producing heart fibrillation if they produce electric currents in body tissues that happen to pass through the chest area. The electrocution danger is mostly determined by the low electrical conductivity of dry human skin. If skin is wet, or if there are wounds, or if the voltage is applied to electrodes that penetrate the skin, then even voltage sources below 40 V can be lethal if contacted. Accidental contact with high voltage supplying sufficient energy will usually result in severe injury or death. This can occur as a person's body provides a path for current flow, causing tissue damage and heart failure. Other injuries can include
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burns from the arc generated by the accidental contact. These can be especially dangerous if the victim's airways are affected. Injuries may also be suffered as a result of the physical forces exerted as people may fall from height or be thrown a considerable distance.

Precautions to prevent arcs or flashes include the following:

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Keep covers over live electrical contact points closed; Avoid using metal or conductive tools around live electrical contact points, when possible; Avoid pointing or placing metal tools near live electrical contact points in equipment with voltages above 600 volts; Verify the voltages present when working near live electrical contact points; Utilize test fixture boxes while performing adjustments, calibrations, or function tests of energized parts; and Use properly rated fuses for the capacity of the line or protection needed for the equipment in question.

Risk may caused by radiation

y

Cause cancer to nearby people

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y y y y

Nausea Vomiting Headache some loss of white blood cells

To prevent radiation from a station people should respect these criteria:

Notes: 1 These are the sub-groups against which apparatus is chosen for use in a particular hazardous Area (BS/EN 60079-10). 2 Citizens band radio is strictly limited in transmit capability and thus does not produce a problem. 3 FM and television broadcast transmitter aerials are designed to give constant field strength of less than 1 V/m outside the transmitter area and thus do not create a problem.
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If no transmitters are present in a radius around the hazardous area of the distance specified in Table then no hazard exists. If no transmitters exist in the locality (say within a radius of 60km) hazard exists. (If a transmitter does exist within 60 km and is of a configuration so significantly different to those recorded in BS 6656, such that it is expected to have a greater vulnerable distance, then it must of course be individually evaluated to identify its possibility of producing a dangerous situation).

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