Phn 1: TM HIU V MY NN KH

1/ My nn kh l g? Chng c dng lm g? My nn kh l cc my mc (h thng c hc) c chc nng lm tng p sut ca cht kh. Cng dng ca my nn kh th rt nhiu, chng c mt trong hu ht cc ngnh cng nghip nh in n, bao b, thc phm, dt, g,... My nn kh l mt "mt xch" quan trng trong cc h thng cng nghip s dng kh p sut cao vn hnh cc my mc khc... 2/ C bao nhiu loi my nn kh? C 4 loi my ch yu nh sau: a- My nn kh Kiu Piston: hot ng tng t nh h thng trong xe gn my ca bn bao gm: Trc khuu, thanh truyn, xupap (c th c thay bng l van)... b- My nn kh Kiu Trc vt SCR (AIR SCREW COMPRESSOR): My nn kh s dng chuyn ng trn ca trc vt s dng 2 buli c ni vo 2 trc vt p kh vo trong th tch nh hn. c- My nn kh ly tm: My nn kh ly tm s dng a xoay hnh cnh qut hoc bnh y p kh vo phn ra ca bnh y lm tng tc ca kh. B phn khuch tn ca my s chuyn i nng lng ca tc thnh p sut. My nn kh ly tm thng s dng trong ngnh cng nghip nng v trong mi trng lm vic lin tc. Chng thng c lp c nh. Cng sut ca chng c th t hng trm n hng ngn HP (m lc). d- My nn kh Kiu Trc vt n: c dng trong cng ngh "Khng du", bo m kh ra khng c du ln trong . Dng trong nghnh thc phm & dc phm m bo sn phm an ton cho ngi s dng. y l 4 dng c bn thng gp trong thc t, ngoi ra cn c cc dng khc nh: my nn kiu xon c, my nn kh dng hn hp, my nn a cp, ... 3/ Nguyn l hot ng ca my nn kh? May nen khi la 1 dang bm piston. Ban cung co th dung ng c t trong bt ky nao u lam may nen khi c. Cu tao chinh cua MNK gm xilanh, piston, 2 van 1 chiu (van xa, van hut). Piston i t im cht trn (CT) xung im cht di (CD), van hut m, van xa ong khng khi i vao xilanh. Piston i t CD ln CT, van hut ong, van m xa, khi nen i qua van xa, van 1 chiu n binh cha khi nen. Ngoai ra con co van giam ap (khi ap sut khi nen tng qua inh mc van t ng m ra, khi nen thoat ra ngoai mi trng). i vi MNK cng sut ln ngi ta thit k thm h thng lam mat may va lam mat khi nen. MNK co th co nhiu cp (cp 1, cp 2,...). Khi nen s cp c chuyn sang bung nen th cp nen tip ln na va co ap sut cao hn s cp. bung nen cua mi cp u co 2 van 1 chiu.

Phn 2: LU KHI S DNG H THNG MY NN KH

Khi h thng My nn kh ca bn c t ni thch hp, m bo mt s yu cu k thut v bo dng thng xuyn th thi gian s dng ca my s lu hn v bn khng phi sa cha nhng hng hc lt vt, hoc chu ng ting n qu mc ca my... I. MI TRNG T MY NN KH Phi c a im ph hp t my nn, tt nht l my trong mt phng p ng cc yu cu sau: Phng rng ri v sng vn hnh v bo dng, my c gi cch m, cch tng bao quanh v trn t nht l 1 mt. Phng cn c ca thng gi. Mi trng khng c qu nng (<40oC) v bi, my cn c qut lm mt vi lu lng ln hn lu lng ca qut my nn. Nu m bo tt cc iu kin trn my s t b ng bi v qu trnh axt ho v loi n mn khc s chm. Nu cht lng kh di mc tiu chun tt nht nn lp t nhng thit b lc lm sch kh. Vi kt cu trong hp v c t trn gi, my nn loi ny c th di chuyn trn cc nn xung quanh. Nu di chuyn ln trn gc, bn phi c nhng bin php bo v trnh mi mn. II. NHNG YU CU LP T CA H THNG IN: 1. Nn lp mt h thng cung cp ngun c lp ring cho my, n c th ngn nga s qu ti hoc khng cn bng ca 3 pha khi ni vi cc thit b khc v 3 pha c hiu in th n nh trong khong t 360 400 V. 2. La chn ng dy cp in m my yu cu. 3. T l ngun ra v mt phi ging nhau. 4. Trnh s on mch, v d cn cng tc p sut pha trn vi ngun cung cp. 5. Kim tra trnh s r r (b h) cc ng ng kh hoc ng nc. III. CNG VIC HNG NGY 1. M ng cm v van ca bnh cha du kh cho chy ra lng nc c ng ngay trong nt v ng li ngay sau khi du bi trn chy ra ngoi. Ch : Trc khi m ng x ca bnh cha d, cha kh: cn chc chn p sut bn trong bnh cha hon ton trng thi ngt in. Kim tra nu trc vt lm vic khng tri chy. M van ra ca my nn. Bt ngun v khi ng cc thit b ngoi vi ca my nn nh my sy kh kh. Khi ng my nn v chc chn rng n lm vic bnh thng, th d nh khi thi gian trao khi ng, ting n khi my chy, p sut hi kh, p sut du bi trn, nhit ca kh v ghi li ton b cc s liu. Sau mt thi gian, kim tra li mc du, nu di hoc thp hn mc gii hn, cho thm lng du bi trn theo yu cu. Nu thy nhng biu hin khc thng, n nt OFF hoc nt khn cp, ch khi ng li sau khi gii quyt xong h hng.

IV. NHNG CH QUAN TRNG KHI VN HNH MY 1. Dng my ngay lp tc khi xy ra bt k m thanh khc thng. 2. Khng c ni lng ng dn, khng m bulng v c hoc ng cc van. 3. Lm y du tr li nu nh mc du qu thp. 4. Vn hnh nn thch hp vi nhng s thay i bao gm: p sut h thng p sut, h thng nhit , p sut tng phn khc nhau, mc du v thi gian hot ng. Nu nh thch hp c th s dng IR d ra v kim tra nhit ca tng phn khc nhau cung cp hiu in th v cng dng in. V. GI GN V BO DNG Lng du bi trn l yu t thit yu nh hng ti hiu sut v hot ng ca my nn trc vt. Nu du thiu s gy ra mt vi h hng ca my nn, v vy hy s dng loi du c bit ca my nn trc vt. Loi du c bit dng cho my nn trc vt c cht lng rt tt, nht khong 40o C rt ph hp cho my nn trc vt v n l yu t chng li s thoi ho, rt kh ho tan vo nc thnh dng sa hoc ni bt v chng mn v.v Chu k thay du: Ban u nn thay du sau khi my hot ng khong 500 gi nhng ln thay sau nn thay sau khong 2.000 gi vi my s dng du tinh, hoc 2.500 3.500 gi nu my s dng du tng hp. (mi trng khng tt nh bi, nhit bn ngoi cao, lm thi gian s dng du ngn) Thay du v lc du: - ng van x t t cho my nn khng np khong 3 pht. Dng my v tt ngun in. - Khi p sut trong thit b tch du kh ngt, m ng du ra t t va n va xoay my khong mi vng. - Dng thit b m c bit tho lc du, t n vo cha du v lau sch khi khng c du chy ra ngoi. - Tho lc du. - Tho ng cm du v kho van du li du bi trn t ng chy vo bnh du, v ngn khng cho du lm nhim mi trng. - ng van du v t ng cm du lm y lng du bi trn cho ti mc gii hn, sit cht li ng cm du. - my dng li sau khong 5 pht vn hnh, kim tra li h thng p sut ca bnh cha du- kh. Khi mc du c duy tr, t t kho ng cm du v lm du bi trn ti mc gii hn, sit cht li ng cm du.

Phn 3: NGUYN L HOT NG MY NN KH Nguyn l Kh nn c to ra t my nn kh, nng lng c hc ca ng c in hoc ca ng c t trong c chuyn i thnh nng lng kh nn v nhit nng. My nn kh c hot ng theo hai nguyn l sau: - Nguyn l thay i th tch : Khng kh c dn vo bung cha c th tch nh hn. Nh vy theo nh lut Boyle-Matiotte p sut trong bung cha s tng ln. My nn kh hot ng theo nguyn l ny nh kiu my nn kh piston, bnh rng, cnh gt. - Nguyn l ng nng: khng kh c dn vo bnh cha sau khi c gia tc bi mt b phn quay vi tc cao, p sut kh nn c to ra nh s chnh lch vn tc, nguyn tc ny to ra lu lng v cng sut rt ln. My nn kh hot ng theo nguyn l ny nh my nn kh ly tm.

- C nhiu loi my nn kh khc nhau ang c s dng trong cng nghip, t n gin dng trong vic bm xe n cc nh my trung bnh v ln dng trong cng nghip hm m v cc xng sn xut. Do ty theo cch phn loi my nn kh: My nn kh p sut thp P <15bar My nn kh p sut cao P > 15bar My nn kh p sut cao P > 300bar My nn kh trc vt p sut 8bar My nn kh trc vt khng du p sut 8bar My nn kh trc vt hi du 8bar My nn kh piston thp p 8-15bar My nn kh piston cao p khng du 15-35bar My nn kh piston cao p c du 15- 35bar Nguyn l hot ng ca tng loi my nn kh My nn kh kiu piston:

My nn kh piston mt cp: k np, chn khng c to lp pha trn piston, do khng kh c y vo bung nn thng qua van np. Van ny m t ng do s chnh lch p sut gy ra bi chn khng trn b mt piston. Khi piston i xung ti im cht di v bt u i ln, khng kh i vo bung nn do s mt cn bng p sut pha trn v di nn van np ng li v qu trnh nn kh bt u xy ra. Khi p sut trong bung nn tng ti mt mc no s lm cho van thot m ra, kh nn s thot qua van thot i vo h thng kh nn. * C hai van np v thot thng c l xo v cc van ng m t ng do s chnh lch p sut pha ca mi van. * Sau khi piston ln n im cht trn v bt u i xung tr li, van thot ng v mt chu trnh nn kh mi bt u. * My nn kh kiu piston mt cp c th ht c lng n 10m/pht v p sut nn c 6 bar, c th trong mt s trng hp p sut nn n 10 bar. My nn kh kiu piston 2 cp c th nn n p sut 15 bar. Loi my nn kh kiu piston 3,4 cp c th nn p sut n 250 bar. * Loi my nn kh mt cp v hai cp thch hp h thng iu khin bng kh nn trong cng nghip. My nn kh piston c phn loi theo s cp nn, loi truyn ng v phng thc

lm ngui kh nn. My nn kh kiu trc vt:

* My nn khi trc vt hot ng theo nguyn l thay i th tch. My nn kh trc vt gm c hai trc. Trc chnh v trc ph. * My nn kh trc vt xut hin vo thp nin 50 v chim mt th phn ln trong lnh vc kh nn, Loi my nn kh ny c v t bit bao bc quanh hai trc vt quay, 1 li mt lm. Cc rng ca hai trc vt n khp vi nhau v s rng trc vt li t hn trc vt lm 1 n 2 rng. Hai trc vt phi quay ng b vi nhau, gia cc trc vt v v bc c khe h rt nh. * Khi cc trc vt quay nhanh, khng kh c ht vo bn trong v thng qua ca np v i vo bung kh gia cc trc vt v khng kh c nn gia cc rng khi bung kh nh li, sau kh nn i ti ca thot. C ca np v ca thot s c ng hoc m t ng khi cc trc vt quay , ca thot ca my nn kh c lp mt van mt chiu ngn cc trc vt t quay khi qu trnh nn ngng. * My nn kh trc vt c nhiu tnh cht ging vi my nn kh cnh gt, chng hn nh s n nh v khng dao ng trong kh thot, t rung ng v ting n nh. t hiu sut cao nht khi hot ng gn y ti. * Lu lng t 1,4m/pht v c th ln n 60m/pht, My nn kh li tm: - Trong my nn kh li tm, mi cp gm mt ngn, mt cnh qut, mt b khuch tn v mt ng khuch tn t hp. Khi cnh qut quay c nhiu cnh vi tc cao, khng kh c ht vo gia cnh qut vi vn tc ln v p sut cao sao khng kh i vo vng khuch tn tnh, khng kh gin n v vy vn tc ca n gim nhng p sut tng mt cch ng k. T b khuch tn t hp khng kh gin n thm v p sut tng ri i n cp k tip hoc trc tip n ng ra. Khng ging nh loi my nn kh hng trc, vic chia cp ca my nn khi ny rt n gin.

c thm bi vit ting anh: Types of compressors The main types of gas compressors are illustrated and discussed below:

Centrifugal Compressors Centrifugal compressors use the rotating action of an impeller wheel to exert centrifugal force on refrigerant inside a round chamber (volute). Refrigerant is sucked into the impeller wheel through a large circular intake and flows between the impellers. The impellers force the refrigerant outward, exerting centrifugal force on the refrigerant. The refrigerant is pressurized as it is forced against the sides of the volute. Centrifugal compressors are well suited to compressing large volumes of refrigerant to relatively low pressures. The compressive force generated by an impeller wheel is small, so chillers that use centrifugal compressors usually employ more than one impeller wheel, arranged in series. Centrifugal compressors are desirable for their simple design and few moving parts.

Diagonal or mixed-flow compressors Diagonal or mixed-flow compressors are similar to centrifugal compressors, but have a radial and axial velocity component at the exit from the rotor. The diffuser is often used to turn diagonal flow to the axial direction. The diagonal compressor has a lower diameter diffuser than the equivalent centrifugal compressor.

Axial-flow compressors Axial-flow compressors are dynamic rotating compressors that use arrays of fan-like aerofoils to progressively compress the working fluid. They are used where there is a requirement for a high flows or a compact design.The arrays of aerofoils are set in rows, usually as pairs: one rotating and one stationary. The rotating aerofoils, also known as blades or rotors, decelerate and pressurise the fluid. The stationary aerofoils, also known as a stators or vanes, turn and decelerate the fluid; preparing and redirecting the flow for the rotor blades of the next stage. Axial compressors are almost always multi-staged, with the cross-sectional area of the gas passage diminishing along the compressor to maintain an optimum axial Mach number. Beyond about 5 stages or a 4:1 design pressure ratio, variable geometry is normally used to improve operation. Axial compressors can have high efficiencies; around 90% polytropic at their design conditions. However, they are relatively expensive, requiring a large number of components, tight tolerances and high quality materials. Axial-flow compressors can be found in medium to large gas turbine engines, in natural gas pumping stations, and within certain chemical plants.

Reciprocating Compressors A reciprocating compressor uses the reciprocating action of a piston inside a cylinder to compress refrigerant. As the piston moves downward, a vacuum is created inside the cylinder. Because the pressure above the intake valve is greater than the pressure below it, the intake valve is forced open and refrigerant is sucked into the cylinder. After the piston reaches its bottom position it begins to move upward. The intake valve closes, trapping the refrigerant inside the cylinder. As the piston continues to move upward it compresses the refrigerant, increasing its pressure. At a certain point the pressure exerted by the refrigerant forces the exhaust valve to open and the compressed refrigerant flows out of the cylinder. Once the piston

reaches it top-most position, it starts moving downward again and the cycle is repeated.

Rotary Compressors In a rotary compressor the refrigerant is compressed by the rotating action of a roller inside a cylinder. The roller rotates eccentrically (off-centre) around a shaft so that part of the roller is always in contact with the inside wall of the cylinder. A spring-mounted blade is always rubbing against the roller. The two points of contact create two sealed areas of continuously variable volume inside the cylinder. At a certain point in the rotation of the roller, the intake port is exposed and a quantity of refrigerant is sucked into the cylinder, filling one of the sealed areas. As the roller continues to rotate the volume of the area the refrigerant occupies is reduced and the refrigerant is compressed. When the exhaust valve is exposed, the high-pressure refrigerant forces the exhaust valve to open and the refrigerant is released. Rotary compressors are very efficient because the actions of taking in refrigerant and compressing refrigerant occur simultaneously.

Diaphragm compressor A diaphragm compressor (also known as a membrane compressor) is a variant of the conventional reciprocating compressor. The compression of gas occurs by the movement of a flexible membrane, instead of an intake element. The back and forth movement of the membrane is driven by a rod and a crankshaft mechanism. Only the membrane and the compressor box come in touch with the gas being compressed. Diaphragm compressors are used for hydrogen and compressed natural gas (CNG) as well as in a number of other applications. Rotary Scroll Compressors In a scroll compressor refrigerant is compressed by two offset spiral disks that are nested together. The upper disk is stationary while the lower disk moves in orbital fashion. The orbiting action of the lower disk inside the stationary disk creates sealed spaces of varying volume. Refrigerant is sucked in through inlet ports at the perimeter of the scroll. A quantity of refrigerant becomes trapped in one of the sealed spaces. As the disk orbits the enclosed space containing the refrigerant is transferred toward the centre of the disk and its volume decreases. As the volume decreases, the refrigerant is compressed. The compressed refrigerant is discharged through a port at the centre of the upper disk. Scroll compressors are quiet, smooth-operating units with the highest efficiency ratio of all compressor types. They are commonly used in automobile air conditioning systems and commercial chillers.

Rotary Screw Compressors Screw compressors use a pair of helical rotorsAs the rotors rotate they intermesh, alternately exposing and closing off interlobe spaces at the ends of the rotors. When an interlobe space at the intake end opens up, refrigerant is sucked into it. As the rotors continue to rotate the refrigerant becomes trapped inside the interlobe space and is forced along the length of the rotors. The volume of the interlobe space decreases and the refrigerant is compressed. The compressed refrigerant exists when the interlobe space reaches the other end. (male and female) inside a sealed chamber.

Rotary vane compressors Rotary vane compressors consist of a rotor with a number of blades inserted in radial slots in the rotor. The rotor is mounted offset in a larger housing which can be circular or a more complex shape. As the rotor turns, blades slide in and out of the slots keeping contact with the outer wall of the housing.Thus, a series of decreasing volumes is created by the rotating blades. Rotary Vane compressors are, with piston compressors one of the oldest of compressor technologies. With suitable port connections, the devices may be either a compressor or a vacuum pump. They can be either stationary or portable, can be single or multi-staged, and can be driven by electric motors or internal combustion engines. Dry vane machines are used at relatively low pressures (e.g., 2 bar) for bulk material movement whilst oil-injected machines have the necessary volumetric efficiency to achieve pressures up to about 13 bar in a single stage. A rotary vane compressor is well suited to electric motor drive and is significantly quieter in operation than the equivalent piston compressor.