CDMA-3GCN I 01 200904 Principle of Telecommunication

7 2 / 2 0 0 9
Contents
1 Overview of Signaling Network and Voice Network ...............................................................1
1.1 Signaling Network..............................................................................................................1
1.1.1 Network Level Structure ..........................................................................................1
1.1.2 Functions of Signaling Points ..................................................................................1
1.2 Voice Network....................................................................................................................2
2 CDMA Overview.........................................................................................................................5
2.1 Development of Wireless Communication.........................................................................6
2.1.1 The First Generation Analog Cellular Mobile Communication .................................6
2.1.2 The Second Generation Digital Cellular Mobile Communication .............................6
2.1.3 The Third Generation Mobile Communication - IMT2000........................................8
2.2 Basic Concepts of CDMA................................................................................................10
2.2.1 Multiple Accesses Technology...............................................................................10
2.2.2 CDMA-related Concepts........................................................................................12
2.3 CDMA Features...............................................................................................................13
3 CDMA Network Architecture...................................................................................................17
3.1 System Architecture.........................................................................................................17
3.2 An Introduction to Network Entities..................................................................................19
3.2.1 BTS Subsystem.....................................................................................................19
3.2.2 Mobile Switching Subsystem.................................................................................19
3.2.3 Operation and Maintenance Management Subsystem (OMM)..............................21
3.3 Interfaces and Protocols..................................................................................................22
3.3.1 Interfaces...............................................................................................................22
3.3.2 Interface Protocols.................................................................................................24

4 Numbering Plan.......................................................................................................................29
4.1 Numbering Plan...............................................................................................................29
4.2 MDN................................................................................................................................29
4.3 IMSI and MIN...................................................................................................................30
4.4 Equipment Number..........................................................................................................31
4.5 Temporary Local Directory Number (TLDN) ....................................................................31
4.6 Electronic Sequence Number (ESN) ...............................................................................31
5 CDMA Key Technologies.........................................................................................................33
5.1 Basic Concept .................................................................................................................33
5.1.1 Walsh Code...........................................................................................................33
5.1.2 Pseudo-random Sequence Number ......................................................................33
5.1.3 Number Application ...............................................................................................35
5.1.4 Number-based Channels.......................................................................................35
5.2 Key Technologies ............................................................................................................36
5.2.1 Power Control Technology.....................................................................................36
5.2.2 Diversity Technology..............................................................................................38
5.2.3 Handoff Technology...............................................................................................38
5.2.4 Voice Coding Technology ......................................................................................41
5.2.5 Channel Modulation Technology............................................................................41
5.2.6 Soft Capacity .........................................................................................................43
6 Services and Functions ..........................................................................................................45
6.1 CDMA Services ...............................................................................................................45
6.1.1 Telecommunications Services ...............................................................................45
6.1.2 Supplementary Services........................................................................................45
6.1.3 WIN Service ..........................................................................................................47
6.1.4 Value-added Service .............................................................................................47

6.2 Network Functions........................................................................................................... 47
6.2.1 Network Functions for Supporting Services .......................................................... 47
6.2.2 Network Functions for Supporting the Running of the Cellular System................. 48
6.2.3 Additional Network Functions for Call Processing................................................. 49
6.2.4 Authentication Function......................................................................................... 49
6.2.5 Roaming Function between Different Modes ........................................................ 49
6.2.6 International Roaming........................................................................................... 49

This page is int ent ionally blank.


1
1 Overview of Signaling Network and Voice
Network
Key Points
z Signaling net work
z Voice net work
1.1 Signaling Network
1.1.1 Network Level Structure
The SS7 signaling net work adopt s a t hree- level st ruct ure, consist ing of
HSTP, LSTP. and SP. The t wo- level st ruct ure is also can adopt ed,
consist ing of HSTP&LSTP and SP. The st ruct ure is shown in Figure 1. 1- 1.
HSTP&LSTP First-level HSTP
Second-level
LSTP
Third-level SP SP

Figure 1. 1- 1 St ruct ure of SS7 Signaling Net work
The signaling point s of t he CDMA net work consist s of MSC, VLR, HLR,
aut horizat ion cent er, service cont rol point and t he mobile special service
cent er.
1.1.2 Functions of Signaling Points
The HSTP ( high- level signaling t ransfer point ) t ransfers t he signaling
CDMA- 3GCN_I _01_200904 Principle of Telecommunicat ion
2
messages of t he second- level LSTP ( low- level signaling t ransfer point )
and t he t hird- level SP it connect s t o. HSTP should adopt t he st and- alone
signal t ransfer point ( STP) devices, and provides t he funct ions required
by MTP, SCCP, TC and OMAP.
LSTP is t he second- level STP, which t ransfers t he signaling message of
t he t hird- level SP connect ed wit h it . An LSTP can be independent ly set
up, or set up t oget her wit h an SP. LSTP is implement ed by st and- alone
STP devices, or t he int egrat ed STP devices combined wit h SP. When t he
st and- alone STP devices are adopt ed, LSTP meet s all t he funct ion
requirement s of HSTP. Wit h int egrat ed STP devices, LSTP meet s all t he
funct ion requirement s of t he st and- alone STP, and t he funct ion
requirement s of I SUP and MAP in t he No . 7 signaling mode.
The t hird- level SP is t he source or dest inat ion in t he signaling message
t ransfer of t he signaling net work. Based on different funct ions, it should
meet t he funct ion requirement s of MTP, TUP, I SUP, SCCP, TC, MAP and /
or OMAP.
1.2 Voice Network
The digit al mobile communicat ion net work adopt s a t hree- level st ruct ure,
namely, TMSC1, TMSC2 and local MSC.
I n a large region, TMSC1 is est ablished, and different TMSC1s are
connect ed like a mesh. I n a province, one or t wo TMSC2s are
est ablished, and TMSC2s are connect ed wit h t he associat ed TMSC1. The
whole net work is divided int o several local MSCs, and each local MSC
has one or several MSCs which are connect ed wit h associat ed TMSC2.
The connect ion is shown in Figure 1. 2- 1.
The mesh net works at t he same level are connect ed, as shown in Figure
1. 2- 2.
Chapt er 1 Overview of Signaling Net work and Voice Net work
3

TMSC1
Local MSC
TMSC2

Figure 1. 2- 1 Three- Level Voice Net work St ruct ure

TMSC1
TMSC1

Figure 1. 2- 2 Mesh Net wor k Connect ion

4

5
2 CDMA Overview
Key points
z The development hist ory and t rend of mobile communicat ion
z What is CDMA syst em?
z CDMA feat ures.
The obj ect ive of mobile communicat ion is t o implement communicat ion
at any t ime, any place and bet ween any people.
The wireless mobile communicat ion t echnology is basically focused on
t he innovat ive development of mobile communicat ion bands, reasonable
and efficient use of frequency resources, as well as compact , light and
mult ifunct ional design. Ever since 1970s when t he Cellular t heory was
sponsored by t he Bell laborat ory in America, cellular communicat ion has
been widely used. Theoret ically, t he essence of t he cellular syst em is t o
repeat edly use wireless channels in different geographic locat ions, which
is frequency division mult iplexing. Divide t he service area int o a number
of abst ract hexagonal cellular cells, while t wo nonadj acent cells use t he
same frequency. The cell size is det ermined according t o t he user
densit y. I n t his way, spect rum ut ilizat ion can be great ly enhanced and
t he syst em capacit y can t hus be effect ively raised. Meanwhile, based on
t he development of microelect ronic t echnology, comput er t echnology,
communicat ion net work t echnology, signal coding t echnology and digit al
signal processing t echnology, t he development of mobile communicat ion
has gained a great leap forward on such aspect s like swit ching, signaling
net work syst em and wireless modulat ion and coding t echnology. Thus,
t he cellular mobile communicat ion syst em has experienced a series of
changes, from analog t o digit al, from Frequency Division Mult iple Access
( FDMA) t o Time Division Mult iple Access ( TDMA) and Code Division
Mult iple Access ( CDMA) , and t he evaluat ion from t he first generat ion
cellular mobile communicat ion syst em t o t he t hird generat ion mobile
communicat ion syst em.
6
2.1 Development of Wireless Communication
2.1.1 The First Generation Analog Cellular Mobile Communication
I n lat e 1970s, t he first generat ion cellular mobile communicat ion syst em
was developed on t he basis of t he cellular net working t echnology. I t
creat ed t he first case for t he commercializat ion of cellular mobile
communicat ion syst em. The first cellular syst em AMPS ( Advanced Mobile
Phone Service) was realized in Chicago in 1979. During t he same period,
ot her syst ems were also under development , including TACS in UK and
NMT in Nort h Europe.
The first generat ion communicat ion feat ured FDMA and analog
modulat ion ( FM) . Voice t ransmission was achieved t hrough analog
signals. I t was rest rict ed by a series of fact ors, such as low frequency
unit izat ion, small capacit y, lack of unified int ernat ional st andards and
effect ive ant i- int erference / ant i- at t enuat ion measures, complicat ed
equipment , high cost , poor voice qualit y and securit y. Apart from t his, it
required a prot ect ion band and could be int ercept ed easily by number
cloning. The number of subscribers was also limit ed. Non- voice and
digit al communicat ion services were impossible. Therefore, it could not
sat isfy t he requirement s of market development . These fat al
disadvant ages hindered it s furt her development and it was inevit ably
replaced by digit al cellular mobile communicat ion st ep by st ep.
2.1.2 The Second Generation Digital Cellular Mobile Communication
Developed in t he 1990s, t he mobile phone syst em feat uring TDMA and
narrowband CDMA is called as t he second generat ion mobile
communicat ion syst em. There are t wo t ypical product cat egories:
2.1.2.1 TDMA system
The maj or feat ure of TDMA series product s is t he adopt ion of TDMA and
FDMA t echnologies t o implement mobile communicat ion. The mat ure
and represent at ive syst ems include Pan- European GSM, American
D-AMPS and Japanese PDC. Their common feat ures were present ed by
digit alizat ion, TDMA, bet t er voice qualit y, excellent securit y, dat a
t ransmission capabilit y and t he funct ion for aut omat ic roaming. Each of
Chapt er 2 CDMA Overview
7
t hem had t heir own advant ages and short comings: The PDC syst em
uses high spect rum ut ilizat ion, but only available in Japan. The D-AMPS
syst em has t he largest capacit y but it s equipment is very complicat ed.
The GSM t echnology mat urit y is based on open st andards and widely
used around t he world.
2.1.2.2 N-CDMA system
The CDMA wireless t echnology is an innovat ive digit al cellular t echnology
developed aft er t he communicat ion t echnologies like GSM. The N- CDMA
series is t he narrowband CDMA based on I S- 95 and developed under t he
sponsorship of Qualcomm.
Feat uring digit al t ransmission was based on a series of key t echnologies,
including spreading communicat ion, power cont rol, soft capacit y, soft
handoff, voice act ivat ion; voice coding, mult iple access, diversit y
receiving and RAKE receiving. Hence t he CDMA syst em has obt ained
more advant ages and has pushed t he mobile communicat ion t echnology
t o a new development st age.
The advanced t echnologies have grant ed t he CDMA syst em wit h
overwhelming advant ages over t he TDMA syst em, such as high
spect rum ut ilizat ion, wide coverage, large syst em capacit y, simple
frequency planning, high voice qualit y, fine ant i- resist ance, small
radiat ion power, power saving, long st andby t ime, st rong penet rat ion
capabilit y, excellent indoor coverage, high securit y and excellent
prevent ion against number cloning.
The development of CDMA is a progressive process. Most commodit ies
available on t he market are developed on t he basis of t he I S- 95A
narrowband N- CDMA t echnology. This syst em feat ures low cost , high
qualit y, int erconnect ion, support s I P and dat a services, implement s
Wireless I nt elligent Net work ( WI N) service and provides convenient and
efficient communicat ion services t o users. On t he aspect s of
communicat ion t echnologies and peoples requirement s, t he fut ure
wireless communicat ion world will be a broadband- based, int egrat ed
dat a and mult imedia net work. The broadband CDMA t echnology will be
an import ant support t o t his net work.
8
2.1.3 The Third Generation Mobile Communication - IMT2000
2.1.3.1 Development Motive of the Third Generation Cellular Mobile Communication
System
Represent ed by AMPS and TACS, t he first generat ion cellular mobile
communicat ion syst em provided a solut ion t o mobile conversat ion and
great ly sat isfied t he requirement s of t erminal users, but many problems
exist ed in t his syst em. For example, poor conversat ion qualit y, low
spect rum ut ilizat ion and securit y and so it was replaced by t he second
generat ion cellular mobile communicat ion syst em represent ed by GSM
and I S95. Compared t o t he first generat ion, great improvement was
achieved in t erms of conversat ion qualit y, spect rum ut ilizat ion, securit y
and confident ialit y. I t sat isfied peoples requirement s in a cert ain period.
Along wit h t he cont inuous development of mobile communicat ion and
t he expansion of mobile communicat ion scale, t he disadvant ages of t he
second generat ion were also exposed gradually.
1. I nsufficient radio frequency resources
The rapid increase of mobile t erminal users made t he frequency
resources of t he syst em relat ively insufficient . The development of
mobile communicat ion surprisingly exceeded expect at ions. To
expand syst em capacit y, t he cell of some cent ral cit ies was shrunk
less t han 500 met ers in diamet er t hat result ed in frequent handoff
and serious int erference and t hus t he conversat ion qualit y became
fairly poor.
Low frequency ut ilizat ion was anot her key reason for frequency
resource insufficiency. Compared t o t he first generat ion mobile
communicat ion, t he second generat ion raised t he frequency
ut ilizat ion, but compared wit h t he t hird generat ion wit h t he CDMA
t echnology as t he core; it s frequency ut ilizat ion is st ill very low.
2. Unable t o meet t he requirement s for new services
The second generat ion feat ures t he voice- orient ed design, wit h it s
main obj ect ive focused on providing qualit y and efficient voice
services. Along wit h t he development of t he I nt ernet and elect ronic
commerce, dat a service will become t he main st ream. I n t he fut ure,
9
various broadband informat ion services such high- speed dat a,
low- speed image and t elevision will become t he applicat ion used
most frequent ly by t erminal users. But t he second generat ion was
designed mainly for voice services, which cannot provide high- speed
dat a service.
2.1.3.2 Third Generation Cellular Mobile Communication System
This syst em ( 3G) is also called as I MT- 2000, which means t hat it s
working band is 2000MHz and it s highest service rat e can go up t o
2Mbit / s. Based on t he broadband W- CDMA t echnology, it is a mult imedia
and int elligent syst em t hat is able t o raise mult iple t ransmission rat es,
int egrat e t errest rial cellular syst em, cordless syst em, cellular mobile
communicat ion syst em and sat ellit e syst em, and t hus implement global
services in real sense. I t provides a cent ralized plat form for t he
int egrat ion and allocat ion of various services. The 3G syst em has t hree
main feat ures:
1. Seamless Global Roaming.
2. High- speed t ransmission; High- speed mobile environment : 144kbit / s;
Walking slow- speed mobile environment : 384kbit / s; I ndoor st ill
environment : 2Mbit / s.
3. Seamless service t ransfer, namely, service int erworking is available
among fixed net work, mobile net work and sat ellit e net work.
2.1.3.3 Evolution from 2G to 3G
As described above, t wo development direct ions are undergoing. Figure
2. 1- 1shows t he evolut ion of t he N- CDMA syst em based on I S- 95A t o t he
3G syst em.
10

IS95-A
14.4kb p s
IS95-B
64kb ps
cdma2000 1X
Ph as e I
144kbp s
cd ma2000
1XEVDO
Phase II
2Mb ps
2G 3 G

Figure 2. 1- 1 Evaluat ion from 2G t o 3G
I S- 95A embedded t he I P prot ocol in t he mobile st at ion, so t he net work
does not require addit ional I P layer on t he packet t ransmission layer. I n
t his way, t he hardware will be compat ible wit h all subsequent st andard
net works based on t he I P. The dat a t ransmission rat e of t he I S- 95A
net work is 14. 4kbit / s; I n t he I S95- B net work, t he dat a t ransmission rat e
is raised t o 64kbit / s t hrough core net work and wireless net work
upgrading. A set of dat a basic equipment is added t o t he Base St at ion
Cont roller ( BSC) t o promot e t he CDMA syst em int o a packet mode
net work. CDMA2000 1X is t he first st age of CDMA2000. I t has effect ively
doubled t he original voice capacit y and raised t he dat a t ransmission rat e
t o 144kbit / s. I t may provide a t ypical rat e of 130kbit / s for t erminal
users. CDMA2000 1XEVDV is t he second st age of CDMA2000. I t
int ended t o int egrat e t he capabilit y of t he first st age t o t he same carrier
and st ill maint ain t he capabilit y of packet dat a service t ransmission at
t he split carrier. I n t his st age, t hree modes of services are provided:
realt ime, non- realt ime and combined realt ime/ non- realt ime. 2Mbit / s
dat a t ransmission rat e can also be provided in t his st age.
2.2 Basic Concepts of CDMA
2.2.1 Multiple Accesses Technology
I t is known t hat t he first concern of any t ransmission syst em is how t o
est ablish channel connect ion bet ween t erminal users wit hin t he net work
11
and wit hin t he elect ric wave coverage of t he wireless communicat ion
environment . The essence of t his problem is mult i- access mobile
communicat ion. Current ly t his mode is used by FDMA in t he analog
syst em, TDMA and CDMA in t he digit al syst em. The t heoret ical basis of
mult i- access connect ion implement at ion is t he signal split t ing t echnology,
namely, implement ing appropriat e signal design at t he sending end, so
t hat t he signals sent from individual st at ions are different and while t he
receiving end has t he ident ifying capabilit y t o det ach and select t he
corresponding signal from t he combined signals.
FDMA st ands for Frequency Division Mult iple Access. I n t his case, signal
power is cent ralized t o a relat ively narrow channel in frequency domain
for t ransmission. Different signals are allocat ed t o channels of different
frequency. I nt erference t o and from adj acent channels is rest rict ed
t hrough bandpass filt er. So, only t he energy for useful signals is allowed
t hrough t he specified narrow channel, while signals of ot her frequencies
are excluded out .
TDMA st ands for Time Division Mult iple Access. One channel consist s of
a series of periodic t imeslot s. The energy for different signals is assigned
t o a different t imeslot . I nt erference from adj acent channels can be
rest rict ed t hrough t imed channel select ion. Only t he energy for useful
signals is allowed t hrough t he specified t imeslot .
CDMA st ands for Code Division Mult iple Access. Each signal is assigned
wit h a pseudo- random binary code for spreading. The energy for
different signals is assigned t o a different pseudo- random sequence. I n
t he receiver, signals are det ached wit h a correlat or. The correlat or only
receives select ed binary sequence and compresses it s spect rum. The
bandwidt h of any signals mismat ching t he binary sequence of t his user
will be compressed. As a result , only t he informat ion of useful signals
can be ident ified and ext ract ed.
Figure 2. 2- 1 illust rat es t he correspondence among FDMA, TDMA and
CDMA in frequency domain and t ime domain.
12

FDMA TDMA CDMA

Figure 2. 2- 1 FDMA, TDMA and CDMA Time Domain and Frequency Domain
2.2.2 CDMA-related Concepts
CDMA is based on t he frequency spreading t echnology, namely,
modulat ing t he informat ion dat a of cert ain signal bandwidt h t o be sent
wit h a high- speed pseudo- random code whose bandwidt h is far great er
t han t he signal bandwidt h, so t hat t he bandwidt h of t he original dat a
signal can be spread and t hen sent out via carrier modulat ion. Using t he
same pseudo- random code, t he receiving end complet es t he correlat ed
processing, convert s t he broadband signal int o t he original narrowband
signal of t he original informat ion dat a ( namely dispreading) and
implement s informat ion communicat ion.
y Not e
The spreading t echnology means convert ing t he bandwidt h of t he
original signal t o a much wider bandwidt h for t ransmission in order t o
enhance t he ant i- int erference feat ure of t he communicat ion syst em. The
mat hemat ical model is based on t he Shannon formula in t he informat ion
t heory. I n t he case of whit e noise int erference, t he channel capacit y is:
C = B log
2
( 1 + S / N)
B: channel bandwidt h; S: signal average power; N: noise average
power;
C: channel capacit y.
The above formula shows: Even if t he signal- noise rat io ( S/ N) is low,
increasing t he bandwidt h B can st ill ensure high qualit y communicat ion
wit hout lowering syst em capacit y.
Time Time
Frequency
Frequency
Time
Frequency
13
CDMA is a self- int erference syst em. All users occupy t he same
bandwidt h and frequency. I t s working mechanism can be illust rat ed wit h
a cont ract example.
Let us assume t hat bandwidt h is analogous t o a big house, and t here
are a large number of people present in t he house speaking different
languages. They can hear t heir companions voices but also suffer
int erference from conversat ions of ot her people. I n t his house, t he air
can be imagined as t he broadbands carrier, while t he different
languages can be regarded as codes. I f t he number of people is st eadily
increased over t ime, we can reach at a t ime when we are overwhelmed
by t he background noise. I f t he signal st rengt h of ot her users can be
cont rolled, more users can be accommodat ed and high conversat ion
qualit y can be ensured at t he same t ime.
2.3 CDMA Features
The CDMA mobile communicat ion net work is combined t hrough mult iple
t echnologies such as spreading, mult iple accesses, cellular net working
and frequency reuse. I t is t he coordinat ion of t hree- dimension signals
among frequency domain, t ime domain and code domain. Therefore it
feat ures excellent performance against int erference and mult i- pat h
at t enuat ion, high confident ialit y and securit y. The same frequency can
be reused in mult iple cells. I t s carrier- t o- int erference rat io ( C/ I ) is
smaller t han 1. Trade- off opt ional is available bet ween capacit y and
qualit y. These at t ribut es grant t he CDMA syst em wit h very import ant
advant ages over ot her syst ems.
1. Wide coverage
I n t he mobile communicat ion syst em field, a comparison bet ween
CDMA and GSM syst ems may reveal t hat t he coverage radius of t he
former is t heoret ically 2 t imes of t hat of a st andard GSM syst em. To
cover 1000 km
2
, only 50 BTSs are required in t he CDMA syst em, but
200 BTSs are needed in t he GSM syst em. Less BTSs for t he same
coverage means a big decrease of equipment invest ment for
net work operat ors.
14
2. Large capacit y
I n t he same spect rum ut ilizat ion, t he capacit y of CDMA is 4- 5 t imes
of t hat of GSM or 10 t imes of t hat of an analog net work.
3. High voice qualit y
The CDMA syst em ensures high voice qualit y. The noise chip can
dynamically adj ust t he dat a t ransmission rat e and select a different
level for t ransmission, according proper t hreshold. Meanwhile t he
t hreshold may change according t o t he background noise level.
Therefore, good conversat ion qualit y can st ill be ensured even in t he
case of high background noise. The voice qualit y provided by t he 8K
code of CDMAs variable noise chip is no worse t han t he 13K code of
GSM. The 13K code provides voice service almost as good as wired
t elephone and can even do bet t er t han wired t elephone on t he
aspect of background noise. Meanwhile, t he soft handoff t echnology
is int egrat ed in t he syst em, which means First connect t hen
disconnect , so t he defect easy call failure of hard handoff is
complet ely avoided.
y Not e
Soft handoff is t he handoff of a t erminal at t he same frequency but
bet ween different channels. The channel handoff wit hin t he same
BTS bet ween different sect ors is called as soft er handoff. To t he
opposit e, t he handoff at different frequencies and bet ween different
channels is called as hard handoff.
4. Green mobile phone
I n t he CDMA syst em, different power cont rol t echnologies are used,
so t he average power is decreased a lot compared t o t hat of t he
GSM syst em and t he radiat ion is also lowered, which ensures t hat
t he syst em can be used safely.
5. High frequency ut ilizat ion
I n t he CDMA syst em, different pseudo- random codes are used for
user signal modulat ion. On t he aspect s of frequency domain, t he
spect rum of all signals are overlaid, t herefore t he spect rum
15
ut ilizat ion is very high.
6. Simple frequency planning and easy expansion
Users can be ident ified according t o different sequence codes,
t herefore, different CDMA carriers can be used in adj acent cells and
t he net work can be flexibly planned and easily expanded.
7. Secure connect ivit y
8. Excellent performance against int erference and mult i- pat h
at t enuat ion

16

17
3 CDMA Network Architecture
Key points
z The basic archit ect ure and some funct ions of t he CDMA net work.
z Descript ions of individual int erfaces and t he informat ion t ransferred
over t hem.
z Prot ocols relat ed wit h t he CDMA net work.
3.1 System Architecture
The CDMA cellular mobile communicat ion syst em consist s of four
independent subsyst ems: Mobile St at ion ( MS) , Base Transceiver
Subsyst em ( BSS) , Mobile Swit ching Subsyst em ( MSS) and Operat ion &
Maint enance Subsyst em ( OMM) . MS and BSS can communicat e direct ly,
while t he communicat ion bet ween BSS and MSS is implement ed t hrough
t he st andard A int erface. Ot her int erfaces, such as B, C, D, E, H, M, N, O
and P represent t he int erfaces among t he funct ional ent it ies. When
different funct ional ent it ies are configured in each physical unit , some
int erfaces will become int ernal int erfaces t hat may not follow t he unified
int erface st andard. Ai, Di and Pi are t he syst ems int erfaces t o
int erconnect wit h ot her communicat ion net works. Figure 3. 1- 1shows t he
archit ect ure and int erfaces of t he CDMA syst em:
18
MSC A Ai BSC BTS Abis
MS
OMC HLR
C
Um
AUC H
Q Q
D VLR
B
VLR
G
SC
N
SC SME SME M M M
PSTN
PSPDN
ISDN
Pi
Di
EIR IWF MSC
F L
E

Figure 3. 1- 1 Net work Archit ect ure of t he CDMA Cellular Mobile Communicat ions
Syst em
BSC Base St at ion Cont roller Base st at ion cont roller
BTS Base Transceiver St at ion Base st at ion t ransceiver
MSC Mobile services Swit ching Cent er MSC
OMC
Operat ion and Maint enance
Cent er
Operat ions & maint enance
cent er
AUC Aut hent icat ion Cent er Aut hent icat ion Cent er
EI R Equipment I dent ificat ion Regist er
Equipment I dent ificat ion
Regist er
HLR Home Locat ion Regist er HLR
VLR: Visit or Locat ion Regist er VLR
MS Mobile St at ion Mobile st at ion
I SDN
I nt egrat ed Services Digit al
Net work
I nt egrat ed service digit al
net work
PSTN
Public Swit ched Telephone
Net work
Public Swit ching Telephone
Net work
PSPDN
Public Swit ched Public Dat a
Net work
Public Swit ched Public Dat a
Net work
PLMN Public Land Mobile Net work Public land mobile net work
SC Short Message Cent er Short message cent er
Chapt er 3 CDMA Net work Archit ect ure
19
3.2 An Introduction to Network Entities
3.2.1 BTS Subsystem
The BTS Subsyst em ( BSS) is t he assembly of radio equipment and radio
channel cont rol equipment , serving one or more cellular cells. I n cert ain
radio coverage, it is cont rolled by t he Mobile Swit ching Cent er ( MSC) t o
implement channel assignment , user access and paging, and
informat ion t ransfer. Normally, t he BSS consist s of one or more BSCs
and BTSs. The BTS is responsible for radio t ransmission and BSC for
cont rol and management .
3.2.1.1 Base Transceiver
The Base Transceiver ( BTS) belongs t o t he radio part of a base st at ion
syst em. Cont rolled by BSC, it serves t he radio t ransceiving equipment of
a cert ain cell, implement s t he conversion bet ween BSC and radio
channels, radio t ransmission t hrough air int erface bet ween BTS and MS
and relat ed cont rol, and communicat es wit h BSC t hrough t he Abis
int erface.
3.2.1.2 Base Station Controller
One end of t he Base St at ion Cont roller ( BSC) can be connect ed wit h one
or more BTSs, while it s ot her end can be connect ed wit h MSC and OMC.
Orient ed t o radio net work, BSC implement s radio net work management ,
radio resource management and radio BTS monit oring and management .
I t also cont rols t he est ablishment , connect ion and disconnect ion of radio
connect ion bet ween MS and BTS, cont rols t he posit ioning, handoff and
paging of MS, provides voice coding and rat e adj ust ment and carries out
operat ion and maint enance of t he BSS.
3.2.2 Mobile Switching Subsystem
The Mobile Swit ching Subsyst em ( MSS) implement s t he main swit ching
funct ions of t he CDMA net work. Meanwhile it manages t he dat abase for
user dat a and mobilit y.
3.2.2.1 Mobile Switching Center
MSC is t he core of t he CDMA net work. I t cont rols and implement s voice
20
channel connect ion for MSs wit hin it s coverage, namely serving as an
int erface bet ween CDMA and ot her net works. The funct ions MSC carries
out include call connect ion, charging, BSS- MSC handoff, assist radio
resource management and mobilit y management . Besides, each MSC
also implement s t he GMSC funct ion for call rout e est ablishment t o t he
MS, namely, t o query t he locat ion informat ion of each MS.
MSC get s all dat a required for call request processing from t hree
dat abases, VLR, HLR and AUC.
3.2.2.2 Visitor Location Register
The Visit or Locat ion Regist er ( VLR) is a dynamic user dat abase, st oring
t he relat ed user dat a of all MSs ( visit ors) wit hin t he MSCs management
range, including user I D, MSs locat ion area informat ion, user st at us and
services available for t he user.
VLR get s and st ores all necessary dat a from t he HLR of a mobile
subscriber. Once t he mobile subscriber leaves t he cont rol area of t he
VLR, it will be regist ered in anot her VLR, and t he previous VLR will
delet e it s dat a log.
3.2.2.3 Home Location Register
The Home Locat ion Regist er ( HLR) is a st at ic dat abase, st oring t he dat a
for mobile subscriber management . Each mobile subscriber should be
regist ered in it s HLR. I t st ores t wo kinds of informat ion: paramet ers
relat ed wit h t he mobile subscriber, including t he subscriber s I D, access
capabilit y, user t ype and supplement ary service; current locat ion
informat ion of t he subscriber for call rout e est ablishment . For example:
t he address of MSC or VLR. No mat t er where t he mobile subscriber
roams, it s HLR should provide all relat ed paramet ers and input t he lat est
locat ion int o t he dat abase.
3.2.2.4 Authentication Center
The Aut hent icat ion Cent er ( AUC) , a funct ional ent it y managing t he
aut hent icat ion informat ion relat ed wit h mobile st at ions ( MS) . I t
implement s MS aut hent icat ion, st ores t he MS aut hent icat ion paramet ers,
generat es and sends t he corresponding aut hent icat ion paramet ers
21
according t o t he request s of MSC or VLR, including A- KEY, SSD, ESN,
MI N and AAV, and t hen calculat es all random numbers t o get t he
aut hent icat ion result .
3.2.2.5 Short Message Center
The Short Message Cent er ( SC) is responsible for receiving, st oring and
forwarding short messages bet ween t he CDMA mobile subscribers and
fixed line users or bet ween mobile subscribers. I t serves as a post al
office, receiving mails from every place, sort s t hem out and t hen
dist ribut e t hem t o t he corresponding users. Through SC, t he messages
can be sent t o dest inat ion more reliably.
The short message services include point - t o- point server and cell
broadcast service.
y Not e
Current ly t he MSC of ZTE feat ures t he funct ions of t he I nt elligent
Net work ( I N) Service Swit ching Point ( SSP) t o process I N service
request s at t he Service Cont rol Point ( SCP) .
For convenient management , MSC is always combined wit h VLR.
Besides, t he signaling t o AUC must pass HLR first , so HLR and AUC are
normally combined t oget her t o minimize net work load.
3.2.3 Operation and Maintenance Management Subsystem (OMM)
The Operat ion & Maint enance Cent er ( OMC) provides equipment
operat ors wit h net work operat ion and maint enance services. The OMC
helps t he operat ors manage subscriber informat ion, make net work
planning and improve t he efficiency and service qualit y of t he whole
syst em. OMC includes OMC- S and OMC- R, depending on t he part for
maint enance. OMC- S is responsible for t he maint enance on t he MSS side
while OMC- R is responsible for t he maint enance on t he BSS side. I t s
specific funct ions include: maint enance t est , obst acle check and
handling, syst em st at us monit oring, realt ime syst em cont rol, office dat a
modificat ion, performance management , subscriber t racking, alarm and
t raffic measurement .
22
3.3 Interfaces and Protocols
According t o t he Open Syst em I nt erconnect ion ( OSI ) model, we can
analyze t he CDMA net work on t he aspect s of int erface, prot ocol and
int erface funct ions in det ail.
3.3.1 Interfaces
As shown in Figure 3.1-1, various int erfaces exist in t he CDMA syst em.
They can divide int o t he following cat egories according t o different
subsyst ems: Air int erface Um bet ween mobile t erminals and t he BSS; A
int erface bet ween BSS and MSS, and ot her int erfaces bet ween int ernal
ent it ies of t he net work.
3.3.1.1 Air interface
The Um int erface is defined as t he communicat ion int erface bet ween MS
and BTS. I t is t he key dist inguishing fact or bet ween CDMA net work and
GSM net work and is also t he most import ant int erface in CDMA net work.
This int erface grant s compat ibilit y t o MSs from different suppliers and
net works of different operat ors, enables MSs t o roam, ensures t he
frequency efficiency of t he cellular syst em, and adopt s a series of
ant i- int erference t echnologies and int erference prevent ing measures.
Obviously, t he Um int erface implement s t he physical connect ion from
MS t o t he fixed part of t he CDMA syst em, i. e. t he wireless connect ion.
Besides, it t ransfers informat ion for radio resource management ,
mobilit y management and connect ion management .
3.3.1.2 Interface between BSS and MSS A interface
The A int erface is locat ed bet ween MSC and BSC. I t s physical link is
implement ed t hrough st andard PCM digit al t ransmission link of
2. 048Mbit / s. I t t ransfers informat ion for MS management , BTS
management , mobilit y management and connect ion management .
3.3.1.3 BSS internal interface (Abis)
An int erface bet ween BSC and BTS is called t he Abis int erface. BSC on
t he Abis int erface provides signaling cont rol informat ion for BTS
configurat ion, monit oring, and t est ing and service cont rol. Please refer
23
t o relat ed document at ion about t he BTS side.
3.3.1.4 MSS internal interfaces

Figure 3. 3- 1 I nt ernal I nt erfaces of t he Net work
I n Figure 3. 3- 1, t he MSS part cont ains t he names of int erfaces bet ween
equipment ent it ies. They will be described one by one in t he coming
part .
1. B int erface
As an int ernal int erface bet ween VLR and MSC, t he B int erface is
used by t he MSC t o request t he current locat ion informat ion of t he
MS from VLR or not ify t he VLR t o updat e t he locat ion informat ion of
t he MS.
2. C int erface
As an int erface bet ween HLR and MSC, t he C int erface t ransfers
informat ion for rout e select ion and management . Once a call is
required t o a MS, t he Gat eway MSC ( GMSC) will request t he roaming
number of t he called MS from t he HLR of t he called side. The
physical link of t he C int erface is 2. 048Mbit / s st andard PCM digit al
t ransmission cable.
3. D int erface
As an int erface bet ween HLR and VLR, t he D int erface exchanges
24
informat ion relat ed wit h MS locat ion and user management . I t
ensures t hat t he MS can est ablish and receives calls wit hin t he ent ire
service area. I t s physical link is 2. 048Mbit / s st andard digit al link.
4. E int erface
I t is t he int erface cont rolling different MSCs of adj acent areas. When
t he MS moves, during a call, from t he cont rol area of one MSC t o
t hat of anot her MSC, t his int erface can be used t o exchange relat ed
handoff informat ion t o act ivat e and complet e handoff, and t hus t o
complet e t he cross- cell channel handoff process wit hout int errupt ing
t he communicat ion. I t s physical link is implement ed t hrough
2. 048Mbit / s st andard digit al link bet ween MSCs.
5. N int erface
This int erface is used t o t ransfer rout e informat ion relat ed t o t he
called subscriber bet ween MC and HLR. I t s physical link is
implement ed t hrough 2. 048Mbit / s st andard digit al link.
6. Q int erface
I t is an int erface bet ween MS and MSC t ransferring short messages.
y Not e
I n t he CDMA Syst em; Um, A int erface and ot her int erfaces on t he
net work side are all open int erfaces. The Abis int erface is normally used
as an int ernal int erface. I f MSC and VLR are combined, t he B int erface
will be used as an int ernal int erface. All open int erfaces are compliant
wit h st andard prot ocols.
3.3.2 Interface Protocols
A prot ocol is t he common language among various funct ional ent it ies. I t
t ransfers messages t hrough int erfaces t o est ablish an effect ive
informat ion t ransmission channel t o complet e all communicat ion and
management funct ions of t he CDMA syst em. Different int erfaces may
require different physical links t o complet e t heir own funct ions. When
t he hierarchical prot ocol st ruct ure is adopt ed for t he syst ems int erfaces,
t he int erworking wit h I SDN can be considered. Therefore, t he int erfaces
25
mat ch t he OSI reference model. The purpose of t his st ruct ure is t o allow
t he isolat ion of different signaling prot ocols, describing prot ocols
according t o cont inuous independent hierarchy. Each layer of prot ocol
provides specified service at t he agreed service access point for it s
upper layer prot ocol. Figure 3. 3- 2 shows t he prot ocol st ruct ure of t he
CDMA net work.

Figure 3. 3- 2 CDMA Net work Prot ocol St ruct ure
On t he BTS side, t he I S- 95 prot ocol of Qualcomm is used for t he CDMA
syst em.
At t he A int erface, relat ed st andards st ipulat ed by t he Minist ry of
I nformat ion I ndust ry. The signaling model is shown in Figure 3. 3- 3:
26
A BSC MSC
DTAP BSSMAP DTAP BSSMAP
Allocation function Allocation function
SCCP SCCP
MTP MTP

DTAP: Direct Transfer Applicat ion Part
BSSMAP: BSS Mobile Applicat ion Part
SCCP: Signaling Connect ion Cont rol Part
MTP: Message Transmission Par t
Figure 3. 3- 3 Signaling Prot ocol Reference Model of A I nt erface
The t hird layer consist s of DTAP and BSSMAP. DTAP messages are
t ransparent t o t he A int erface, t herefore t he A int erface support s various
air int erfaces t o implement call processing and mobilit y management ,
while radio resource management is mapped int o a BSSMAP message
and t hen t ransferred t hrough t he A int erface.
Layer 2: Based on t he MTP of SS7 signaling.
Layer 1 feat ures digit al t ransmission at t he rat e of 2048 Kbit / s.
On t he net work side, t he funct ional ent it ies communicat e t hrough SS7
MAP prot ocol, which reflect s t he SS7 signal prot ocol st ruct ure.

M T P
S C C P
M A P
T C A P

I S U P
T U P

Figure 3. 3- 4 SS7 Signaling Hierarchical St ruct ure
27
y Not e
Concept s relat ed wit h t he SS7 signaling syst em are widely used in t he
CDMA net work. I nformat ion t ransfer is implement ed t hrough t he MAP
applicat ion layer among MSC, VLR, HLR, AUC and SC. Due t o it s
import ant posit ion, SS7 will be described separat ely in t his set of
t ext books.
28


29
4 Numbering Plan
Key points
z Underst and t he meanings of each number in t he CDMA net work
z Remember t he numbering rules for each number.
I n t he CDMA net work, different numbers are used in different places.
Because of t he roaming feat ure of mobile subscribers, t hese numbers
must be accept ed and ident ified at any swit ching equipment . Therefore,
in mobile communicat ion, it is necessary t o give a unified numbering
plan for different numbers t o enable ent it ies in t he net work t o
dist inguish and ident ify mut ually.
4.1 Numbering Plan
I n CDMA net working, we use t he following numbering plan:
1. E. 164: The int ernat ional public t elecommunicat ion numbering plan.
All count ry codes ( CC) are assigned by I TU in Recommendat ion
E. 164.
2. E. 212: I nt ernat ional ident ificat ion plan for mobile t erminals and
mobile users
All mobile count ry codes ( MCC) are assigned by I TU in
Recommendat ion E. 212.
4.2 MDN
The Mobile Direct ory Number ( MDN) is t he st andard int ernat ional
t elephone number used t o ident ify a given subscriber. I t consist s of a CC
Count ry Code) , an MAC ( Mobile Access Code ) and an SN ( Subscriber
Number) .
The MDN number is based on t he I TU-T E. 164 st andard.
30
St ruct ure of t he MDN:

CC: Count ry Code
MAC: Mobile Access Code.
SN: Subscriber Number.
I n Wireless Local Loop ( WLL) applicat ion, MDN can be of different
st ruct ures depending on net work operat ors in different count ries.
The st andard st ruct ure for WLL will be:

MDN is sent by MSC/ VLR t o HLR t o set up t he call procedure. Usually, we
dial only t he Office Code + ABCD t herefore; MSC/ VLR t ransforms t he
dialed number int o t he above MDN format and t hen sent via SS7 link.
4.3 IMSI and MIN
The I nt ernat ional Mobile Subscriber I dent it y ( I MSI ) is a unique ident ifier
allocat ed t o each mobile subscriber. I t consist s of a MCC ( Mobile Count ry
Code) , a MNC ( Mobile Net work Code) and a MSI N ( Mobile St at ion
I dent ificat ion Number) .
The I MSI number is based on t he I TU-T E. 212 st andard.
This number should be writ t en int o t he MS.

Chapt er 4 Number ing Plan
31
MCC: Mobile count ry code
MNC: Mobile net work code
MSI N: Mobile subscriber ident ificat ion number, a 10- digit decimal
number.
MI N is defined following t he AMPS st andard t o ensure t he CDMA/ AMPS
bimodal operat ion, and is t he last 10 digit s of I MSI , namely MSI N, as
required by t his syst em.
I MSI number may vary in cont ext depending on operat ors in different
count ries.
4.4 Equipment Number
I n CDMA net working, we use MSCI N/ VLRI N/ HLRI N/ SCI N t o ident ify t he
net working ent it ies and realize int ernat ional rout ing of SS7 messages.
I n CDMA net working, MSCI N/ VLRI N/ HLRI N/ SCI N is based on t he I TU-T
E. 212 st andard.
4.5 Temporary Local Directory Number (TLDN)
To call a mobile subscriber, VLR allocat es a t emporary number t o t he
mobile subscriber for t he net work t o select a rout e.

4.6 Electronic Sequence Number (ESN)
ESN is t he unique number used t o ident ify a MS. One unique SN ( Serial
Number) is allocat ed t o every individual bimodal MS. I t consist s of 32
bit s, and t he equipment serial number is set by t he MS manufact urer.
y Not e
The GT number is t he address informat ion of t he SCCP layer. I t will be
described in t he descript ion of SS7 signaling.

32

33
5 CDMA Key Technologies
Key points
z Applicat ion of codes in t he CDMA syst em
z Key t echnologies on CDMA.
5.1 Basic Concept
CDMA st ands for code division mult iple accesses. Various code
sequences may be involved in t his t echnology. Different coding
processes are required for different sources and channels. The following
descript ion is focused on several different codes.
5.1.1 Walsh Code
The Walsh code is originat ed from t he Walsh funct ion t hrough
complicat ed resolut ion process. The process is not described in t his
t ext book. The point is on t he at t ribut es of Walsh code.
The Walsh funct ion is a non- sine complet e ort hogonal funct ion syst em.
I t s possible value could be select ed from + 1 and 1 ( or 0 and 1) . I t is
suit able t o be used t o denot e and handle digit al signals. Thanks t o it s
excellent correlat ion, t he Walsh funct ion can be used as address code in
CDMA communicat ion. I n I S- 95, t he 64- order Walsh code is used for
channel discriminat ion. I n t he CDMA syst em, each forward code channel
is spread wit h 1. 2288Mbit / s 64- order funct ion t o make all forward code
channels mut ually ort hogonal. The code channels spread wit h 64- order
Walsh funct ion n ( n= 063) can be defined as Code channel No. n.
5.1.2 Pseudo-random Sequence Number
I n t he communicat ion t heory, whit e noise is a random process. I t s
t ransient value is subj ect t o normal dist ribut ion. I t s power spect rum is
even in a very wide range. The pseudo noise ( PN) sequence, similar wit h
34
t he whit e noise sequence, appears random but it is act ually a regular
periodic binary sequence. I n t he CDMA communicat ion t echnology, t he
address code is select ed from a pseudo random sequence. From all
pseudo sequences, t he m sequence is select ed as t he address code. I t s
various phases can be used t o discriminat e different subscribers. This
met hod is used in t he current CDMA cellular syst em.
I S- 95 also uses t he self correlat ion of t he PN code, while t he m
sequence has t he best self correlat ion, t herefore t he PN code of t he m
sequence is select ed as t he address code. The near ort hogonal
at t ribut es of m sequences in different phases are used t o allocat e a
phase for t he channel of each subscriber.
The periodic donat ion of t he m sequence is:
P = 2
n
1 ( n is t he lengt h of t he shift regist er) .
I n t he CDMA syst em, t he long code and short code of t he m sequence
are used: long code n= 42, short code n= 15.
y Not e
Ort hogonal: a mat hemat ics concept . I f t he int egral of t wo funct ions
product comes t o zero in a period, it can be called as ort hogonal.
Correlat ion: can be divided as self correlat ion and mut ual correlat ion.
The former is t he comparison of t he same signal at different t ime
segment s, reflect ing t he change of wave form and t he phase. Mut ual
correlat ion refers t o t he relat ionship bet ween t wo signals and is used t o
indicat e t he difference of wave form and t he phase bet ween t wo signals.
The self correlat ion of t he m sequence pseudo- random code is
approximat ely 1, while t hat of mut ual correlat ion is approximat ely 0.
This is t he opt imal code t ype.
The m in t he m sequence should not be used in it s upper case. I n t he
pseudo sequences, t he M sequence is anot her spreading communicat ion
sequence.
Chapt er 5 CDMA Key Technologies
35
5.1.3 Number Application
5.1.3.1 Walsh code identifying forward channel
I n t he CDMA syst em, each forward code channel is spread wit h
1. 2288Mbit / s 64- order funct ion t o make all forward code channels
mut ually ort hogonal.
5.1.3.2 PN 2
15
short number identifying BTS, 2
42
long number reversely
identifying MS: forward identifying scrambler
Among forward channels, t he m sequence of a lengt h of 2
42
1 is used t o
harass t he codes on t he service channel. The m sequence of a lengt h of
2
15
1 is used for ort hogonal modulat ion of t he forward channel.
Different m sequences are used by different BTSs for modulat ion. Their
phase deviat ion is 64 bit s at least . So, t ot ally 512 different phases can
be available at most .
Among reverse channels, t he m sequence of a lengt h of 2
42
1 is used
for spreading direct ly. Along wit h t he mask value change, t he phase of
t he m sequence also changes. Every subscriber will be allocat ed wit h a
mask calculat ed t hrough t he MS Elect ronic Serial No. ( ESN) . Namely,
every subscriber will be randomly allocat ed wit h a phase of PN code
( wit h t he lengt h as 2
42
1) and t his phase is not repeat ed. Because of
t he dual correlat ion at t ribut es of t he m sequence, any t wo subscribers
are approximat ely ort hogonal. The PN code of 2
15
1 is also used for
ort hogonal modulat ion of reverse service channels. But it is unnecessary
t o ident ify t he BTS at t he reverse channel, m sequences of t he same
phase are used for all BTSs, so t he phase deviat ion is 0.
5.1.4 Number-based Channels
5.1.4.1 Forward channel
1. Pilot channel: A channel cont i nuousl y t r ansmi t t i ng si gnal s at
t he f or w ar d CDMA channel . I t is used for synchronizat ion and
handoff of all working MSs wit hin t he coverage of t he BTS.
2. I nt ra- frequency channel: Thi s channel i s f or conv ol ut i on
codi ng, code sy mbol r epet i t i on, i nt er l eavi ng, spr eadi ng and
modul at i on. I n t he coverage of t he BTS, t he act ive MS can get
36
init ial clock synchronizat ion t hrough t his channel.
3. Paging channel: This channel is for convolut ion coding, code
symbol repet it ion, int erleaving, scrambling, spreading and
modulat ed spreading signals. The BTS sends syst em informat ion
and MS paging messages t hrough t his channel.
4. Service channel: Transfer subscriber service dat a. The relat ionship
bet ween channels and Walsh code is illust rat ed in Figure 5. 1- 1:

Figure 5. 1- 1 Relat ionship bet ween Channels and Walsh Code
5.1.4.2 Reverse channel
1. Access channel: The channel used by t he MS t o originat e
communicat ion wit h t he BTS and by t he responding BTS t o send
paging channel messages. The access channel t ransmit s a coded,
int erleaved and modulat ed spreading signal. I t is discriminat ed
exclusively t hrough t he public long number mask.
2. Reverse service channel: used t o t ransmit subscriber informat ion
and signaling informat ion during call connect ion.
5.2 Key Technologies
5.2.1 Power Control Technology
This is t he core t echnology of t he CDMA syst em. I f all subscribers in t he
cell t ransmit signals at t he same power, t he signals t ransmit t ed from a
near MS t o t he BTS are st ronger, and t he signals t ransmit t ed from a far
37
MS t o t he BTS are weaker. As a result , st rong signals override weak
ones. This is called Near/ Far Effect in t he mobile communicat ion. The
CDMA syst em is a self- int erfering syst em. All mobile subscribers share
t he same bandwidt h and frequency. The Near/ Far Effect is very
obvious. The purpose of CDMA power cont rol is t o wipe out t his effect t o
ensure t hat t he syst em can provide high communicat ion qualit y wit hout
generat ing int erference t o ot her subscribers.
Power cont rol includes forward power cont rol and reverse power cont rol,
while reverse power cont rol can also be divided int o open loop power
cont rol only involved wit h MSs and closed loop power cont rol involved
wit h MSs and BTS.
5.2.1.1 Reverse Open Loop Power Control
I n t his power cont rol mode, t he MS adj ust s it s t ransmit t ing power
according t o it s receiving power in t he cell, so t hat t he signals
t ransmit t ed by all MSs have t he equal power when reaching t he BTS.
This main purpose is t o implement such effect s as shadow compensat ion;
t herefore, it feat ures a large dynamic scope, at least in t he range of
32dB ~ + 32dB according t o t he I S- 95 st andard.
Open loop power cont rol is based on a rough est imat ion of t he sending
level of a MS, while t he MS est imat es t he sending level by measuring
t he receiving power, wit hout modulat ion via any forward link.
5.2.1.2 Reverse Closed Loop Power Control
The design purpose of closed loop power cont rol is t o enable t he BTS t o
correct t he open loop power of t he MS rapidly so t hat t he MS can
maint ain t he opt imal t ransmit t ing power. During closed loop power
cont rol at a reverse service channel, t he MS will refer t o t he received
effect ive power cont rol bit at t he forward service channel t o adj ust it s
average out put power.
5.2.1.3 Reverse Power Control
During forward power cont rol, t he BTS adj ust s t he t ransmit t ing power of
each MS according t o measurement result s. I t s purpose is t o allocat e
light forward link power for MSs wit h low pat h at t enuat ion and allocat e
38
heavy forward link power for t hose MSs wit h high BER and far from t he
BTS.
The BTS decides whet her t o increase or decrease t he t ransmit t ing power
according t o t he forward FER report from t he MS.
5.2.2 Diversity Technology
This t echnology enables t he syst em t o receive t wo or more input signals
at t he same t ime and t he at t enuat ion st at uses of t hese input signals are
not relat ed t o each ot her. The syst em demodulat es t hese signals
respect ively and t hen adds t hem t oget her. I n t his way, more useful
signals can be received t o overcome at t enuat ion.
The mobile communicat ion channel is a mult i- pat h at t enuat ion channel.
I t s at t enuat ion can be divided int o fast at t enuat ion and slow
at t enuat ion.
The diversit y t echnology is an effect ive met hod t o overcome mult i- pat h
at t enuat ion. I t enables t he receiver t o combine several received signals
carrying t he same informat ion but of independent at t enuat ion at t ribut es,
before making a decision. At t enuat ion is relat ed wit h frequency, t ime
and space, t herefore t he diversit y t echnology involves space diversit y,
t ime diversit y and frequency diversit y.
5.2.2.1 Time diversity (RAKE receiving technology)
The mobile communicat ion channel is a mult i- pat h at t enuat ion channel.
The RAKE receiving t echnology is t o receive a line of signals for
demodulat ion separat ely and t hen, overlay t hem for out put t o achieve
enhanced receiving effect s. The mult i- pat h signal is not a negat ive fact or,
but can be a favorable fact or in t he CDMA syst em.
5.2.2.2 Frequency diversity
The CDMA bandwidt h t ransmission is t he specific applicat ion of
frequency diversit y.
5.2.3 Handoff Technology
The following t ypes of handoff may be involved when t he MS
39
implement s communicat ion via t he service channel:
5.2.3.1 Soft handoff
Soft handoff happens bet ween CDMA channels of t he same frequency
but in adj acent cells. I n t his t ype of handoff, when t he MS st art s t o
communicat e wit h a new BTS, t he communicat ion wit h t he original BTS
is not immediat ely cut off. Soft handoff is only available for CDMA
channels of t he same frequency. I t can provide pat h diversit y at t he BTS
border for forward service channels and reverse service channels. Figure
5. 2- 1 shows a soft handoff bet ween different BTSs wit hin t he same BSC;
while Figure 5. 2- 2 shows a soft handoff bet ween different BSCs wit hin
t he same MSC.

Figure 5. 2- 1 Soft handoff Wit hin t he Same BSC

Figure 5. 2- 2 Soft handoff bet ween Different BSCs wit hin t he Same MSC
5.2.3.2 Softer handoff
The handoff bet ween CDMA channels in different sect ors but wit h t he same
frequency and wit hin t he same BTS is called as soft er handoff. Figure 5. 2- 3
reflect s t he soft er handoff process.
40

Figure 5. 2- 3 Soft er Handoff Process
5.2.3.3 Hard handoff
I n t his handoff mode, t he MS will first get disconnect ed from t he original BTS
and connect ed wit h a new BTS. The handoff normally happens at CDMA channels
of different frequencies or bet ween different MSCs, as shown in Figure 5. 2- 4.

Figure 5. 2- 4 Hard Handoff
5.2.3.4 Handoff from CDMA to analog
I n t his handoff, t he MS t ransfers from a CDMA service channel t o an
analog voice channel.
41
5.2.4 Voice Coding Technology
At present , t he voice coding of t he CDMA syst em falls in t wo t ypes:
Code- Excit ed Linear Predict ion ( CELP) , 8 kbps and 13 kbps. The voice
qualit y of 8kbps voice coding is as good as t he 13kbps voice of GSM, or
even bet t er. The voice qualit y of 13 kbps voice coding is as good as t hat
of t he fixed t oll call. The CELP is based on t he same principles as t he
PELPC, j ust different in t hat t he pulse posit ion and amplit ude are
replaced by a vect or code t able.
5.2.5 Channel Modulation Technology
Reverse CDMA channels include access channels and reverse service
channels. These channels are used at t he same CDMA frequency
t hrough direct sequence spreading CDMA t echnology. Dat a t ransmission
is implement ed in t he unit of frame 20ms. Any dat a, before t ransmission,
will be processed in a series of links: convolut ion coding, block
int erleaving, 64- order ort hogonal modulat ion, direct sequence spreading
and baseband filt ering.
Forward CDMA channels include pilot channel, int ra- frequency channel,
paging channel ( 7 at most ) and a number of service channels. Each
code channel will be ort hogonally spread t hrough a Walsh funct ion and
t hen spread t hrough a 1. 2288Mchip/ s PN sequence.
The following part describes t he digit al spect rum spreading mechanism
and t he changes of signal spect rum aft er spreading, as shown in Figure
5. 2- 5 and Figure 5. 2- 6.
42
C
e
l
l

c
o
d
i
n
g
Walshcode
Channel
coding
(spreading)
Carrier
modulation
Carrier
demodulation
Channel
decoding
(dispreading)
C
e
l
l

d
e
c
o
d
i
n
g
C
e
l
l

d
e
c
o
d
i
n
g
PN pseudo-
random code
Channel
decoding
(dispreading)
Carrier
demodulation
Carrier
modulation
Channel
coding
(spreading)
C
e
l
l

c
o
d
i
n
g
Walshcode
Forward
receiving
Forward
transmission
Backward
transmission
Backward
receiving
PN pseudo-
random code

Figure 5. 2- 5 Digit al Spect rum Spreading
43
Signal
Pulse noise White noise
Signal spectrum after despread Signal spectrum before despread
Sf
f
0
Signal
Noise
Sf
Signal
Noise
White noise
White noise
f
0
S(f)
Signal spectrum before spread
Signal
Sf
f0
Signal spectrum after spread
Signal
f
0
f
0

Figure 5. 2- 6 Signal and Noise Spect rum Change
5.2.6 Soft Capacity
I n t he CDMA net work, t wo met hods are available for dynamic capacit y
adj ust ment :
1. Raise FER t o get more available channels by lowering voice qualit y.
2. Cell breat h funct ion: Adj ust t he pilot value of t he BTS t o adj ust t he
cells coverage.
44

45
6 Services and Functions
Key points
z An int roduct ion t o t he main services of t he CDMA net work
z Maj or funct ions
6.1 CDMA Services
6.1.1 Telecommunications Services
The CDMA net work can offer t he following t elecommunicat ions services
t o t he subscribers:
1. Voice service
The voice codec adopt s EVRC. 8K QCELP should be support ed in t he
area where t he Great Wall Net work is deployed t o support t he
subscribers of t he exist ing subscribers of t he Great Wall Net work.
2. SMS service
The following SMS services should be support ed:
MS- originat ed SMS
MS- t erminat ed SMS
Cell broadcast SMS ( I S824)
Chinese ( GB13000) SMS
6.1.2 Supplementary Services
6.1.2.1 Types of Supplementary Services
The following supplement ary services can be offered t o t he subscribers.
46
Table 6. 1- 1 Types of Supplement ary Services
Ser vi ce Name Remar k s
Call Forward Busy ( CFB)
Call Forward Default ( CFD)
Call Forward No Answer ( CFNA)
Call Forward Uncondit ional ( CFU)
Call Transfer ( CT)
Call Wait ing ( CW)
Calling Number I dent ificat ion Present at ion
( CNI P)

Calling Number I dent ificat ion Rest rict ion ( CNI R)
Conference Call ( CC)
Message Wait ing Not ice ( MWN)
I t is used in t he voice
mailbox service.
3-Way Calling ( 3WC)
Voice Message Ret rieval ( VMS)
I t is used in t he voice
mailbox service.
6.1.2.2 Operations of Supplementary Services
1. Operat ion definit ion
Seven service operat ions are defined in t he CDMA syst em.
1) Provision: An operat ion implement ed by t he service provider t o
make t he service available t o t he subscriber.
2) Cancellat ion: Reverse operat ion of provision. I t is t he operat ion
implement ed by t he service provider t o make t he service
unavailable t o t he subscriber.
3) Regist rat ion: An operat ion implement ed by t he service provider or
subscriber t o make t he service execut able. Regist rat ion involves
t he input of necessary informat ion.
4) Erasure: An operat ion implement ed by t he service provider or
subscriber t o delet e t he informat ion ent ered for regist rat ion.
5) Act ivat ion: I t is used t o make t he subscriber ent er t he "Ready t o
provide service" st at us.
6) Deact ivat ion: Reverse operat ion of act ivat ion.
Chapt er 6 Services and Funct ions
47
7) Request : Service execut ion process.
2. Subscriber operat ion
Among t he above operat ions, provision and cancellat ion are
generally implement ed by t he operat or; t he regist rat ion, erasure,
act ivat ion, deact ivat ion, and request operat ions can be performed
by t he subscriber t hrough t he MS.
6.1.3 WIN Service
The WI N provides basic I N service plat form in t he CDMA syst em by
using t he I N mode. The following WI N services need be implement ed:
Pre- Paid Charging
VPN
Freephone
6.1.4 Value-added Service
The voice mailbox provided by t he CDMA net work should provide
services such as message leaving, message operat ions, aut o answer,
t imed delivery, message not ificat ion, and bullet in board.
The SMS service plat form provided by t he CDMA net work should provide
t he subscribers wit h applicat ion- orient ed wireless service dat a, for
example, weat her forecast and st ock market informat ion.
The CDMA net work should provide ot her value- added services as
required.
6.2 Network Functions
6.2.1 Network Functions for Supporting Services
Support ing t he call processing for est ablishing communicat ion wit h
net works such as PSTN and PLMN aft er t he roaming.
Aut hent icat ing regist rat ion and call set up.
Support ing t he t elecommunicat ions services and supplement ary services
48
described in Sect ion 5. 1.
Taking measures t o prot ect t he import ant signaling unit s exchanged
bet ween t he MS and t he BS t o avoid any unaut horized users from
get t ing t hem.
Support ing WI N and providing WI N- relat ed services as required.
Support ing voice mailbox and SMS service and providing ot her
value- added services as required.
6.2.2 Network Functions for Supporting the Running of the Cellular System
6.2.2.1 Roaming
Roaming means t hat t he MS leaves it s home mobile service local
net work. The MS j udges whet her it is roaming according t o t he SI D, and
can prompt t he subscriber of t he roaming st at us.
To enable t he net work t o keep t rack of t he locat ion of t he MS, t he MS
should implement locat ion regist rat ion. The regist rat ion modes include
power- up regist rat ion, power- down regist rat ion, periodical regist rat ion,
dist ance- based regist rat ion, zone- based regist rat ion, paramet er- change
regist rat ion, implicit regist rat ion, ordered regist rat ion, and so on.
6.2.2.2 Handoff
Handoff refers t o t he process of t ransferring t he ongoing call from a cell
t o anot her cell. Handoff is used for radio propagat ion, service
dist ribut ion, act ivat ion operat ion maint enance and clearing device fault .
There are t wo handoff modes in t he CDMA syst em: soft handoff and
hardware handoff.
1. Soft handoff
Wit h t he soft handoff, t he MS uses t he same frequency t o connect
wit h t he new cell before disconnect ing it self from t he old cell.
The soft handoff falls int o t he four t ypes:
Handoff bet ween t wo sect ors in t he same BS
Handoff bet ween t wo cells in different BSs
Chapt er 6 Services and Funct ions
49
Three- part y handoff bet ween t he cells/ sect ors in different BSs
Handoff bet ween different BSCs ( opt ional)
2. Hard handoff
During t he hard handoff, t he t raffic channel is int errupt ed
inst ant aneously.
Hard handoff falls int o t wo t ypes:
Handoff bet ween different channels in t he same MSC
Handoff bet ween different MSCs
6.2.3 Additional Network Functions for Call Processing
The funct ion of encrypt ing user voice channel should be provided. The
implement at ion of t his funct ion does not affect t he purchase of t he
devices, deployment / running of t he syst em and whole net work, or ot her
funct ions.
I n t he MS- > net work direct ion, aft er t he voice channel is set up, t he
syst em should support t he sending of t he DTMF signals of t he users
( convert ing t he DTMF signals t o t he signaling messages for t ransfer over
t he radio int erface) .
6.2.4 Authentication Function
Bot h t he MS and t he syst em should support t he aut hent icat ion funct ion.
The CAVE algorit hm is used as t he aut hent icat ion algorit hm.
Bot h t he MS and t he syst em should support THE SSD updat ing. The
syst em should support t he sharing and non- sharing of SSD.
6.2.5 Roaming Function between Different Modes
The MS in t he CDMA syst em can work in t wo modes: CDMA mode and
AMPS mode. The dual- mode MS can aut omat ically roam bet ween t he
coverage area of t he CDMA net work and t hat of t he AMPS net work.
6.2.6 International Roaming
The syst em should support t he int ernat ional roaming service. To support
50
int ernat ional roaming, t he syst em should support at least t he following
funct ions:
Analyzing t he I MSI / MI N t o check whet her t he subscriber is an
int ernat ional roaming subscriber, and implement ing t he
corresponding processing.
Sending int ernat ional TLDN ( including CC) .
Conduct ing conversion bet ween China SS7, I TU SS7, and ANSI SS7
at t he int ernat ional gat eway office.
The charging syst em provides proper t he charging format conversion
funct ions.
Det ermining whet her t o implement aut hent icat ion and whet her t o
share SSD according t o t he subscribers in different count ries.
The MS can support t he int ernat ional roaming service. To support
int ernat ional roaming, t he MS should support at least t he following
funct ions:
Proper voice codec; EVRC is required in China.
Adopt ing t he numbering plan t hat follows t he MI N- based I MSI
principles.
Support ing proper frequency configurat ion.

CDMA-3GCN I 01 200904 Principle of Telecommunication

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

CDMA-3GCN I 01 200904 Principle of Telecommunication

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

7 2 / 2 0 0 9

You might also like