GALAXY FORMATION AND SUPERNOVA FEEDBACK

Observational results Chemical feedback Energy feedback

Patricia B. Tissera Patricia B. Tissera

IAG-Lenac Advanced School

In the last years, studies of chemical elements obtained in the Local Universe and at high redshifts have improved dramatically. Chemical patterns are the result of different mechanisms which contribute to galaxy formation

growth of the structure: collapse, mergers, infall, etc

gas cooling and condensation star formation and stellar evolution

environmental effects: starvation strangulation, etc supernova feedback: chemical + energy release

Patricia B. Tissera Patricia B. Tissera

IAG-Lenac Advanced School

Supernova feedback is one of the process that contribute to structure the Insterstellar Medium (ISM).

CHEMICAL ENRICHMENT SN: Main source of heavy elements Change the cooling time

HYDRODYNAMICAL HEATING evaporates cold-dense gas galactic winds which can results in outflows or galactic fountains

Regulates the star formation activity and enriches the ISM and IGM Affects the gas dynamics

Patricia B. Tissera Patricia B. Tissera

IAG-Lenac Advanced School

WHY DO WE CARE ABOUT METALLICITY ?

Chemical abundances and dynamical properties provide more stringent constrains for galaxy formation models. Eggen, Lynden-Bell & Sandage (1962): galactic archaeology proposing the so-called monolithic collapse model from studies of halo stars. The MCM was first challenged by Searle (1977): Galactic globular clusters: wide range of metals abundances essentially independent of radius from the Galactic Center.

The importance of fossil signatures in the chemical/dynamical patterns which can be related to the history of formation.

Patricia B. Tissera Patricia B. Tissera

IAG-Lenac Advanced School

THE MILKY WAY

DM HALO BULGE

STELLAR HALO

THIN DISC THICK DISC

Patricia B. Tissera Patricia B. Tissera

IAG-Lenac Advanced School

MILKY WAY:THIN DISC

Rotationally supported: /V <<1. Scale-length ~ 2-2.5 kpc (Siegel et al. 2001), hz ~ 280 pc Stellar age distribution ~ [2,14]Gyr and [Fe/H] peaks at ~ -0.2 (Nordstrom et al. 2004)

Patricia B. Tissera

IAG-Lenac Advanced School

MILKY WAY:THICK DISC

thick

thin

scale-lenght ~ 3 kpc , hz ~ 1 kpc (assuming a double exponential) . t_medio ~ 12.5 +- 1.4 Gyr (Liu &Chaboyer 2000) -2.2 < [Fe/H] <0.5 with <[Fe/H]> ~ -0.6 (Chiba & Beers 2000) higher [O/Fe] than the stars in the thin disc.

Patricia B. Tissera

IAG-Lenac Advanced School

MILKY WAY: BULGE

hz ~ 2 kpc; averged age ~ 10 Gyr for stars with hz > 400 pc metallicity peak: [Fe/H] ~ -0.3 dex ( Zoccali et al. 2003). lower [O/Fe] with respect to halo stars there are young stars and on-going star formation ( Van Loon et al. 2003)

Patricia B. Tissera

IAG-Lenac Advanced School

MILKY WAY: STELLAR HALO

halo

J/M ~ 0 (Freeman 1987); sopported by dispersion <[Fe/H] > ~ -1.5 dex (Ryan & Nories 1991;Chiba & Beers (2000) (r, phi, z ) ~ (141, 106, 94) km/s

Patricia B. Tissera

IAG-Lenac Advanced School

Freeman & Bland-Hawthorn 2002

Patricia B. Tissera Patricia B. Tissera

IAG-Lenac Advanced School

The Local Group

Two massive galaxies and at least 38 small galaxies (dSphs, DEs and DIrrS) DIrrs: gas rich galaxies, Mtot < 10^10 Mo; stars from 10 Gyr to recent born. age-metallicity relation. DEs: ellipticals, Mtot < 10^9 Mo; mainly old and intermediate age stars; small gas fractions; high mass central concentration. DSphs:diffuse, gas-deficient, little central concentration; Mtot ~ 10^7 Mo Lower [/Fe] than stars in the galactic halo (Grebel et al. 2003; Grebel 2005)

Patricia B. Tissera Patricia B. Tissera

IAG-Lenac Advanced School

The Local Group

Patricia B. Tissera Patricia B. Tissera

IAG-Lenac Advanced School

Galaxies
Luminosity-metallicity and mass-metallicity relations: There are well-known LMR and MMR in the local Universe. Observations suggest evolution in the zero point and slope of both relations.

SDSS: Tremonti et al .2004

Erb et al 2006: z~2.5

Patricia B. Tissera Patricia B. Tissera

IAG-Lenac Advanced School

Damped Lyman Systems

Patricia B. Tissera Patricia B. Tissera

IAG-Lenac Advanced School

Damped Lyman Systems

Patricia B. Tissera Patricia B. Tissera

IAG-Lenac Advanced School

The study of the Formation and Evolution of Galaxies requires to be able to follow the evolution of the structure in large scale, which is mainly determined by gravitation, and to describe the action of other processes such as gas cooling, star formation, stellar evolution, etc. evolution

Smooth Particle Hydrodynamics simulations are one of the most popular techniques to study galaxy formation. However, the complex interaction of the non-linear gravitational evolution and dissipative gas dynamics plus the action of several physical process which introduce their own length and time-scales make the modelling of galaxy formation a severe challenge.

Patricia B. Tissera Patricia B. Tissera

IAG-Lenac Advanced School

CHEMICAL FEEDBACK
Simple one-zone model was discussed by Van den Bergh (1962) , Schmidt (1963) Four hypothesis: The system is isolated: no inflows or outflows. The systems is well mixed at all times The systems starts from primordial abundances: Z(0)=0 IMF and nucleosynthesis yields are unchanged Instantaneous recycling There are numerous chemodynamical models for galaxy formation which have sofisticated the Simple Model (e.g. Larson 1976; Tinsley & Laron 1979; Burkert & Hensler 1988; Ferrini et al. 1992; Chiappini, Matteucci & Gratton 1997): sophisticated stellar evolution poor initial conditions for galaxy formation
Patricia B. Tissera Patricia B. Tissera

IAG-Lenac Advanced School

CHEMICAL FEEDBACK
First attempts to introduce chemical feedback in SPH simulations of MilkyWay type galaxies: Steinmetz & Muller (1994) SNII; global metallicity Z Raiteri et al. (1996; also Berczik 1999) SNII & SNIa; Fe & H Carraro et al. (1998) There are implementations that follow the metallicity Z (Springel & Hernquist 2003 and references therein) Including chemical enrichment by individual elements provides a powerful tool to study galaxy formation in cosmological scenarios: Mosconi, Tissera, Lambas & Cora. (2001): SNII & SNIa, 13 ele. Lia, Portinari & Carraro (2002):detailed SE; difusion Kawata & Gibson (2003):SNII, SNIa,IS; Eth +Ekin Kobashashi (2004):detail SE; Eth +Ekin Scannapieco et al. 2005: SNII & SNIa, 13 ele + Multiphase+SNE
Patricia B. Tissera Patricia B. Tissera

IAG-Lenac Advanced School

CHEMICAL FEEDBACK
Numerical space Star particles

Physical space
Stellar populations

Need
IMF:
SNe long-lived stars

TypeIISne

M* > 10 Mo; typical life-times: ~ 106 Produce most O, Si, Ca, etc

yr

YIELDS

TypeIaSne

Main source of iron (Fe) Typical life-times: ~ Gyr

Patricia B. Tissera Patricia B. Tissera

IAG-Lenac Advanced School

CHEMICAL FEEDBACK
When SN explosions take place, they distribute metals according to the SPH technique. For a given chemical element x at a particle i,

Mxi = j mj/j Mxi W(rij,hij)

Each neigbhour will receive

Mxj =mj/j Mxi W(rij,hij)

Explodingstarparticle Gaseousneighbours
Patricia B. Tissera

IAG-Lenac Advanced School

CHEMICAL FEEDBACK

Sutherland & Dopita (1993). At T= 10000 and = *: cool for primordial gas is 50 larger than that of [Fe/H]=0.5 gas. cool T / (T)

Patricia B. Tissera

IAG-Lenac Advanced School

ENERGY FEEDBACK
Formation of spiral galaxies: angular momentum content, dynamical and chemical properties. Galactic outflows: transportation of enriched material into the intergalactic and the intercluster media. Formation of dwarf galaxies. Regulation of the star formation process.

Patricia B. Tissera

IAG-Lenac Advanced School

ENERGY FEEDBACK
If galaxy-scales want to be studied subgrid modellization of physical processes which are relevant at kpc scales A more realistic representation of the ISM can be achieved if small volumes are studied so that supernova explosions can be described temporarily and spatially (e.g. Rosen & Bregman 1995; Avillez 2000).

Problems: relevant space and temporal scales are not adequately resolved. For Supernova Feedback in SPH simulations, this has been a main issue for years

Patricia B. Tissera Patricia B. Tissera

IAG-Lenac Advanced School

Multiphase representation of the ISM

SPH uses the information of the neighbouring fluid elements to the estimate the hydrodynamical properties j = mi Wij works against the coexistence of cold clumps and hot gas. artificially boost the cooling rate of hot gas close to dense cold media

overcooling of gas.

Overestimation of stellar mass If the SN energy is pumped directly into the sorrounding gas of a star particle then , because of the short cooling times, it is radiated away producing no impact on the dynamics.

Patricia B. Tissera Patricia B. Tissera

IAG-Lenac Advanced School

Multiphase representation of the ISM

Scannapieco et al modifies the way GADGET-2 estimates the neighbouring fluid

elements based on Pearce et al. (1999, 2001) and Marri & White (2003).

Decoupling Model:
We estimate the hydrodynamical properties of the gas from the information of neighbours selected according to their thermodynamical gas particles are prevented to interact with colder material. particle j decouples from those particles i if Si > Sj, where S is the entropy of a gas particle. non shock

Patricia B. Tissera Patricia B. Tissera

IAG-Lenac Advanced School

with decoupling

without decouplin

Pearce et al. (1999, 2001)

Patricia B. Tissera

Coexistence of different phases in the gas component.

Patricia B. Tissera Patricia B. Tissera

IAG-Lenac Advanced School

Isolated Disc Galaxy Test

Idealized Initial Conditions: A spherical grid with superposed dark matter and gaseous particles is perturbed giving rise to a r-1 profile. The sphere is initially in solid body rotation with angular momentum characterized by a spin parameter of 0.1. Both the gas and the dark matter components are resolved with 9000 particles. The tests correspond to a 1012 Mo h-1 (h=0.7) system with 10% of baryonic mass. Fraction of gas in the different media defined as: HOT GAS: WARM GAS: COLD GAS: T 8 x 104 K T < 8 x 104 K and < 0.1 T < 8 x 104 K and 0.1

Patricia B. Tissera Patricia B. Tissera

IAG-Lenac Advanced School

ENERGY FEEDBACK
SN energy (1051 ergs each SN) released by a star particle is distributed within its gaseous neighbours. The Cold/Diffuse neighbours of a star T < 8 104 K and > 0.1 * rad radiated away

particle:

cold cold and dense neighbours hot =1- hot - cold diffuse neighbours

Patricia B. Tissera Patricia B. Tissera

IAG-Lenac Advanced School

ENERGY FEEDBACK
Diffuse gas particles thermalize the energy instantaneously. Cold gas particles accumulates it in a Reservoir until it is high enough to ensure that the gas particle will join its own hot phase phase according to the decoupling scheme.

Patricia B. Tissera Patricia B. Tissera

IAG-Lenac Advanced School

Isolated galaxy
Hot/DiffuseGas ColdGas Stars

Patricia B. Tissera

IAG-Lenac Advanced School

Milky Way Type galaxy: Multiphase ISM

Patricia B. Tissera

IAG-Lenac Advanced School

Milky Way Type galaxy: Multiphase ISM

25kpc/h

Patricia B. Tissera

IAG-Lenac Advanced School

Patricia B. Tissera Patricia B. Tissera

11th Latin-American Regional IAU Meeting December 12 IAG-Lenac Advanced School 16 2005

Patricia B. Tissera Patricia B. Tissera

IAG-Lenac Advanced School

Patricia B. Tissera Patricia B. Tissera

IAG-Lenac Advanced School

NO FEEDBACK 10^12Mo/h

FEEDBACK

10^9Mo/h

Star formation is regulated without introducing any mass scale parameter.

Patricia B. Tissera Patricia B. Tissera

IAG-Lenac Advanced School

Patricia B. Tissera Patricia B. Tissera

IAG-Lenac Advanced School

Patricia B. Tissera Patricia B. Tissera

IAG-Lenac Advanced School

GAS No

Feed

STAR No

Feed

No feedback

Feedback

~4.4 reduction in the B/D ratio Increase of Rd from 4.3 kpc/h to 7.3 kpc/h

Patricia B. Tissera

IAG-Lenac Advanced School

100 kpc/h

Patricia B. B. Tissera Patricia Tissera

IAG-Lenac Advanced School

FINAL COMMENTS Chemical properties of baryons together with dynamical and kinematical information can provide clues for unveiling the history of formation of the structure.

Supernova feedback is a key process in the formation of the structure. Modelling SN feedback is tricky but it is possible if a multiphase ISM is also modelled. Numerical simulations provide a tool to interpret observational f data within a cosmological model.
Patricia B. B. Tissera Patricia Tissera

IAG-Lenac Advanced School