Contents of this presentation JICAs Support to Toward Safe & Resilient Thailand through revising the Comprehensive Flood

Management Plan for the Chao Phraya River Basin

About Flood Risk, Flood Hazard, Flood Exposure and Flood Vulnerability

19 January 2012

TAKEYA Kimio Visiting Senior Advisor Japan International Cooperation Agency

1

About Risk, Hazard, Exposure and About Vulnerability of Chao Phraya River Basin Abnormal Climate Phenomenon 2010 Abnormal Mekong river delta case, what is living Mekong with flood Efficiency Early Warning case in 3.11 Efficiency Tsunami Japanese experiences to reduce the Japanese damage Basic Concept to formulate the Master Plan Basic
2

Flood (/drought) risk is recognized as a factor of hazard, vulnerability and exposure. Flood (/drought) risk depends not only on hazard and vulnerability, but also on exposure and capacity to cope with the hazards (Chavoshian et al, 2009). Kannami (2008) has defined Flood (Drought) Risk Index (F/DRIc) as follows:

more simplifying
Hazard Hazard
natural forces, precipitation volume, flood volume, land elevation

more simplifying : 2011 Flood in Chao Phraya River

more simplifying : 2011 Flood in Chao Phraya River

Hazard Hazard
Extremely low and flat area spread even midstream of the river Precipitation from June to Sept. were 40% bigger than normal year

Exposure Exposure Exposure Exposure

asset volume in flood plain population density Historically agriculture was the main industry in the flood plain But recently many industrial zone were developed in the flood plain
4 5

Vulnerability = Hazard * Exposure Vulnerability Risk = Vulnerability/Capacity Risk

Vulnerability = Hazard * Exposure Vulnerability (40% bigger precipitation & low land) * (many assets located in low land) = high vulnerability Capacity Capacity River channel capacity is rather small, because of the inundation oriented river character Historically irrigation is more important than flood control, water storage is equivalent to rice product Small, compare to another river
6

more simplifying : 2011 Flood in Chao Phraya River

Abnormal Climate Phenomenon 2010

from WMO
http://www.wmo.int/pages/mediacentre/news/extremeweathersequence_en.html

Abnormal Climate Phenomenon 2010

from WMO
http://www.wmo.int/pages/mediacentre/news/extremeweathersequence_en.html

Risk = Vulnerability/Capacity Risk

Russia; Heat Wave, Forest Fire and Peat Fire July 2010

Russia; Heat Wave, Forest Fire and Peat Natural Fire Pakistan; Extreme Flood by Monsoon JulyJuly-Aug. 2010

High Vulnerability Small Capacity =High Risk

How to make Low Risk?

7 8 9

Abnormal Climate Phenomenon 2010

from WMO
http://www.wmo.int/pages/mediacentre/news/extremeweathersequence_en.html

Abnormal Climate Phenomenon 2010

from WMO
http://www.wmo.int/pages/mediacentre/news/extremeweathersequence_en.html

2010 Indus River Flood Case Climate Change Effects?

Russia; Heat Wave, Forest Fire and Peat Fire Pakistan; Extreme Flood by Monsoon PRC; Big Flood and Land Slide July 2010

Russia; Heat Wave, Forest Fire and Peat Fire Pakistan; Extreme Flood by Monsoon

Precipitation Pattern Change Precipitation

Spatial Distribution Change

Are these
PRC; Big Flood and Land Slide

Seasonal Distribution Change

Greenland; Big Mass Iceberg collapse from Glacier

Normal Climate Variability? Or Australia; Severe Drought Climate Change Effect? USA; Heat Wave in East Coast
Worst Affected province in South of China (Source: IFRC)

10

11

12

Rainfall in August 2010 compared with averages

Seasonal Distribution Change

Seasonal Distribution Change

Pakistan Flood 2010

Precipitation or River Flow

Even total volume is same Inundation Flood Historically normal pattern & Annual flood Even below the annual flood, sometimes damage to crops

Precipitation or River Flow

Even total volume is same Inundation Flood Historically normal pattern & Annual flood Even below the annual flood, sometimes damage to crops

Dry Season

Rainy Season

Dry Season Drought

Dry Season

Rainy Season

Dry Season Drought

13

14

15

Historical Floods & Damages Pakistan Flood 2010 Pakistan Flood 2010
Year 1950 Direct losses (US$ million)* 227 176 148 140 109 2,388 318 1,621 157 Lost lives (No) 2,910 679 160 83 88 474 126 425 Affected villages (No) 10,000 6,945 11,609 4,498 3,902 9,719 8628 18,390 Flooded area (Sq-km) 17,920 20,480 74,406 16,003 10,424 41,472 34,931 81,920 4,657 30,597 4,191 1,882 1,093 6,144 38,758 5,568 16,686 132,000 539,132
18

Precipitation Precipitation
Peshawar : 1 day max rainfall 274mm was estimate as 2,800 years return period

Precipitation Precipitation
Peshawar : 1 day max rainfall 274mm was estimate as 2,800 years return period

1955 1956 1957 1959 1973 1975

Seems like historically extreme flood

River Discharge River
Tarbela Dam Inflow Peak : 23,645m3/s was estimated as 3,461 years return period

1976 1977 1978 1981

2010 was not historically extreme flood?

848 2,185 1,036 139 63 35 399 1,400 392 175 NA 8,923 393 82 39 42 508 1,008 431 591 1,767 10,654 9,199 2,071 643 251 100 13,208 1,622 6,852 NA 109,822

River Discharge River

Tarbela Dam Inflow Peak : 23,645m3/s was estimated as 3,461 years return period

1983 1984 1988 1992 1994 1995 2010 Total

16

17

Why damage was not so extreme

How about the operation of Dams and Barrages

How about the operation of Dams and Barrages

Tarbela Dam Operation Curve

2010 was not historically extreme flood?

30,000 25,000

By population growth, people live into flood prone area more than before?
20,000

Inflow Peak

Q m3/s

Historical precipitation but structural measures implemented more than before? Or good operation as for risk management?

15,000

10,000

5,000

Outflow Peak
2-Aug-10 4-Aug-10 6-Aug-10 8-Aug-10 10-Aug-10 12-Aug-10 14-Aug-10 16-Aug-10 18-Aug-10 20-Aug-10 22-Aug-10 24-Aug-10 27-Jul-10 29-Jul-10 31-Jul-10

Day
19 20

inflow 1

outflow 2

Kotri Barrage

21

Tentative Data

Total Retention Effect

0.028317

Retention Effect by the Dams and Barrages

Lesson Learned
Q:m3/s V= million m3

Tarbela Dam

Kalabagh Barrage
inflow

Chashma Barrage
8,387 7,624 11,348 19,396 26,559 27,587 28,471 25,165 19,163 17,373 15,571 13,648 14,663 21,183 21,585 22,197 23,002 22,536 20,050 18,278 16,332 16,286 15,953 14,154 12,298 12,498 12,492 11,234 11,093 11,033 14,300 11,129 10,762 9,356 6,926 6,531 5,071 9,572 7,174 51,665 7,147 4,887 5,805 6,229 10,752 12,533 10,808 10,714 11,257 11,497 13,483 13,705 15,839 14,488 20,811 22,529 21,640 20,125 19,147 16,701 14,254 15,148 17,020 21,992 27,043 22,669 22,669 18,295 9,150 6,824 7,249 11,129 10,762 9,356 6,926 6,531 5,071 9,572 7,174 44,836 1,240 2,736 5,543 13,167 15,807 15,054 17,663 14,451 7,906 5,876 2,088 -57 -1,176 6,694 774 -332 1,362 2,411 903 1,577 2,078 1,138 -1,067 -7,837 -14,745 -10,172 -10,177 -7,061 1,943 4,209 7,051 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6,830

Taunsa Barrage
8,790 7,977 7,457 7,936 10,899 16,871 17,489 27,184 26,451 22,789 21,053 21,053 18,062 16,424 17,222 21,021 21,360 22,164 21,998 22,065 22,065 19,238 18,840 16,821 15,017 14,270 13,043 12,526 12,163 11,307 11,046 12,596 12,596 12,329 11,408 9,282 6,823 6,182 5,132 51,749 4,438 5,323 6,711 7,512 13,077 12,078 11,163 11,236 12,021 16,291 14,944 15,857 16,929 18,247 21,906 21,565 21,000 17,387 16,037 17,830 19,623 20,430 22,371 21,729 22,614 15,392 15,392 8,169 7,332 6,387 7,250 12,596 12,596 12,329 11,408 9,282 6,823 6,182 5,132 45,325 4,353 2,654 746 424 -2,179 4,794 6,326 15,948 14,430 6,498 6,108 5,195 1,133 -1,823 -4,684 -544 360 4,777 5,961 4,235 2,442 -1,192 -3,531 -4,908 -7,597 -1,122 -2,348 4,357 4,830 4,919 3,796 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6,425

Gudu Barrage
6,725 6,899 7,377 7,304 7,200 7,148 8,088 9,208 11,802 17,722 26,078 27,260 31,966 32,529 32,529 31,233 29,358 28,231 27,662 28,656 29,927 30,490 30,490 29,931 28,131 26,808 24,803 22,355 21,434 20,274 19,631 18,428 17,591 16,321 16,321 16,321 16,017 15,336 12,923 68,991 15,603 21,260 26,765 28,102 29,367 30,492 29,911 27,646 28,215 29,342 30,789 32,528 29,886 27,244 19,830 12,864 10,047 7,920 7,429 7,429 6,938 7,017 6,159 5,720 18,428 17,591 16,321 16,321 16,321 16,017 15,336 12,923 52,510 6,725 6,899 -8,226 7,304 7,200 7,148 8,088 9,208 -9,458 -9,043 -2,023 -2,107 1,474 2,618 4,883 3,018 16 -2,558 -4,866 -1,230 2,683 10,659 17,625 19,884 20,211 19,379 17,374 15,418 14,417 14,115 13,911 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16,481

Sukkur Barrage
4,334 4,477 4,941 5,111 5,561 5,821 5,904 5,987 6,387 8,118 14,192 23,088 27,870 31,597 32,026 32,026 32,026 32,060 31,092 29,901 28,747 28,918 29,043 29,043 28,365 28,049 27,593 25,426 23,428 22,072 20,834 19,746 19,651 16,530 16,530 16,034 15,349 15,338 15,262 66,397 14,073 22,189 27,031 27,329 28,144 28,144 27,974 29,840 30,857 31,401 31,401 32,004 24,184 16,364 8,031 6,346 5,205 4,995 4,637 4,637 4,279 4,177 3,480 3,081 19,746 19,651 16,530 16,530 16,034 15,349 15,338 15,262 47,887 4,334 4,477 -9,132 5,111 5,561 5,821 5,904 5,987 -15,802 -18,914 -13,137 -5,056 -274 3,623 2,186 1,169 626 659 -912 5,717 12,382 20,887 22,697 23,838 23,370 23,412 22,957 21,148 19,251 18,592 17,753 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 18,510

Kotri Barrage
outflowstorage or inund.

Dates
26-Jul-10 27-Jul-10 28-Jul-10 29-Jul-10 30-Jul-10 31-Jul-10 1-Aug-10 2-Aug-10 3-Aug-10 4-Aug-10 5-Aug-10 6-Aug-10 7-Aug-10 8-Aug-10 9-Aug-10 10-Aug-10 11-Aug-10 12-Aug-10 13-Aug-10 14-Aug-10 15-Aug-10 16-Aug-10 17-Aug-10 18-Aug-10 19-Aug-10 20-Aug-10 21-Aug-10 22-Aug-10 23-Aug-10 24-Aug-10 25-Aug-10 26-Aug-10 27-Aug-10 28-Aug-10 29-Aug-10 30-Aug-10 31-Aug-10 1-Sep-10 2-Sep-10 total

inflow

outflow

storage

outflowstorage or inund. inflow

outflowstorage or inund. inflow

outflowstorage or inund. inflow

outflowstorage or inund. inflow

outflowstorage or inund. inflow

6,909 8,042 15,036 19,539 23,588 14,357 12,120 10,279 10,137 9,939 10,874 12,884 14,527 15,461 16,197 16,268 14,272 13,535 12,290 11,497 11,100 10,845 10,789 10,251 9,854 10,024 9,543 9,260 8,438 7,815 7,702 7,362 6,541 5,069 4,446 4,814 5,182 5,409 5,947 36,127

5,479 5,168 4,814 4,757 6,952 8,130 7,903 8,087 7,900 8,971 9,013 9,291 9,877 10,803 11,383 12,816 13,960 14,883 13,521 11,641 9,761 9,129 9,050 9,444 10,149 12,294 14,439 17,103 10,146 5,380 6,071 7,362 6,541 5,069 4,446 4,814 5,182 5,409 5,947 29,643

1,430 2,874 10,222 14,781 16,636 6,227 4,216 2,192 2,237 968 1,860 3,593 4,650 4,658 4,814 3,452 311 -1,348 -1,232 -144 1,339 1,716 1,739 807 -294 -2,270 -4,896 -7,844 -1,708 2,435 1,631 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6,485

7,245 8,002 8,304 18,688 26,546 25,448 24,650 20,881 15,482 13,439 12,694 12,955 16,004 15,939 17,426 19,532 19,007 18,128 16,761 15,255 13,700 13,891 12,822 12,507 10,777 10,613 10,747 10,296 10,043 10,703 10,703 9,948 9,556 8,005 7,233 6,226 6,226 5,991 6,338 44,817

6,226 5,850 6,230 5,897 9,420 9,820 10,561 9,417 9,901 10,500 10,670 12,203 12,723 13,800 16,417 17,593 18,647 17,684 16,849 11,641 11,974 12,553 13,411 14,631 20,853 12,294 24,236 24,236 11,622 7,821 6,955 9,948 9,556 8,005 7,233 6,226 6,226 5,991 6,338 39,067

1,019 2,153 2,074 12,792 17,126 15,628 14,089 11,463 5,581 2,939 2,025 752 3,280 2,138 1,009 1,938 360 444 -88 3,614 1,726 1,338 -588 -2,124 -10,075 -1,681 -13,489 -13,940 -1,579 2,882 3,748 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5,750

2,009 2,151 2,265 2,396 2,655 2,721 2,846 3,687 3,906 4,013 4,332 4,482 4,783 5,013 5,449 5,642 5,742 6,030 6,519 6,913 7,305 8,051 9,463 9,463 14,048 20,674 22,631 24,389 25,243 26,574 26,574 27,147 27,323 26,927 26,578 24,748 23,793 23,085 21,997 41,434

2,009 2,151 -20,983 2,396 2,655 2,721 2,846 3,687 -20,186 -12,581 -7,739 -4,563 -2,797 -1,780 -127 (4,300) 66 166 636 1,340 2,445 3,547 4,489 5,900 6,070 11,321 18,324 20,281 22,415 23,606 25,036 25,265 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10,249 million m3 Grand Total 60,480 million m3

23,248 24,092 16,594 12,071 9,044 7,580 6,793 5,576 5,576 5,576 5,394 5,179 4,468 3,758 3,562 3,562 3,392 2,727 2,350 2,350 1,974 1,637 1,538 1,308 27,147 27,323 26,927 26,578 24,748 23,793 23,085 21,997 31,186

Total 60 billion m3 were stocked by 1dam, 6 barrages and river itself by embankment.

Importance of Structural Measures

Levee, Barrage, Reservoir Systems

Importance of O&M and Flood Fighting

Retention Effect If Levee well maintained, no damage to downstream Sindh Levee failure was not overtopping, seepage failure

If these Structures not built, what happened?

More Serious Damages happened!!!

60 billion m3 equivalent 120km*500km*1m depth Inundation
23

Total 60 billion
22

Tentative Data

24

Discussion issue
How about the best mix of How Structural Measures and NonNon-Structural Measures? For the future For Climate Variability or Climate Change?

Combination of Structural Measures Nonand Non-Structural Measures

Effectiveness

Combination of Structural Measures Nonand Non-Structural Measures

Effectiveness

Investment and Effectiveness

Investment and Effectiveness

Safety Level

Targe t Levee

Barrage Reservoir System Levee Investment Investment

26 27

25

Combination of Structural Measures Nonand Non-Structural Measures

Effectiveness

Combination of Structural Measures Nonand Non-Structural Measures

Effectiveness Effectiveness

Goal
Mitigation Adaptation

Goal
Climate Variability? Climate Change?
Mitigation Adaptation

Safe or Resilient
Safety Level Targe t Levee

NonNon-Structural Measures
Safety Level Targe t Levee

NonNon-Structural Measures No or Low Regret Investment

Safety Level Targe t Safety Level Targe t

How to prepare or Project is not completed yet excess flood?

Barrage Reservoir System Levee Investment
28

& Levee Be Resilient

Structural Measures Barrage Reservoir System (Basic Infrastructures)

Levee Control, Protection Investment
29 30

Structural Measures Barrage Basic Infrastructures Reservoir System

Levee Investment

2005Hyogo Framework for Action 2005-2015 Efficiency Early Warning case in 3.11 Tsunami

Discussion issue
Building the Resilience of Nations and Communities to Disasters

Priorities for Action Priorities

HFA1 Make Disaster Risk Reduction a Priority Ensure that disaster risk reduction in a national and Ensure local priority with a strong institutional basis for implementation HFA2 Know the Risks and Take Action Identify, assess and monitor disaster risk and enhance Identify, early warning HFA3 Build Understanding and Awareness Use knowledge, innovation, and education to build a Use culture of safety and resilience at all levels. HFA4 Reduce Risk Reduce the underlying risk factors Reduce HFA5 Be Prepared and Ready to Act Strengthen disaster preparedness for effective Strengthen response at all levels
32 33

Resilient? What is Resilient? Early Warning purpose: Successfully evacuated, then can we say resilient? In agricultural area, agri products before harvest cant escape can t from damage. Appropriate land use to avoid disaster, can be resilient. resiliency. reresiliency Need to re-think the meaning of resiliency .

Resilient

31

Plain area : southern part, Sendai & Fukushima

Anyone in this photo?

Effect of Structural Measures (1) Tsunami protection wall and gate in Fudai Village almost stopped tsunami wave
3,000 villagers in Iwate Prefecture were protected by tsunami protection wall and gate constructed with 15.5m height, 200m length and 3.6 billion yen in 1984, with consciousness of Meiji Sanriku Big Tsunami occurred in 1896 (more than one thousand casualties were recorded in the village).

Ancient Successful Land Use Planning Ohfunato Yoshihama village At the recovery phase of 1896 tsunami, village leader guided all the residents to highland area Almost no causality by 2011 tsunami

The 2011 Tsunami overtopped the gate and embankment, but ceased at 200m upstream from the gate and ended with no damage on housing area in the village.
34 35 36

Variety of Early Warnings for Tsunami in Japan

Evacuation Situation in general

Population of damaged area of 3 prefectures, 1km from coast is 460,000, 3km 1.0million, 5km 1.5million Total causalities were around 26,000 460,000 residents lived in the tsunami affected area so that evacuation ratio can be estimated more than 90 % This high evacuation ratio achieved by legend transmission, by Tsunami Early Warning System and by evacuation drill effort 65% of casualties were aged people, over 65 y.o.

Successful Evacuation by Students in Kamaishi City

The students started evacuation promptly and voluntarily, following their experiences of evacuation drills.

TV and Radio, emergency warning

Cell phone warning for earthquake

Registered earthquake broadcast service

Loud speaker evacuation order to community

others

The students decided to evacuate further to higher ground based on their own observation of situation.
(Source: Research Center for Disaster Prevention in the Extended Tokyo Metropolitan Area, Gunma University)
39

37

38

Tsunami Shelter Building

Tsunami escape buildings, designated by municipalities as emergency and temporary shelter, withstood the shock of the tsunami and saved people.

Three keys
Self Support or Self Defense

Three keys
Individual or Family

Kamaishi municipal apartment house

Public Support
40

Mutual Support
42

Government

Community

Yuriage elementary school, Miyagi

(Source: Nikkei Construction, Kyodo News)

41

Typical Scenery of Lower Mekong

Typical Scenery of Lower Mekong

Flood in Lower Mekong, Discussion Material for Coexistence and Sustainable Development with flood flood flood

43

44

45

What means living with flood : Agriculture MicroMicro-Topography importance

Five types of Agriculture depend on the feature of micromicro-topography
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Single Cropping Double Cropping Triple Cropping Rice + Vegetables Rice + Fishery, Aquiculture (Inundation oriented migration)

Cross Sectional Relation between Flood, Flood Fed and Drought

Irrigation way for Agriculture In Lower Mekong there are two types of agriculture style
Rain fed River fed by beneficial flood, inundation-fed inundationDrought Area

In the area called living with flood , there are any living , artificial irrigation structures like canal, channel systems, drainage systems and so on

Inland Fishery

Rain-Fed RainArea Flood Fed Area Fluctuation Area

46

47

48

Seasonal Fluctuation of Water Level

Relation between Flood, Flood Fed and Drought

Relation between Flood, Flood Fed and Drought

River Water Level River fed irrigation period Time Annual Cycle

River Water Level River fed irrigation period

River Water Level River fed irrigation period

flood

Time Annual Cycle

flood

Time Annual Cycle

HWL is same but Sift

Serious Damage

drought
Seed - growth Harvest Seed - growth Harvest

drought
Seed - growth Harvest

49

50

51

Hazardous flood and beneficial flood

Deference between hazardous floods and beneficial floods is only few meters

Hazardous flood and beneficial flood

Deference between flood level and dry level is flood level dry level close to 50cm

coHow to co-exist with flood & drought

Benefit of annual flood irrigation, increasing fishery resources, bringing more natural fertilizer, killing the insects, flushing acid water caused by soleplate soils, pushing salt water to the sea, improving navigation transport, drinking water, etc

benefit

Urban life Health issue

Agriculture, fishery

Drought

Dry

Wet

Flood

50cm !!!

damage
52 53 54

What means living with flood : for ex. Housing

After the project implementation period, no more used Early Warning Billboard

Removed Participatory made Village Facility Map

Historically living with flood empirical way of living For them what kind of EW needed ?

55

56

57

What means living with flood : for ex. Housing

Wet season

coHow to co-exist with flood & drought, view points

Define differences between flood and Define riverriver-fed How to maximize the benefit of annual How riverriver-fed and minimize the damage of annual inundation How to prevent serious hazard of extreme How flood Both hazardous water level and river-fed riverBoth water level are very close How to prevent agriculture drought, means How how to keep appropriate river water level
58 59 60

Dilemma?

Discussion issue
Irrigation project, free from flood

riverWhat the deference between river-fed & irrigated

Volume act as a retention pond

Protection Polder Levee System 1/501/50-1/100, surrounding irrigation project Invested Irrigation System
Water Level raise up

Low productivity, 1 time/year Depends on natural feature

High productivity, 2 or 3 times/year Depends on artificial fertilize

No retention volume anymore

Living with flood Living flood

Cambodia, LAO, Bangladesh, Vietnam,

Living without flood Living flood

Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Malaysia

System must protected from its flood & it s sedimentation

Annual flood as blessing Annual blessing

Flood as an evil Flood evil

Dilemma : Irrigation Project causes new flood to downstream

61 62 63

From Investment point of view, how about B/C ? How about sustainability or spread ability to whole basin?

Giant Catfish (Pangasianodon gigas)

Introduction of Japanese Experiences

How Japan reduced the flood damages by the Nonbest mix of Structural & Non-structural Measures

Discussion issue
The maximum recorded size of the Mekong giant catfish is 300 kg and 3 meters in length.

Irrigation Project sometimes gives negative impact to downstream. Cant Can t spread same project to overall river line areas.

Is this really Sustainable?

64 65 66

History of flood control in Tone River basin (400years ago)

Up to Century, Tone River crossed the Kanto Plain from north to south and flew into Tokyo Bay From 1594 to 1654, Tone River was connected to Pacific Ocean by eastward channel 15th
Watarase River

History of flood control in Ara River basin (130years ago)

Up to the beginning of 19th century, upstream area of Tokyo functioned as retarding basin to protect central Tokyo area

Japanese metropolitan area has developed with flood defense woks Urbanization progressed due to the improvement of the safety level by the excavation of Ara River Floodway 35year s 1954 42year s
Former retarding basin area has also been urbanized

1882
37yea s

Geomorphological map in 1880

1919

Tone River
Kokai River
Retarding basin

1996

Kinu River
Constriction point to protect central Tokyo

After the flood in 1910, flood control measures in upper and middle reaches has changed from flood control allowing inundation to sequential levees confinement After this change, the maximum discharge in the Tone River Channel has increased, which became the main challenge of flood control in Tone River Basin

Watarase River

Kinu River

Kokai River

Sakai no Watashi Mitsumat a Wakare no Fuchi

Mountain, hillock Plateau

Tone River
Edo (Tokyo) Castle

Natural levee Mound along river track Alluvial fan Raised bed river Sand dune Retarding basin

1930 1911 Excavation of Ara River Floodway

Bureau, Source: Water and Disaster Management Bureau, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, Japan

Bureau, Source: Water and Disaster Management Bureau, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, Japan

Bureau, Source: Water and Disaster Management Bureau, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, Japan

Structural (Hard) Measures for Flood Mitigation

At the great flood, the river water level rises and overflows.

River channel improvement

Widen and dredge rivers before

Improvement of dikes
Building and strengthening of dikes

Flood control principles

Lowering the water level at floods to maintain safe flow of the river A) Keeping down the water level by setting back embankments (increasing the river width) to increase the river capacity B) Keeping down the water level in the downstream by pooling the overflowing water at dams and retarding basins to decrease the flow volume C) Keeping down the water level by dredging (digging down the river bed) to increase the river capacity (It may needs estuary barrages.) D) Keeping down the water level in the downstream by discharge channels to bypass overflowing water

after

A) Keeping down the water level by setting back embankments

B) Keeping down the water level by flood control functions of dams and retarding basins

C) Keeping down the water level by dredging

It needs sea walls to prevent seawater backflow.

D) Keeping down the water level by discharge channels

Discharge channel (flood bypass)

Bureau, Source: Water and Disaster Management Bureau, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, Japan

Bureau, Source: Water and Disaster Management Bureau, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, Japan

71

Bureau, Source: Water and Disaster Management Bureau, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, Japan

72

floodPublication of flood-prone area/ Flood Hazard Map

MLIT and the prefectural governments designate, as flood prone areas, those areas that may be inundated in the event of flooding. The municipalities prepare and disseminate flood hazard maps to floodresidents on the basis of flood- prone area maps.

Considerations of Flood Hazards in Land Use Regulations Article 39 of the Building Standards Act, Disaster Hazard Areas
To Nagoya Sta. Kanayama Sta.

disasterCostal disaster-prevention areas in Nagoya

Category 3 area

Atsuta Sta.

Flood Hazard Map

Evacuation Route Evacuation Shelter

* Where schools, hospitals, meeting grounds, public offices, welfare facilities for children, and other public architectures located in areas of Categories 2 4 are concerned, one or more residential spaces will be placed on the architecture with the floor height of the first N floor of NP(+) 2 m or higher, and with the N height of NP (+) 3.5 m or higher.

Category 4 area

Nagoya Port

Category 2 area

Bureau, Source: Water and Disaster Management Bureau, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, Japan

Bureau, Source: Water and Disaster Management Bureau, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, Japan

75 Bureau, Source: Water and Disaster Management Bureau, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, Japan

Information Provision for Encouraging Evacuation

Raising Awareness on Flood Hazard

Information on the assumed flood water depth, evacuation sites, etc. is indicated in town in order to allow residents to escape safely and smoothly when a flood occurs. [Flood-related symbols]
Z8210:2006

Provision of river information

Provision of river information by MLIT in real time, 24hours a day, 365 days a year.
Nationwide data are measured and sent by telemetry Data are collected, processed and edited into an easy-to-use form and transmitted

In order to promote smooth evacuation actions reference to water levels for evacuation orders have been established and categorization of water levels based on risk levels have been implemented.
Risk level Leve l

Sent to users

Water Level and Risk Level

Flooding occurs Flooding nearly occurs

Examples of flood-related signs installed

Radar rainfall data

Flood River water level/flow rate

Rainfall measurements

Collection Data from 17,300 stations nationwide every 10 Processing minutes. Editing Into easily understood tables, graphs, maps, diagrams etc.

Top of Levee

5 4 3 2

[Flood ]

Lev el

Transmission (Information by time/location provided as needed) needed)

Lev River manager el

River
Evacuation should be decided Flood is cautionary Flood fighters act Flood fighters stand by

House s Levee

Lev el

This symbol indicates that the area concerned may be affected by floods. [Evacuation site (building)]

Municipalities Leve l

1
Landslides

Low Flow Channel

Flood Channel
This symbol shows a safe Information on the assumed flood water depth, evacuation sites, etc. is indicated on building that provides a electric poles and the walls of public facilities. shelter when a disaster occurs. Source: Water and Disaster Management Bureau, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, Japan Bureau,

State depts.
Dam influx/discharge

Bureau, Source: Water and Disaster Management Bureau, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, Japan

Bureau, Source: Water and Disaster Management Bureau, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, Japan

Reinforcement of Information Provision in Emergency

2

Provision of River information by internet and mobile phone

6,00 0 5,00 0 4,00 0 3,00 0 2,00 0 1,00

Reduction of flood damages in Japan

Number of fatalities

Installation of a real time simulation system, which provides its results for forecasting of inundation depth and area based on observed data and projection of rainfall and water level of river in case of flooding is on going.

Information provided on the internet

12 12

Contents Precipitation by hyetometer Precipitation by radar rain gages Water level etc.

Information provided to mobile phones

00 194 195 195 196 196 197 197 198 198 199 199 200 200 6 1 6 1 6 1 6 1 6 1 6 1 Area 6 inundated (ha)

Area inundated (ha)

Change of inundation depth at any point

time of dyke break

Select an arbitrary point

350,000 300,000 250,00 200,00 0 150,00 0 100,00 0 50,00 0 0 196 196 197 197 198 198 199 199 200 200 0
7 2 7 2 7 2 7 2 7 2 Number of fatalities and inundation area have dramatically been reduced in Japan due to continuous investment in and efforts for flood mitigation.
Bureau, Source: Water and Disaster Management Bureau, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, Japan Bureau, Source: Water and Disaster Management Bureau, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, Japan

Bureau, Source: Water and Disaster Management Bureau, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, Japan

Former Study : The Study on Integrated Plan for Flood Mitigation in Chao Phraya River Basin Structural Measures

Former Study : The Study on Integrated Plan for Flood Mitigation in Chao Phraya River Basin Non Structural Measures

JICAs Support to Toward Safe & Resilient Thailand through revising the Comprehensive Flood Management Plan for the Chao Phraya River Basin

82

83

84

Basic concept of the Master Plan Basic Concept to formulate the Master Plan
Refer to the Monkey Cheek concept, enhancing the controlled food which spread flood water widely and shallowly in the agricultural area in middle reach, so that flood water can be used for agricultural water, and Avoiding flooding in the assets concentration area such as Bangkok, Industrial zone and residential area in downstream.

Concept of Master Plan

Structural Measures Structural
Store and Divert

Respect and input the knowledge and Respect experiences of Thailand Propose the best solution by Propose integrating Thailand, Japanese and other technologies, knowledge and experiences without taking any behind to the schedule of Government Thailand Governments effort
85

Non-Structural Measures NonNon

Apply all available measures including political decision, without any hesitation

Under the above basic concept, the MP aims best combination of flood control and water utilization, or flood control as a part of IWRM.
86

JICA Team will try to show the JICA scientific & engineering evident to solve the problem
87

Example of Counter Measures

Safe & Resilient Thailand by the best Mix of NonStructural & Non-structural Measures
88

Thank you for your attention

89