Urban regeneration

Case Studies: Kop van Zuid - rotterdam Westergasfabriek - amsterdam

oana baloi, Merel enserink, Karel Matar

Colofon october 2011 by: o. baloi, M. enserink and K. Matar MLP Students at University of Wageningen Supervision: Prof. J. Koh Part of course: Reflections of Landscape Architecture Practices

tabLe of ContentS

Introduction Definitions Goals Method

7 7 7 8 11 11 17 23 23 24 27 31

Case study Kop van Zuid, rotterdam Westergasfabriek Cultuur Park, Amsterdam Conclusion Summarize Comparing the case studies Critics and reflection Sources

introDUCtion
Definitions and Goals

Definitions Urban Regeneration the population that lives in cities has continuously increasing number. now over 80% of the european populations live in towns 1. the expansion of built environment causes consequences such as natural habitats damaged for housing purposes, and often poor environment management. the concept of Urban regeneration was introduced to reform and restore un-functioning urban areas. Urban regeneration is a strategy to address urban issues by improving the social, economic, and environmental settings of an area. Urban regeneration aims to bring quality and vitality back to an urban site. Around 1997, in the Netherlands, Urban Regeneration was a new approach on developing cities with the intent to revive parts of the cities 2. three years later a new urban renewal policy was launched to form the physical aspect of reviving cities. this policy focuses on restructuring industrial sites/harbors, inner cities, and areas affected by the world war. the netherlands has started a long term development program within the four biggest cities in the netherlands: amsterdam rotterdam Utrecht the Hague 3. Success and Failure in order to evaluate the result of the project it is necessary to define success or failure of a realized designed landscape and the importance of urban regeneration in contemporary cities. for the success of a project there are three different sides: people, landscape and impact. the people side is about how it functions, how the space is used. the project is a success when the side is functional for the users and give reason for exercise and movement. the landscape side is about how does it connect with the history, the culture and the surroundings.

this is a success when visitors are reminded of the history of the place when they visit. it is a success when users can identify themselves with the culture of the side and it is a success when the new area is connected environmentally with its surroundings. the third side is the impact of the project on the area and also on the community of users. Does it fit in the present? Does it fit for future changes? For success the project should have connections with the context and be functional for the users. a project can fail on one of these points but be still a success on other points. for example: the functionality of a park can be good, while the park has no connections with the history of the side. failure of urban regeneration projects, on one of those three sides means that there is a lack of networks. but it can also indicate a lack of connectivity between those different sides. When designing a urban regeneration project the architects tries to give new meaning to a space. the architect tries to predict the expectations of users, however the intensions of the architect might be read differently by users. the experience and perceptions of the users can be different from those of the architects. if the intensions of the architect and the perception of the users are on the same line, than the project is successful. Goals Topic Reasons We have chosen the Urban regeneration topic because of its actuality. each country during its development includes at least some cases in which urban areas were left in ruin during urban or historical evolution. the awareness of these projects is growing fast but unfortunately there is less reflection and critics on those projects, thus many of the present and possibly future projects can make same mistakes instead of leaning from others. Urban regeneration is a growing trend in contem 7

porary urban expansion, not only into suburbs but also in all the areas inside cities affected by a failure on a certain moment. in the context of present expansion of cities sustainability is a major theme. regeneration means valuing a site`s strengths in order to make it function again 4. Within the present project we support the development of urban regeneration unit focusing on special user areas, communities and sustainability projects with a comparison of two important projects through their awareness and impact over society and landscape: Kop van Zuid in rotterdam and Westergasfabriek Cultural Park in amsterdam Choosing cases both of the sites own similar issues solved with different approaches regarding urban regeneration. both Kop van Zuid and Westergasfabriek Cultural Park are sites with history and with a successfully present usage. after a glorious period of industrial usage, the sites were dumped and avoided by developers. for a long period of time the sites were standing in the shadow of the awareness and development of the cities they belong to, without being integrated into a unitary large scale development plan. However in the context of sustainable conversion of urban development, the areas un-integrated in the city started to get the attention of municipalities. the new trend was to improve the quality of those neglected spaces and also the urban networks within the cities. the scale of the presented study cases is different; the final result aims to be categorized as successful and both projects to be known as good examples of urban regeneration. in this assignment we will follow the intentions of the architects and the implementation of their solution for a successful usage of spaces in order to reflect the meaning of the landscape of today`s society. Method To have a firm bases for the case study we search for methods. Mark francis created a very accessible method for case studies in landscape architecture. His method is very complete and touches both the bigger outlining of the project as well as details in the project. His method does not only focus on facts about a design but also on user groups, site visiting and experience of the site. the combination of these layers gives a good insight in the functioning of the site. With the different answers it gets clear what the intensions were from the designers and 8

other groups, what the strong points are and also what the weaker points are from the case. in total it gives a nice overview of the quality and what we can learn from the case 5.

1 brebbia, Carlos alberto. the Sustainable City: Urban regeneration and Sustainability, Southampton: Wit, 2000. Print. 2 Kei Kenniscentrum Stedelijke Vernieuwing. Urban regeneration in the netherlands. Kei Kenniscentrum Stedelijke Vernieuwing - Kennisbank. Unknown, 2011. Web. 21 Sept. 2011. <http://www.kei-centrum.nl/ view.cfm?page_id=1949>. , viewed on 16 Sep 2011, 16:50 3 Stouten, Paul, and edward Hulsbergen. Urban regeneration in a new Context. Spatial Planning and governance at the regional Level. Proc. of Sustainable Urban Areas, The Netherlands, Rotterdam. 2007. Web. 21 Sept. 2011. http://www.enhr2007rotterdam.nl/documents/ W20_paper_Stouten_Hulsbergen.pdf , viewed on 16 Sep 2011, 17:20 4 Hoek, Marco & Ltd. regeneration in european cities: Making Connections, Case Study of Kop van Zuid, UrbeD trust, Joseph rowntree Foundation, April 2007, updated/edited March 2008 5 francis, Mark. a Case Study Method for Landscape architecture: Landscape architecture foundation, Washington D.C. Davis, Ca: University of California, 1998. Print.

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the erasmusbridge, icon of the Kop van Zuid

iconical in the Westergas Cultuur Park is the new use of the gasometers

google aerial view of the Kop van Zuid (www.maps.google.com)

Design of the regeneration of Kop van Zuid by KoW Stedenbouw

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Kop van Zuid, rotterdam

CaSe StUDy

Location: Kop Van Zuid rotterdam, the netherlands. Designers: KoW Stendenbow. Consultants: City Development Corporation Planning and Housing Department the rotterdam transport Company the Public Works Department the Port authorities Size/scale: 125ha Land Use type: Residential, Office Employment, entertainment venues, education, retail Context Kop van Zuid is a new developed neighbourhood situated on the south bank of the nieuwe river Maas, opposed to the city centre. the area used to be an important european gate, occupied by major industrial and shipping actions. During the second world war rotterdam was bombed and the site was destroyed. after the war the harbour was relocated downstream closer to the sea and Kop van Zuid became an abandoned isolated space. in 1994 a plan for development was approved by the municipality and the royalty 1.

Roles of Key Participants the initiator of the regeneration of Kop van Zuid was rotterdam City Development Corporation, which also owned the land. the development of a new plan was made by KoW stedenbouw, head of the project was riek bakker, director of the town Development Department for rotterdam city. the project was implemented in cooperation with the Planning and Housing Department of the municipality 2. Decision Making Process. Municipality took initiative to redevelop the area. Multiple designs were presented. the design had to be approved by the rotterdam City Development Corporation. for the implementation of the design they needed approval of the Planning and Housing Department, the rotterdam transport Company, the Public Works Department and the Port authorities 3. How does the project come together? the aim of the project was to convert the area into an urban district and integrate it in the city structure.

aerial picture of the Kop van Zuid area

the developing of the site is still continuing

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a goal was to connect Kop van Zuid with the city centre and developing a new city centre next to the old centre. another goal was to unite the northern and southern part of Kop Van Zuid 4. Problem Definitions and Responses Problems of the Kop van Zuid site were: the area was separated from the city centre. because there was a lack of transportation possibilities and lack of attracting functions. the area has traditionally been of low educational achievement and high unemployment. therefore the site did not had good image. this made it hard to attract private investment. When the project started, also the districts around Kop van Zuid, were marked as lowquality for living environment, with fragile socialeconomic structure. the housing stock in these districts was very one-sided and had low home ownership, which helps explain the uneven social structure 5. the Kop van Zuid project intended to address all these issues, by building the erasmus bridge and new Metro stations created the link between Kop van Zuid, and the city, with creating a lively and striking multi-functional district for offices, residential, leisure and education. High quality design claimed new landmark building, with a new design of the public space. in order to let surrounding districts of Kop van Zuid benefit from the success of the project they launched a program, named Mutual Benefit. Goals Key goals Kop van Zuid project aims to develop a new urban

centre for the city of rotterdam 6. in the context of sustainability requirements the social, ecological and economic layers has to be fulfilled resulting in a new urban centre on functional and aesthetical level7. thus, the urban networks within the city are setting a central point within the Kop van Zuid. the social goal was to assure a higher comfort level for users. Developing a new city centre involves major changes on the social layer. the project included the reorientation for higher income segment of users, both inhabitants and visitors. Social reconversion included new business park, housing, education and leisure facilities 8. the ecological goal was to decrease the level of pollution and apply sustainability principles. Urban conversion of a highly used industrial needs a strategy for a safe future usage of the site. the project aimed to reconnect safety and ecology through a good resource management and also through usage of materials. in present, ecological strengths of the project are good maintenance and waste management. the aesthetical goal was urban development through innovation and high quality design. architecture occupied a very important role in the project. on the aesthetical level, Kop van Zuid had to be extensively used as a metropolis; its atmosphere is reinforced by several design elements from the height and massiveness of the buildings, to the details of leisure. How were they set? the objectives of the project were set in a long-term strategy of implementation. Social and aesthetics were the first achievements of the project. The economics and sustainability will increase their activity in medium and long term, making the new centre of

Kop van Zuid after the bombing in 1940 (www.entoen.nu)

erasmus bridge: new connection with the citty centre

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the city even more productive 9. Who defined them? Goals of the project were defined by the municipality 10. after technical expertise and research of the area, the project began to be developed by professionals from different domains as architecture, planning, landscape architecture, engineers and technicians. Did the goals change during course of project? Some of the goals have changed during the implementation process of the project. Urban regeneration basically regenerated the entire social layer though the base goal was to improve the life quality of present inhabitants 11. Sustainability was also decreased as importance, thus green landscape in less visible than it should; concrete instead occupies a big percentage of the ground surface. Design Key design concepts the key design approaches were authenticity and innovation. authenticity stands still through architectural elements as landmarks and also through the design of public space. the memory of the space is one of the key design concepts. another key design concept was the skyline. the innovation comes into the development of different areas as architecture, transport and public space. Inspiration for the form form was subordinated to the functional necessities and feasibility of goals implementation. As overall design of the area, the composition of the space was focused on massive blocks of buildings with a skyline close to the water. Most inspirational

models were the new york`s skyscrapers and its tower block architecture. the outdoor reminisce the Kop van Zuid was an important harbour for rotterdam City. Translation of goals into form the main strength of the project was the closure to the old city centre. the connection took shape through a good transport network with the centre but also with the other parts of rotterdam. that was the main point of the development of Kop van Zuid. Social goal took shape through different functions and comfort details in using the space. the new social segment brought on the site has now a certain comfort grate in using the space, such as working offices, housing, leisure, cultural events and entertainment. aesthetical goal was perfectly implemented through its visual characteristics of deepness of urban front as the skyline and the visible faraway buildings. every detail has its own contribution in completing the atmosphere of the site though materials used, through accessibility and maintenance. Site visit What does the project look like? Kop van Zuid is big both as form and shape. Different textures, the dynamic atmosphere and high buildings make the site appear futuristic. How does it work ? the modernist feature integrates highlights of historical elements into the design of the new urban landscape. the site`s architectural development took shape both on the vertical but also on the horizontal, Kop van Zuid have a large mass of concrete and it

old and new together

the scale of the buildings is not human

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can be also dynamic. every building has a unique architecture, which makes it recognizable. the details of Kop van Zuid design are related to the history of the site. the details increase the attractiveness of the site through different textures and different design for leisure activities. elements reminding about the story of the Kop van Zuid old harbour can be found all over the site. How does it feel? the feeling of Kop van Zuid is a journey between history and future. belvedere points accentuate the frames of the story. the public space has small proportions, being totally opened. Public life in Kop van Zuid is sharing space and images. being often crowded, open space offers leisure and relaxing possibilities, but does not offers privacy. the massive buildings decrease the human experience of the space. While on the inside of the buildings, the interior is designed for the usage of the people, outside spaces are losing the scale of the users. Lack of visual depth in the site makes the site losing also the social goal of the project. Use How is the place used? Kop van Zuid is a business centre, having also housing facilities as permanent habitation buildings and hotels. education and leisure are present in the site through education institutes and spare time facilities, as squares, cruses, restaurants and cafes. Who uses it? the place is mostly used for daily migration from and to work/ school, less for spending free time. However all age classes are have possibilities to use the space, but it is less affordable to consume

the space. Who does not use it? People searching for recreational activities do not use the space, the main reason for being there are not enough facilities for entertainment but also the atmosphere of the site is more corporate than welcoming. Describe how the place is perceived and valued. the area is a landmark for rotterdam City, because it is perceived as an innovative urban centre. Community How is the community served by this project? this project was very important for the community, the image of Kop van Zuid was not good. With the urban regeneration the area got a new impulse. now it is a successful business and cultural district, but also the new housing opportunities are good integrated 12. What is its social impact? before the regeneration of this site the main social group using the site was with a lower income. in present new people are coming to the site, this means that the image of the area changed. now different social groups make use of the area, there is a nice mixture of cultural backgrounds and different incomes 13. Meaning the area went from a deprived area to one of the most successful, rich areas. the former industrial site is now a high developed combination between business, culture, recreation and housing 14.

With art pieces the history of the place is remaining

Water is still a big part of the identity of Kop van Zuid

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Environmental sensitivity and impact Serving the environment With the closing of the industrial functions of the harbor the amount of pollution decreased. Still the harbor is in use for passenger ships, water taxis and cruise ships. also with the regeneration of the site the developers worked with sustainable technologies and tried to reuse as many materials and structures as possible 15. Contribution to sustainability the Kop van Zuid also integrates sustainable design practices where possible. the reuse and redesign of materials and structures, and the instalment of modern technologies to reduce waste is a major component at the Kop van Zuid. in many cases the building structures are designed to take advantage of passive solar radiation and incorporate glass atria on the building rooftops to allow for building day lighting. also, the residential building use waste heat from the oil refineries and heavy industry activities at europort to heat the living spaces. The area has retained its influential seaport history by reusing and renovating existing buildings and retaining some sea port structures such as the cranes near entrepot. the reuse of paving and construction materials such as concrete and bricks from razed buildings are reused throughout the Kop van Zuid 16. Time How well does the place fare over time? in 1994 the framework for the Kop van Zuid project was accepted and the regeneration of the site started. the approach of rotterdam and the urbanists is very modernistic. the plan for the Kop Van Zuid is to retain some of its maritime history while being on the cutting edge for urban design and mixed use

development with multiple transportation options17. the modern style of the site is integrated in all areas of the Kop van Zuid. The Kop van Zuid is not finished yet, there are still building activities. Momentarily the place has not really aged yet, it looks very new and clean. How does project age incrementally? overtime the buildings that are now very modernist will lose their new edge. there is not that much park area, this makes the side very hard. off course the trees that are there will grow and give the big streets more status, by creating a lane. other parts will be more cold Also the park on the top of the Wilhelminapier did not contain many trees or bushes and will stay very open. this way the site can still look pretty young. Lessons learned the Kop van Zuid project had a big impact on the urban development of rotterdam by creating a great business centre. the project has reached the success through becoming a landmark with a growing economy. However the economy orientation of the project lets behind the success of public usage. Kop van Zuid is less friendly for public life.

the architecture makes every building regonizable

1 bakker, Pr He. KoW Stedenbouw (Project) - Masterplan Kop Van Zuid ParkStad - architectenweb.nl, architectenweb bV, 24 Sept. 2002. Web. http://architectenweb.nl/aweb/projects/project.asp?PID=816, viewed on 16 Sept. 2011, 10:20 2 idem 1, viewed on 16 Sept. 2011, 10:30 3 idem 1, viewed on 16 Sept. 2011, 10:40 4 Hoek, Marco & Ltd. regeneration in european cities: Making Connections, Case Study of Kop van Zuid, UrbeD trust, Joseph rowntree Foundation, April 2007, updated/edited March 2008 5 idem 4 6 http://www.hethartvanzuid.nl/english-version.html, viewed on 17 Sep 2011, 12:15 7 Paul Selman, Department of Landscape, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN United Kingdo, http://sspp.proquest. com/archives/vol4iss2/communityessay.selman.html, viewed on 17 Sep 2011, 12:20 8 Doucet, b.M, rich cities with poor people : Waterfront regeneration in the netherlands and Scotland, Utrecht University, royal Dutch geographical Society, Dissertation 2010 9 idem 4 10 idem 4 11 idem 4 12 http://architectenweb.nl/aweb/projects/project.asp?PID=816, viewed on 20 Sep 2011, 14:05 13 http://people.umass.edu/latour/netherlands/hartzell/index.html, viewed on 20 Sep 2011, 14:20 14 idem 13 15 idem 13, viewed on 20 Sep 2011, 14:35 16 idem 13, viewed on 20 Sep 2011, 14:50 17 idem 13, viewed on 20 Sep 2011, 15:15

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google aerial view of Westergasfabriek Cultuur Park (www.maps.google.com)

Design of the Westergasfabriek Cultuur Park by Kathryn gustafson

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Westergasfabriek Cultuur Park, amsterdam

CaSe StUDy

Location: Westergasfabriek Cultuur Park, amsterdam, the netherlands. Designer: Kathryn gustafson, neil Porter, Mary bowman Size/Scale: 14 ha Client(s): Municipality amsterdam Projectbureau Westergasfabriek Westerpark District Council Land use type: recreation, (cultural) events, ecological the Westergasfabriek was completed in 1885. the buildings were designed by the amsterdam-based architect Isaac Gosschalk (1838-1907). The gas factory was strategically located along the waterways, the rail network and access roads. originally, the gas was used for street lighting. In the late 1960s, gas production was gradually decreased and the factory was shut down in 1967. Since 1970s, gas production stopped and some of the buildings were destroyed, while others were used for storage 1. Since 1992, underground artistic movement used

the buildings temporarily for cultural activities. When the decision of having a park was taken, it was clear that Westergasfabriek was the ultimate location for occasions such as De Kunstvlaai art fair, the Holland festival and awakenings club events. it became the meeting point for inspired and innovative residents 2. Role of the Key Participants the role of the architect was to come up with a design scheme that maintains a suitable new use for a heavily polluted former industrial site with a large number of protected historic and cultural buildings. The role of the public users was to benefit from the park as an urban renewal project, an entertainment complex with several places to eat, drink while profiting from some of its culture 3. Decision Making Process Different toxic substances were released during the production of gas. they were stored on the site and discharged, and later got into the soil, leading to its threatening pollution.

aerial photo of the Westergasfabriek Cultural Park

new meaning to the old structures

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it took several years for the City of amsterdam and the central environment Ministry to agree on a clean-up plan. but in 1981, based on the local residents demand, the Amsterdam council eventually decided that the former site of the Westergasfabriek should be made a park. after a long selection procedure Kathryn gustafsons design for the park was ultimately designated. Design process accessibility was to be improved by integrating a new bridge. also public safety was to be taken into consideration. Multifunctional use was the key objective. the park had to offer room for as many different users as possible. the park is there for sport, relaxation and enjoying nature, and as a meeting place. Cyclists, dog owners, boys playing football, the elderly and young families can make use of the same space without getting in each others way. How does the project come together? Progress: Westergasfabriek succeeded due to the combination of temporary use of the area and the development of strategies for the long term. Moreover, a creative, flexible and above all communicative project team proved to be indispensable. the team was following a determined direction, but without detailing or a stable final aim. approach: research: Designing in landscape is inclusive of its surroundings. Besides preserving the sites cultural significance, public functionality was also a crucial concern. People usually define the way a constructed landscape is occupied. in the park, landscape became a focal point for social integration knitting communities and cities together, providing breathing space and recreational opportunities for everyone 4. Problem Definitions and Responses After its main closure in 1967, Westergasfabriek was then considered as an abandoned brownfield site. Brownfield spaces are generally underused urban areas, usually dating from the first phase of industrialization. for instance, industrial technologies changed, rail transportation was replaced by road transportation, and port zones moved seaward. these sites, just like the Westerfabriek, were available for urban development projects, commonly with negative effects such as gentrification. Moreover, the closure of the Westergasfabriek left the existing, architecturally impressive buildings in a neglected polluted state 5. all these issues were tackled by gustafson Porter through these major goals: 18

Development of a refined plan in respect to the

original proposal, relating the existing site elements to its main context. Urban regeneration of the gas factory into a vibrant cultural core and public park. revitalize the area into a public park and redevelop the buildings into spaces for artists studios, theatre purposes and other cultural events. Soil restoration and re-establishment of water treatments. Pumping is employed to generate water movement, and maintaining higher water quality through water filtration and UV disinfection. the project work included design of earthworks, insertion of artificial lake and stream, hard landscaping, provision of utilities, irrigation system, allowance for the existing historical buildings and structural engineering design of a cycle bridge and minor buildings. Make the design work with the remains of the old gas factory by opening up basements of former gas holders to create a pond and an aquatic garden 6.

Goals Key goals the key goals of the project were to accomplish both social and cultural needs of the inhabitants of the four surrounding neighbourhoods of the park. the aim was to transform the un-functional space in a social place for groups gathering and art manifestations 7. However, in order to reuse the area, a secondary goal had to be achieved: the ecological cure regarding the pollution of the soil. to improve the quality of the air new vegetation was planted. in addition, the park on area needed to have aesthetical characteristic attractiveness for all age classes of users, encouraging them to spend spare time in the park. How were they set? the objectives of the project were set in a feasible landscape project with immediate impact in favour of the users. In term of community the major benefit aims to bring nature along with recreational activities in order to achieve a functional and green outdoor. the issues of pollution and water management had solutions with important aesthetic elements, such as ground-work and valuing the presence of the water. the goals were set on several frames inviting the visitor to discover a story within landscape 8. Who defined them? Goals of the project were firstly defined by the people. the municipality launched a competition for

the design of Westgasfabriek. Kathryn gustafson`s project won the competition due to her innovative changing design reminding the fact that the attitude of people towards nature has changed a lot over time. Did the goals change during course of project? the project maintained its goals and achieved them in time, being a complete project for the users. the social and cultural goals are achieved in the park design. the park offers the experience of the landscape changes in different dimensions . Design Key design concepts the key design concept is gradual transition from old to new and from accessible to inaccessible, reminding of the enclosure between man and nature. the design aimed to be more nature orientated. Playing with space and surface, the designer answered the social and ecological necessities and created an authentic landscape 9. The inspiration for form the inspiration for form was given from the boundaries by the park. the base-lines were given by the ground works while the shape of the frames was inspired by the present buildings. How did the designer translate goals into form? the different characteristic of the places played an important role into the composition of the landscape: shadow versus light, dense vegetation versus grass field, together with hided landscapes of the gasometres are organised into a time transition of space.

Site visit What does the project look like? the entrance of the park is not simple to be found. However inside the park the contrast between the areas with high vegetation are alternating with large areas with short vegetation, this way the human senses are stimulated in a shadow-light play. the frames within the park have four different frames with different atmosphere: the first part of the park presents a romantic landscape. the large softly curved area is used for picnics and for relaxing. the second part of the park has a modern landscape with strong intervention points over the architecture: the pool with a innovative and related to the senses design, the vegetation is also related to human senses through the smell of the plants and through the colour of the species. the third frame was a surprise landscape: a romantic landscape within the gasometres. a landscape with same characteristics appears also along the stream that separates the last frame of the journey. the natural park has an aspect similar with a delta; having a quiet atmosphere with a savage look. the differences between the four frames of the journey are differentiate also through details as furniture and textures and materials used. How does it work? the parks was initially intended to be a journey that stimulates human senses. but however each frame of the park covers different expectation of a quality spare time in open air. the site works properly as a recreational centre, offering leisure, relaxing and culture opportunities to the users. the connexions between the frames are made through straight access paths leading the visitor to cover the distance to the other frame through one

Different styles in the park: modern part

Different styles in the park: natural part

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way direction traffic. the management and maintenance of the park is covered by public. the aim of the project was to not demand for intensive maintenance. in addition to that, the water-nature areas is exclusively maintained by volunteers. How does it feel? though the entrance is not so visible and easy to find, after reaching the first part of the park the landscape is welcoming through the big open space that gives room to free expression of man. you can have a picnic, play or nap. it feels like there is room to externalize your feelings. the differences between the landscape frames presented inside the park follow an experience of the relation between man and nature. The first part of the park is serving the human needs, the nature part has a restrictive access of visitors and the focus lies on the ecology. the surprise gardens within the gasometres and along the stream are feeling intimate and romantic, instead of public and exposed like in other frames of the journey. the usage of the water has an important effect on the atmosphere of the places. Dynamic pool, calm water, stream and delta are different elements, each one of them being found in each of the frames in the park. Use How is the place used? the place offers opportunities of spending the spare time. there is room for relaxing activities as well as entertaining activities. the park and the buildings offer different environments for festivals, parties and cultural events.

Who uses it? the park`s users are mostly the inhabitants from the surroundings neighbourhoods. the place is used for different activities: parties and concerts, cycling and outdoor games. So the users of the park are all kinds of people without restrictions. there is even a separate area for pets. Community How is the community served by this project? actually the community asked the municipality to develop a park on this site. the densely populated neighbourhoods flanking the site, the Spaarndammer and the Staatslieden districts have hardly got any green recreation areas. also for districts as bos en Lommer and Jordaan the Westerpark is the nearest park. the realization of the park made a big impact on the life quality of the surrounding districts, the quality increased. now inhabitants had a place to meet, relax and sport. the Westerpark also give chances for artist and small cultural events 10. What is its social impact? the park is very intensively used. Due to its accessibility from the four dense districts and the main routes connecting the districts with the city centre, the park is busy and alive. there are always people there, walking their dogs, playing games or just enjoying the weather 11. Meaning the park increased the quality of a lot of lives. the surrounding districts have a park where is room for many different target groups. Westerpark is now one of the most important parks of amsterdam and one of the best known 12.

Heavely used romantic part of the park

big open space in the middle of the park

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Environmental sensitivity and impact How is the environment served by this project? the former gas fabric polluted the area intensively. because of this heavy pollution the municipality and the environmental office designed a plan to firstly isolate the polluted soil 13. there is a high ecological value on the north side, where groundwater comes up. this water has a high quality facilitating a perfect environment for a nature part, but it is not accessible during the breeding-period. What is its contribution to sustainability? Westergasfabriek Cultural Park contributes to sustainability through a great set-up that unify social, ecological and cultural aspects of usage into a sustainable and durable landscape. through usage of soil, water and vegetation, the park achieve a fast regeneration of the ecological qualities of the site. it is easy to maintain and it is used by all categories of people, therefore it is an example of well contributing landscape in sustainable development of the city 14. Time How well does the place fare over time? by visiting the park it became clear that the park needed a higher maintenance level. not only the roads but also the plant borders need more management. the paths were on some places not accessible and the plant borders looked in the modern part a bit sloppy and badly maintained. How does project age incrementally? because of the bad maintenance the park did not live up to its full potential. Still the park grows over time, especially the nature part. the quality of the ecology grows over time and more special species

can be found. also the modern part will grow further, as the vegetation will grow mature, the place will get more shadow and structure. Lessons learned by creating different parts in the park the designers created different spots for different users. this is smart but it also divides the park into three or four pieces. that is why we experienced it as separate parts; there was no transition between the different styles.

1 Westpark, Stadsdeel. Project Westergasfabriek. Project Westergasfabriek. Web. 2003. <http://www.project-westergasfabriek.nl/english>, viewed on 26 Sep 2011, 12:15 2 Westergasfabriek bV. Westergasfabriek. Cultuurpark Westergasfabriek. Parkers. Web. oct. 2011. <http://www.westergasfabriek.nl/ en/>, viewed on 26 Sep 2011, 15:05 3 idem 1, viewed on 26 Sep 2011, 12:30 4 idem 1, viewed on 26 Sep 2011, 12:50 5 idem 2, viewed on 26 Sep 2011, 15:10 6 idem 1, viewed on 26 Sep 2011, 13:15 7 idem 1, viewed on 25 Sep 2011, 9:15 8 idem 1, viewed on 25 Sep 2011, 9:40 9 idem 1, viewed on 25 Sep 2011, 9:55 10 idem 1, viewed on 23 Sep 2011, 11:15 11 idem 1, viewed on 23 Sep 2011, 11:25 12 idem 1, viewed on 23 Sep 2011, 11:30 13 idem 1, viewed on 23 Sep 2011, 11:35 14 idem 1, viewed on 23 Sep 2011, 11:45

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bad maintanance makes the park look sloppy

intimite spots in the park as contrast with wide open spaces

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Summarizing and comparing

ConCLUSion

Kop van Zuid before the second world war the site was intensively used for both economic and social usage. being one of the major harbours of europe. but when the site got relocated to another area Kop van Zuid loses its function. basically the development of the area had to start from zero, creating a new function. this gave the site a new impulse. today the site is again intensively used, but now there are offices and leisure. The Kop van Zuid is 720m2. That is not a big surface but it can be characterized as large or big, because of the massiveness of the buildings and the intensive usage of the area. the concept for the site was to create a second city centre, but keeping the maritime characteristics. it succeeded to be known as a new city centre with a big success from the financial point of view. Kop van Zuid is continuously developing site. the project is not finished yet.

Westergasfabriek Cultuur Park after the closure of the fabric the site was left because of the heavy pollution of the soil. already in the first design of the fabric there was a park included. Mend for the workers. With the regeneration of the site the heavily polluted soil was treated and the whole terrain was reformed to a park. Leaving the old buildings and reusing them for mostly cultural events. the park is 14ha, which provides room for different frame sets in the park. there is a romantic, a modern and a natural part. the key design concept for the park was a gradual transition from old to new and from accessible to inaccessible, reminding of the enclosure between man and nature. you can experience this in the park, though the transition are hard. the design is completely implemented on the site, there are no big differences between the drawings of the design and the actual site.

Kop van Zuid, old and new combined

new use of the gasometers in Westergasfabriek Cultuur Park

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Comparing the case studys

Approach in planning Urban regeneration plans have been well implemented on urban scale in both of the cases. However the planning approach differs. rotterdam Municipality concerns land usage in favour of the real estate development, while the Westergasfabriek Cultural Park focuses on environment issues and serving the community. Decision making two of the differences come from the initiators of the project. In Kop van Zuid the main benefits are the economic incomes, the initiative came from the municipality. in amsterdam the process of regeneration firstly came from the community side, through public cultural manifestations in the Westergasfabriek area, therefore the park is the common place for culture and people. Issues the main issue that needed to be solved was the lack of vitality for both of the sites. on the one hand Kop van Zuid was before the second world war a dense industrial and populated space. after the relocating of the harbour Kop van Zuid lost its public attraction. the regeneration of the site changed the user groups. on the other hand, in the Westergasfabriek Cultural Park there used to be only industrial workers. With the redeveloping of the site the area became the social attraction of the surrounding districts. Kop van Zuid identifies itself with a major network issue though it was close to the city centre it represented more a des-industrialised site with no attraction for man and no connection with the surroundings. the Westergasfabriek area in amsterdam had a similar network issue. it was a dumped gas factory, avoided by visitors and real estate developers. the starting point of the redevelopment of Kop van Zuid was to increase the accessibility of the site and create multi-functional buildings in order to invite investments and people to the site. at the Westergasfabriek site the major pollution issue needed to be solved. ground work supposed to eliminate soil pollution, joining the vegetation and new water elements in order to create an ecological system, open to public and cultural manifestations. Goals of the concept the goal of Kop van Zuid was to form a new urban centre, while Westergasfabrieks goal was to become a place where nature comes into the city. the rotterdam site`s concept was urbanisation for economic gain while in amsterdam the concept was to experience man`s closure to nature. 24

for rotterdam`s old harbour, the goals were improving the networks within the site and with the surroundings. focusing on solving real estate and social issues of the area, the site has to be in conformity with present sustainability requirements. the goal of Westergasfrabriek Cultural Park was to satisfy the social and cultural needs demanded by the community. in order to build a social place the area had to be cleaned of pollution. the design was made in order to prevent pollution and improve the ecological aspects of a contemporary park. the concept of the park was to underline the closure between man and nature through experiencing different stages of feelings for nature. Approach in design attractiveness is given both by functionality and design. Kop van Zuid stated on very low quality design and maintenance before the project was started. through a new design the project focuses on building a modern architecture design of the buildings and increasing the quality of living in the area. for Westergasfabriek Park, the attractiveness of the site firstly represented by safety and secondly by design. Design the design of Kop van Zuid area meant to increase the real estate development as a strength of the city. the new identity of Kop van Zuid is opposite to the one that used to be there: from a dumped poor harbour to a boosting economy business centre. Same as in rotterdam`s site, urban regeneration gives a new identity to Westergasfabriek from a polluted gas factory to a park where nature is presented as a very important element in man`s living. the two major differences in the designs of those sites are their values themselves: sustainability and nature-man closure versus urban real estate development. therefore in the Kop van Zuid case, the new intervention lines were made over the existent plan of the harbour and the traffic connections, followed by intensification of functions and build environment. Many of the old buildings were demolished, and much more new buildings have arisen. in the Westergasfabriek Park the new project only kept the borders and the buildings, everything else was changed, including the soil. the regeneration process started below ground level in order to improve ecologic quality of the park. Site visit for a visitor, both sites are an experience, although they have a different scale, they have impact over

human senses and perception. Kop van Zuid is a site that impresses through the massiveness of concrete, while Westergasfabriek Park impresses through the suddenly appearance of the nature near the city centre. However both sites display reminiscence of their history valued in their actual design. Moreover, the historical elements play an important role in the aesthetics of the sites. on a perceptive level, Kop van Zuid makes man feel small comparing with other elements of landscape as buildings, the river and the Cruise ship. in Westergasfabriek Park the perception of the space is totally different: the park brings nature closer and tries human senses, with the result of a natural experience of the space. the space gives the man closure with the surroundings, and free space for expression. Realization of the project Usage Kop Van Zuids design aimed to develop and generate a new urban centre for rotterdam city taking into account its historical memory and context. one of the most vital intentions was concentrated on the social segment and how it got translated into usage. Kop Van Zuids social goals were reached by using different functions and comfortable details in managing the overall space. the project is now being used for and by diverse sectors such as working offices, housing, leisure and entertainment, and cultural events. therefore the place is mostly used for daily migration from and to work or school, but less for spare time. in comparison with Kop van Zuid, the Westerfabriek Park aimed at accomplishing both social and cultural needs for public use and for the surrounding neighbourhoods. the goal was to transform the unfunctional space into a social place for gathering, entertainment, cultural activities and art manifestations. the park is basically public used when spare time is available. Environmental Impact in Kop Van Zuid, when all the industrial work of the harbour came to an end, the extent of pollution gradually started to decrease. However minor polluted outcomes are still generated by the use of passenger transportation such as public ships, water taxis and cruise ships. but on the general overview the project developers worked with sustainable technologies by reusing as much existing materials and structures as possible. the case is quite similar in the Westergasfabriek Park, but with additional notice on pollution reduc-

tion from all angles because the area used to be intensively contaminated. For instance the first step was to treat the polluted soil by isolating it. Maintenance and aging of the project Maintenance Level Kop Van Zuid has proven that sustainable design practices can be integrated within built environment. for example, building structures play a major role in maintaining the project sustainably, by using solar radiation and soil waste heat, incorporating glass atria, retaining sea port structures, reuse of construction materials from razed buildings. also Westergasfabriek is an effective example of project maintenance, unlike Kop Van Zuid, it concentrates more on natural and ecological features to secure sustainability such as soil, water, vegetation usage. the Westergasfabriek Park is partly maintained by volunteers from the surrounding districts. Time Aspect the regeneration of Kop Van Zuid took place in 1994, therefore the approach of the project is very recent and modernistic. The projects time intention is to preserve its maritime history but is still under production and construction process. thus the site nowadays looks young and fresh. overtime the trees will grow and give the streets an intimate atmosphere, but the buildings will most probably lose their new edge. the difference in the Westerfabriek Park is that there is more emphasis on its natural characteristic, which makes it more difficult to maintain over time. time will take over and negatively affect the projects structures. One can tell by looking at some of the inaccessible paths or the disordered plant borders. Impact Social/Community the Kop van Zuid project had a big impact on the community and with the regeneration of the site Kop van Zuid got a new image. this attracted new people to the site. first there was just one user group with a lower income, now there is a mixture of different groups. The success of the site is also reflecting on the district around it giving those districts a better image as well. the community around the Westergasfabriek area asked the municipality for the realizing of a parksite. the regeneration here meant a lot to the community because there is not many green outdoor space for recreation in the surrounding districts.

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Ecological/Sustainability by the realization of Kop van Zuid one of the goals was to build sustainable and reuse as many materials as possible. at the Westergasfabriek Cultural park there were a lot of problems with polluted soil. the municipality and other environmental organisations cleaned the soil so it can be used for recreation. besides the pollution the site also holds an important ecological status. in the northern area groundwater is coming up providing a good environment for ecological purposes. this area is developed as a natural and ecological park and gives room to special flora and fauna. Financial/Economic Kop van Zuid is nowadays an important business and culture centre. it has given the economy of the city of rotterdam a good impulse. in the Westergasfabriek Cultural Park multiple events are hold, this brings in money for culture and nature related topics. Lessons learned the Kop van Zuid project had a big impact on the urban development of rotterdam by creating a great business centre. the project has reached the success through becoming a landmark with a growing economy. However the economy orientation of the project lets behind the success of public usage. Kop van Zuid is less friendly for public life. in the Westergasfabriek Culture Park the designers created different parts in the park, therefore there are different spots for different users. this was well thought through but it also divides the park into several pieces, with no transition between the different styles.

the ongoing building activities in Kop van Zuid

Quick transformation between romantic and modern part

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CritiCS anD refLeCtion

Critics Implementation of urban regeneration Kop Van Zuid proved to be an effective interpretation of what is known to be Urban regeneration. This is because the projects intention was not only to re-image the sites area, but also Rotterdam city on a larger scale. Kop van Zuids urban regeneration and reconstruction was formed through the expansion of new cultural and recreational uses of the site. the area had been used for port-related activities that had recently become out-dated. an urgent crucial measure had to be taken to renew and renovate the area and give the Kop Van Zuidarea a new impulse. Several project fundamentals indicate how urban regeneration was implemented in the sites, such as the expansion of the citys centre across the river, providing of a functional link between the two river sides, integrating the mix of uses: residential, office and retail spaces, hotels , outdoor public areas and most importantly the new erasmus bridge and the new metro station that linked the area and the surrounding residential neighbourhoods to the rotterdam international rail network. Urban regeneration does not only focus on physical characteristic, the project also aimed to offer social benefits for the inhabitants of surrounding districts. this was in line with Rotterdams social renewal approach to regeneration, which attempted to relate the economic and social welfare benefits of redevelopment projects. as for the Westergasfabriek Park in amsterdam, urban regeneration in that project was not physically stated and defined. Westergasfabriek had a social impact on the surrounding urban areas, that provided from the success of the park.. that is why the projects initial intention was the establishment of an explicit park, more precisely a cultural park. the Westergasfabriek Cultural Park is mainly considered as a radical regeneration of a former gasworks, but on the larger context, and because of its strategic location, it is known as a redevelopment

of the whole neighbourhood districts surrounding it. Urban regeneration was implemented by revitalizing the park and giving it a public function through its cultural and natural uses. How does it work on the sites? Successes Kop van Zuid is a new centre of rotterdam through its successful development and its awareness. in the Kop van Zuid case, the success counts the economic feature for logistics and the new media business. as a multifunctional area, Kop van Zuid reaches an important stage of urban development for a modern centre that accomplishes both the demands for living as for business investments. on aesthetical level, the site is a mix of old and new architectural elements: new buildings were constructed in the large empty spaces next to the old buildings that were not demolished by the war. rotterdam city has an architectural character that combines old buildings with high massive new constructions. However the reconstruction of the city lead to the appearance of several disconnected places as Kop van Zuid used to be. through its regeneration, Kop van Zuid has gained again the connection with the surroundings and attraction for living, business, education and entertainment, and its attractiveness by different users makes it a successful project. Westergasfabriek Cultuur Park had a different approach to urban development since the beginning of planning. transforming an industrial polluted site into a durable ecological park completed successfully with its opening to the public. the site works well because there are integrated social and cultural economic programs. these gained a good functioning of the site from all the points of view as an open manifestation area. the site`s positioning close to the centre of the city increases its popularity and usage, being an important green space on the map of amsterdam. the rebuilding of the space took in consideration firstly the demands of the community living in the surround 27

ings. the project brought sustainability and encouraged the usage of the space for leisure and cultural purposes. now the park is one important place for social activities and an example for durable design of the landscape. the impacts for the city is the improvement of the overall quantity and quality of the public green spaces of amsterdam. the most important indicator of its success is the good usage by all the social categories of people. failures the Urban regeneration process of Kop van Zuid initially had to be based on all three pillars of sustainability, including social, economic and environmental layers in the development strategies in order to launch a functional new area. the planning approach combined different types of policies based on physical aspects of architecture, social integration and public-private partnerships, but neither of them mentioned the environmental causes of sustainability. the design of Kop van Zuid discreetly combines art elements reminding of the time that it was an important harbour.. the reminiscences of its history are visible if you know what to look for, but if you have no intend to see the hints you probably look over them. Westergasfabriek Cultuur Park is a successfully green public area within the city. However the connection with the surroundings is made through three major access points. those do not assure the accessibility of the space and neither the connection with the neighbourhoods around the site. the users might be put into the position of seeing the park, without accessing it. the routes in Westergasfabriek Cultuur are designed in one way, all of the areas being in a continuous line of stepping only forward. the straight alleys lead you from one section to another without letting you discover the surroundings and environments that the park offers to human senses. in the park most of the experience is given, visitors cannot discover it themselves. How can it work better in future practices? this case study shows that there are different strategies and approaches to urban regeneration and there are positive and negative effects by both researched approaches. Urban renewal does not need strict guidelines but from the successes and failures of other projects we can learn. However, that does not mean that a success on one location also works on another. there are three very important lessons to be learned from this case study about urban regeneration. The first lesson is that every place is unique and has its own history and story, which 28

should not get lost. The designer should first look carefully at the site to see what he can reuse. those materials, buildings, borders or vegetation remind of the history and tell the story of the site. a second point that should be kept in mind is that the new site should connect with the users of the site. When the design is made to attract new user groups, the designer should try to predict what those groups want and how it will feel. in the Westergasfabriek Cultural Park the designers played with this aspect. there were spaces that felt comfortable and welcoming, but there were also places that felt oversized. in the Kop van Zuid area the buildings were very tall which felt like the designers forgot about the human scale and experience. the third important lesson that can be learned from this case study is that the area should add value to the site and its surroundings. the site needs additional features to attract new users. the Westergasfabriek Cultuur Park attracts people by organizing cultural events, but more important, it is the only green outdoor space of the surrounding districts and this makes it unique. Reflection Intentions of the design Kop Van Zuid project was to be treated on a larger scale: the city level. the redevelopment design plan for the Kop Van Zuid was intended to be noticed as an extension of Rotterdams city centre. the design isrevitalizing the area and it brings back its ancient vibrant setting. the old maritime history is preserved but with a new urbanized edge, and therefore attracts visitors and residents back to the city. the design development scheme is home to new educational facilities, businesses and entertainment venues. the Westergasfabriek design intended to provide space for creativity and cultural businesses. the industrial monuments and the surrounding park were designed to form a multifunctional area with a modern city park of international standard. Vegetation, water, offices, spaces for events, restaurants, a theatre and much more were provided to have a remediation design plan for the old polluted gas factory. However, it also initiates a new meeting area, an urban green living intervention, a significant city landmark. Intentions of Urban Regeneration Urban regeneration of the sites aim to build authentic spaces adapted to the local issues that caused lack of functionality. the relevance of intervention for each of the sites is reported to the community of users though shaping strategies that assure better quality of usage and living within the site and in the surroundings. through urban regeneration process,

both of the sites have improved not only their own image but the image of the city itself. Kop van Zuid offered benefits to the inhabitants through improved services and creating jobs. Different approaches of urban regeneration can be successful as long as areas with lack of activities begin to function and be consumed by people in one way or another. instead, Westergasfabriek Cultuur Park has definitely reached its main aim of satisfying the necessity of open green space and it is properly used not only by the inhabitants from the surroundings, but also by other visitors. Urban regeneration of an area should balance interventions regarding also the context of the site. Kop van Zuid area was planned individually as a modern new centre. the surroundings of the area were keeping their deprived image as old urban districts. in order to maintain the goal of connecting the area with the city, this contrast had to be avoided. the situation was managed through getting involved in the project and the neighbourhood associations of the surrounding districts. the social program increased from its initial stage in planning. Westergasfabriek Cultuur Park planning actually started by the way people used the space: as free space for underground cultural exhibition. the relation with the surroundings intended to offer space for the inhabitants of the surrounding districts. Urban regeneration had to bring benefits for both social and economic aspects of the site. With Kop van Zuid project, City of rotterdam wanted to compete with large cities within the netherlands. the area was used to build support for future economic activities generating jobs for the inhabitants and offering complementary services: housing areas, education institutions and entertainment places. the urban regeneration of the Westergasfabriek has a different scale. it mainly offers visitors the experience of green space and public manifestation, more than providing economic incomes from cultural activities. it is however a intensively used and well known area that functions for community benefits. the image of the site in both of the cases has completely changed. Urban regeneration process values the strengths and opportunities of a site in order to create a new design and to bring new functions. Kop van Zuid has changed its image dramatically from a forsaken old harbour with warehouses and decks to a new modern district with skyscrapers and dynamic atmosphere. Due to Kop van Zuid identity change, the surrounding districts have also started to develop independently, through increasing the number of modern buildings and new facilities for workers and inhabitants. Westergasfabriek Cultuur Park has a new identity from an old dumped factory into a green, public space that aims to be an

example of landscape sustainability. though it did not influence directly the image of the surroundings, the presence of the park has improved the comfort of the inhabitants. Conclusion Urban regeneration is getting more important. for example a country like the netherlands, the population stopped growing and is even decreasing in some parts. While there are a serious problems in other cities such as Heerlen, where whole neighbourhoods are being abandoned, schools and other facilities are being demolished. a lot of spaces become unattractive, challenging designers to give the places a new impulse and a new meaning, just like the Kop van Zuid area. according to eric Luiten heritage is becoming more and more important and must be preserved by designers. People have an emotional connection with those locations and giving those places a second life is crucial, otherwise these places will disappear. to his opinion heritage is connected with a collective memory and as a designer you can use this to attract them to a certain location, more like the Westergasfabriek Cultuur Park, where the memory of the place is contained in the layout of the park.

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SoUrCeS

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