THE STRENGTH CAPACITY OF INSULATED SANDWICH PANEL UNDER STATIC LATERAL LOADING

Nurul Ain Jamari1 and Nor Hayati Abdul Hamid2 1 Postgraduate Student (MSc.) 2 Lecturer (Assoc. Prof.) (Dr.) Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor Email: cornettovanilla@yahoo.com

Abstract: Insulated Sandwich Wall Panels are designed to stand without intermediate supports and provide dual function of transferring load and insulating the structure. They can be used as load bearing or non-load bearing structure. An experimental study was conducted to determine the strength capacity, mode of failure and structural behaviour of the Insulated Sandwich Wall Panels. Two walls were tested under static lateral loading using lateral force by increase displacements at constant rate of 0.01 mm/min and 1 mm/min respectively until the ultimate strength is achieved. Data of load, displacement and strain are obtained from data logger and being analyzed in terms of force-displacement and stress-strain relationship, while mode of failure is by observation. Maximum strength achieved during the testing are 2.2 kN and 5.2 kN for Wall 1 and Wall 2 respectively. Experimental results also demonstrate that the insulated sandwich wall panels do not suffer any damage under static lateral in-plane loading. Major modes of failure observed are buckling of the framing system and uplift of the wall. There is no yielding of the wall because the stresses are very low. Key words: Sandwich Wall Panel (SIP), Lateral loading, Composite materials

1. INTRODUCTION Recently, the Industrialized Building Systems (IBS) construction concept has been embraced by the government projects to contain 70 percent IBS of its structural component. This directive has been issued in 2008 and to be implemented in all government projects under the Ninth Malaysia Plan. New innovation has revealed as there are new technologies of system that integrates Composite Insulated Materials that designed and manufactured with state-of-the-art bonding of chlorofluorocarbon (CFC)-free Rigid Polyurethane injected between two Cement Fibre Boards, known as Insulated Sandwich Panel (ISP). The skins of the panel are made from top grade cellulose

fibre, Portland cement and finely ground sand. However, the Polyurethane core are formed by mixing Isocyanate and Polyol, chilled and foamed in place using a modern Computerized High-pressure Injector on a continuous production line with an automatic cutting machine. They are designed to stand without intermediate supports and provide dual function of transferring load and insulating the structure. They can be used for both load bearing and non-load bearing applications. They can be either used for cladding or can act as beams, bearing walls or shear walls. It may also be used as exterior and interior walls. They may also be attached to any type of structural frame like structural steel, reinforced concrete or pre-engineered steel frames.

1.1 PROJECT REFERENCE USING ISP ISP manufactured by CYCLEWORLD Group of Companies has finished several projects in Malaysia and Indonesia. Some of those projects are stated in Table 1. Table 1: Projects that apply ISP Construction Project Scope Area
Duration

ma n Joh or 1. OBJECTIVES The objectives of this study are to determine the lateral strength capacity, identify the mode of failure, and determine structural behaviour of insulated sandwich wall panel under in-plane static loading. 2. LITERATURE REVIEW One of the earliest studies on the sandwich wall panel (SWP) was conducted by Pfeifer and Hanson (Pfeifer, D.W., 1964). The study included 50 SWP with variety of wythe connectors. The panels were tested in flexure under uniform loading. Test results showed that welded truss-shaped steel connectors were more effective in transferring shear than steel connectors without diagonal members. Tests by Bush and Stine showed that a high degree of composite stiffness and flexural capacity could be achieved with truss connectors oriented longitudinally in precast concrete SWP (Bush, T.D., 1994). It was also shown that the friction bond between insulation and concrete provided a reasonable contribution to the overall shear transfer. The behaviour of precast concrete SWP under axial load was investigated by Benayoune et. al. The panels were found to behave in a fully composite manner almost up to failure as only a small discontinuity of strain was observed across the insulation layer. The structural performance of these panels was satisfactory.

i.

Tab ung Haji Pal m Oil Pla ntati on HQ, Ria u Ind one sia Mal aysi a Arm y Barr ack, Miri Sar awa k Coo l Terr ace Hou se, Pul au Tio

2.5 months

5,550 (office staff worker and house)

m2 block, house, house, guest

ii.

2 months

36,400 m2 (four office blocks and 28 family houses)

iii.

45 days

631 m2 (2 blocks of 14 family houses)

panel is manufactured by Cycleworld Corporation Sdn. Bhd. Linear variable differential transformer (LVDT) will be used to measure the linear displacement at seven points as shown in Figure 2. Additionally, fourteen strain gauges device are applied on the surface of cement fibre to measure the strain. From the displacement and strain values, load versus displacement and stress versus strain graphs can be plotted. Therefore the mode of failure of the specimen can be identified.

strain gauges

Figure 1: Test results of panel-to-frame connections Matteis and Landolfo (1998) disassemble on the behavioural parameters of sandwich panel shear walls within an analysis of cladding panels of steel frames under monotonic and cyclic lateral loads. Monotonic test were performed on 27 specimens by using an appropriate loading device and by applying imposed load increments. Each specimen subjected to shearing stress up to the ultimate strength. Test results were analyzed by loaddisplacement relationships as shown in Figure 1. Summarizations, both bonded (D-1, E-1, and F-1) and a screwed (A-1) connection seems to be inadequate for structural purposes, while the best behavior is edge reinforced (I-1) panel typologies. 3. EXPERIMENTAL STUDY The target of this project is to determine the strength capacity of insulated sandwich panel under lateral static loading. Therefore, a precast insulated sandwich wall panel is chosen to be tested. This insulated sandwich

Figure 2: Experimental set up of the wall 4.1 DESIGN OF STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS The dimension of specimens are 1,220 mm length, 1,700 mm height and 65 mm in thickness are about to be placed on top of a reinforced concrete foundation with 1,800 mm length, 600 mm width and 200 mm height. It will be undergoing an in-plane static lateral load testing using the lateral universal load actuator with maximum loading capacity of 500 kN. The foundation is constructed using concrete grade C30 in accordance to BS8110:1997: Structural Use of Concrete. 4.2 CONSTRUCTION OF STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS The structural components are beam foundation and concrete block. They were

casted in-situ. First step done is preparation of formwork and arrangement of reinforcement bars sizes 16 mm and 20 mm high yield Grade 460. The bars are bended into cages as required as detailed using bending machine. Then the cages are placed in the formworks as shown in Figure 3.

1. EXPERIMENTAL SET UP The specimen is having an in-plane static loading to determine the strength capacity of the insulated sandwich wall panel. The loading is applied by a load cell of maximum loading capacity of 500 kN. The aim of this testing is to get the displacement and strain readings through data logger. For the setting up, the foundation is screwed to the strong floor. Then the galvanized iron (GI) u-chanel is set on the center of the foundation where leveling required by using mixture of Sikadur. GI is connected to foundation beam by wall plug. After Sikadur is hardened, wall is slotted on GI chanel and tighten by rivet. Finally the wall is slotted with concrete block as gravity load.

(a) Concre te block

(b) Beam foundat ion

Figure 3: Detailing and construction of structural components For concreting, the concrete mixture is calculated to the proportions of 1:2:4 which represent the water, cement and aggregates respectively. The mixture designed as accordance to British Standard BS 1881: Testing Concrete, Separately dated parts. The grade of the concrete used is Grade 30.

Figure 4: Setting up of the ISP for testing As all the LVDT and strain gauges are installed in place, they are wired to data logger and all the coefficients are keyed in the data excel. As specimen is ready, technician started the loading with rate of 0.1 mm/minute and 1 mm/minute for Wall 1 and Wall 2 respectively. 2. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

6.1 LATERAL STRENGTH CAPACITY Lateral strength capacity is achieved by plotting the load versus displacement curve. The value of strain achieved indicates the ratio of displacement over the actual length of the specimen. The optimum lateral strength capacity achieved for Sample 1 and Sample 2 are 2.2 kN and 5.2 kN respectively. Figure 5 shows the graph of Load versus Displacement of the ISP under in-plane static loading for Wall 2.

(a)

(b)

Figure 5: Graph of load versus displacement of the testing. 6.2 MODE OF FAILURE Mode of failure describes the manner in which the wall failure occurred. Under inplane static loading, it experienced three major failures. They are buckling of aluminium and galvanized chanel, connection failure, and uplift of the wall panel. Figure 6 shows the mode of failures. However, for Figure 6(c) can be seen that the uplift of the wall is only 1/3 of the wall width. This might be due to compressiontension phenomenon occurred to the wall. Compressi on (c) Tensio n

Figure 6: Mode of failure at (a) GI chanel; (b) connections; and (c) uplift of the panel 6.3 STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOUR Behaviours of the ISP were undertaken from the static lateral loading testing. The behaviours identified are lateral strength, displacement and stress-strain relationship.

Table 2 shows the summary of results for the behaviours. The maximum displacement is obtained from LVDT 1 which located at the applied load, which also measured highest displacement. Table 2: Results from the testing Structural behaviour Wall 1 Wall 2 i. Lateral strength capacity (kN) Maximum deflection (mm) Stress (N/mm2) Strain

2.2

5.2

other method should be chose because when using concrete block, it become issues when the concrete block need to be slotted on the wall. The pit might not be perfectly fit the wall. If this phenomenon happened, it will affect the readings. Other than that, data storage of the software should be update from using Microsoft Excel 2003 to a newest version since the 2003 edition have limited data storage. They should update it to an unlimited data storage Excel. REFERENCES: 1. N. Augenti, F. Parisis, A. Prota, and G. Manfredi (2011), In-Plane Lateral Response of a Full-Scale Masonry Subassemblage with and without an Inorganic Matrix-Grid Strengthening System, Journal of Composites for Construction. 2. Michael C. Lewis, Rakesh Gupta, and Thomas H. Miller (2009), Performance of Wood-Frame Wall with Thin ECC Shear Panel, Practical Periodical on Structural Design and Construction. 3. G. De Matteis and R. Landolfo (1998), Structural Behaviour of Sandwich Panel Shear Walls: An Experimental Analysis, Materials and Structures, RILEM, Volume 32, pp 331-341. 4. Yi-sheng Su, Zong-ping Chen, Xiaojun Ke, and Guo-hong Xiong (2010), Experimental Research on the Bearing Capacity of Polyurethane Foam Sandwich Concrete Wallboard, IEEE, China. 5. Tarek Sharaf and Amir Fam (2011), Experimental Investigation of Large-Scale Cladding Sandwich Panels under Out-of-Plane Transverse Loading for Building Applications, Journal of Composites for Construction. 6. Werasak Raongjant and Meng Jing (2008), Finite Element Analysis on Lightweight Reinforced Concrete Shear Walls with Different Web Reinforcement, The Sixth PSU Engineering Conference, Civil

ii.

25.10

33.64

iii. iv.

0.0008925 0.003692

0.0021096 0.000227

1. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION From the results data achieved, can be concluded the maximum lateral strength capacity of the insulated sandwich wall panel for Sample 1 is 2.2 kN and Sample 2 is 5.2 kN, while from the stress-strain relationship shown the values of stress and strain are too minimal with less than 0.002231 N/mm2 and 626 m/m respectively. In both testing, the Galvanized Iron (G.I) U-chanel experienced major failure and they are the first member to be observed the failure, followed by the aluminium C-chanel. Although galvanized iron strength is higher than aluminium, since the loads are transferred and concentrated to the member, they experienced the fail first. This phenomenon contributes to the uplift of the wall. Despite all the failure, the wall remains its shape without any crack or defects observed. The failure is taken by framing that surrounding the wall corners that acts as the cover of polyurethane. However, better approaches and method could be used in future study on this ISP. For example, Instead of using concrete block,

Engineering Department University of Technology Thanyaburi, Thailand.