The Laws of Motion

CHAPTER OUTLINE
4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 The Concept of Force Newtons First Law Mass Newtons Second LawThe Particle Under a Net Force The Gravitational Force and Weight Newtons Third Law Applications of Newtons Laws Context ConnectionForces on Automobiles

ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS
Q4.1 (a) The force due to gravity of the earth pulling down on the ballthe reaction force is the force due to gravity of the ball pulling up on the earth. The force of the hand pushing up on the ballreaction force is ball pushing down on the hand. The only force acting on the ball in free-fall is the gravity due to the earth -the reaction force is the gravity due to the ball pulling on the earth.

4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8

(b)

Q4.2

Mistake one: The car might be momentarily at rest, in the process of (suddenly) reversing forward into backward motion. In this case, the forces on it add to a (large) backward resultant. Mistake two: There are no cars in interstellar space. If the car is remaining at rest, there are some large forces on it, including its weight and some force or forces of support. Mistake three: The statement reverses cause and effect, like a politician who thinks that his getting elected was the reason for people to vote for him. When the bus starts moving, the mass of Claudette is accelerated by the force of the back of the seat on her body. Clark is standing, however, and the only force on him is the friction between his shoes and the floor of the bus. Thus, when the bus starts moving, his feet start accelerating forward, but the rest of his body experiences almost no accelerating force (only that due to his being attached to his accelerating feet!). As a consequence, his body tends to stay almost at rest, according to Newtons first law, relative to the ground. Relative to Claudette, however, he is moving toward her and falls into her lap. (Both performers won Academy Awards.) No. The reaction to your weight is an upward force you exert on the Earth. First ask, Was the bus moving forward or backing up? If it was moving forward, the passenger is lying. A fast stop would make the suitcase fly toward the front of the bus, not toward the rear. If the bus was backing up at any reasonable speed, a sudden stop could not make a suitcase fly far. Fine her for malicious litigiousness. It would be smart for the explorer to gently push the rock back into the storage compartment. Newtons 3rd law states that the rock will apply the same size force on her that she applies on it. The harder she pushes on the rock, the larger her resulting acceleration. The molecules of the floor resist the ball on impact and push the ball back, upward. The actual force acting is due to the forces between molecules that allow the floor to keep its integrity and to prevent the ball from passing through. Notice that for a ball passing through a window, the molecular forces werent strong enough. 83

Q4.3

Q4.4 Q4.5

Q4.6

Q4.7

84 Q4.8

The Laws of Motion

While a football is in flight, the force of gravity and air resistance act on it. When a football is in the process of being kicked, the foot pushes forward on the ball and the ball pushes backward on the foot. At this time and while the ball is in flight, the Earth pulls down on the ball (gravity) and the ball pulls up on the Earth. The moving ball pushes forward on the air and the air backward on the ball. A particular nugget weighs less in Denver, at greater distance from the center of the earth, so you will pay less for it there, if it is sold by weight. If it is sold by mass, you can buy gold in either place equally well. A portion of each leaf of grass extends above the metal bar. This portion must accelerate in order for the leaf to bend out of the way. The leafs mass is small, but when its acceleration is very large, the force exerted by the bar on the leaf puts the leaf under tension large enough to shear it off. As the barbell goes through the bottom of a cycle, the lifter exerts an upward force on it, and the scale reads the larger upward force that the floor exerts on them together. Around the top of the weights motion, the scale reads less than average. If the iron is moving upward, the lifter can declare that she has thrown it, just by letting go of it for a moment, so our answer applies also to this case. It is impossible to string a horizontal cable without its sagging a bit. Since the cable has a mass, gravity pulls it downward. A vertical component of the tension must balance the weight for the cable to be in equilibrium. If the cable were completely horizontal, then there would be no vertical component of the tension to balance the weight. Some physics teachers demonstrate this by asking a beefy student to pull on the ends of a cord supporting a can of soup at its center. Some get two burly young men to pull on opposite ends of a strong rope, while the smallest person in class gleefully mashes the center of the rope down to the table. Point out the beauty of sagging suspension-bridge cables. With a laser and an optical lever, demonstrate that the mayor makes the courtroom table sag when he sits on it, and the judge bends the bench. Give them I make the floor sag buttons, available to instructors using this manual. Estimate the cost of an infinitely strong cable, and the truth will always win. As the sand leaks out, the acceleration increases. With the same driving force, a decrease in the mass causes an increase in the acceleration. As the rocket takes off, it burns fuel, pushing the gases from the combustion out the back of the rocket. Since the gases have mass, the total remaining mass of the rocket, fuel, and oxidizer decreases. With a constant thrust, a decrease in the mass results in an increasing acceleration. The tension in the rope when pulling the car is twice that in the tug-of-war. One could consider the car as behaving like another team of twenty more people. This statement contradicts Newtons 3rd law. The force that the locomotive exerted on the wall is the same as that exerted by the wall on the locomotive. The wall temporarily exerted on the locomotive a force greater than the force that the wall could exert without breaking. The sack of sand moves up with the athlete, regardless of how quickly the athlete climbs. Since the athlete and the sack of sand have the same weight, the acceleration of the system must be zero. The resultant force doesnt always add to zero. If it did, nothing could ever accelerate. If we choose a single object as our system, action and reaction forces can never add to zero, as they act on different objects.

Q4.9

Q4.10

Q4.11

Q4.12

Q5.13 Q5.14

Q4.15 Q4.16

Q4.17 Q4.18

Chapter 4

85

Q4.19

An object cannot exert a force on itself. If it could, then objects would be able to accelerate themselves, without interacting with the environment. You cannot lift yourself by tugging on your bootstraps.

SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS
Section 4.1 The Concept of Force

No problems in this section

Section 4.2

Newtons First Law

No problems in this section

Section 4.3
P4.1

Mass

For the same force F, acting on different masses F = m1 a1 and F = m 2 a 2 so m1a1 = m2 a2 . (a)

m1 a 2 1 = = 3 m2 a1
m2 = 3m1

(b)

F = m1 + m 2 a = 4m1 a = m1 3.00 m s 2

a = 0.750 m s 2
P4.2

Since the car is moving with constant speed and in a straight line, the resultant force on it must be zero regardless of whether it is moving
(a) (b) toward the right or the left.

Section 4.4
P4.3

Newtons Second LawThe Particle Under a Net Force

m = 3.00 kg r $ a = 2.00 i + 5.00 $ m s 2 j r r i F = ma = 6.00 $ + 15.0 $j N

F =

e j a6.00f + a15.0f N =
2 2

16.2 N

86

The Laws of Motion

P4.4

(a)

r r r F = F1 + F2 = 9.00 $ + 3.00 $ N i j

Acceleration

r $ 9.00 i + 3.00 $ N j r $ + a $ = F = $ a = ax i y j = 4.50 i + 1.50 $ m s 2 j m 2.00 kg

Velocity

r r r r v f = v x $ + v y $ = v i + at = at i j

r v f = 4.50 $ + 1.50 $ m s 2 10 s = i j (b)

ee

ja f e45.0$i + 15.0 $jj m s

The direction of motion makes angle with the x-direction.

= tan 1

F v I = tan F 15.0 m s I GH v JK GH 45.0 m s JK

y x 1

= 18.4+180 = 162 from + x-axis

(c) Displacement: x-displacement = x f xi = v xi t + 1 1 a x t 2 = 4.50 m s 2 10.0 s 2 2 1 1 y-displacement = y f yi = v yi t + a y t 2 = +1.50 m s 2 10.0 s 2 2 r r = 225 $ + 75.0 $ m i j

e e

ja ja

f f

= 225 m = +75.0 m

(d)

Position:

r r r r f = ri + r r r f = 2.00 $ + 4.00 $ + 225 $ + 75.0 $ = i j i j

j e

j e227$i + 79.0$jj m

P4.5

r r m = 4.00 kg , v i = 3.00 $ m s , v 8 = 8.00 $ + 10.0 $ m s , t = 8.00 s i i j r r v 5.00 $ + 10.0 $ i j m s2 a= = 8.00 t r r F = ma = 2.50 $ + 5.00 $ N i j (a)

(b) P4.6

F = ( 2.50) +(5.00) = 5.59 N

dy dx = 10t , v y = = 9t 2 dt dt dv y dv a x = x = 10 , a y = = 18t dt dt vx =
At t = 2.00 s , a x = 10.0 m s 2 , a y = 36.0 m s 2

Fx = ma x : 3.00 kge10.0 Fy = ma y : 3.00 kg e36.0

m s 2 = 30.0 N
2

j m s j = 108 N

F=

Fx2 + Fy2 = 112 N

Chapter 4

87

P4.7

(a)

i F = F1 + F2 = e 20.0 $ + 15.0 $jj N

r F2

F = ma:
or

r 20.0 $ + 15.0 $ = 5.00a i j r $ a = 4.00 i + 3.00 $ m s 2 j

r F1 r F2

a = 5.00 m s 2 at = 36.9

(b)

F2 x = 15.0 cos 60.0 = 7.50 N F2 y = 15.0 sin 60.0 = 13.0 N r F2 = 7.50 $ + 13.0 $ N i j r r r r r i F = F1 + F2 = 27.5 $ + 13.0 $j N = ma = 5.00a

r F1
FIG. P4.7

r a= P4.8

e5.50i$ + 2.60 $jj m s

= 6.08 m s 2 at 25.3

F = ma reads

e2.00 i$ + 2.00$j + 5.00$i 3.00 $j 45.0i$j N = me3.75 m s ja$

2

r $ where a represents the direction of a $ e42.0 $i 1.00$jj N = me3.75 m s ja r F 1.00 I F = a42.0f + a1.00f N at tan G 42.0 J below the x-axis H K r $ F = 42.0 N at 181 = me3.75 m s ja .
2 2 2
1

For the vectors to be equal, their magnitudes and their directions must be equal. (a) (b)
(d)
$ a is at 181 counterclockwise from the x-axis

m=

42.0 N = 11.2 kg 3.75 m s 2

r r r r v f = v i + at = 0 + 3.75 m s 2 at 181 10.0 s so v f = 37.5 m s at 181 r r v f = 37.5 m s cos 181 $ + 37.5 m s sin 181 $ so v f = i j

e37.5 $i 0.893 $jj m s

(c)

r v f = 37.5 2 + 0.893 2 m s = 37.5 m s

88

The Laws of Motion

Section 4.5
P4.9

The Gravitational Force and Weight

Fg = mg = 120 lb = 4.448 N lb (120 lb)= 534 N m= Fg g = 534 N = 54.5 kg 9.80 m s 2 900 N = 91.8 kg 9.80 m s 2

(a) (b)

P4.10

Fg = mg = 900 N , m =

cF h
g

on Jupiter

= 91.8 kg 25.9 m s 2 = 2.38 kN

P4.11

Imagine a quick trip by jet, on which you do not visit the rest room and your perspiration is just canceled out by a glass of tomato juice. By subtraction, Fg = mg p and Fg = mg C give

c h h

c h

Fg = m g p g C . For a person whose mass is 88.7 kg, the change in weight is

Fg = 88.7 kg 9.809 5 9.780 8 = 2.55 N .

A precise balance scale, as in a doctors office, reads the same in different locations because it compares you with the standard masses on its beams. A typical bathroom scale is not precise enough to reveal this difference.
P4.12

Fg = weight of ball = mg v release = v and time to accelerate = t :

r r r v v v $ a= = = i t t t

(a)

Distance x = vt : x =

FG v IJ t = H 2K

vt 2

(b)

r Fg v $ Fp Fg $ = j i gt r Fg v $ Fp = i + Fg $ j gt

Chapter 4

89

P4.13

(a)

F = ma and v 2 = vi2 + 2 ax f or a = f
Therefore,

v 2 vi2 f 2x f

ev F = m

2 f

vi2

j LMe7.00 10 kg N c
5

2x f

F = 9.11 10 31
(b)

m s2

j e3.00 10 2b0.050 0 mg
2

m s2

j OPQ
2

= 3.64 10 18 N .

The weight of the electron is Fg = mg = 9.111031 kg 9.80 m s 2 = 8.93 1030 N The accelerating force is 4.08 10 11 times the weight of the electron.

hc

P4.14

We find acceleration:

r r r 1r r f ri = v i t + at 2 2 r r $ 3.30 m$ = 0+ 1 a 1.20 s 2 = 0.720 s 2 a 4.20 m i j 2 r $ a = 5.83 i 4.58 $ m s 2 . j

f j

r r Now F = ma becomes r r r Fg + F2 = ma r F2 = 2.80 kg 5.83 $ 4.58 $ m s 2 + 2.80 kg 9.80 m s 2 $ i j j r F2 = 16.3 $ + 14.6 $ N . i j

ge

Section 4.6
P4.15 (a)

Newtons Third Law

You and the earth exert equal forces on each other: m y g = M e a e . If your mass is 70.0 kg, ae =

a70.0 kg fc9.80 m s h =
2

5.98 10 24 kg

~ 1022 m s 2 . 1 2 at . If the seat is 2

(b)

You and the planet move for equal times intervals according to x = 50.0 cm high, 2xy ay xe =

2xe ae

my 70.0 kg 0.500 m ae xy = xy = ~ 10 23 m . 24 ay me 5.98 10 kg

90

The Laws of Motion

P4.16

(a)

Let the x-axis be in the original direction of the molecules motion.

v f = vi + at: 670 m s = 670 m s + a 3.00 10 13 s a = 4.47 10 15 m s 2 (b) For the molecule,

F = ma . Its weight is negligible.

r Fwall on molecule = 4.68 10 26 kg 4.47 10 15 m s 2 = 2.09 10 10 N r Fmolecule on wall = +2.09 10 10 N

P4.17

(a) (b) (c)

15.0 lb up 5.00 lb up 0

Section 4.7
P4.18 T3 = Fg

Applications of Newtons Laws

(1) (2) (3)

T1 sin 1 + T2 sin 2 = Fg T1 cos 1 = T2 cos 2 Eliminate T2 and solve for T1

T1 =

bsin

Fg cos 2
1

cos 2 + cos 1 sin 2

g = sinb

Fg cos 2
1

Fg

+ 2

T3 = Fg = 325 N T1 = Fg T2
1

r T1 r T3

FG cos 25.0 IJ = 296 N H sin 85.0 K F cos IJ = 296 NFG cos 60.0 IJ = =T G H cos 25.0 K H cos K
1 2

r T2

163 N

FIG. P4.18

P4.19

See the solution for T1 in Problem 4.18. The equation indicates that the tension is directly proportional to Fg . As 1 + 2 approaches zero (as the angle between the two upper ropes approaches 180) the tension goes to infinity. Making the right-hand rope horizontal maximizes the tension in the left-hand rope, according to the proportionality of T1 to cos 2 .

Chapter 4

91

*P4.20

As the worker through the pole exerts on the lake bottom a force of 240 N downward at 35 behind the vertical, the lake bottom through the pole exerts a force of 240 N upward at 35 ahead of the vertical. With the x-axis horizontally forward, the pole force on the boat is

r B 197 N 138 N

47.5 N 3 630 N FIG. P4.20

$ $ 240 N cos 35 $ + 240 N sin 35 i = 138 N i + 197 N$ . j j

The gravitational force of the whole Earth on boat and worker is Fg = mg = 370 kg 9.8 m s2 = 3630 N down . The acceleration of the boat is purely horizontal, so Fy = ma y gives +B + 197 N 3630 N = 0 .

(a) (b)

The buoyant force is B = 3.43 10 3 N . The acceleration is given by Fx = ma x : +138 N 47.5 N = 370 kg a ; 90.2 N a= = 0.244 m s 2 . According to the constant-acceleration model, 370 kg
v xf = v xi + a x t = 0.857 m s + 0.244 m s 2 0.450 s = 0.967 m s

ja

r v f = 0.967 $ m s i P4.21 (a) An explanation proceeding from fundamental physical principles will be best for the parents and for you. Consider forces on the bit of string touching the weight hanger as shown in the free-body diagram: Horizontal Forces:
r T r Tx r Fg

Fx = ma x : Tx + T cos = 0

Vertical Forces: Fy = ma y : Fg + T sin = 0

FIG. P4.21

You need only the equation for the vertical forces to find that the tension in the string is Fg given by T = . The force the child feels gets smaller, changing from T to T cos , while sin the counterweight hangs on the string. On the other hand, the kite does not notice what you are doing and the tension in the main part of the string stays constant. You do not need a level, since you learned in physics lab to sight to a horizontal line in a building. Share with the parents your estimate of the experimental uncertainty, which you make by thinking critically about the measurement, by repeating trials, practicing in advance and looking for variations and improvements in technique, including using other observers. You will then be glad to have the parents themselves repeat your measurements. (b)
T= Fg

sin

0.132 kg 9.80 m s 2 sin 46.3

j=

1.79 N

92

The Laws of Motion

P4.22

(a)

Isolate either mass

T mg = ma = 0 T = mg .

r T

The scale reads the tension T, so

T = mg = 5.00 kg 9.80 m s 2 = 49.0 N .

FIG. P4.22(a)

(b)

Isolate the pulley r r T2 + 2T1 = 0

T2 = 2 T1 = 2mg = 98.0 N .

r T2

(c)

F = n + T + mg = 0
Take the component along the incline r r r n x + Tx + mg x = 0 or 0 + T mg sin 30.0 = 0
T = mg sin 30.0 = mg 5.00 9.80 = 2 2

r T1

r T1

FIG. P4.22(b)

r n

r T

a f

= 24.5 N .

FIG. P4.22(c) P4.23 (a) Assume the car and mass accelerate horizontally. We consider the forces on the suspended object.

r T

r a

Fy = ma y : Fx = ma x :
Substitute
T= mg : cos

+T cos mg = 0 +T sin = ma
mg sin = mg tan = ma cos a = g tan

r mg FIG. P4.23

(b)

a = 9.80 m s 2 tan 23.0

a = 4.16 m s 2

Chapter 4

93

P4.24

(a)

First construct a free body diagram for the 5 kg mass as shown in the Figure 4.24a. Since the mass is in equilibrium, we can require T3 49 N = 0 or T3 = 49 N . Next, construct a free body diagram for the knot as shown in Figure 4.24a. Again, since the system is moving at constant velocity, a = 0 and applying Newtons second law in component form gives

r T3 5 kg 49 N

r T1 40 r T3 FIG. P4.24(a)

r T2 50

Fx = T2 cos 50T1 cos 40 = 0 Fy = T2 sin 50+T1 sin 4049 N = 0

Solving the above equations simultaneously for T1 and T2 gives T1 = 31.5 N and T2 = 37.5 N and above we found T3 = 49.0 N . (b) Proceed as in part (a) and construct a free body diagram for the mass and for the knot as shown in Figure 4.24b. Applying Newtons second law in each case (for a constant-velocity system) we find:
T3 98 N = 0 T2 T1 cos 60 = 0 T1 sin 60T3 = 0 Solving this set of equations we find: T1 = 113 N and T3 = 98.0 N T2 = 56.6 N

r T3 10 kg 98 N

r T1

r T2 r T3 = 98 N

FIG. P4.24(b)

P4.25

Let us call the forces exerted by each person F1 and F2 . Thus, for pulling in the same direction, Newtons second law becomes or When pulling in opposite directions, or Solving simultaneously, we find
F1 + F2 = 200 kg 1.52 m s 2 F1 + F2 = 304 N F1 F2 = 200 kg 0.518 m s 2 F1 F2 = 104 N F1 = 100 N , and F2 = 204 N

j
(1)

j
(2)

94

The Laws of Motion

P4.26

The two forces acting on the block are the normal force, n, and the weight, mg. If the block is considered to be a point mass and the xaxis is chosen to be parallel to the plane, then the free body diagram will be as shown in the figure to the right. The angle is the angle of inclination of the plane. Applying Newtons second law for the accelerating system (and taking the direction up the plane as the positive x direction) we have

r n

Fy = n mg cos = 0: Fx = mg sin = ma :
(a) When = 15.0

n = mg cos a = g sin

FIG. P4.26

a = 2.54 m s 2

(b)

Starting from rest

v 2 = vi2 + 2 a x f xi = 2 ax f f v f = 2 ax f = 2 2.54 m s 2 2.00 m = 3.18 m s

ja

P4.27

i j Choose a coordinate system with $ East and $ North.

F = ma = 1.00 kge10.0
r

r F2

r $ 5.00 N $ + F1 = 10.0 N 30.0 = 5.00 N $ + 8.66 N i j j

m s 2 at 30.0

f a

F1 = 8.66 N (East )

r F1
FIG. P4.27

P4.28

First, consider the block moving along the horizontal. The only force in the direction of movement is T. Thus, Fx = ma
T = 5 kg a

r n r T

r T

a f

(1)

r Fg = 88.2 N

Next consider the block that moves vertically. The forces on it are the tension T and its weight, 88.2 N. We have

FIG. P4.28

Fy = ma
88.2 N T = 9 kg a

a f

(2)

Note that both blocks must have the same magnitude of acceleration. Equations (1) and (2) can be added to give 88.2 N = 14 kg a . Then

a = 6.30 m s 2 and T = 31.5 N .

Chapter 4

P4.29

After it leaves your hand, the blocks speed changes only because of one component of its weight:

r vi r a

95

Fx = ma x
Taking v f

i = 0 , v = 5.00 m s, and a = g sina 20.0f gives

v 2 = vi2 + 2 a x f xi . f
i

mg sin 20.0 = ma

0 = (5.00) 2(9.80) sin 20.0 x f 0 or

xf =

fc

r n

r n

25.0 = 3.73 m . 2(9.80) sin 20.0

r Fg
FIG. P4.29

P4.30

m1 = 2.00 kg , m 2 = 6.00 kg , = 55.0

(a)

Fx = m 2 g sin T = m 2 a
and
T m1 g = m1 a a= m 2 g sin m1 g = 3.57 m s 2 m1 + m 2
r a

r T

r a r T

r n

r m1 g r m2 g

(b) (c)
*P4.31

T = m1 a + g = 26.7 N

FIG. P4.30

Since vi = 0 , v f = at = 3.57 m s 2 ( 2.00 s)= 7.14 m s .

30 2 500 N 2 500 N cos30 A 2 500 N sin30 FIG. P4.31 Bsin50 r A 50 r B Bcos50

We assume the vertical bar is in compression, pushing up on the pin with force A, and the tilted bar is in tension, exerting force B on the pin at 50 .

Fx = 0: Fy = 0:

2 500 N cos 30+ B cos 50 = 0 B = 3.37 10 N 2 500 N sin 30+ A 3.37 10 3 N sin 50 = 0 A = 3.83 10 3 N
3

Positive answers confirm that B is in tension and A is in compression.

96

The Laws of Motion

P4.32

First, consider the 3.00 kg rising mass. The forces on it are the tension, T, and its weight, 29.4 N. With the upward direction as positive, the second law becomes

Fy = ma y : T 29.4 N = a3.00 kg fa

(1)

The forces on the falling 5.00 kg mass are its weight and T, and its acceleration is the same as that of the rising mass. Calling the positive direction down for this mass, we have

r
FIG. P4.32

Fy = ma y : 49 N T = a5.00 kg fa

(2)

Equations (1) and (2) can be solved simultaneously by adding them: T 29.4 N + 49.0 N T = 3.00 kg a + 5.00 kg a (b) This gives the acceleration as a= (a) Then T 29.4 N = 3.00 kg 2.45 m s 2 = 7.35 N . The tension is T = 36.8 N . (c) Consider either mass. We have y = vi t + *P4.33 1 2 1 2 at = 0 + 2.45 m s 2 (1.00 s) = 1.23 m . 2 2 19.6 N = 2.45 m s 2 . 8.00 kg

f a

fc

As the man rises steadily the pulley turns steadily and the tension in the rope is the same on both sides of the pulley. Choose man-pulleyand-platform as the system:

r T

Fy = ma y
+ T 950 N = 0
T = 950 N .
950 N

The worker must pull on the rope with force 950 N .

FIG. P4.33

Chapter 4

97

P4.34

Both blocks move with acceleration a =

FG m Hm

m1 g: 2 + m1
2 2

IJ K

a= (a)

F 7 kg 2 kg I 9.8 m s GH 7 kg + 2 kg JK d i b

= 5.44 m s 2 .

Take the upward direction as positive for m1 .

2 2 v xf = v xi + 2a x x f xi :

0 = 2.4 m s xf =

g + 2e5.44 m s jd x
2 2 2

5.76 m s

2 5.44 m s2

= 0.529 m

x f = 0.529 m below its initial level

(b)

v xf = v xi + a x t: v xf = 2.40 m s + 5.44 m s 2 1.80 s v xf = 7.40 m s upward

ja

f
r n r Fx

P4.35

Forces acting on 2.00 kg block: T m 1 g = m1 a Forces acting on 8.00 kg block: Fx T = m 2 a (a) Eliminate T and solve for a: a= Fx m1 g m1 + m 2 (2) (1)
r T r T

a > 0 for Fx > m1 g = 19.6 N . (b) Eliminate a and solve for T: T= m1 Fx + m 2 g m1 + m 2

f
FIG. P4.35 50.0 3.04 100 8.04 0 1.96

T = 0 for Fx m 2 g = 78.4 N . (c) Fx , N ax , m s 2 100 12.5 78.4 9.80 50.0 6.96

98

The Laws of Motion

P4.36

(a)

For force components along the incline, with the upward direction taken as positive,

Fx = ma x :
For the upward motion,

mg sin = ma x

a x = g sin = 9.8 m s2 sin 35 = 5.62 m s2 .

2 2 v xf = v xi + 2 a x x f xi

0= 5 m s xf = (b)

g + 2e5.62 m s jdx 0i
2 2 f 2 2

2 5.62 m s 2

25 m s

= 2.22 m .

The time to slide down is given by x f = xi + v xi t + 1 axt 2 2 1 0 = 2.22 m + 0 + 5.62 m s 2 t 2 2

t= For the second particle,

2 2.22 m 5.62 m s

f = 0.890 s .

x f = xi + v xi t +

0 = 10 m + v xi 0.890 s + v xi =

1 axt 2 2

10 m + 2.22 m = 8.74 m s 0.890 s speed = 8.74 m s .

f 1 e5.62 m s ja0.890 sf 2
2

Chapter 4

99

P4.37

First, we will compute the needed accelerations:

a1f a 2f a3 f a4f

Before it starts to move: During the first 0.800 s:

ay = 0 v yf v yi 1.20 m s 0 ay = = t 0.800 s = 1.50 m s 2

r S

While moving at constant velocity: a y = 0 v yf v yi 0 1.20 m s ay = During the last 1.50 s: = t 1.50 s = 0.800 m s 2 Newtons second law is: Fy = ma y
+S 72.0 kg 9.80 m s 2 = 72.0 kg a y

r mg

FIG. P4.37

ge

g S = 706 N + b72.0 kg ga

j b

(a) (b) (c) (d)

When a y = 0 , S = 706 N . When a y = 1.50 m s 2 , S = 814 N . When a y = 0 , S = 706 N . When a y = 0.800 m s 2 , S = 648 N . Pulley P1 has acceleration a 2 . Since m1 moves twice the distance P1 moves in the same time, m1 has twice the acceleration of P1 , i.e., a1 = 2 a 2 .
r T1 r T2 r T2 r a1 r a2

P4.38

(a)

(b)

From the figure, and using

F = ma: m 2 g T2 = m 2 a 2
T1 = m1 a1 = 2m1 a 2 T2 2T1 = 0

a1f a 2f a3 f IJ K

r m2 g

FIG. P4.38

Equation (1) becomes m 2 g 2T1 = m 2 a 2 . This equation combined with Equation (2) yields
m T1 2m1 + 2 = m 2 g 2 m1 T1 = m1 m 2 m1 m 2 g . g and T2 = 1m 2m1 + 2 2 m1 + 1 m 2 4

FG H

(c)

From the values of T1 and T2 we find that

a1 = m2 g T1 = 2m1 + 1 m 2 m1 2

and a 2 =

m2 g 1 a1 = . 2 4m 1 + m 2

100

The Laws of Motion

Section 4.8
*P4.39

Context ConnectionForces on Automobiles

Let situation 1 be the original situation, with F1 = m1 a1 = m1 8.40 mi h s . Let situation 2 be the case with larger force F2 = 1 + 0.24 F1 = m1 a 2 = 1.24m1 a1 , so a 2 = 1.24a1 . Let situation 3 be the case with the original force but with smaller mass:

F3 = F1 = m 3 a3 = a1 0.24fm1 a3 F1 = 1.32 a a =
3

0.76m1

(a) (b)

With 1.32a, greater than 1.24a1 , reducing the mass gives a larger increase in acceleration. Now with both changes

F4 = m 4 a 4

1.24 F1 = 0.76m1 a 4 a4 =
*P4.40

1.24 F1 1.24 8.40 mi h s = 13.7 mi h s = 0.76 m1 0.76

Choose the +x-direction to be horizontal and forward with the +y vertical and upward. The common acceleration of the car and trailer then has components of a x = +2.15 m s 2 and a y = 0 . (a) The net force on the car is horizontal and given by

Trailer 300 kg T T

Car 1 000 kg F nc Fgc Rcar nc F

FIG. P4.40

nT

FgT

c F h
(b)

x car

= F T = m car a x = 1 000 kg 2.15 m s 2 = 2.15 10 3 N forward .

ge

The net force on the trailer is also horizontal and given by

c F h
(c)

x trailer

= +T = m trailer a x = 300 kg 2.15 m s 2 = 645 N forward .

ge

Consider the free-body diagrams of the car and trailer. The only horizontal force acting on the trailer is T = 645 N forward, and this is exerted on the trailer by the car. Newtons third law then states that the force the trailer exerts on the car is 645 N toward the rear . The road exerts two forces on the car. These are F and n c shown in the free-body diagram of the car. From part (a), F = T + 2.15 10 3 N = +2.80 10 3 N . Also, Fy = n c Fgc = m car a y = 0, so n c = Fgc = m car g = 9.80 10 3 N . The resultant force exerted

(d)

on the car by the road is then

car

continued on next page

Chapter 4
2 R car = F 2 + n c =

101

e2.80 10 Nj + e9.80 10 Nj
3 2 3

= 1.02 10 4 N

at = tan 1

FG n IJ = tan a3.51f = 74.1 above the horizontal and forward. Newtons third law H FK
c

then states that the resultant force exerted on the road by the car is 1.02 10 4 N at 74.1 below the horizontal and rearward .

Additional Problems
P4.41
(a) (b) See figure to the right. First consider Pat and the chair as the system. Note that two ropes support the system, and T = 250 N in each rope. Applying F = ma 2T 480 = ma , where m = Solving for a gives a= (c) 500 480 = 0.408 m s 2 . 49.0 480 = 49.0 kg . 9.80
r T r n r n r T r T r T

FIG. P4.41

F = ma on Pat: F = n + T 320 = ma , where m = 9.80 = 32.7 kg

n = ma + 320 T = 32.7(0.408)+ 320 250 = 83.3 N . 320

*P4.42

(a)

As soon as Pat passes the rope to the other child, Pat and the seat, with total weight 480 N, will accelerate down and the other child, only 440 N, will accelerate up.

T T a a

480 N

440 N

FIG. P4.42
We have +480 N T = Adding, 480 N 440 N a and +T 440 N = a. 2 9.8 m s 9.8 m s 2

continued on next page

102

The Laws of Motion

+480 N T + T 440 N = 49.0 kg + 44.9 kg a

a=

40 N = 0.426 m s 2 = a 93.9 kg

The rope tension is T = 440 N + 44.9 kg 0.426 m s 2 = 459 N . (b) In problem 41, a rope tension of 250 N does not make the rope break. In part (a), the rope is strong enough to support tension 459 N. But now the tension everywhere in the rope is 480 N, so it can exceed the breaking strength of the rope. The tension in the chain supporting the pulley is 480 + 480 N = 960 N, so that chain may break first. 18 N P = 2 kg a

P4.43

b g P Q = b3 kg ga Q = b 4 kg ga

r n2 r P

r P

r n3

r Q

r Q

r n4

Adding gives 18 N = 9 kg a so a = 2.00 m s 2 . (b) Q = 4 kg 2 m s 2 = 8.00 N net force on the 4 kg P 8 N = 3 kg 2 m s 2 = 6.00 N net force on the 3 kg and P = 14 N 18 N 14 N = 2 kg 2 m s 2 = 4.00 N net force on the 2 kg (c) (d) From above, Q = 8.00 N and P = 14.0 N . The 3-kg block models the heavy block of wood. The contact force on your back is represented by Q, which is much less than the force F. The difference between F and Q is the net force causing acceleration of the 5-kg pair of objects. The acceleration is real and nonzero, but lasts for so short a time that it never is associated with a large velocity. The frame of the building and your legs exert forces, small relative to the hammer blow, to bring the partition, block, and you to rest again over a time large relative to the hammer blow. This problem lends itself to interesting lecture demonstrations. One person can hold a lead brick in one hand while another hits the brick with a hammer. Following the in-chapter Example about a block on a frictionless incline, we have a = g sin = 9.80 m s 2 sin 30.0 a = 4.90 m s 2 (b) The block slides distance x on the incline, with sin 30.0 = x = 1.00 m: 0.500 m x

a f

FIG. P4.43

P4.44

(a)

v 2 = vi2 + 2 a x f xi = 0 + 2 4.90 m s 2 (1.00 m) f 2x f vf

=

v f = 3.13 m s after time ts = continued on next page

2(1.00 m) = 0.639 s . 3.13 m s

Chapter 4

103

(c)

Now in free fall y f yi = v yi t +

1 ayt 2 : 2
2.00 = 3.13 m s sin 30.0 t

e4.90 m s jt + b1.56 m sgt 2.00 m = 0

2 2

1 9.80 m s 2 t 2 2

t= Only one root is physical t = 0.499 s

1.56 m s

b1.56 m sg 4e4.90 m s ja2.00 mf

2 2

9.80 m s 2

x f = v x t = 3.13 m s cos 30.0 0.499 s = 1.35 m (d) (e) total time = ts + t = 0.639 s + 0.499 s = 1.14 s The mass of the block makes no difference. First, we note that F = T1 . Next, we focus on the mass M and write T5 = Mg . Next, we focus on the bottom pulley and write T5 = T2 + T3 . Finally, we focus on the top pulley and write T4 = T1 + T2 + T3 . Since the pulleys are not starting to rotate and are frictionless, T1 = T3 , and T2 = T3 . From this Mg information, we have T5 = 2T2 , so T2 = . 2 Then T1 = T2 = T3 = T5 = Mg . (b) Since F = T1 , we have F = Mg . 2 3 Mg Mg , and T4 = , and 2 2

P4.45

(a)

r F

FIG. P4.45

104

The Laws of Motion

P4.46

ts 0 1.02 1.53 2.01 2.64 3.30 3.75

af

t2 s2 0 1.04 0 2.34 1 4.04 0 6.97 0 10.89 14.06

e j

xm 0 0.100 0.200 0.350 0.500 0.750 1.00

a f

FIG. P4.46
From x = 1 2 1 at the slope of a graph of x versus t 2 is a , and 2 2 a = 2 slope = 2 0.071 4 m s 2 = 0.143 m s 2 . From a = g sin ,

a = 9.80 m s 2

FG 1.77 4 IJ = 0.137 m s H 127.1 K b

, different by 4%.

The difference is accounted for by the uncertainty in the data, which we may estimate from the third point as 0.350 0.071 4 4.04 0.350
P4.47

ga f = 18%.
r r r r r r

F = ma
For m1 : For m 2 : Eliminating T, a= For all 3 blocks: m2 g m1 T = m1 a T m2 g = 0
r

r r r

FIG. P4.47

F = M + m1 + m 2 a =

aM + m + m fFGH m g IJK m
1 2 2 1

Chapter 4

105

P4.48

(1)

m1 a A = T

a=

T +A m1

r r

r r r

(2) (3) (a)

MA = Rx = T m2 a = m2 g T

A=

T M

T = m2 g a

g
FIG. P4.48

Substitute the value for a from (1) into (3) and solve for T: T = m2 g Substitute for A from (2): T = m2 g

LM F T + AI OP. N GH m JK Q
1

LM F T + T I OP = N GH m M JK Q
1

m2 g

LM m M N m M + m am
1 1 2

OP + Mf Q

(b)

Solve (3) for a and substitute value of T: a= m 2 g m1 + M

m1 M + m 2 M + m1

(c)

From (2), A =

T , Substitute the value of T: M A= m1 m 2 g m1 M + m 2 m1 + M

(d)
*P4.49

a A =

Mm 2 g m1 M + m 2 m1 + M

f j a f c

(a)

2 Let x represent the position of the glider along the air track. Then z 2 = x 2 + h0 , dx 1 2 dz dz 2 12 2 1 2 x = z 2 h0 , vx = = z h0 . Now is the rate at which string passes 2z dt 2 dt dt over the pulley, so it is equal to v y of the counterweight.

2 v x = z z 2 h0

1 2

v y = uv y

(b)

ax =

dv y dv x du d = uv y = u + vy at release from rest, v y = 0 and a x = ua y . dt dt dt dt

continued on next page

106

The Laws of Motion

(c)

sin 30.0 =

80.0 cm , z = 1.60 m , z

2 u = z 2 h0

1 2

z = 1.6 2 0.8 2

j a1.6f = 1.15 .
1 2

For the counterweight

Fy = ma y :

T 0.5 kg 9.8 m s2 = 0.5 kga y a y = 2T + 9.8

For the glider

Fx = ma x :

T cos 30 = 100 kg a x = 115a y = 115 2T + 9.8 = 2.31T + 113 N . . . . 318T = 113 N . . . T = 356 N

P4.50

The upward acceleration of the rod is described by

y f = yi + v yi t + 1 10 3 m = 0 + 0 + 1 ayt 2 2

1 a y 8 10 3 s 2 a y = 31.2 m s 2

r r

r r

The distance y moved by the rod and the distance x moved by the wedge in the same y y time are related by tan 15 = x = . x tan 15 Then their speeds and accelerations are related by dy dx 1 = dt tan 15 dt and d2x dt
2

r
FIG. P4.50

d2y 1 1 = 31.2 m s 2 = 117 m s 2 . 2 tan 15 dt tan 15

FG H

IJ K

The free body diagram for the rod is shown. Here H and H are forces exerted by the guide.

Fy = ma y :

n cos 15 mg = ma y

n cos 150.250 kg 9.8 m s 2 = 0.250 kg 31.2 m s 2 10.3 N n= = 10.6 N cos 15

For the wedge,

Fx = Ma x :

n sin 15+ F = 0.5 kg 117 m s 2

F = 10.6 N sin 15+58.3 N = 61.1 N

Chapter 4

107

P4.51

Take the x-axis vertically upward. Your impact speed is given by

v xf 2 = v xi 2 + 2 a x x f xi = 0 + 2 9.8 m s 2 1.00 m v xf = 19.6 m 2 s 2 = 4.43 m s

In stopping, Fx = ma x :

ja

f e j b g

+5.12 10 4 N 60 kg 9.8 m s 2 = 60 kg a x

ax = v xf 2 = v xi 2 + 2 a x x f xi

5.06 10 4 N = 844 m s 2 60 kg

0 = 4.43 m s
d=

g + 2e844 m s jadf
2 2

19.6 m 2 s 2 2 844 m s 2

= 0.011 6 m

P4.52

(a)

Consider forces on the midpoint of the rope. It is nearly in equilibrium just before the car begins to move. Take the yaxis in the direction of the force you exert:

Fy = ma y :

T sin + f T sin = 0 T= f . 2 sin

r
FIG. P4.52

(b)

100 N T= = 410 N 2 sin 7

P4.53

Choose the x-axis pointing down the slope. v f = vi + at: 30.0 m s = 0 + a 6.00 s
2

r a = 5.00 m s 2

f
r

a = 5.00 m s . Consider forces on the toy. (a)

Fx = ma x : Fy = ma y :

mg sin = m 5.00 m s 2

j a fa f
FIG. P4.53

= 30.7
(b) mg cos + T = 0 T = 0.843 N

T = mg cos = 0.100 9.80 cos 30.7

108

The Laws of Motion

P4.54

Since it has a larger mass, we expect the 8.00-kg block to move down the plane. The acceleration for both blocks should have the same magnitude since they are joined together by a non-stretching string. Define up the left hand plane as positive for the 3.50-kg object and down the right hand plane as positive for the 8.00-kg object.

F1 = m1 a1 : F2 = m 2 a 2 :
and

m1 g sin 35.0+T = m1 a m 2 g sin 35.0T = m 2 a

FIG. P4.54

a fa f a8.00fa9.80f sin 35.0T = 8.00a . Adding, we obtain +45.0 N 19.7 N = a11.5 kg fa .

3.50 9.80 sin 35.0+T = 3.50 a (a) Thus the acceleration is a = 2.20 m s 2 . By substitution,

19.7 N + T = 3.50 kg 2.20 m s 2 = 7.70 N .

(b) The tension is T = 27.4 N .

fc

P4.55

Throughout its up and down motion after release the block has

Fy = ma y :

+n mg cos = 0 n = mg cos .

r i j Let R = R x $ + R y $ represent the force of table on incline. We have

Fx = ma x : Fy = ma y :

+ R x n sin = 0 Rx = mg cos sin Mg n cos + Ry = 0 Ry = Mg + mg cos 2 .

r r r r
FIG. P4.55

r R = mg cos sin to the right + M + m cos 2 g upward

Chapter 4

109

P4.56

Fy = ma y : n mg cos = 0
or

a f n = a82.3 N f cos
Fx = ma x : mg sin = ma
or a = g sin

n = 8.40 9.80 cos

a = 9.80 m s 2 sin

, deg n , N
0.00 5.00 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 45.0 50.0 55.0 60.0 65.0 70.0 75.0 80.0 85.0 90.0 82.3 82.0 81.1 79.5 77.4 74.6 71.3 67.4 63.1 58.2 52.9 47.2 41.2 34.8 28.2 21.3 14.3 7.17 0.00

a, m s 2
0.00 0.854 1.70 2.54 3.35 4.14 4.90 5.62 6.30 6.93 7.51 8.03 8.49 8.88 9.21 9.47 9.65 9.76 9.80
FIG. P4.56

At 0, the normal force is the full weight and the acceleration is zero. At 90, the mass is in free fall next to the vertical incline.

110

The Laws of Motion

P4.57

(a)

Apply Newtons second law to two points where butterflies are attached on either half of mobile (other half the same, by symmetry) (1) (2) (3) (4)

r r r r

T2 cos 2 T1 cos 1 = 0 T1 sin 1 T2 sin 2 mg = 0 T2 cos 2 T3 = 0 T2 sin 2 mg = 0

Substituting (4) into (2) for T2 sin 2 ,

T1 sin 1 mg mg = 0 .
Then

FIG. P4.57

T1 =
Substitute (3) into (1) for T2 cos 2 :

2mg . sin 1

T3 T1 cos 1 = 0 ,
Substitute value of T1 :

T3 = T1 cos 1

T3 = 2mg
From Equation (4),

2mg cos 1 = = T3 . sin 1 tan 1

T2 =
(b) Divide (4) by (3):

mg . sin 2

mg T2 sin 2 = . T2 cos 2 T3
Substitute value of T3 : tan 2 =

mg tan 1 tan 1 , 2 = tan1 2 2mg

FG H

IJ K

Then we can finish answering part (a):

T2 = continued on next page

mg
sin tan1 1 2

tan 1

Chapter 4

111

(c)

D is the horizontal distance between the points at which the two ends of the string are attached to the ceiling. D = 2l cos 1 + 2l cos 2 + l and L = 5l D= L 1 2 cos 1 + 2 cos tan1 tan 1 5 2

R S T

LM N

FG H

IJ OP + 1U KQ V W

ANSWERS TO EVEN PROBLEMS

P4.2 P4.4

(a) zero; (b) zero

$ (a) 45.0 i + 15.0 $ m s ; j

P4.28

see the solution a = 6.30 m s 2 , T = 31.5 N

P4.30

(b) 162 from the +x axis; (c) 225 $ + 75.0 $ m ; (d) 227 $ + 79.0 $ m i j i j

(a) 3.57 m s 2 ; (b) 26.7 N; (c) 7.14 m/s, see the solution (a) 36.8 N; (b) 2.45 m s 2 ; (c) 1.23 m (a) 0.529 m; (b) 7.40 m/s upward (a) 2.22 m; (b) 8.74 m/s (a) a1 = 2 a 2 ; (b) T1 = (c) a1 =
m1 m 2 m1m2 g , T2 = g; 1 1 m1 + 2 m 2 m1 + 4 m2 m2 g m2 g , a2 = 2m1 + 1 m 2 4m1 + m 2 2

P4.32

P4.6 P4.8

112 N (a) 181 counterclockwise from x-axis; (b) 11.2 kg; (c) 37.5 m/s; (d) 37.5 $ 0.893 $ m s i j
P4.34 P4.36 P4.38

P4.10 P4.12

2.38 kN (a) x =
i Fg v$ vt j + Fg $ ; (b) gt 2 P4.40

P4.14 P4.16 P4.18 P4.20 P4.22 P4.24 P4.26

e16.3 $i + 14.6 $jj N

(a) 4.47 10 15 m s 2 ; (b) +2.09 10 10 N

T1 = 296 N , T2 = 163 N , T3 = 325 N

i (a) 3. 43 10 N ; (b) 0.967 $ m s
3

(a) 2.15 10 3 N forward; (b) 645 N forward; (c) 645 N toward the rear; (d) 1.02 10 4 N at 74.1 below the horizontal toward the rear. (a) Pat and the chair accelerate down at 0.426 m s 2 . The other child accelerates up off the ground at the same rate. (b) The tension throughout the rope becomes 480 N, larger than 459 N. (a) 4.90 m s 2 ; (b) 3.13 m/s; (c) 1.35 m; (d) 1.14 s; (e) no see the solution a = 0.143 m s 2 , approximately 4% high

P4.42

(a) 49.0 N; (b) 98.0 N; (c) 24.5 N (a) 31.5 N, 37.5 N, and 49.0 N; (b) 113 N, 56.6 N, and 98.0 N see the solution (a) 2.54 m s 2 down the incline; (b) 3.18 m/s

P4.44

P4.46

112

The Laws of Motion

P4.48

LM OP ; m M NM m M + m bm + Mg QP m gbM + m g (b) ; m M + m bm + M g
(a) m 2 g
1 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 1

P4.50 P4.52 P4.54 P4.56

61.1 N (a) T =
f ; (b) 410 N 2 sin

m1 m 2 g ; (c) m 1 M + m 2 m1 + M

(a) 2.20 m s 2 ; (b) 27.4 N see the solution n = 82.3 N cos ,

a = 9.80 m s 2 sin , yes

(d)

Mm 2 g m 1 M + m 2 m1 + M