1 .......................................................................................

XnP Introduction 1
2 ............................................................................C :1 KDL Chapter 1: Speech 2
4 ........................................................................KCnC :2 KDL Chapter 2: Inflection 4
6 ........................................................KCnC OD :3 KDL Chapter 3: Signs of Inflection 6
8 .......................................................................mDC C Present/Future Verbs 8
8 ............................................nfC QC mDC C Present/Future Verbs with Weak Endings 8
9 ...........................................................................n n Indeclinable Nouns 9
10 .....................................................................ODLnC :4 KDL Chapter 4: Inflected Words 10
12 .........................................................................DC :5 KDL Chapter 5: Verbs 12
14 ....................................................DrC ODn :6 KDL Chapter 6: Nominative Nouns 14
16 .........................................................................DC :7 KDL Chapter 7: Subject 16
18 .................................D s lC C :8 KDL Chapter 8: Object whose Subject is not Named 18
20 ..........................................................nMgC EjQMC :9 KDL Chapter 9: The Subject and Predicate 20
22 .............. nMgC EjQMC fCjC CC :10 KDL
Chapter 10: Governing Agents of the Subject and
Predicate 22
26 ..........................................................................RC :11 KDL Chapter 11: Adjectives 26
28 .......................................................................C :12 KDL Chapter 12: Conjunctions 28
30 ......................................................................jQC :13 KDL Chapter 13: The Corroborative 30
32 ...........................................................................jMC :14 KDL Chapter 14: The Permutative 32
34 ..................................................DrC ODL :15 KDL Chapter 15: Accusative Nouns 34
36 ...............................................................L C :16 KDL Chapter 16: The Direct Object 36
38 .....................................................................mjC :17 KDL Chapter 17: The Infinitive 38
40 ............................DC n DpC n :18 KDL Chapter 18: The Time Qualifiers and Place Qualifiers 40
42 ..........................................................................DcC :19 KDL Chapter 19: The Circumstantial Qualifier 42
44 .......................................................................pQC :20 KDL Chapter 20: The Specifying Element 44
46 ................................................................... DUQrC :21 KDL Chapter 21: Exception 46
48 .................................................................................. :22 KDL Chapter 22: Absolute Negation 48
50 ......................................................................iDC :23 KDL Chapter 23: The Vocation 50
52 ...................................................XE C :24 KDL Chapter 24: The Object of Reason 52
52 ............................................................ C :25 KDL Chapter 25: The Object of Accompaniment 52
54 ...............................................DrC ODg :26 KDL Chapter 26: Genitive Nouns 54
TABLE OF CONTENTS
The Ajrumiyyah Mapped
- 1 1
INTRODUCTION

Before the advent for the Messenger of Allah, peace be upon him, the Arabic language had reached a pinnacle in
terms of style, beauty, precision and conciseness. Poets of this age were highly honored; a word from a good
poet could raise or debase a tribe by degrees in the eyes of the Arabs. It was in this atmosphere that the Quran
was revealed to the Unlettered Messenger, peace be upon him, and incapacitated everyone, from the best poet
to the layperson, by its power and beauty.

After the death of the Prophet Muhammad, peace be upon him, Islam saw explosive growth in Africa to the
West, Persia to the East and Europe to the North. Many peoples, who were until then not familiar with the
language of the Arabs, took to reading and memorizing the Quran in its original form. In order to facilitate this,
the Quran was compiled and eventually distributed as a text, something that had not been done in the time of
the Messenger, peace be upon him, though was seen as necessary to spread and preserve the revelation. The
scholars of this time realized that in addition to preserving the text of the Quran, every detail of the language of
revelation had to be preserved and documented. The fruits of their labor produced three sciences: Nahu
(Grammar), Sarf (Morphology) and Balagha (Terminological Usages). So, if people wanted access to the Book,
and by extension to the hadith literature and numerous other Islamic sciences derived from and based on these
primary texts, they had to first master the linguistic sciences.

The Ajrumiyyah is a classical text of Arabic grammar that found acceptance and praise throughout the Muslim
world, which is a proof of the authors sincerity and that Allah accepted his efforts. It was one of the first books
taught to, and memorized by, enumerable scholars of Islam. The blessing of the text has also been attributed to
the report that the author, Ibn Ajarum, wrote it while seated in front of the blessed Kaaba.

It is hoped that this work will aid students in gaining access to the science of Arabic Grammar, and thus to the
various Islamic sciences. To facilitate this, in addition to translating the original text into English, each chapter
has been mapped in order to give the student an overall structure of the chapter being studied.

The compiler of the present work would like to extend his gratitude to Shaykh Hamza Yusuf for his translation
of the Ajrumiyyah, as it was used as a reference to the present translation. In addition, the compiler would like
to thank Maulana Abdur-Rashid, the Imam with whom he studied the present text.

Finally, if anyone benefits from this work, it is requested that they remember those who had a hand in
preparing it in their prayers in this world and in their intercession in the next, and praise is for Allah, Lord of
the Worlds.

Shariq Khan
The Ajrumiyyah Mapped
- 2 2

CHAPTER 1: Speech
C :1 KDL C :1 KDL C :1 KDL C :1 KDL





























. , ` ,` `,
Known
by



`
Speech
`

Verb
` ,`

Noun


_` . , , ` , ` ` . ,` ,`

It is uttered, compounded, complete
and placed (in Arabic)
` ` '
Its types
` ` , -

Particle
. , ` ,` `,
Known
by

` ` _ ` ., .
. , ,` . ,
` ,

Neither the
signs for the
noun nor the
verb are
proper to it
. , ` ,` `,
Known
by

, . .
Definite
article
Succeeds
, ` ,
Succeeds
, . ,

Succeeds
, ` , ,

.,' .
The feminine
, ` . ,


`
from

to
`
about
_
on

in

.
for

.
like

. ,
by

.
by

,
by
. ,
by

-
Genitive
, ,` ,` -
Adjuration
particles

- , , -
Genitive
particles
, ,` `
Nunation
` ._
maybe
The Ajrumiyyah Mapped
- 3 3

CHAPTER 1: Speech

Speech is uttered, compounded, complete and placed (in
Arabic). Its types are three: nouns, verbs and particles.

Nouns are known by:
the genitive case
nunation
the definite article
the genitive particles, which are:
` (From)
_ (To)
` (About)
_ (On)
(In)
` .` _ (Perhaps)
. (By)
(Like)
` (For)
the particles of adjuration, which are:
` , ,
.
.`

Verbs are known by being succeeded by
,Indeed, perhaps)
` (Will)
` , (Will)
` ., '` . (Closed feminine ta)

Particles are known by the fact that neither the signs for
the noun nor the verb are proper to them.
C C C C : :: :1 1 1 1 KDL KDL KDL KDL

;: | _` . , , ` , ` ` . ,` ,` . ` ` ' ,
` . - ` ` , - , . ` , .` ,` .

, = v ` ,` `, - , , . . ,` -` , . , ,` ` , .
, . - , , - , . , ._ , .` , ._ , .`
, . , ,` ,` - , ` , . , .. , .` .` _ ,
.` , . . , .` , , .

- | ` , ` ,` `, ` ., '` . , ` , , ` , . .

= - ` , . , ,` . , ` ` _ `., . .




The Ajrumiyyah Mapped
- 4 4

CHAPTER 2: Inflection
KCnC KCnC KCnC KCnC : :: :2 2 2 2 KDL KDL KDL KDL





` ` '
Its types

` ,`
Noun

`
Verb

, ,, ` , ' = ,` , - , ` - . , , - , ' ` _,`

It is the change of the last syllable of words based on agents
of inflection governing them, explicitly or implicitly

` ` , -
Jussive
` -
Genitive

` .` .
Accusative

` _ _
Nominative
` . ,`
Inflection

The Ajrumiyyah Mapped
- 5 5

CHAPTER 2: Inflection

Inflection is the change of the last syllable of words based on
agents of inflection governing them, explicitly or implicitly. Its
types are four:
` _ _ (Nominative)
` .` . (Accusative)
` - (Genitive)
` ` , - (Jussive)

Nouns are nominative, accusative or genitive, but not jussive.
Verbs are nominative, accusative or jussive, but not genitive
KCnC :2 KDL KCnC :2 KDL KCnC :2 KDL KCnC :2 KDL

= - , , - , ` - . , , - , ' ` _,`
,, ` , ' = ,` , .

- - . | | - - , _ | ` ` , - , .` - , .` .` . , .` _ _
` , - . , .` - , .` .` .` , .` _ ` , : ` . `
,, .
: ` , - . , .` ` , - , .` .` .` , .` _ ` ,
,, .



The Ajrumiyyah Mapped
- 6 6

CHAPTER 3: Signs of Inflection
KCnC OD :3 KDL KCnC OD :3 KDL KCnC OD :3 KDL KCnC OD :3 KDL






, , ' ` ,` .
N) Singular noun
, _ ` ` _` - ,
N) Broken plural
= , ` , ` _ _ . ' `
.` , - , . ,
V) Imperfect verb
with nothing at its
termination
, ' ` _` - , ` .` ,
N) Sound feminine
plural
, ` - .` .
N) The five nouns
, ,
N) Dual
, , ` , ` _` -
N) Sound masculine
plural
, , ' ` ,` .
N) Singular noun
, _ ` ` _` - ,
N) Broken plural
, , ` .` , ' ` _` -
N) Sound feminine
plural
= , ` ` , ` _ _ . '
.` , - , . ,
V) Imperfect verb
with nothing at its
termination
, ,
N) Dual
, ` _` - , ` ,
N) Sound masculine
plural
, ` - .` .
N) The five nouns
, .` _ _ . ' `
` , ' . , ` _ . , .`
~ - ' ` , ' ` , ' . _` ~
V) Imperfect verb
with an attached
pronoun, such as
that of dual,
plural, or 2
nd

person feminine
, ` - .
.,' . , , _
V) Verbs that are
nominative by the
presence of the
nun
, ` ,` . , .` ' ` , '
N) Declinable
singular noun
, , .` ' _ ` ` _` - ,
N) Declinable broken
plural
, , ` .` , ' ` _` -
N) Sound feminine
plural
, , .` `, . ` ,` .
N) Indeclinable
nouns
, ` - .` .
N) The five nouns
, ,
N) Dual
, , ` , ` _` -
N) Sound masculine
plural
, ` _, -` . ` _ _ . '
, -.
V) Imperfect verbs
with a sound
ending
, ` ` ' ` _ _ . '
, -.
V) Imperfect verbs
with a weak
ending
, . , , _ .
.,'
V) Verbs that are
nominative by the
presence of the
nun






,

-
Genitive

` , -
Jussive


_ ` ,
Nominative
. ,` ` .
Signs of Inflection

.` .`
Accusative

The Ajrumiyyah Mapped

- 7 7

CHAPTER 3: Signs of Inflection

The nominative has four signs: dammah, waw, alif and nun.
Dammah is the sign of the nominative in four cases:
the singular noun
the broken plural
the sound feminine plural
the imperfect verb with nothing at its termination
Waw is the sign of the nominative in two cases:
the sound masculine plural
the five nouns, which are , . , . ,` - . ,` - ' . ,` , '
(your father, your brother, your in-law, your mouth,
possessor of wealth)
Alif is the sign of the nominative in the dual case only
Nun is the sign of the nominative in the imperfect verb
with an attached pronoun, such as that of dual, plural,
or second person feminine.

The accusative has five signs: fatha, alif, kasrah, ya and omission
of the nun.
Fatha is the sign of the accusative in three cases:
the singular noun
the broken plural
the imperfect verb with nothing at its termination
Alif is the sign of the accusative in the five nouns, for
example: - ' , , ' ` .`, ' _ (I saw you father and brother)
Kasrah is the sign of the accusative in the sound feminine
plural.
Ya is the sign of the accusative in the dual and the sound
masculine plural.
Omission of the nun is the sign of the accusative in those
verbs that are nominative by the presence of the nun.

The genitive has three signs: kasrah, ya and fatha.
Kasrah is the sign of the genitive in three cases:
the declinable singular noun
the declinable broken plural
the sound feminine plural
Ya is the sign of the genitive in three cases:
the five nouns
the dual
the sound masculine plural
Fatha is the sign of the genitive in indeclinable nouns.

The jussive has two signs: sukun and omission.
Sukun is the sign of the jussive in imperfect verbs with a
sound ending.
Omission is the sign of the jussive in imperfect verbs with
a weak ending and verbs that are nominative by the
presence of the nun.
KCnC OD :3 KDL KCnC OD :3 KDL KCnC OD :3 KDL KCnC OD :3 KDL

= - : - _ , _ | _ | .,' , .` . . , .` , , , . ` ` . .
- | -=| _ . , ,` _ ' _ ` , ., ,` .
` , . , ` .` , ' _` - , . _ ` _` - , . , '
.` , - , . , ` , _ _ . ' .
,| - | _ ` , ., ` , .` , , _` -
, . ` - .` . , , ` . ,` - , . ,` - ' , . ,` , '
, , . , , .
. | v - | ` . - . ` . , _ ` , ., .
.,| - | ., .` . _ _ . ' ` _ ` ,
~ - ' ` , ' ` _ . ` , ' . _` ~ ` _ . ` , ' . , ` _ . , .
= - : - - . = | . . , , . ,` , .` . . , . -`
.,' ` - , .
| - | - _ . , .` .` ., ,` .
, ' . . . ` , - _ _ . ' ` , . _ ` _` - ,
.` , - , .` , ` , , .
. |v - | .` .` ., ,` - . ` - . ` .
: ` ' , . - ' , , ' ` .`, ' _ .
. | - | , ` .` , ' _` - .` .` ., .
, | - | _` - , , ` .` .` ., .
- | .,| = = - ` - . .` .` ., ,
.,' . , , _ .
= - : - = : | -` , . . , , . ,` .
. | - | , - ., _ .
_` -, . , .` ' _ ` _` - , . , .` ' , ' ,` .
, ` .` , ' .
, | - | _ . , - ., . ` .
_` - , . , ` , . ` - .
| - | - . ,` . - .,
` , .` , .
. - : - ; | ` - , . ., ' .
., .| - | _, -` . _ _ . ' ` ` , - ., ,
, -. .
= = - - | ., , ` ' __ . ' ` ` , -
.,' . , ,` _ ` - . , . , -. .

The Ajrumiyyah Mapped
- 8 8
IMPERFECT VERBS
mDC mDC mDC mDC C C C C

_<
Plural
_-
Dual
.-
Singular





'
=- ,- / .-
1
st
person masc/fem

.,

.


=- .|=
2
nd
person masc



.


.- .|=
2
nd
person fem

., ,

. ,

,
=- .-
3
rd
person masc

,

.


.- .-
3
rd
person fem










IMPERFECT VERBS WITH WEAK ENDINGS
nfC Q nfC Q nfC Q nfC Q C mDC C mDC C mDC C mDC C C C C

Weak Ya Weak Waw Weak Alif Sound End

,,


,` ,

_.,,

-,
- Nom. __
,,


,` ,

_.,,

-,
.= - Acc.
,,

` _,

,,

-,
;- - Juss.

.` , - , . , ` , ` _ _ . ' `

` - .
`
Imperfect verbs with nothing at their termination
The five verbs
Imperfect verbs with fixed endings
` .
` -
` ,,
Original
Omission
Implicit
The Ajrumiyyah Mapped
- 9 9

INDECLINABLE NOUNS
n n n n n n n n








































,. _

Indeclinable

A noun is indeclinable if it has the
following properties, unless it has the
definite article or is mudaf.
_,- _, ,.
In the pattern of the
utmost plural

Does not accept a
kasra, instead takes a
fatha, and can not
take a tanween.
,.,
Descriptive
,
Proper name
.,' .'
,' ,' _,.'
Feminine that ends
with an alif maqsura
or alif and hamza

Changed

._,
Pattern of verb

., , .. ,_
Superfluous .
.,,
Compounded

-
Non-Arab origin

.' _, .,'
Fem. with no alif

The Ajrumiyyah Mapped
- 10 10

CHAPTER 4: Inflected Words
ODLnC :4 KDL ODLnC :4 KDL ODLnC :4 KDL ODLnC :4 KDL






, ` , ' ` , .
N) Singular noun
, ` , ` .` , ' ` _` -
N) Sound fem. pl.
, ` _` - _ `
N) Broken Plural
, ` _ _ . ' `
.` , - , .` , ` ,
V) Imperfect verb
with nothing at
its termination
, , `
N) Dual
, ` - . ` .
N) The five nouns
, ` , ` , ' ` _` -
N) Sound masc. pl.
` _ _
Nom.
` .` .
Acc.
` -
Gen.
Decline
, .` ,
, .` , .
Indecline
` '
Weak
` _, -` .
Sound
. , - ,
By vowels
,` , - ,
By letters

.
.
' ` . , ,`
Inflected
Words



` _ _
Nom.
` _ _
Nom.
_ ` _
Nom.
` .` .
Acc.
` .` .
Acc.
` .` .
Acc.
` ` , -
Juss.
` -
Gen.
` -
Gen.




` ` , -
Juss.
` _ _
Nom.
` _ _
Nom.
` _ _
Nom.
` _ _
Nom.
` .` .
Acc.
` .` .
Acc.
` .` .
Acc.
` .` .
Acc.

,
` -
Gen.
` -
Gen.
` -
Gen.
, ` - .
V) The five verbs
, . , . ,
., , ., , ,
, ,

The Ajrumiyyah Mapped

- 11 11

CHAPTER 4: Inflected Words

Inflected words are of two types: those inflected by vowels and
those inflected by letters.

Those types inflected by vowels are four: the singular
noun, the broken plural, the sound feminine plural and the
imperfect verb with nothing at its termination.
All of these are nominative by the dammah, accusative by
the fatha, genitive by the kasrah and jussive by the sukun,
except in three cases:
the sound feminine plural is accusative by the kasrah
the indeclinable noun is genitive by the fatha
the imperfect verb with a weak ending is jussive by
omission

Those types inflected by letters are four: the dual, the
sound masculine plural, the five nouns and the five verbs,
which are: , . ., . ., , . . . . .
The dual is nominative by the alif and accusative and
genitive by the ya.
The sound masculine plural is nominative by the waw
and accusative and genitive by the ya.
The five nouns are nominative by the waw, accusative by
the alif and genitive by the ya.
The five verbs are nominative by the nun and accusative
and jussive by omission.
ODLn ODLn ODLn ODLn C C C C : :: :4 4 4 4 KDL KDL KDL KDL

' = , - . . | ,` `, ` ,` , . . , - , ` . ,` `, ` ,` ` .
,` , - , .

g , | - - , _ | = - , = - , =| ` _` - , .` , ' ` , .
` , ` _ _ . ' ` , .` , ` .` , ' ` _` - , . _ `
.` , - , .` , .
, . -` , ` . .` ` , . ` ` . , ` _ ` ,` , , . ,` , ` ` -`
., ' , ` ,` -` , .
. ,` ' : ` _ , - , ` . .` `, ` , ` .` , ' ` _` -
,` , . . -` , ` ` -`, ` , .` , . ` ,` . ,
, ` ,` -`, ` , -. ` ' ` _ _ . ' ` , , - - .

g , | - - , _ | = - , = - , =| , ' ` _` - , . , `
, . ` - . , . ` - . ` . , .` , `
, . ., , . ., , , . . , . . , .
| - , | - . , , ` ` -` , ` . .` ` , . . . , ` _ ,` .
, |.| = ' _ - - | ` . .` `, , . , , , ` _ ` ,` , , ` ` -`,
. , , .
- . - =v - | . . . , ` . .` ` , . , , , ` _ ` ,`
` -` , ` . .` ` , .,' , ` _ ` ,` ` - . ` ' , . , , `
, - , ` ,` -` , .
The Ajrumiyyah Mapped
- 12 12

CHAPTER 5: Verbs
DC :5 KDL DC :5 KDL DC :5 KDL DC :5 KDL


` .
Verbs

Perfect
` ,` '
Imperative
, ' , -. ` _,`
Fatha always
the last vowel
, ' ` ,` ,` -
Always
jussive
` _, -
Juss. agents
` . . ,`

Acc. agents
,

Act by
themself
, ` .` . ' ,

Act by a
concealed
, .' ,
. '
That
`
Will not
.
Then
`
So that
` ` .
Lam of cause
,` - - ` .
Lam of neg.
_` -
Until
.
So
, ,
And
` , '
Or
` ` ` ,` -,

Make one
verb juss.
` ,
Did not
`
Not yet
` , ' ,
Did not?
' '
Not yet?
. ' , ,` . ` .
Lam of
imperative &
supplication
.
If

What
`
Who
` ,
Whatever

Whenever
,
However
'
Which
_
When
.`, '
When
`, '
Where
_` '
How
` , -
Wherever


` . - ,` `
If in poetry only
` ` ` ,` -,

Make two
verbs juss.
. ' , ` ,` .
No of prohibition
& supplication
: ` , ,` ` -, _ ,` _ . ,` , ` - ` , ' ` _ - ` , ' ` . . ` , ` -` , _' - . ,' ` _, ` , ,` , .` .` , '
Always commences with one of the letters contained in ` , ' ` .
Always nominative unless acted upon by a accusative or jussive agent
` _ _ .`
Imperfect
The Ajrumiyyah Mapped
- 13 13

CHAPTER 5: Verbs

There are three types of verbs: the perfect, the imperfect and the
imperative. For example: , . ` . ,` . .` . ,` ., . .
The last vowel of a perfect verb is always a fatha. The imperative
is always jussive. The imperfect commences with one of the
letters in ` .` , ' and is always nominative unless acted upon by an
accusative or jussive agent.
The accusative agents are ten, they are:
. ' (That)
` (Will not)
. (Then)
` (So that)
` ` . (Lam of cause)
,` - - ` . (Lam of negation)
_` - (Until)
. , ` . , - (Fa of reply)
, , (And)
` , ' (Or)
The jussive agents are eighteen, they are:
` , (Did not)
` (Not yet)
` , ' (Did not?)
' ' (Not yet?)
. ' , ,` . ` . (Lam of imperative & supplication)
. ' , ` ,` . (No of prohibition & supplication)
. (If)
(What)
` (Who)
` , (Whatever)
(Whenever)
' (Which)
_ (When)
.`, ' (When)
`, ' (Where)
_` ' (How)
` , - (Wherever)
, (However)
` . - ,` ` (If in poetry only)
DC :5 KDL DC :5 KDL DC :5 KDL DC :5 KDL

- : , - v . ,` - .` ,` ' , .` _ _ .` , . . , .
` . ,` . , .` . ,` ., , .

_ = | , ' , -. ` _,` .

- v , ' ` ,` ,` - .

g _ = ' ,` ` -, _ ,` _ . ,` , ` - ` , ' .
: ` , ` _, ` , ,` , .` .` , ' ` , ' ` . . ` , ` -` , _' - . , '
` _ - .

_ . = - . = ,|
._` - , . ,` - - ` . , .` ` . , .` , .. , .` , . . '
. , ` . , - , . ` , ' , . , , , .

_ . = - - , ; _, -
` , ` ,` . , . . ' , ,` . ` . , . ' ' , .` , ' , .` , .
. .`, ' , ._ , . ' , . , . ` , , ` , , . , . . ' ,
` . - ,` ` , . , , . ` , - , ._` ' , . `, ' , .


The Ajrumiyyah Mapped
- 14 14

CHAPTER 6: Nominative Nouns
DrC ODn :6 KDL DrC ODn :6 KDL DrC ODn :6 KDL DrC ODn :6 KDL



' ` . , ` , .` -.
Nominative
Nouns


Subject
` ` , `, ` , ,` '
The object whose
subject is unnamed
' ` `
Subject of a
noun sentence
` , -
Predicate of a
noun sentence
, ,` - ' , . ` , -
Predicate of .
or her sisters
, - ' , . ` ,`
Subject of .
or her sisters

_, ` , ` _,`
Appositions
to nom. nouns

Permutative
` , ,`
Corroborative
` . =
Conjunctive
` .` `
Adjective
The Ajrumiyyah Mapped
- 15 15

CHAPTER 6: Nominative Nouns

Nominative nouns are of seven types:
the subject
the object whose subject is unnamed
the subject of a noun sentence and its predicate
the subject of . or her sisters
the predicate of . or her sisters
appositions to nominative nouns, which are:
adjectives
conjunctives
corroboratives
permutatives
DrC ODn DrC ODn DrC ODn DrC ODn : :: :6 6 6 6 KDL KDL KDL KDL

' _ . - - , = = -,
' , .` ` , `, ` , ,` ' , . .` ` , - , . ' `
. _, ` , ` _,` , . , ,` - ' , . ` , - , . , - ' , . ` ,` ,
. ,` ' ,` _ ' ,` , , .` , ,` , .` . = , .` .` ` .
The Ajrumiyyah Mapped
- 16 16

CHAPTER 7: Subject
DC :7 KDL DC :7 KDL DC :7 KDL DC :7 KDL



















_< - Plural _- - Dual .- - Singular


.,` `,` , / -` ,

. `,` ,

` `, _ / ,` - ' /
_=-
Perfect

=- .-

.,` `,` , ` , , / -` ,

. `,` , ` , ,

` `, _ ` , , / ,` - ' /
g_=-
Imperfect
3
rd
person
masculine

` .` . / ` ,` ` ,

.` .

` ` ` .
_=-
Perfect

.- .-

` .` ` , / ` ,` ` ,

.` ` ,

` ` ` ,
g_=-
Imperfect
3
rd
person
feminine

_< - Plural _- - Dual .- Single


` , , .


` .` , , .
=- ,- / .-
1
st
person masc/fem

,` ` , , .

` ` , , .

.` , , .
=- .|=
2
nd
person masc

` ` , , . `

` ` , , .

.` , , .
.|= .-
2
nd
person fem

,` , , .

, , .

. , .
=- .-
3
rd
person masc

` , , .

, , .

` . , , .
.- .-
3
rd
person fem
, ~
Explicit
, ` ` ` ` ` _, ' ` _, ` , ' ` ,` .
It is a nominative noun that is preceded by its verb


Subject
, ` .`
Implicit
,` -
For
example
` , `
Its two types
,` -
For
example
The Ajrumiyyah Mapped
- 17 17


CHAPTER 7: Subject

The subject is a nominative noun that is preceded by its verb. It
is of two types: explicit and implicit.

Examples of the explicit subject include:
` `, _ / ,` - ' / (Zaid/your brother/my servant stood
up)
` `, _ ` , , / ,` - ' / (Zaid/your brother/my servant
stands up)
. `,` , (The two Zaids stood up)
. `,` , ` , , (The two Zaid stand up)
.,` `,` , / -` , (The Zaids/men stood up)
.,` `,` , ` , , / -` , (The Zaids/men stand up)
` ` ` . (Hind stood up)
` ` ` , (Hind stands up)
.` . (The two Hinds stood up)
.` ` , (The two Hinds stand up)
` .` . / ` ,` ` , (The Hinds/Hinds stood up)
` .` ` , / ` ,` ` , (The Hinds/Hinds stand up)

Examples of the implicit subject include:
` .` , , . (I hit)
` , , . (We hit)
.` , , . (You (m) hit)
.` , , . (You (f) hit)
` ` , , . (You two hit)
,` ` , , . (You all (m or m/f) hit)
` ` , , . ` (You all (f) hit)
. , . (He hit)
` . , , . (She hit)
, , . (They two (m or m/f) hit)
, , . (They two (f) hit)
,` , , . (They all (m or m/f) hit)
` , , . (They all (f) hit)
DC DC DC DC : :: :7 7 7 7 KDL KDL KDL KDL

, - | ` _, ' ` _, ` , ' ` ,` . ` ` ` ` . _ ,` ,
` , ` , ` .` , . , ~ .

=| : ` , ,` - . . `,` , , .` `, _ ` , , , .` `, _
, . .,` `,` , ` , , , . .,` `,` , , . . `,` , ` , , ,
-` , ` , , , . -` , . , .` ` ` , , .` ` ` . , .
.. ` , ` , , .` . ` , . , . . ` , ` , , . .`
. ,` - ' ` , , , . ,` - ' , .` ,` ` , ` , , .` ,` ` , . ,
` ' , . ` , , , . , : .

= | : ` , ,` - . , ` .` , , . . ` , , . , .
.` , , . , .` , , . , . . . , . , .` ` ` , , . , .` ,` ` , , . , . ` ` , , . , .
` , , . , .,` ,, . , . , , . , .` . , , . , .

The Ajrumiyyah Mapped
- 18 18

CHAPTER 8: Object Whose Subject is
Unnamed
D s lC C :8 KDL D s lC C :8 KDL D s lC C :8 KDL D s lC C :8 KDL




















.- Singular

,` ,` , '

` `, _ . ,` .
_=-
Perfect

=- .-

,` ,` ` , `,

` `, _ ` . ,` .`,
g_=-
Imperfect

3
rd
person masc


_< - Plural _- - Dual .- Single


` , ,` .


` .` , ,` .
=- ,- / .-
1
st
person masc/fem

,` ` , ,` .

` ` , ,` .

.` , ,` .
=- .|=
2
nd
person masc

` ` , ,` . `

` ` , ,` .

. , ,` .
.|= .-
2
nd
person fem

,` , ,` .

, ,` .

. ,` .
=- .-
3
rd
person masc

` , ,` .

, ,` .

, ,` . ` .
.- .-
3
rd
person fem

,'
,, ,
Object Whose Subject
is Unnamed
` , ` .
Implicit
, . ` . ' ` ,` . , - ` , , ` ` ,
When its verb is perfect, the first vowel is
a dammah and the second last a kasrah
,` ` ` ` , `, ` , .` _, ` , ' ,` .
It is a nominative noun whose subject is not mentioned with it
_ .` . , - ` _ , ` ` , ' ` ,` .
When its verb is imperfect, the first vowel
is a dammah and the second last a fatha
` , `
Its two types
, ~
Explicit
,` -
For
example
,` -
For
example
The Ajrumiyyah Mapped
- 19 19

CHAPTER 8: Object Whose Subject is
Unnamed

It is a nominative noun whose subject is not mentioned with it.
When its verb is perfect, the first vowel is a dammah and the
second last a kasrah. When its verb is imperfect, the first vowel is
a dammah and the second last a fatha. It is of two types: explicit
and implicit.
Examples of the explicit include:
` `, _ . ,` . (Zaid was hit)
` `, _ ` . ,` .`, (Zaid is being hit)
,` ,` , ' (Amr was honored)
,` ,` ` , `, (Amr is being honored)

Examples of the implicit include:
` .` , ,` . (I was hit)
` , ,` . (We were hit)
.` , ,` . (You (m) were hit)
. , ,` . (You (f) were hit)
` ` , ,` . (You two were hit)
,` ` , ,` . (You all (m or m/f) were hit)
` ` , ,` . ` (You all (f) were hit)
` . ` . , , (She was hit)
, ,` . (They two (m or m/f) were hit)
, ,` . (They two (f) were hit)
,` , ,` . (They all (m or m/f) were hit)
` , ,` . (They all (f) were hit)
D s lC D s lC D s lC D s lC C C C C : :: :8 8 8 8 KDL KDL KDL KDL

,` , ` , `, ` , .` _, ` , ' ,` . ` ` . . . ,
, . ` . . , . , - ` , , ` `, ' ` ,` .
_ .` , - ` _ , ` ` , ' ` ,` . . ` , ` _ ,` ,
, ` .` , . , ~

=| ` .`, , ` `, _ . ,` . : ` , ` ,` - .,` ,` , ' , ` `, _ ` . ,
,` ,` ` , `, , .

= ' ` . : ` , ,` - . , ` .` ,, ` . , . .` , ,` . , . ` , ,
` . , . .` , ,` . , ` . , .` ` , , ` . , .` ,` ` , , ` . , .` ` ` , , ` . , . . , , , .` .
` . , ` . , . , , ` . , .,, , ` , , .

The Ajrumiyyah Mapped
- 20 20

CHAPTER 9: The Subject and Predicate
nMgC EjQMC :9 KDL nMgC EjQMC :9 KDL nMgC EjQMC :9 KDL nMgC EjQMC :9 KDL


























_< - Plural _- - Dual .- Single


` ` -

'
=- ,- / .-
1
st
person masc/fem
` ,` ` '

` ` '

.` '
=- .|=
2
nd
person masc
` ` ` '

` ` '

' .`
.|= .-
2
nd
person fem
` ,`

`

,`
=- .-
3
rd
person masc
` `

`


.- .-
3
rd
person fem
For
example
` ,` -
` , ~
Explicit

_-, ''
The Subject and
Predicate

| = , ' , _ ` _, ` , ' ` ,` . , ` , =
, | ` , ` ` ' ` _, ` , ' ` ,` . ,`
The Subject: Nominative noun free of explicit agents
The Predicate: Nominative noun connected to the subject

` ,` - For example


.` ` , -
Predicates two
types
` , `
Single
, ` ` ,` ,
Not single
` , ` `, _
Zaid is
standing
.`,` , .
The two Zaids are
standing
.,` .,` `,` ,
The Zaids are
standing



.` ' ` '
Subjects two
types

` _,` ,` - ' , ' _ -
Preposition
and its object
` ` , =
Adverbial
expression
_ `
Verb and its
subject
, - _ ' ` '
Subject and its
predicate
` `, _
_`
` `, _
`
` `, _
` ,` , '
` ` , _ - ` `, _
` , ` .`
Implicit
` , '

` ` -
.,`
The Ajrumiyyah Mapped
- 21 21

CHAPTER 9: The Subject and Predicate

The subject is a nominative noun that is free of explicit agents
and the predicate is a nominative noun connected to it. For
example:
` , ` `, _ (Zaid is standing)
. .`,` , (The two Zaids are standing)
.,` .,` `,` , (The Zaids are standing)
The subject is of two types: explicit and implicit.
Examples of the explicit subject include those that have
been mentioned above.
There are twelve implicit subjects, they are:
' (I), for example:
` ` - (We), for example:
.` ' (You (m))
.` ' (You (f))
` ` ' (You two)
` ,` ` ' (You all (m or m/f))
` ` ` ' (You all (f))
,` (He)
(She)
` (Them two)
` ,` (Them all (m or m/f))
` ` (Them all (f))
For example:
` , ' (I am standing)
.,` ` ` - (We are standing)
The predicate is of two types: single and not single.
Examples of the single predicate include:
` , ` `, _ (Zaid is standing)
. .`,` , (The two Zaids are standing)
.,` .,` `,` , (The Zaids are standing)
There are four types of predicates that are not single, they
are:
the preposition and its object, for example:
_` ` `, _ (Zaid is in the house)
the adverbial expression, for example:
` ` `, _ (Zaid is with you)
the verb and its subject, for example:
` ,` , ' ` `, _ (Zaids father stood up)
the subject and its predicate, for example:
- ` `, _ ` ` , _ (Zaids slave-girl is going)
nMgC EjQMC nMgC EjQMC nMgC EjQMC nMgC EjQMC : :: :9 9 9 9 KDL KDL KDL KDL

| = , ' ` , = , _ ` _, ` , ' ` ,` . , .
, | ` , ` ` ' ` _, ` , ' ` ,` . ,` .
` , , ` , ` `, _ : ` , ` ,` - .,` .,` `,` , , . .`, .

. . | | = , ' ` , ` .` , .` , ~ .
=| ` ` , ` .
_ . = - = '
.` ' , . .` ' , .` ` - , . ' . ,` , .` ` ` ' , .` ,` ` ' , .` ` ' , .
. , : ` , ` ,` - .` ` , .` ,` , . ` , ` ` - , ` , '
: ` ' , .,` .

. . | , | ` , ` . , ` ` ,` , , .
. | ` ,` - ` , ` `, _ .
. ' , - . ,` ' ,` _ ' , .` _,` ,` - ' , ' _ - ` , .` ` , =
: ` , ` ,` - . , - _ ' ` ' , . _ . _` ` `, _
` ` , _ - ` `, _ , .` ,` , ' ` `, _ , . ` ` `, _ , .


The Ajrumiyyah Mapped
- 22 22

CHAPTER 10: Agents Governing
the Subject and Predicate
fCjC CC :10 KDL fCjC CC :10 KDL fCjC CC :10 KDL fCjC CC :10 KDL
nMgC EjQMC nMgC EjQMC nMgC EjQMC nMgC EjQMC............... ............... ............... ...............


















_ - ,
_- , ''
Agents Governing
the Subject and
Predicate


. ,` '
Types

, , - | . , - , ' ` ' ` . .` ,` ,
Dhanna and her sisters: Make
the subject and predicate acc.
, , - | . , ` , , ,` . ` . .` ,` , , - ` _
Inna and her sisters: Make the
noun acc. and the predicate nom.
.
Was
., ,
Is
`
Be!
` `, _ .
Zaid was standing
. - ,` ,` ` ,
Amr was not alone

` . ' _
Past
` _ ` .`,
Pres.
` . ' ` _
Order
` - ,` .` ,
I wish Amr was alone

` , `, _ .
Truly Zaid is standing
, ` ,`
Emphasis
_` `
Correction
, ` `
Comparison

` - ,`
Possible
` ' _
_ ` . '
_-` . '
~
. ,
_ .
` ,
_
` : `
_
, _ ,



.
`
. '
.` ,


.
. '





` .` ~


` .`


` . -


` .` - ,


` . -`

` .` -


` .`, ' _


` .` _


` . -


` .`
. - ,` ` . -
I thought Amr was alone

_ ` .` ~ `, =` `
I thought Zaid left

, , - | . , - ` . .` , ,` . ` _ ` , ,` ,
Kana and her sister: Make the
noun nom. and the predicate acc.
` `
Impossible

The Ajrumiyyah Mapped
- 23 23

CHAPTER 10: Agents Governing the Subject
and Predicate

They are of three types: kana and her sisters, inna and her
sisters and dhanna and her sisters.
Kana and her sister make the noun nominaitve and the
predicate accusative. They are:
. (Was)
_` ' (In the evening)
_ ` . ' (In the morning)
_-` . ' (In the mid-morning)
~ (Occurred)
. , (In the night)
_ . (Occurred)
` , (Not)
_ (Has not finished)
` : ` (Still is)
_ (Still is)
, _ , (Still is)
(Still is)
These also include conjugations of the above, for example:
. (Was)
., , (Is)
` (Be!)
` . ' _ (Last morning) - Past
` _ ` .`, (This morning) - Present
` . ' ` _ (In the morning!) - Order
For example:
` `, _ . (Zaid was standing)
. - ,` ,` ` , (Amr was not alone)
Inna and her sister make the noun accusative and the
predicate nominative. They are:
. (Truly)
. ' (Truly)
` (But/except)
. ' (Like)
.` , (Wish)
(Hope)
For example:
. ` , `, _ (Truly Zaid is standing)
` - ,` .` , (I wish Amr was alone)
nMgC EjQMC fCjC CC :10 KDL nMgC EjQMC fCjC CC :10 KDL nMgC EjQMC fCjC CC :10 KDL nMgC EjQMC fCjC CC :10 KDL

, = | - : _ ` .` ~ , . ,` , - ' , . , . ,` , - ' , .
,` , - ' , .

, - | . - | , . , - ` . .` , ,` . ` _ ` , ,` , .
, . . , , . ~ , ._-` . ' , . _ ` . ' , ._` ' , . .
, . _ , .` : ` , . _ , . ` , , . _ . , , . _ ,
` ,` - ,` ` , . , . , , , . . .` , . .,
` . ' , ` . ' , ` _ ` .`, , _ , .` _ ` , , . ` `, _ .
: ` ' , . . - ,` ,` .

. , , - | . , - | , . , - ` _ ` , , ,` . ` . .` ,` ,
, . . ' , .` , . . ', . . , . , . .` , `, _ .
: ` ' , .` - ,` .` , , .` ,

The Ajrumiyyah Mapped
- 24 24

CHAPTER 10: Agents Governing
the Subject and Predicate
fCjC CC :10 KDL fCjC CC :10 KDL fCjC CC :10 KDL fCjC CC :10 KDL
nMgC EjQMC nMgC EjQMC nMgC EjQMC nMgC EjQMC............... ............... ............... ...............



















_ - ,
_- , ''
Agents Governing
the Subject and
Predicate


. ,` '
Types

, , - | . , - , ' ` ' ` . .` ,` ,
Dhanna and her sisters: Make
the subject and predicate acc.
, , - | . , , - ` _ ` , , ,` . ` . .` ,` ,
Inna and her sisters: Make the
noun acc. and the predicate nom.
.
Was
., ,
Is
`
Be!
` `, _ .
Zaid was standing
. - ,` ,` ` ,
Amr was not alone

` . ' _
Past
` _ ` .`,
Pres.
` . ' ` _
Order
` - ,` .` ,
I wish Amr was alone

` , `, _ .
Truly Zaid is standing
, ` ,`
Emphasis
_` `
Correction
, ` `
Comparison

` - ,`
Possible
_` '
_ ` . '
_-` . '
~
. ,
_ .
` ,
_
` : `
_
, _ ,



.
`
. '
.` ,


.
. '





` .` ~


` .`


` . -


` .` - ,


` . -`

` .` -


` .`, ' _


` .` _


` . -


` .`
. - ,` ` . -
I thought Amr was alone

`, _ ` .` ~ =` `
I thought Zaid left

. , , - | , - ` . .` , ,` . ` _ ` , ,` ,
Kana and her sister: Make the
noun nom. and the predicate acc.
` `
Impossible

The Ajrumiyyah Mapped
- 25 25

. ' & . are for emphasis.
` is for correction.
. ' is for comparison.
.` , is for wishing for the impossible.
is for hoping for the possible.

Dhanna and her sisters make the subject and the predicate
accusative as they are both objects of them. They are:
` .` ~ (I thought)
` .` - (I thought)
` . - (I thought)
` .` _ (I thought)
` .`, ' _ (I saw)
` .` (I knew)
` .` - , (I found)
` . -` (I made)
` . - (I made)
` .` (I heard)
For example:
` .` ~ `, _ ` ` = (I thought Zaid left)
. - ,` ` . - (I thought Amr was alone)
. , ` ` . ' , . _` ` ` , . ,` ,` . ' , . ` ,
_ ,` , ` - ,` , .` ` .` , , .

- | . , , - | . _ , - , ' ` ' ` . .` ,` ,
, . , . .,` ` ,` ' .` . - , .` .` - , .` .` ~
.` . -` , .` .` - , , .` .` , .` .`, ' _ , .` .` _ ,
, ` .` , .` . - , `, _ ` .` ~ ` ` = ,` ` . - , .
: ` ' , . . -

The Ajrumiyyah Mapped
- 26 26

CHAPTER 11: Adjectives
RC :11 KDL RC :11 KDL RC :11 KDL RC :11 KDL


















.
Adjectives
` ,` - For example
` `, _
Intelligent Zaid
stood up
`, ' _ `, _ ` .
I saw intelligent Zaid
`, , , ` .` _ ,
I passed by
intelligent Zaid
,` '

Definite nouns

.,` ` ` _ , ` .` `
Adjectives imitate what they describe in being:

, `

Indefinite nouns

` , ` . ' ` ,` .
, .` ' , ' ,
Personal pronouns
(I, you)
` , ` ,` .
, , `, _ ,
Proper names
(Zaid, Mecca)
, ` ,` .
, ` , ` -` , ,
Nouns with the def. article
(The man, the boy)
` , ,` ' ` ,` .
, ..` , , . , . ,
Demonstrative pronouns
(This)
_ ., . '
,` _ . ` - ,
That in conjunction with
the above four

` - _ ,` .
` , , , . , - .,` ` - , , ' ` -, `
. ` , , . . ,` -` _ .
, , ` -` , ` ,` -

All nouns that describe a general
category and do not refer to only
some within a category to the
exclusion of others. Also, all
nouns to which it is proper to
attach the definite article, for
example: the man,
the horse.

. -
Gen.
` .
Acc.
_
Nom.
_ `
Indefinite
, ,`
Definite
The Ajrumiyyah Mapped
- 27 27

CHAPTER 11: Adjectives

Adjectives imitate what they describe in being nominative,
accusative or genitive, and in being definite or indefinite. For
example:
` `, _ (Intelligent Zaid stood up)
`, _ ` .`, ' _ (I saw intelligent Zaid)
`, , , ` .` _ , (I passed by intelligent Zaid)

Definite nouns are of five types:
` , ` . ' ` ,` .(Personal pronouns), for example:
' (I)
.` ' (You (m))
` , ` ,` . (Proper names), for example:
`, _ (Zaid)
(Mecca)
` , ,` ' ` ,` . (Demonstrative pronouns), for example:
(This (m))
(This(f))
..` , (These)
` ,` . ` , ` . . , (Nouns with the definite article), for
example:
` -` , (The man)
` (The boy)
,` _ . ` - , _ ., . ' (That in conjunction with the
above four)

Indefinite nouns are that which describe a general category, and
do not refer to only some within a category to the exclusion of
others. Also, all nouns to which it is proper to attach the definite
article, for example:
` -` , (the man)
, (the horse)
R RR R C C C C : :: :11 11 11 11 KDL KDL KDL KDL

. -| ` ` _ , , ,` , . . - , ` . , _ .,`
, _ ` , . `, _ ` .`, ' _ , . ` `, _
`, , , ` .` _ , , .

, = | - . - - - ' ` ,` - ` , ` . ' ` ,` . . .` ' , '
` . , ` ,` - ` , ` , ` ,` - ` , ,` ' ` ,` . , . , `, _ .
` ,` - ` , ` . . , ` ,` . , . ..` , , . ,
,` _ . ` - , _ ., . ' , . ` , ` -` , .

| ,` ` - _ .,` ` - , , ' ` -, .
` ,` - . ` , , . . ,` -` _ . ` ` , , , . , -
, , ` -` , .



The Ajrumiyyah Mapped
- 28 28

CHAPTER 12: Conjunctions
C :12 KDL C :12 KDL C :12 KDL C :12 KDL


.=
Conjunctions

` , ,

.

` ,

` , '

` '

`

,

.



_` -
_ , , . = .
If you connect with
them to:
.` , - ,` ,` -
a juss., the word
connected is juss.
.` _ _, ,
a nom., the word
connected is nom.
.` . - , ` -
a gen., the word
connected is gen.
.` . .,` .`
an acc., the word
connected is acc.
,` ,` , ` `, _
Zaid and
Amr stood
,` , `, _ ` .`, ' _
I saw Zaid
and Amr
`, , , ` .` _ , ,` , ,
I passed by
Zaid and Amr
` ` , , , ` , , ` , ` `, _
Zaid did not sit, nor
did he stand
The Ajrumiyyah Mapped
- 29 29

CHAPTER 12: Conjunctions

The particles of conjunction are ten, they are:
` , , (And)
. (Then/So)
` , (Then/Later)
` , ' (Or)
` ' (Either... or)
` (Either)
, (Rather)
. (Not)
(But)
_` - (Until) in some instances

If you connect a word with them to a nominative word, the
connected word is also nominative.

If you connect a word with them to an accusative word, the
connected word is also accusative.

If you connect a word with them to a genitive word, the
connected word is also genitive.

If you connect a word with them to a jussive word, the
connected word is also jussive.

For example:
,` ,` , ` `, _ (Zaid and Amr stood)
,` , `, _ ` .`, ' _ (I saw Zaid and Amr)
`, , , ` .` _ , ,` , , (I passed by Zaid and Amr)
` ` , , , ` , , ` , ` `, _ (Zaid did not sit, nor did he stand)
C C C C : :: :12 12 12 12 KDL KDL KDL KDL

= - . = - |= - _ .
. , . . , . , , .` , .` ' , .` , ' , .` , , . . , .` , ,
_ . , ' ` , _` - , .

.,` .` _ ` , ' . .` _ _, , _ , , . = . ,
` ,` - _ ` , ' . .` . - , ` - _ ` , ' ..` . ,
, . .` , - . ,` , `, _ ` .`, ' _ , .,` ,` , ` `, _
`, , , ` .` _ , , ,` , ` ` , , , ` , , ` , ` `, _ , ., .

The Ajrumiyyah Mapped
- 30 30

CHAPTER 13: The Corroborative
jQC jQC jQC jQC :13 KDL :13 KDL :13 KDL :13 KDL















,,
The Corroborative
, ,` , . - , ` . , _ ,` ` _, ,`
The corroboratives imitate the corroborated
in nom., acc., gen., and definiteness
` `
Self
` _ ` - '
All

All
` ` ,
Self
Appositives
` _ , ,
` _ '
` _ ` , '
` _ .` , '
` - ' ` , , ` .` _ ,
I passed by the entire
community
` ` ` `, _
Zaid himself
stood up
` ,` , ` , ` .`, ' _
I saw the entire
community
The Ajrumiyyah Mapped
- 31 31


CHAPTER 13: The Corroborative

The corroboratives imitate the corroborated in being nominative,
accusative or genitive, and being definite. This is with certain
known words, which are:
` ` (Self)
` ` , (Self)
(All)
` _ ` - ' (All) and the appositives of ` _ ` - ', which are:
' ` _
` _ ` , '
` _ .` , '
For example:
` ` ` `, _ (Zaid himself stood up)
` ,` , ` , ` .`, ' _ (I saw the entire community)
` - ' ` , , ` .` _ , (I passed by the entire community)
jQC jQC jQC jQC : :: :13 13 13 13 KDL KDL KDL KDL

=, ,| ,` ` _, , ,` , . - , ` . , _ .

, . , ` ' , ` , , , . , .` ` , , .` `
, . _ ` - ' ` _ , , , .` _ ` - ' , , .` _ .` , ' , .` _ ` , ' , .` _ '
` , ` .`, ' _ , .` ` ` `, _ ` , , ` .` _ , , .` ,` ,
` - ' .


The Ajrumiyyah Mapped
- 32 32

CHAPTER 14: The Permutative
jMC jMC jMC jMC :14 KDL :14 KDL :14 KDL :14 KDL


The Permutative
, ,` _, - ` ` ` ` `, ' ,` ` ,` ` , '
The permutative occurs when a noun is exchanged with another noun,
or a verb with another verb, which imitates it in its inflection
` ` .` .
One thing for
another
` ' `
Its types

Correction of
an error
` .
Specific from a
general

`
Part of a whole

, `, _ ` .`, ' _
I saw Zaid, (I
mean) the
horse

,` - ' ` `, _
Zaid stood,
your brother

`, _ ` ` `
Zaid benefited
me, (with) his
knowledge

` ., ` , ` . '
I ate a loaf of
bread, a third
of it
The Ajrumiyyah Mapped
- 33 33

CHAPTER 14: The Permutative

The permutative occurs when a noun is exchanged with another
noun, or a verb with another verb, which imitates it in its
inflection. It is of four types, which are:
` ` .` . (One thing for another)
` (Part of a whole)
` . (Specific from a general)
(Correction of an error)

For example:
,` - ' ` `, _ (Zaid stood, your brother)
` ., ` , ` . ' (I ate a loaf of bread, a third of it)
` ` ` `, _ (Zaid benefited me, (with) his knowledge)
, `, _ ` .`, ' _ (I saw Zaid, (I mean) the horse)
You intended to say the horse, but you mistakenly said
Zaid.
jMC jMC jMC jMC : :: :14 14 14 14 KDL KDL KDL KDL

_, - ` ` ` ` ` , ' ,` ` ,` ` , '
, ,` .

; . | | - - , _ | ,
` ` .` , . , , . ` , , .
` ,` - . , , . ` . : ` , . ,` - ' ` `, _
`, _ ` .`, ' _ , .` ` ` `, _ , .` ., ` , ` . ' ,
, . ' .` _ ' . , ` ` `, _ . ` , ' . = , .



The Ajrumiyyah Mapped
- 34 34

CHAPTER 15: Accusative Nouns
DrC ODL DrC ODL DrC ODL DrC ODL :15 KDL :15 KDL :15 KDL :15 KDL

.-. .,,.
Parts of Speech
in Accusative

, ,` '
Direct
Object

` _ ` . '
Infinitive

. ` , ` ` , ~
Time
Qualifier

-
Circum-
stantial
Qualifier

` , ,` , `
Specifying
Element

_ ` '
Exception
. ` ,`
Noun
Negated
by la

Permutative
` , ` ,`
Corroborative
` . =
Conjunctive
` ` ` .
Adjective

. ' ` ` , ~
Place
Qualifier

'
Vocation

.,` .` ` _,`
Appositions
to an
Accusative

, , - ' , ` .` ~ .,`
Two Subjects of
Dhanna & Sisters
` , , - ' , . ` ,
Subject of
Inna &
Sisters

` - ' ` ,` '
Object of
Reason
` ,` '
Object of
Accom-
paniment
, , - ' , . ` , -
Predicate of
Kana &
Sisters
The Ajrumiyyah Mapped
- 35 35

CHAPTER 15: Parts of Speech in Accusative

The accusatives are fifteen, they are:
, ,` ' (The Direct Object)
` _ ` . ' (The Infinitive)
. ` , ` ` , ~ (The Time Qualifier)
. ' ` ` , ~ (The Place Qualifier)
- (The Circumstantial Qualifier)
` , ,` , ` (The Specifying Element)
_ ` ' (Exception)
. ` ,` (The Noun Negated by la)
' (Vocation)
` - ' ` ,` ' (The Object of Reason)
` ,` ' (The Object of Accompaniment)
, , - ' , . ` , - (The Predicate of Kana and her Sisters)
, , - ' , . ` ,` (The Subject of Inna and her Sisters)
, , - ' , ` .` ~ .,` (The Two Subjects of Dhanna and her
Sisters)
.,` .` ` _,` (The Appositions to an Accusative), which are
of four types:
` .` ` (The Adjective)
` . = (The Conjunctive)
` , ` ,` (The Corroborative)
(The Permutative)
DrC ODL DrC ODL DrC ODL DrC ODL : :: :15 15 15 15 KDL KDL KDL KDL

' = - - . - = ,, = , . .` _ ` . ' , . , ,` '
' ` ` , ~ , . ` , ` ` , ~ , ` , ,` , ` , . - , . . . ._ ` ',
` , - , .` ,` ' , . ` - ' ` ,` ' , . ' , . . ` ,` ,
, , - ' , ` .` ~ .,` . , , - ' , . ` ,` , . , , - ' , .
` , . .,` .` ` _,` , . ,` ' ,` _ ' , ` . = , .` .` ` .
, .` , ` ,` , .

The Ajrumiyyah Mapped
- 36 36

CHAPTER 16: The Direct Object
L C L C L C L C :16 KDL :16 KDL :16 KDL :16 KDL









_< - Plural _- - Dual .- - Single


, , .


, , .
=- ,- / .-
1
st
person masc/fem
` , , , .

, ,.

: , , .
=- .|=
2
nd
person masc
` , , .

, ,.

: , , .
.|= .-
2
nd
person fem
` ,` , , , .

` , , , .

` , , .
=- .-
3
rd
person masc
` ` , , , .

` , , , .

, , , .
.- .-
3
rd
person fem

_< - Plural _- - Dual .- Single


`,


`,
=- ,- / .-
1
st
person masc/fem
` , `,

`,

`,
=- .|=
2
nd
person masc
` `,

`,

`,
.|= .-
2
nd
person fem
` `, ` ,

` `,

` `,
=- .-
3
rd
person masc
` ` `,

` `, ` ,

`,
.- .-
3
rd
person fem


, ,'
The Direct
Object
` , ` _ , ` .,` .` ' ` ,` . ,`
It is an accusative noun that is
the object of a verbs action
`, _ ` .` , , .
I hit Zaid
_ , ` .`
I mounted the
horse
Connected
.` `
. ` `
Unconnected



` , ` .`
Implicit

. `
Its two types
` , ~
Explicit
. `
Its two types
The Ajrumiyyah Mapped
- 37 37

CHAPTER 16: The Direct Object

It is an accusative noun that is the object of a verbs action, for
example:
`, _ ` .` , , . (I hit Zaid)
, ` .` _ (I mounted the horse)

Direct objects are of two types, explicit and implicit. Examples of
the explicit include what has already been mentioned.

The implicit is of two types, connected and unconnected.
The connected are twelve, they are:
, , . (He hit me)
, , . (He hit us)
: , , . (He hit you (m))
: , , . (He hit you (f))
, ,. (He hit you two)
` , , , . (He hit you all (m or m/f))
` , , . (He hit you all (f))
` , , . (He hit him)
, , , . (He hit her)
` , , , . (He hit them two)
` ,` , , , . (He hit then them all (m or m/f))
` ` , , , . (He hit them all (f))
The unconnected are twelve, they are:
`, (Only me)
`, (Only us)
`, (Only you (m))
`, (Only you (f))
`, (Only you two)
` , `, (Only you all (m of m/f))
` `, (Only you all (f))
` `, (Only him)
`, (Only her)
` `, (Only them two)
` `, ` , (Only them all (m or m/f))
` ` `, (Only them all (f))
L L L L C C C C : :: :16 16 16 16 KDL KDL KDL KDL

,` , ` ,` - . ` , ` _ , ` .,` .` ' ` ,` . ` .` , , .
_ , ` .` _ , . `, .
. . | , ` = - .` .

=| ` ` , ` .

=' . ` . ` ` , . .` ` .
, . , .` ` : , , . , . , , . , . , , . .
: , , . , , . , , . , . .` , , . , .` , , . , .` , , , .
` ` , , , . , .` ,` , , , . , . ` , , , . , ., , , . , .
, . , . ` ' , `, , . `, , . `, `, , . .
` `, , . `, , .` `, , .` `, , .` , `, , . `, , .` ,` `, , .
` ` `, , .

The Ajrumiyyah Mapped
- 38 38

CHAPTER 17: The Infinitive
mjC :17 KDL mjC :17 KDL mjC :17 KDL mjC :17 KDL


' =
Homonymous
. `
Its two
types


_.'
The Infinitive
, `
Synonymous
` ., ,` . . -, .` .,`.` ' ` ,` . ,`
It is an accusative noun that occupies the third place in the conjugation of a verb
,` , . ` . ,` ., . , .
` ` `

I killed him,
killed!
,` ` .` -
I sat, reposed!
, , ` .`
I stood, erect!

` ,` -

For example
` ,` - For example
` ,` - For example
The Ajrumiyyah Mapped
- 39 39

CHAPTER 17: The Infinitive

The infinitive is an accusative noun that occupies the third place
in the conjugation of a verb, as in:
,` , . ` . ,` ., . , . (He hit, he hits, hitting)

It is of two types, homonymous and synonymous.
If the infinitive is derived from its verb it is homonymous,
as in:
` ` ` (I killed him, killed!)
If the infinitive has the same meaning as its verb, but is not
derived from it, it is synonymous, as in:
,` ` .` - (I sat, seated!)
, , ` .` (I stood, erect!)
mjC mjC mjC mjC : :: :17 17 17 17 KDL KDL KDL KDL

, _ = = ' ., ,` . . -, .` .,` .` ' ` ,` .
` ,` - . ` ,` , . ` . ,` ., . , . .

. . | , ' = , ` ,
` ,` - ' = ,` , ` ` = , . , ` ` ` .
` ,` - .' , ` ,` , = .,` ` _ ` , . , ` .` -
: ` ' , . , , ` .` , . ,` .

The Ajrumiyyah Mapped
- 40 40

CHAPTER 18: The Time Qualifiers and
Place Qualifiers
DpC n :18 KDL DpC n :18 KDL DpC n :18 KDL DpC n :18 KDL
DC n DC n DC n DC n




.' ,~ , ., ,~
The Time Qualifiers and
Place Qualifiers
,, , ` .,` .` ' . ' ` ,` ,` , ,
It is an accusative noun the denotes
place and is preceded by a hidden fi
,` ,, , .,` .` '. ` , ` ,` , ,
It is an accusative noun the denotes
time and is preceded by a hidden fi
. ` , ` ` , ~

Time Qualifiers
. ' ` ` , ~

Place Qualifiers
` ,` - For example ` ,` - For example
'
. -
`
. _ ,
` ,
` .` -
`
_
. _
. -
.
` ,
` , ,
` ,
,`
, ` ,
, -
, -

. -
.
, '
'
The Ajrumiyyah Mapped
- 41 41

CHAPTER 18: The Time Qualifiers and
Place Qualifiers

The time qualifiers are accusative nouns that denote time and
are preceded by a hidden fi. Examples include:
` , , (Day)
` , (Night)
,` (Morning)
, ` , (Tomorrow)
, - (Pre-Dawn)
(Tomorrow)
(One-Third of the Night)
- . (Morning)
. (Evening)
, ' (Perpetually)
' (A Period)
, - (Once)
The place qualifiers are accusative nouns that denotes place and
are preceded by a hidden fi. Examples include:
' (In Front)
. - (Behind)
` (In Front)
. _ , (Behind)
` , (Above)
.` - (Below)
` (At/With)
_ (With)
. _ (In Front)
. - (Facing)
. (In Front)
` (Here)
` , (There)
DC n DpC n :18 KDL DC n DpC n :18 KDL DC n DpC n :18 KDL DC n DpC n :18 KDL

, . -| = ` ,` - ,, , .,` .` ' . ` , ` ,`
, ` , , . ,` , . ` , , . ` , , , . . , . , . , -
' , . . , . - . , , - , . ' , . , . : ` ' , .

, . ' = ` ,` - ,, , ` .,` .` ' . ' ` ,`
_ , . ` , . .` - , . ` , , . . _ , , . ` , . . - , . ' .
, . ` , . . , . . - , . . _ , ` , . : ` ' , .

The Ajrumiyyah Mapped
- 42 42

CHAPTER 19: The Circumstantial Qualifier
DcC :19 KDL DcC :19 KDL DcC :19 KDL DcC :19 KDL


-
The Circumstantial
Qualifier
` ,` ' . .,` .` '` , . ,` ` , , .` , ,
It is an accusative noun that explains an
uncertainty about external circumstances
_ ` `, _ . -
Zaid came,
riding
_ = ` ` .,
I met Abdullah
as he was riding

, ` .` _
- ,` `
I rode the horse,
saddled
, . - ., , .
It is not except indefinite
., , . ` , .
It is not except at the end of a statement
,` . ,` - . ., , .
It does not explain except a definite noun
,` - For example
The Ajrumiyyah Mapped
- 43 43

CHAPTER 19: The Circumstantial Qualifier

The circumstantial qualifier is an accusative noun that explains
an uncertainty about external circumstances, as in:
. - _ ` `, _ (Zaid came, riding)
- ,` ` , ` .` _ (I rode the horse, saddled)
_ = ` ` ., (I met Abdullah as he was riding)
It is not except indefinite, it is not except at the end of a
statement and it does not explain except a definite noun.
DcC DcC DcC DcC : :: :19 19 19 19 KDL KDL KDL KDL

, , - ` ,` ' . .,` .` ' ` , . ` . .` , , , ,
: ` , ,` - ` ., , - ,` ` , ` .` _ , _ ``, _ . -
: ` ' , _ = ` .

., , . , . ` , . ., , . , . , . -
,` . ,` - . ., , . , .
The Ajrumiyyah Mapped
- 44 44

CHAPTER 20: The Specifying Element
pQC :20 KDL pQC :20 KDL pQC :20 KDL pQC :20 KDL



,,,'
The Specifying
Element
' ,` .` .,` .` ' ` ,` . ,` ` . , , ,
It is an accusative noun that explains
uncertainty about the essence of something
. , ` `, _ .`
Zaid poured
forth sweat
` ` ` . -
I own ninety
ewes

` ` -` . ~
Muhammed
was content in
spirit
, . ` ,, ,` ` ., , .
It is not except indefinite
` , . ., , .
It does not come except at
the end of a statement

` - ` , , '
Bakrun was
bursting with
fat

, ' :` ` , ' ` `, _
,` - , :` ` - ' ,
Zaid is nobler than you
as a father and more
handsome in
countenance
` .`, , `
, ,`
I bought twenty
servants
` ,` - For example
The Ajrumiyyah Mapped
- 45 45

CHAPTER 20: The Specifying Element

The specifying element is an accusative noun that explains
uncertainty about the essence of something, as in:
, ` `, _ .` . (Zaid poured forth sweat)
` - ` , , ' (Bakrun was bursting with fat)
` ` -` . ~ (Muhammed was content in spirit)
, ,` ` .`, , ` (I bought twenty servants)
-` ` ` . (I own ninety ewes)
,` - , :` ` - ' , , ' :` ` , ' ``, _ (Zaid is nobler than you as a
father and more handsome in countenance)
It is not except indefinite and it does not come except at the end
of a statement.
pQC pQC pQC pQC : :: :20 20 20 20 KDL KDL KDL KDL

, , , | ' ,` .` .,` .` ' ` ,` . ` . . , , ,
: ` , ` ,` - . ~ , . ` - ` , , ' , . , ` `, _ .` .
, ,` ` .`, , ` , . ` ` -` ` ` . , .
,` - , :` ` - ' , . , ' :` ` , ' ` `, _ , . -` .

` , . ., , . , . , . ` ,, ,` ` ., , . , .

The Ajrumiyyah Mapped
- 46 46

CHAPTER 21: Exception
DUQrC :21 KDL DUQrC :21 KDL DUQrC :21 KDL DUQrC :21 KDL


..
Exception
. ` ,` ,` - . `
Particles of
Exception
-,` ` ` . ` . .` `,
The excepted noun is accusative if the
sentence is complete and positive
` ,` -

For
ex.

` , ` ` . . `
If the sentence is
negative and complete


` ,` -

For
ex.
, _ -
It can
be a
` ,` -

For
ex.
` . . , . - _ . .
If the sentence is incomplete, the
excepted noun is governed by agents
` ,` -

For
ex.
` _,` ,` -
Gen.

`, _ . ` ` ,
The people stood not
except Zaid

` `, _ . ` ` ,
The people stood not
except Zaid

`, _ . ` ` ,
The people stood
except Zaid

,` . ` ` _ , -
The people left
except Amr

` `, _ .
Stood not
except Zaid
`, _ . ` .` , , .
I hit not
except Zaid

`, , , . ` .` _ ,
I pass not
except Zaid
` ,` -
For ex.

.
` ,` ,
,
` , . ,
-

-

Permutative

`, _ , , _ - ` ` ,
The people stood except
Zaid & Zaid

,` , ,` ` ` , ,
The people stood except
Amr & Amr

, , , , , - ` ` ,
The people stood except
Bakr & Bakr
` ' ,- , ` ` ` . ` _,` -,
Can be acc. or gen.
. ` . _ ` .` .`
Acc. as above
The Ajrumiyyah Mapped
- 47 47

CHAPTER 21: Exception

The particles of exception are eight,
.
` ,` ,
,
` ,
. ,
-

-

The noun excepted by illa is accusative if the sentence is
complete and positive, as in:
`, _ . ` ` , (The people stood except Zaid)
, - ,` . ` ` _ (The people left except Amr)
If the sentence is negative and complete, the excepted noun can
be a permutative or accusative as above, as in:
` `, _ . ` ` , (The people stood not except Zaid)
` ` , `, _ . (The people stood not except Zaid)
If the sentence is incomplete without the illa, the excepted noun
is governed by agents, as in:
` `, _ . (Stood not except Zaid)
`, _ . ` .` , , . (I hit not except Zaid)
` _ , `, , , . ` . (I pass not except Zaid)

The noun excepted with ghair, siwan, suwan or sawaun is
genitive, and nothing else.

Words excepted by khala, ada, or hasha can be accusative or
genative, as in:
`, _ , , _ - ` ` , (The people stood except Zaid and Zaid)
,` , ,` ` ` , , (The people stood except Amr and Amr)
, , , , , - ` ` , (The people stood except Bakr and Bakr)
DUQrC DUQrC DUQrC DUQrC : :: :21 21 21 21 KDL KDL KDL KDL

- , = v = - , . .` ,` , , . . , . ,
` , - , . , . - , . . , , . , .

` ,` - . -,` ` ` . ` . .` `, . , , _ ` `
` . . , ,` . ` ` _ , - , `, _ . ` ` ,
` , ` ` ,` - . . ` . _ ` .` .` , , _ - `
. . ` . . , ` `, _ . , `, _ . ` ` ,
` ,` - . , . - _ ` `, _ . . ` .` , , . ,
, `, _ `, , , . ` .` _ , .

. ,` , , _ ` ' , , ` , . , , . , , ` ,` , . ` _,` ,` - . . .

, . - , _ ` ' , ` ,` - ` ' ,- , ` ` ` . ` _,` -, . - , .
`, _ , . , _ - ` ` , ,` , ,` , - , , , ,
, , , .

The Ajrumiyyah Mapped
- 48 48

CHAPTER 22: Absolute Negation
:22 KDL :22 KDL :22 KDL :22 KDL






.
Absolute
Negation
' ,` . , ` - _ _` .
In the house there is no
man & no woman
' ,` . , _` ` - _ .
There is no man in the
house & no woman

_` ` - _ .
There is no
man in the
house

` ,` - For
example
` ,` - For
example
` ,` - For
example

. ` . _` , .
If the la is repeated
. ` _` , ` , , , ` . , ,
If the la precedes the
negated indefinite and
is not repeated
` , ` ` , .
If the la does not
precede the
negated indefinite
` ,
Ignored

, ,` ,` , , . , ` ` . .`
The negated is acc.
without tanween
. ` _ , . - , , ` _ ` ,
The negated is nom.
with tanween and the
la is repeated
_ - It can be
` ,
Incited
' ,` . , _` ` - _ .
There is no man in the
house & no woman
For
example ` ,` -
The Ajrumiyyah Mapped
- 49 49

CHAPTER 22: Absolute Negation

Know that negated indefinite words are accusative without
tanween if the la immediately precedes them and the la is not
repeated, as in:
` - _ . _` (There is no man in the house)

If the la does not immediately precede the negated indefinite, the
negated must be nominative with a tanween and the la must be
repeated, as in:
' ,` . , ` - _ _` . (In the house there is no man & no
woman)

If the la is repeated, it can be incited or ignored, as in:
' ,` . , _` ` - _ . (There is no man in the house & no
woman)
' ,` . , _` ` - _ . (There is no man in the house & no
woman)
: :: :22 22 22 22 KDL KDL KDL KDL

` , ` . , , , ,` ,` , , . , ` ` . .` . . ' ` ,
` ,` - . ` _` , ` , , _` ` - _ . .

` ,` - . ` _ , . -, , ` _ ` , . - , ` , ` ` , . , .
' ,` . , ` - _ _` .

. . . , . ` , , , ` _ - . ` . _` , . , .
' ,` . , _` ` - _ .

The Ajrumiyyah Mapped
- 50 50

CHAPTER 23: The Vocation
iDC :23 KDL iDC :23 KDL iDC :23 KDL iDC :23 KDL



'
The
Vocation

,` . ' ` ,` , , `
Unintended
Indefinite
` , ` , '
Single
Proper
Name

.` , ` ` '
Similar to
Annexed

,` . ' , `
Intended
Indefinite

` . '
Annexed

` ,` , . ,,` .`
Accusative,
nothing else
` ,` -
For
ex.
` - _ ,
O man!
` ,` -
For
ex.
_ . , ` ` ,
` ` ,` .
, ,` ,` ,
Formed
with a
dammah
and no
tanween
` `, _ ,
O Zaid!

The Ajrumiyyah Mapped
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CHAPTER 23: The Vocation

The vocation is of five types:
` , ` , ' (Single Proper Name)
,` . ' , ` (Intended Indefinite)
,` . ' ` ,` , , ` (Unintended Indefinite)
` . ' (Annexed)
.` , ` ` ' (Similar to Annexed)

The single proper name and the intended indefinite are formed
with a dammah and no tanween, as in:
` `, _ , (O Zaid!)
` - _ , (O man!)

The remaining three are accusative and nothing else, [as in:
, , ` - ` - _ , (O man, take me by my hand!)
= ` , (O slave of Allah!)
- ~ , (O mountain climber!)]
iDC iDC iDC iDC : :: :23 23 23 23 KDL KDL KDL KDL -

g, | - . - ; . ' . ,` . ' , ` , .` , ` , '
.` , ` ` ' , .` . ' , . ,` . ' ` ,` , , ` , .

,` . ' , ` , ` , ` , ' ` ' ,` , ` ` ,` . _ . , ` ` ,
` - _ , , .` `, _ , ` ,` - . , ,` . . ,,` .` , ,
.` ,` , , ~ , , . = ` , , . , , ` - ` - _ , ` ,` -
- ,


The Ajrumiyyah Mapped
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CHAPTER 24: The Object of Reason
XE C :24 KDL XE C :24 KDL XE C :24 KDL XE C :24 KDL












CHAPTER 25: The Object of Accompaniment
C :25 KDL C :25 KDL C :25 KDL C :25 KDL



-' ,'
The Object of
Reason
,` ` .` ' ` ,` . ` ., . ` _, ` , . , , ` , `,
It is an accusative noun that explains the reason of an action
, ,` . ` - ` `, _
Zaid stood out of
respect for Amr
` ,` - For example
: ,` ,` . ` , :` ` .
I have come to for
your favor



,'
The Object of
Accompaniment
` , `, .' .,.` ` ` ,` . ,` ` ` ` . ,
It is an accusative noun that explains with whom an action was done
` ,- , ` _ . . -
The Amir came
with the army

` ,` - For example
- , . ' , `
The water is level
with the wood
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CHAPTER 24: The Object of Reason

It is an accusative noun that explains the reason of an action, as
in:
, ,` . ` - ` `, _ (Zaid stood out of respect for Amr)
: ,` ,` . ` , :` ` . (I have come to for your favor)
XE XE XE XE C C C C : :: :24 24 24 24 KDL KDL KDL KDL

, ` .,` .` ' ` ,` . . _, ` , . , , ` , `,
` . , , ,` . ` - ` `, _ :` , ` ,` - . ` . ` , :`
: ,` ,` .








CHAPTER 25: The Object of Accompaniment

It is an accusative noun that explains with whom an action was
done, as in:
` ,- , ` _ . . - (The Amir came with the army)
- , . ' , ` (The water is level with the wood)

The predicate of kana and her sisters, and the subject of inna and
her sisters, have already been dealt with in the section on
nominative nouns. Similarly, the words in apposition to an
accusative have been dealt with there also.
C C C C : :: :25 25 25 25 KDL KDL KDL KDL

, ` ` . , ` , `, .' .,.` ` ` ,` .
: ` , ` ,` - . ` . ' , ` , ` ,- , ` _ . . -
- , .

` . , , -' , . ` ,` , . , , - ' , . ` , - ` ' , `
` ` . ` ` ` _, ,` : , . . , ` , ' ` ` , .

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CHAPTER 26: The Nouns in Genitive
DrC ODg :26 KDL DrC ODg :26 KDL DrC ODg :26 KDL DrC ODg :26 KDL



.-. ..,-
The Nouns in
Genitive
` ,` - For
ex.
, ` _ ` - ,
By Apposition to a
Genitive
-, ` ,
By Preposition
, .
By Annexation
` ,` - For
ex.
`
`

.

` ` `
_
_
` .` _

` .` _ , ,
, ,` ,` -
_ ` . ,
Door made of teak
, - ` .` ,
Garment made of silk
, - ` , -
Ring made of iron
`, _ `
Servant of
Zaid
` , ` _` `,
Acts like
min
, ` _` `,
Acts like
lam
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CHAPTER 26: Genitive Nouns

The nouns in genitive are of three types: nouns genitive by
preposition, by Annexation and by apposition to a genitive.

The prepositions that cause a noun to be genitive are:
` (From)
_ (To)
` (About)
_ (On)
(In)
` .` _ (Some)
. (With)
(Like)
(For)
, ,` ,` - (Particles of Adjuration)
` .` _ , , (Some)
` (Since)
` ` (Since)

An example of a noun in genitive by due to annexation is:
`, _ ` (The servant of Zaid)

Though, it is of two types: annexations that act like lam and
those that act like min.

An example of an annexation that acts like lam is:
`, _ ` (The servant of Zaid)

Examples of annexations that act like min include:
_ ` . , (A door made of teak)
, - ` .` , (A garment made of silk)
, - ` , - (A ring made of iron)
And Allah knows best.
DrC ODg DrC ODg DrC ODg DrC ODg : :: :26 26 26 26 KDL KDL KDL KDL

; . | | - : = =, ' ` - ` , -, ` , , . ` - ` ,
, . , . ` , _ ` - , .

, , = - , , ' - | .` , ._ , .` , ` ` -`,
, . . , .` .` _ , . , ._ , ,` ,` - , , . , .
, . , , .` .` _ , , , , . .` , . . , .` , , , . `
` ` , .

- = , , , - - | : , ` ,` - . _ ,` , `, _ `
` , ` ` _` `, , . , ` _` `, , ` _` `, ` ,
` ,` - ` ,` - .` , ` _` `, , `, _ ` ` .` , . _ ` . , ,
, - . ` , ` ' = , . , - ` , - , .