AMERICA S BATTLE AGAINST COMMUNISM: REACTION AND REFORM AGAINST THE CUBAN REVOLUTION

Annotated Bibliography
Research Materials
Yu Kyung Lee Senior Division Individual Website

Best Primary Source 1: United States. Central Intelligence Agency. Department of Defense. Memorandum on Institutional Planning for Operation Mongoose, 03/12/1962. By Joint Chiefs of Staff. 1962. National Archives. Web. 20 Nov. 2011. <http://research.archives.gov/description/305067>. This is a photo-copy of a declassified C.I.A. document on the Mongoose Operation. It provides a partial list of individual plans, with descriptions of each mission, the purpose, and considerations. It was interesting because a lot of the controversy involving the operation has to do with C.I.A.s methods, such as getting the mafia involved in assassination attempts of Castro. For example, it refers to an operation that the C.I.A. rejects for its involvement with the black market. My favorite operation was Americas effort to cripple Cubas rail transportation. In the operation description, it says: continue negotiating for [F] help in contaminating locomotive lubricants. Who F is remains unidentified. The document helped me understand two main ideas. First, the document helped me understand the state of U.S politics in 1962: judging from the madness of the whole operation, either America felt so desperate that the C.I.A. was willing to try anything against Cuba or the C.I.A. usually took a lot of outrageous actions that people just dont know about. Secondly, the vagueness of the words helped me understand why Operation Mongoose would ultimately be ineffective. In the document, phrases such as depending on circumstances and undetermined as yet come up in almost every operation; the circumstantial nature of the operation didnt mix well with Americas bureaucracy, which was the cause of the failure for the Bay of Pigs invasion. A photocopy of the document is available under the Primary Documents tab.

Best Primary Source 2: Castro, Fidel. Battle Documents: Communique No. 1. Address. 17 Apr. 1961. Cuban Revolution Reader: a Document History of Fidel Castros Revolution. Melbourne: Ocean, 2009. 108-109. Print. Battle Documents: Communique No. 1 is Castros address to the Cuban public regarding Americas landing at the Bay of Pigs on April 17, 1962. The Bay of Pigs invasion was Americas attempt to overthrow Castros government, but this document shows that the attempted invasion just becomes anti-U.S. propaganda tool for Castro. In the speech Castro says, They are coming to take away the land that the revolution turned over to the farmers and cooperatives. They are coming to take away the peoples factories, sugar mills and mines. They are coming to take away our childrens and farm girls schools, schools that the revolution has opened everywhere. They are coming to strip from black men and women the dignity the revolution has returned to them. They are coming to destroy the homeland. (108) Castro uses Americas attack in the Bay of Pigs invasion as an opportunity to create a common enemy for Cuba, and he calls on the country to unify against the enemy: Forward, Cubans! We will reply without quarter to the barbarians who scorn us and who want to force us back into slavery, (108). With his words, Castro rouses deep patriotism amongst Cubans. Furthermore, the document helped me see how the Bay of Pigs invasion helped strengthen Cubas socialist stance. In the speech, Castro calls on the people to defend what America threatens: We will fight to maintain that supreme human dignity for all the people, for a free Cuba with jobs for every working man and woman, and these ideas are socialist ideals that Castro pursued since the success of revolution in 1959. The document reveals that the Bay of Pigs invasion, instead of wreaking havoc on Castros government as was U.S.s goal, actually worked to unify Cuba nationally and politically.

Best Secondary Source 1: Schoultz, Lars. That Infernal Little Cuban Republic: the United States and the Cuban Revolution. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina, 2009. Print. Schoultzs That Infernal Little Cuban Republic examines Americas involvement in the Cuban revolution. This was definitely the best secondary source with in-depth examination of U.S. actions regarding Cuba. At first, the source explains he initial optimism of America regarding Castros revolution. The U.S. even excuses mass executions taking place in Cuba as a necessary evil of what was a justified revolution, (85). It greatly contrasts with later U.S. attitudes, especially after the failed Bay of Pigs invasion. Schoultz notes Castros reaction of the Bay of Pigs invasion and how it accelerated the socialist revolution in Cuba: The day after the preemptive air strikes, he announced that the revolution had turned to socialism, and within a few days he was using the failed attack to build Cubans pride [.] Summing up the situation from his Havana vantage point, the Canadian ambassador wrote that the invasion substantiated the Governments warnings against imperialist aggression from the United States; the ardent patriotism which it excited enabled the Castro regime to suppress all internal opposition, to step up the pace of its socialist revolution and to sanctify as sacrifices the exigencies of the economic crisis which Cuba is experiencing. (172) The connection of the operation to increasing socialism explained elevating U.S. panic and frantic pursuit of the Mongoose Operation. Schoultz also associates the declining support for the Mongoose Operation following the Cuban Missile Crisis to a change in U.S> approach to the Cuban problem: Operation Mongoose was quietly mothballed, and a lower-level interdepartmental committee chaired by the State Department not the Pentagon or the CIA was created to coordinate U.S. policy toward Cuba, (188). The U.S. looks to harsher policy reforms instead. Schoultzs connections of events helped me analyze Americas reaction and reform against Cubas communist revolution.

Best Secondary Source 2: Marsico, Katie. Fidel Castro: Cuban President & Revolutionary. Edina, MN: ABDO Pub., 2009. Print. Marsicos biography narrates Castros revolution and its implications in just 95 pages. Telling the story in context with the Cold War, Marsico places the Cuban revolution in international perspective. For example, Marsico points out how Khrushchevs resolve to intervene militarily against American aggression in Cuba precedes and foreshadows the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis. Marsico quotes Khrushchev that should the need arise, Soviet artillerymen can support the Cuban people by missile fire, (58). What I really liked about the source was that while the source is concise, it does not sacrifice details. Marsicos generalizations were accompanied by sidebar information of quotes and data. In showcasing the increase of U.S.S.R.s involvement in Cuba post 1960, Marsico provides sugar quota data: In February 1960, he [Castro] and Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev developed a controversial trade agreement that guaranteed the Soviet Unions purchase of 504,000 tons of sugar from the Cubans throughout 1960, then 1 million tons a year for the next years. (57). The information does two things: it reinforces the importance of sugar in Cuban economy and it foreshadows the economic complications Cuba will have to face after the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991. Also, the details of the book guided me in research. I found an excerpt of Castros History Will Absolve Me speech, and thats what led me to search for the whole transcription of the speech, (35). I could find the primary documents Marsico mentioned through online databases, such as the U.S. National Archives.

Primary Sources: Castro, Fidel. Battle Documents: Communique No. 1. Address. 17 Apr. 1961. Cuban Revolution Reader: a Document History of Fidel Castros Revolution. Melbourne: Ocean, 2009. 108-109. Print. Annotation: See Best Primary Source 2. Castro, Fidel. History Will Absolve Me. Speech. The Moncada Trial Defense Speech. Santiago de Cuba. 16 Oct. 1953. History Will Absolve Me. London: Jonathan Cape, 1968. Print. This is the transcription of Castros speech History Will Absolve Me. It was actually quite a long text for his speech was about four hours long. In this speech, Castro goes over his plan for Cuba after successful revolution. Castro reveals his intentions to nationalize various industries to benefit the workers. I thought it provided examples of his socialist conviction before Castros reign of power in Cuba. Castro, Fidel. "We are on the road to a Communist society." Speech. Meeting of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Cuba. 3 Oct. 1965. Cuban Revolution Reader: A Documentary History of Fidel Castro's Revolution. Melbourne: Ocean, 2008. 18186. Print. Castro gives this speech at the first meeting of the Communist Party of Cuba. With unification of Cuban communist groups, the revolution was strengthened, and Castro celebrates the fact in his speech. C.I.A. The Crisis USSR/Cuba. Rep. 1962. The National Security Archive. The George Washington University. Web. 22 Jan. 2012. The document is a declassified C.I.A. report on October 27, 1962. The Cuban Missile Crisis had heightened tension until Khrushchev and Kennedy make an agreement for peace. After the Cuban Missile Crisis, Operation Mongoose is abandoned. The document considers

possible U.S. actions against USSR and Cuba and the implications. The copy of it is available under "Primary Documents" tab of the website. President Kennedy, and Office of the Special Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs. Memorandum No. 2 Immediate Causes of Failure of the Operation ZAPATA, 06/13/1961. Rep. Web. 22 Jan. 2012. The document is a declassified C.I.A. report on why the Bay of Pigs invasion was a failure. The document looks at the military inadequacy and American bureaucracy as the causes. The full document is available under the "Primary Documents" section. United States. Central Intelligence Agency. Department of Defense. Memorandum on Institutional Planning for Operation Mongoose, 03/12/1962. By Joint Chiefs of Staff. 1962. National Archives. Web. 20 Nov. 2011. <http://research.archives.gov/description/305067>. Annotation: See Best Primary Source 1. United States. Central Intelligence Agency. Memorandum No. 2 Immediate Causes of Failure of the Operation ZAPATA, 06/13/1961. By President [ Kennedy] and Office of the Special Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs. 1961. National Archives. Web. 20 Nov. 2011. <http://research.archives.gov/description/193275>. The declassified C.I.A. document analyzes the reasons for the failure of the Bay of Pigs invasion. As the document points out, the indecisive U.S. government acted based on the false assumption that the Cuban military forces were inadequate and unable to fight back. Images: 1959. Photograph. Havana. Latin American History. Suite 101, 14 Mar. 2010. Web. 22 Jan. 2012. <http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/cuban-rebels/castro-1.gif>.

The picture shows Fidel Castro accompanied by the 26th of July Movement, triumphantly driving through the streets of Havana. It can be seen under "The Cuban Revolution" tab of the website. 1959. Photograph. Time Magazine Vol. LXXIII No. 8. The Cuban Revolution. Latin American Studies. Web. 22 Jan. 2012. Fidel Castro, as the leader of the 26th of July Movement which successfully drove Batista out of Cuba, graces the cover of Time Magazine. During the early days, the U.S. attitude towards Castro is one of optimism and respect, and it is portrayed in the cover. The document can be found under "The Cuban Revolution" tab of the website. 1960. Photograph. New York. MSNBC World News. MSNBC. Web. 22 Jan. 2012. The photo shows Fidel Castro at the United Nations meeting in 1960. The U.S. and Cuba grew increasingly hostile, and Castro repeatedly condemend America's damage to Cuban economy. The photo is seen under "The Cuban Revolution" section of the website. 1961. Photograph. Jacqueline Kennedy's Audio Tapes: JFK References Lincoln Assassination After Missile Crisis. ABC News. ABC Corporation, 13 Sept. 2011. Web. 22 Jan. 2012. The photo shows President Kennedy wiping sweat off his forehead. He seems almost nervous as he addresses the nation in a public broadcast. The picture can be found under "America's Reaction" tab. 1961. Photograph. The Bay of Pigs Invasion: Origin, Failure, Significance, Bay of Pigs. Schoolworkhelper. St. Rosemary Educational Institution. Web. 22 Jan. 2012. The photo shows the Cuban exiles who tried to invade Cuba captured by the Cuban army. They are standing in lines, surrounded by men with guns. This can be seen under "America's Reaction" tab on the website. 1962. Photograph. Washington D.C. The Epoch Times. 21 Sept. 2011. Web. 22 Jan. 2012. The photograph shows President Kennedy signing an order for a naval blockade of Cuba. It was just one of the legislations the U.S. government passed throughout the 20th

century to reinforce the embargo against Cuba. The photo can be seen under "America's Reform" tab. "Amnesty International Urges President Obama to Lift Embargo." Cartoon. Repeating Islands. 29 Oct. 2009. Web. 22 Jan. 2012. The political cartoon shows Cuba blocked on all sides by the American flag made out of barbed wires. It signifies America's blockade on Cuba.The image can be seen under "America's Reform" section. The Bay of Pigs. Map. The Cuban Missile Crisis: Fourteen Days in October, 1997. Web. 22 Jan. 2012. The document is a map of Cuba showing several important locations including the Bay of Pigs and locations of the Medium-Range Ballisitcs Missiles (MRBM). This map can be found under "America's Reaction" section of the website. Cartoon. Progreso Weekly. Washington Office of Latin America, 27 Oct. 2009. Web. 22 Jan. 2012. The political cartoon shows red-eyed Uncle Sam putting his arms around Cuba. His shirt-sleeve has "embargo" written on it, and an approaching boat named U.N. shouts, "Lift the embargo!" The cartoon is a comment on how the U.S. is holding on to the economic sanctions against Cuba despite international disapproval. Classic Fidel Castro and Cigar. Photograph. Travel Photos. Addicted to Travel, 19 Feb. 2008. Web. 22 Jan. 2012. This is a photograph of Fidel Castro smoking a cigar. Poisoning of the cigar was actually one of the plots of the Mongoose Operation that were never carried out. The photo can be seen under "America's Reaction" section. Dwight D. Eisenhower, Man of the Year, Jan. 4, 1960. 1960. Photograph. Time Weekly Magazine Vol. LXXV No. 1. Time Magazine. Time Corporation. Web. 22 Jan. 2012. The document is a cover of the Time Magazine, Vol. LXXV No. 1. It shows President Eisenhower, calling him the "Man of the Year." He enacted the earliest embargo against Cuba. The document can be seen under "America's Reform" tab on the website.

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Edward M. Kennedy. Photograph. The Kennedy Family. John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. Web. 22 Jan. 2012. Senator Edward M. Kennedy was opposed to the on-going blockade against Cuba like the rest of the Kennedy family. Despite opposition, the blockade still exists. The photo of Kennedy can be seen on "America's Reform" section on the website. Eisenstaedt, Alfred. Khrushchev and Castro at the United Nations in 1960. 1960. Photograph. Castro: Early Years, 19531961, New York. Life. Web. 22 Jan. 2012. The document is a photo of Nikita Khrushchev and Fidel Castro talking. The good relations between the two is apparent on their faces. The photo can be seen under "America's Reform" tab. Esso and Texaco Signs. Photograph. Palm Beach Daily News, 10 July 2009. Web. 22 Jan. 2012. The document shows the picture of rusty and old Esso and Texaco signs. After Cuba's nationalization program, the private companies had to leave all their property in Cuba, leaving them to disintegrate. Fidel Does New York. 1979. Photograph. New York. Daily News. New York Daily News, 13 Aug. 2011. Web. 22 Jan. 2012. This is a picture of Fidel Castro at a United Nations meeting on October 13, 1979. This picture is used for the homepage where photos of Castro and Kennedy are placed so they seem like they are heatedly pointing at each other. Inspector General's Survey of the Cuban Operation and Associated Documents. Photograph. The Ralph Nader Library. Web. 22 Jan. 2012. This is a photograph of the U.S. Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy. He was initially a supporter of the espionage missions. His photo can be found under "America's Reaction" tab of the website. Livingston Merchant. Photograph. Oral History Interview with Livingston Merchant. Harry S. Truman Library and Museum. Web. 22 Jan. 2012.

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The document shows a picture of Under Secretary Livingston Merchant. He viewed Cuba as a great danger to U.S. foreign relations. His picture can be seen under "The Cuban Revolution" tab of the website. Loengard, John. 'Invade Cuba Now!' 1962. Photograph. Bay of Pigs: Invasion and Aftermath. Life. Web. 22 Jan. 2012. The photo from Life magazine publication is from 1962, after the failed Bay of Pigs invasion. People are protesting for America to invade Cuba and subvert communism. This photo is used under "America's Reaction" section. Office of Global Analysis, FAS, USDA. "In the Late 1950s, U.S. Interests Owned a Significant Portion of Cubas Economic Resources." Chart. Cubas Food & Agriculture Situation Report. 2008. 3. Web. 22 Jan. 2012. The document is a graph from the USDA's report on Cuba's food and agriculture. The graph reveals that in 1950s, the U.S. commercial interests owned the majority of valuable Cuban infrastructure and land. It can be found under "America's Reform" section on the website. "OK Mr. President, Let's Talk." Cartoon. The Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962. Web. 22 Jan. 2012. The political cartoon depicts the two superpowers competing in "arms race" by showing them arm-wrestling. This cartoon can be seen under "The Cuban Revolution" section of the website. OAS Logo. Photograph. Organization of American States. Web. 22 Jan. 2012. The Organization of American States took part Americas effort to isolate Cuba in hope to end Castros reign. The logo of OAS can be found on the website, under Americas Reform tab. Photograph. Blas Roca: Figura Relevante De La Revolucin. Radio Rebelde, 24 July 2008. Web. 22 Jan. 2012. The document is a photograph of Cuba's Popular Socialist Party's leader Blas Roca Calderio. The picture can be found under "The Cuban Revolution" section of the website.

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Photograph. Dictadores: Fulgencio Batista. Historia Mundo, 24 Nov. 2010. Web. 22 Jan. 2012. The source is a picture of Fulgencio Batista during his reign in Cuba. The picture of the ruthless dictator is seen under The Cuban Revolution tab. Photograph. Library of Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. The United States Congress. Web. 22 Jan. 2012. Under Secretary Bowles severely criticized the U.S., especially the Kennedy administration, after the Bay of Pigs invasion. This picture of Bowles can be found under "The Cuban Revolution" section. Richard McCormick. Photograph. DegreePivot, 1 June 2011. Web. 22 Jan. 2012. Richard McCormick was an American businessman who served as the Chairman of the US Council for International Business. According to him, embargoes are counterproductive to America's goal. This photograph of him can be seen under "America's Reform" section of the website. Schulke, Flip. President John F. Kennedy, 1961. 1961. Photograph. Flip Schulke Archives. Flip Schulke Photography. Web. 22 Jan. 2012. This is a photo of President John F. Kennedy in 1961 by American photojournalist Flip Schulke. The picture can be seen on the homepage of the website, opposite of Castro's accusing fingers. Walker, Hank. Ambassador Philip W. Bonsal at US Embassy. 1960. Photograph. Havana. Life. Web. 22 Jan. 2012. This is a photograph of U.S. Ambassador to Cuba Philip Bonsal. He was against decreasing Cuba's sugar quota. The picture can be found under "America's Reform" tab. Welcome From Castro in Miami, 1960. 1960. Photograph. Castro: Early Years, 19531961, Miami. Life. Web. 22 Jan. 2012. The photo shows pro-America ads from Cuba. One of the ads reads, "Now Cuba is Free. We Welcome Our American Friends, Fidel Castro." The photo can be found under "The Cuban Revolution" section of the website.

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Secondary Sources: Guerra, Vilaboy Sergio., and Vega Oscar, Loyola. Cuba: a History. Melbourne: Ocean, 2010. Print. Cuba: a History overall is a very short history lesson on Cuba, but it has a lot of information about the pre-revolution government under Batista and U.S. Cuban relations before Castro took power. It helped me understand that Cuban government was why a revolution had to take place in Cuba. Marsico, Katie. Fidel Castro: Cuban President & Revolutionary. Edina, MN: ABDO Pub., 2009. Print. Annotation: See Best Secondary Source 2. Schoultz, Lars. That Infernal Little Cuban Republic: the United States and the Cuban Revolution. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina, 2009. Print. Annotation: See Best Secondary Source 1. The Bay of Pigs. John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum. Web. 20 Nov. 2011. <http://www.jfklibrary.org/JFK/JFK-in-History/The-Bay-of-Pigs.aspx.>. The article is from the JFK Presidential Library & Museum website, and it summarizes the plans, actions, implications, reactions, and results of the Bay of Pigs operation. It was interesting to see how the operation was a stain in Kennedys presidential term. The US Embargo Against Cuba: Its Impact on Economic and Social Rights. Publication. London: Amnesty International, 2009. Web. 21 Nov. 2011. <http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/AMR25/007/2009/en/51469f8b-73f8-47a2a5bd-f839adf50488/amr250072009eng.pdf>. This is a publication from Amnesty International about Americas embargo against

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Cuba and its implications on human rights. It provides a summary of U.S. embargo legislations and its effects. It announces international disapproval of Americas continuation of the embargo.