e-book – series

(for free circulation)

WALLS
The Great Wall of China

By

Tamarapu Sampath Kumaran

Southern News Bureau

59, 1st Main Road, Besant Nagar
CHENNAI – 600090 - India
About the Author:

Mr T Sampath Kumaran is a freelance writer. He regularly contributes articles on Management,

Business, Ancient Temples, and Temple Architecture to many leading Dailies and Magazines.

His articles are, popular in “The Young World section” of THE HINDU
His e-books and articles on Hindu deities, Festivals, Nature, and different cultures of people
around the world are educative and of special interest to the young.

He was associated in the production of two Documentary films on Nava Tirupathi Temples, and
Tirukkurungudi Temple in Tamilnadu.

These e-book series are being presented, since reference books seem to be losing patronage
among the younger generation. The internet, which has crept into study rooms, is slowly showing
the encyclopedia and reference books borrowed from libraries their way out. Students consider
the internet a worthy alternative.

Acknowledgement - Pictures and references : Courtesy - Google.com

Walls:

A wall is generally referred to a solid structure that defines as well protects an area. The
English word "wall" is derived from Latin “vallum”, which was a type of fortification
wall.

A wall is classified as Boundary walls which include privacy walls, boundary-marking

walls on property, and city walls. While the partition is of wood or wires it is called fence
and when it is made of masonry structure and is completely closed, or opaque is termed
as Wall.

The origin of walls is viewed, as one that have been inadvertently structured by the
farmers who often pulled large quantities of stone out of their fields in rocky areas to
make farming easier, and they stacked those stones which ultimately made as walls to
protect their property as well mark the field boundary.

Some settlements in the Indus valley Civilization of about 3500 B.C., hundreds of small
farming villages had fortifications and planned streets. There were stone and mud brick
houses clustered behind massive stone flood dykes and defensive walls.

One of the cities located in the Indus Valley is Harappa, and a neighboring city 350 miles
away, Mohenjo-Daro. Excavations reveal large, orderly walls of massive brick buildings,
perhaps as much for trade regulation as defense. Mundigak (2500 B.C.) in present day
south-east Afghanistan has defensive walls and square bastions of sun dried bricks.

From very early history to modern times, walls have been a near necessity for every city.
Jericho in what is now the West Bank, had a wall surrounding it as early as the 8th
millennium BC, and Uruk in ancient Sumer (Mesopotamia) is also considered to be one
of the world's oldest known walled cities.

In ancient Greece, large stone walls had been built in Mycenaean Greece during classical
era Greece, and the city of Athens built a long set of parallel stone walls called the Long
Walls that reached their guarded seaport at Piraeus.

The Romans fortified their cities with massive, mortar-bound stone walls. The most
famous of these are the largely extant Aurelian Walls of Rome.
Apart from these, the early middle Ages also saw the creation of some towns built around
castles. These cities were only rarely protected by simple stone walls.

The early rulers of India and the Moghals built walls around the forts.
The Hindu temples have high walls around the sanctum, depicting the breathtaking divine
figures with

scintillating carvings both inside and outside. Srirangam temple in Southern India has
many walls surrounding the main temple and the whole town is established inside.

The practice of building these massive walls, though having its origins in prehistory, was
refined during the rise of city-states, and energetic wall-building continued into the
medieval period and beyond in certain parts of Europe.

During the renascence era, the Venetians raised great walls around cities threatened by
the Ottoman Empire. The finest examples are, among others, in Nicosia (Cyprus) and
Chania (Crete), and they still stand, to this day.
In olden days before the invention of artillery, many of the Cities had “Protective walls”.
Later when the cities have grown beyond their walls, many of the walls have been
demolished. Still existing ones are the Great Wall of China and the Hadrian’s Wall, as
well a number of walls around the forts of Royal palaces. The Berlin Wall, which divided
Germany, is a modern functional example.

Beyond their defensive utility many walls also had important symbolic functions
representing the status and independence of the communities they embraced.

Walls are classified to Classical, Biblical, Byzantine Antiquity & feudal era. They are
spread over all the continents of the world. Some of them are listed hereunder:

• The Cairo great wall in Egypt

• The Cheolli Jangseong in North Korea

• Great Wall of China

• Erdene Zuu Monastery, and Genghis Khan wall in Mongolia

• Long wall in Greece

• Great wall of Gorgan in Iran

• Jerusalem wall Israel

• Kumbhalgarh wall in India

• Western wall in Jerusalem

• Kremlin wall in Moscow

• Intramurous wall in Philippines

• Paczkow wall in Poland

• Silesia wall in Poland

• Servian wall in Rome
• Trajan wall in Romania

• Visby Ring wall in Sweden

• Aurelian Walls in Italy, Rome.

• Avila Wall and Barcelona walls, Roman wall and Arabic wall in Spain
 • Anastasian Wall and Constantinople wall in Turkey

• Antonine wall, Chester city wall, London Wall, Wansdyke wall, York city wall
and Watt’s Dyke in the United Kingdom and Hadrians wall in Scotland.
• Serpent’s wall in Ukraine

The defensive towers of west and south European fortifications in the middle Ages were
often very regularly and uniformly constructed whereas Central European city walls
show a variety of different styles, with the gate and wall towers reaching up to
considerable heights. Apart from the purely military, defensive purpose, towers also
played an important representative and artistic role in the conception of a fortified
complex. In many senses, the architecture of the city thus competed with that of the castle
of the monarch and city walls were often a manifestation of the pride of a particular city.

Walls and fortified wall structures were built in the modern era, too. Berlin's city wall
from the 1730s to the 1860s was partially made of wood. Its primary purpose was to
enable the city to impose tolls on goods and, secondarily, also served to prevent the
desertion of soldiers from the garrison in Berlin.

Further walls of the 20th century are found in Israel where many exclaves of Jewish
settlements are surrounded by fortified walls.

Most of these "modern" city walls are made of steel and concrete. Vertical concrete plates
are put together so as to allow the least space in between them, and are rooted firmly in
the ground. The top of the wall is often protruding and beset with barbed wire in order to
make climbing them more difficult. These walls are usually built in straight lines and
covered by watchtowers at the corners.
Wan-Li Qang-Qeng - The Great Wall

For over four thousand years China has enjoyed a rich and developing culture, the longest
continuous civilization in the history of the world. In both the sciences and the arts,
Chinese have made great contributions to the knowledge of mankind. The Great wall is
the paramount symbol of China’s standing and achievement. Walls have played an
important role in China and it is a colossal human feat. No other culture seems to have
adopted walls as enthusiastically as the Chinese.

Great structures have served a number of purposes. Building the wall involved a good
part of the Chinese population at various periods for nearly 2000 years. In fact the Great
wall is not really one wall at all, but a series of walls built and rebuilt by different
emperors. Thus there is the Great wall of Qin dynasty, of the Han dynasty and Ming
dynasty and many others in between. In Chinese the wall is called "Wan-Li Qang-Qeng",
since the wall was first built by Qin Shi Huangdi, the first emperor of China during Qin
dynast (221 – 206 BC.)

The Great Wall of Chin was built mainly to protect the Chinese Empire from the
Mongolians and other invaders. It was first built in the 7th century B.C. when China was
still divided into many small states. A first set of walls, designed to keep Mongol nomads
out of China, were built of earth and stones in wood frames.

The Great Wall of China is not a continuous wall but is a collection of short walls during
the Qin Dynasty (221-206 BCE). Some additions and modifications were made to these
simple walls over the next millennium but the major construction of the "modern" walls
began in the Ming Dynasty (1388-1644 CE).
The Ming fortifications were established in new areas from the Qin walls. They were up
to 25 feet (7.6 meters) high, 15 to 30 feet (4.6 to 9.1 meters) wide at the base, and from 9
to 12 feet (2.7 to 3.7 meters) wide at the top (wide enough for marching troops or
wagons). At regular intervals, guard stations and watch towers were established. It
averages about 20 feet wide and 26 feet high. Parts of the wall are so broad that 10
persons can walk across it side by side. Materials used for the wall, were whatever could
be found near by - clay, stone, willow branches, reeds and sand. 140 kilometers at the
north-east end of Beijing City, there is a section of the Great Wall, called Jinshanling
Great Wall. It is 90 kilometers to the Mountain Resort of Chengdu. Its east end connects
to the Simatai Great Wall. Jinshangling Great Wall got its name because it was built on
the bigger and the smaller Jinshan Mountains. The Jinshanling Great Wall was initially
built from 1368 to 1389 in the Ming Dynasty, and in 1567 or 1570 rebuilding of the Wall
was mainly directed by General Qi Jiguang. The total length of this section is about
eleven kilometers (6.8 miles), and the scenic spot of the Jinshanling Great Wall has an
area of 32 square kilometers. The Wall is about seven to eight meters high and five to six
meters wide, which is made of brick and stone. The Jinshanling Great Wall has an
elevation of 700 meters. Watching Beijing Tower is on the highest position, from which
you can see Beijing. The Jinshanling Great Wall is second only to the Badaling Great
Wall in its completeness. There are more than 100 enemy towers along the whole
Jinshanling Great Wall. Built stably and elegantly, different towers have different
structures and appearances. Rows of 3-meter-high Barrier Walls were built leading to the
enemy towers to protect the towers. Some of the towers are storerooms as well. They
were used to store food, hay and weapons.

The construction of the Great wall had never ceased for nearly all the Chinese feudal
dynasties. Just like a gigantic dragon, the Great Wall winds up and down across deserts,
grasslands, mountains and plateaus, stretching approximately 6,700 kilometers (4,163
miles) from Shanhaiguan in the east to Lop Nur in the west, along an arc that roughly
delineates the southern edge of Inner Mongolia.

It has been estimated that somewhere in the range of 2 to 3 million Chinese died as part
of the centuries-long project of building the wall.
The Great Wall has long been incorporated into Chinese mythology and popular
symbolism. The most beautiful of several legends is about the collapse of a section of the
Great Wall caused by Meng Jiangnu, who cried bitterly over the death of her husband in
the construction of the Great Wall. This legend has been spread widely through
textbooks, folk songs and traditional operas.

Owing to its long history, natural disasters and human activities, many sections of the
Great Wall are severely damaged and disappearing. The Great Wall offers a timeless

charm to tourists, but scenery varies with seasons. Visit it in different time you will get a
quite different scene. In spring, when trees and plants begin to turn green, the wall
wonders among the lush vegetation. Every thing looks so fresh. It is a good time to avoid
the crowd tourists in summer and autumn.

Summer comes, the booming flowers and colored leaves cover the mountains. The Great
Wall snakes its way like a silver necklace. What a nice sight! When fall comes, the
mountains are blanketed by colors, creating an amazing view and the weather during this
time is pleasant. This season could be the best season to visit. The mountains and the wall
itself are covered with snow in winter, offering an awesome snowy scene. The weather in
this time of the year will be frozenly cold and tourists are fewer. It is the best time to get
the whole view of the wall.

With the relaxation of regulations tourists can easily plan a visit.