EFFECT OF SECOND-ORDER FORCES ON SEISMIC RESPONSE

A SYNOPSIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF ITS REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY IN CIVIL ENGINEERING (STRUCTUIRAL ENGINEERING)

SUBMITTED BY ABHINAV SAGAR ROLL NO. 1023005

UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF DR. S.S MISHRA

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, PATNA PATNA -800005(INDIA) SEPTEMBER, 2011

EFFECT OF SECOND-ORDER FORCES ON SEISMIC RESPONSE

INTRODUCTION:When a flexible building structure subjected to seismic forces, the gravity loads acting through the lateral displacements lead to the amplification of displacements, shears and moments throughout entire structure. This is generally referred to as the P effect; it tends to reduce the capacity of the structure to resist the seismic

forces and may lead to instability. Factors that govern the intensity of the P effect are the magnitude of gravity loads and the lateral displacements induce in the structure by earthquake forces. Most buildings have a strength that is a fraction of the strength required to resists the forces developed from elastic response spectrum. This implies buildings undergo inelastic deformation during design earthquake. If total deflection, elastic and inelastic is excessive or if gravity loads are large, the P effect may lead to instability in structure. The P effect is a destabilizing moment equal to the force of gravity multiplied by the horizontal displacement a structure undergoes as a result of a lateral displacement. It is explained by single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) structure under lateral and gravity loads. In figure, a single storey frame subjected to a lateral load (V) and a gravity load (P/2) applied vertically along each column.

The lateral storey stiffness is represented by K = 24EI/H 3

Where E = modulus of elasticity I = moment of inertia of co0lumn cross section. H = height of column When lateral load reaches Vy0 = 4Mp/H, Plastic hinges form simultaneously at top and bottom of each column, where Mp is plastic moment capacity of column.

The matrix formulation for the second-order analysis of structures is expressed by F = (K-Kg) D Where F is the force vector, K is the stiffness matrix, Kg is the geometric stiffness matrix, and D is the displacement vector. This formulation is applicable to multi-degree-of-freedom (MDOF) systems. Second-order effects may be considered at every section over the length of each member. Such analyses, commonly termed P-d analyses, address the moment at each section accounting for the displacement of the member relative to the chord, due to deformations over the length of the member.

LITERATURE SURVEY Many researchers to investigate the P effect on single storey and multi storey

buildings. Studies by Bernal (1987) Macrae (1994), Tremblay et. Al (1999),and Gupta & Krawinkler (2000) are notable. Bernal and Macrae proposed method of compensating for P effect by increasing the strength without changing the

stiffness of the structure. Tremblay et. Al carried out a study of the effectiveness of three methods of compensating for P effect, including two specified in the

seismic design codes, by analyzing a 20- storey moment resisting frame of steel. Gupta & Krawinker carried out inelastic dynamic analysis on various analytical models of 3-, 9-, and 20- storey steel frame structure designed for different seismic conditions (Los angeles, Seattle and Boston). In the recent study, Williamson (2003) examined the seismic response of simple structure that could be modeled by an SDOF inverted pendulum. The objective of the study was to asses the impact of P effect and damage accumulation on response. In another recent study, Aschheim & Montes (2003) presented a method of displacement based design that account for the P effect by a suitable adjustment of the yield point spectra. The authors illustrated the application of method, which is applicable for SDOF system; by designing a simple bridge structure.

METHODOLOGY :-

We adopt PUSH OVER ANALYSIS for effect of second order forces on seismic response. Push over analysis it is procedure for evaluating seismic vulnerability of structures. It is deformation based and attempts to explicitly address the non linear behavior of structure & the value of push over analysis is in the insight it gives into failure mechanisms and ductility demands and as a check on the stability of the structure under large drifts, although it is difficult to express in terms of code compliance.

REFERNCES:ASCE (American Society of Civil Engineers).2000. Pre-standard and commentary for the seismic rehabilitation of buildings. Federal Emergency Management Agency, Washington, D.C. FEMA 356.

Bernal, D. 1987. Amplification factors for inelastic dynamic P

effects in

earthquake analysis. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics, 15:635-651.

Gupta, A., and Krawinkler, H. 2000. Dynamic P

effects for flexible inelastic

steel structures. ASCE Journal of Structural Engineering, 126:145-154

Humar, J., and Ghorbanie-Asl, M. 2005. A new displacement-bsed design method for buildings. In Proceedings of the 33rd CSCE Annual Conference: Gateway to Excellence, Toronto, Ont., 2-4 June 2005. [CD-ROM]. Canadian Society for Civil Engineering, Montreal, Que. GC-136-1-10.

Krawinkler, H.K., and Nassar, A.A. 1992. Seismic design based on ductility and cumulative damage demands and capacities. In Nonlinear seismic analysis and design of reinforced concrete buildings. Edited by P.Fajfar and H. Krawinkler. Elsevier Science, New York. Pp. 95-104

MacRae, G.A. 1994. P

effects on single-degree-of-freedom structures in

earthquakes. Earthquake Spectra, 10:539-567.

Williamson, E.B. 2003. Evaluation of damage and P effects for systems under earthquake excitation. ASCE Journal of Structural Engineering, 129:1036-1046.

Applied Technology Council, August 1996, Seismic evaluation and retrofit of concrete buildings, Vol. 1, ATC40, Redwood City, CA,

Bertero, V. V., Anderson, J.C., Krawinkler, H., and Miranda, E., 1991, Design guidelines for ductility and drift limits, UCB/EERC-91/15, Earthquake

Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA. DAmore, E. and Astanch-Asl, A., 1995, Seismic behavior of six story instrumented building during 1987 and 1994 Northridge earthquakes, Report No. UCB/CE-Steel 94/07, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA.

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