Predator-Prey Relationships Between Sharks and Fish We will model the equation of population growth between the two

species are in an environment where both these species interact with each other. Call it the first species (F) is the prey that have an abundant supply of food, say Fish. While a second species (S) is the first species of predators that eat the fish, we call it Shark. Both of these species interact in an un specified period of time F(t) and S(t) is expressed as a function of time Formulation of the Scientific Problem There are many instances in nature where one species of animal feeds on another species of animal, which in turn feeds on other things. The first species is called the predator and the second is called the prey. Theoretically, the predator can destroy all the prey so that the latter become extinct. However, if this happens the predator will also become extinct since, as we assume, it depends on the prey for its existence. What actually happens in nature is that a cycle develops where at some time the prey may be abundant and the predators few. Because of the abundance of prey, the predator population grows and reduces the population of prey. This results in a reduction of predators and consequent increase of prey and the cycle continues. -Predator
-Prey

An important problem of ecology , the science which studies the interrelationships of organisms and their environment, is to investigate the question of coexistence of the two species. To this end, it is natural to seek a mathematical formulation of this predator-prey problem and to use it to forecast the behavior of populations of various species at different times.

Risk and Food Availability

Sharks appear to be a major threat to fish Availability of prey helps animals decide where to live

Predator-Prey Model: Fish & Sharks We will create a mathematical model which describes the relationship between predator and prey in the ocean. Where the predators are sharks and the prey are fish. In order for this model to work we must first make a few assumptions Assumptions 1. Fish only die by being eaten by Sharks, and of natural causes, suppose

contention/completion between a larger fish with a smaller fish, and also the other natural case is sick, and because interaction with other fish. 2. Sharks only die from natural causes is due to illness. 3. The interaction between Sharks and Fish can be described by a function. Differential Equations and how it Relates to Predator-Prey One of the most interesting applications of systems of differential equations is the predator-prey problem. In this project we will consider an environment containing two related populations-a prey population, such as fish, and a predator population, such as sharks. Clearly, it is reasonable to expect that the two populations react in such a way as to influence each others size. The differential equations are very much helpful in many areas of science. But most of interesting real life problems involve more than one unknown function. Therefore, the use of system of differential equations is very useful. concentrate on systems of two differential equations. Without loss of generality, we will

Purpose

Objectives to be obtained from mathematical modeling of predator prey between sharks and fish are : 1. To determine the amount of fish and shark populations are appropriate, so that a proper balance in the ecosystem.
2. To known how the population of predator can be extinct.

The Lotka_Voltera model System

F't=ab-bF2-cFS S'(t)=-ks+dsF

Initial condition
S0=F0 S0=S0

The information about system and initial condition: F(t) represent the population of the fish at time t S(t) represent the population of the sharks at time t F0 is the initial size of the fish populatin S0 is the initial size of the shark population Understanding the model
F't=ab-bF2-cFS F't the growth rate of the fish population, is influenced, according to the first differential

equation, by three different terms. It is positively influenced by the current fish population size, as shown by the term aF, where b is constant, non negative real number and aF is the birthrate of the fish. It is negatively influenced by the death rate of the fish, as shown by the term -bF2 , where b is constant, non negative real number, and the bF2 is the natural death rate or rate of death of the fish because interaction by other fish of the fish. It is also negatively influenced by the death rate due to consumption by sharks as shown by the term
cFS, where c is a constant non negative real number and cFS is the death rate of the fish due

consumption by sharks.
S'(t)=-ks+dsF S'(t), the growth rate of the shark population, is influenced, according to the second

differential equation, by two different terms. It is negatively influenced by the current shark population size as shown by the term ks, where k is a constant non-negative real number

and S is the shark population. It is negatively influenced by the current shark population ks, It is positively influenced by the shark-fish interactions as shown by the term dsF, where d is a constant non-negative real number, S is the shark population and F is the fish population.

Equilibrium Point Once the initial equations are understood, the next step is to find the equilibrium points. These equilibrium points represent points on the graph of the function which are significant. These are shown by the following computations.
X=dFdt=F(a-bF-cS) Y=dSdt=S(-k+dF) Fa-bF-cS=0 F=0 a-bF-cS=0 a-cSb=F S-k+dF=0 S=0 -k+dF=0 dF=k F=kd

One of our equilibrium points is (0,0) Next step:

For F=a-cSb and S=0

F=ab

Thus, one of our equilibrium points is ab,0

For F=a-cSb and F=kd

kd=a-cSb kb=da-cS kb=da-dcS

dcS=da-kb

The solution is S=da-kbdc Thus, one of our equilibrium points is kd,da-kbdc So, our equilibrium point are (0,0), ab,0, kd,da-kbdc Now, to study the stability of the equilibrium points we first need to find the Jacobian matrix which is:
MJ=dXdFdXdSdYdFdYdS so MJ=a-2bF-cS-cFdS-k+dF

To study the stability of (0,0):

MJ1=deta00-k=a-(-k-)

Solution is: a-(-k-) semi-stable since one eigenvalue is negative and one is positive. To study the stability of ab,0:
MJ2=deta-2ab-cab0-k+dab =-a--cab0-kadb-=(-a-)(-k+a(d/b)-),

Solution is: {=-a},{=((-kb+ad)/b)} stable if =((-kb+ad)/b) < 0 (i.e. ad < kb) and semi-stable if =((-kb+ad)/b) > 0 (i.e. ad > kb) To study the stability of: kd,da-kbdc
MJ3=deta-2bkd-cad-kbcd--ckdad-kbc =det-bkd--ckdad-kbc=kb+2d-k2b+kadd solution is: =12d-kb+k2b2+4dk2b-4kad212 =12d-kb-k2b2+4dk2b-4kad212

If we simplify a little more, we get:

=12d-kb+k2b2+4dk2b-4kad212 =-12kb+ik12-kb2-4dkb+4ad212d =12d-kb+k2b2+4dk2b-4kad212 =-12kb-ik12-kb2-4dkb+4ad212d

Stable since both of the real parts are negative.

The imaginary numbers tells us that it will be periodic.

Case 1 (ad >bk) x(0)=1 y(0)=0.5

u(x,y)=x(6-2x-4y)

v(x,y)=y(-3+5x)

Interpretation : that graphic is show relation between fish and sharks from the eigen value. If ad >bk, we can find semi-stable of this system. From u(x,y)=x(6-2x-4y) v(x,y)=y(-3+5x) models, we can find the critical point is (0,0) (3,0) (0.6, 1.2). For critical point (0,0) the graphic show moving toward critical point (0,0) from point (1, 0.5) and next moving away from critical point (0,0). This also to shown from the analysis of eigen value we find positive and negative, its means that the system is unstable.

Next for the critical point (3,0) the graphic also show moving toward critical point (3,0) from point (1,0.5) and next moving away from this critical point. This also to shown from the analysis of the eigen value we find positive and negative, its mean that the system is unstable. And the last for the critical point (0.6 , 1.2) the graphic show moving as periodic on this critical point, its moving from point (1,0.5). This also to shown from analysis of eigen value we find imaginary. And this graphic also show moving toward critical point (0.6 , 1.2),so that us about the system is stable. Its also we find from eigen value which the real part is negative.

x(0)=2 y(0)=3

Interpretation :

That is a graphic which show relation between fish and sharks at time t.The blue line shows the fish population at time t, and the green line shows the shark population at time t. From the graph above shows that in the first two lines of blue line and green line visible then interact with each other more and more time increasing numbers indicate a relationship that ended in a straight line. This indicates that the initial value for fish and shark populations are (2 and 3) populations of fish and sharks are not extinct, but shows that system is stable.

Case 2: (ad <bk) u(x,y)=x(2-6x-4y) v(x,y)=y(-3+5x)

Interpretation : that graphic is show relation between fish and sharks from the eigen value. If ad <bk, we can find stable of this system. From u(x,y)=x(2-6x-4y) v(x,y)=y(-3+5x)

models, we can find the critical point is (0,0) (0.33,0) (0.6, -0.4). For critical point (0,0) the graphic show moving toward critical point (0,0) from point (2, 3) and next moving away from critical point (0,0). This also to shown from the analysis of eigen value we find positive and negative, its means that the system is unstable. Next for the critical point (0.33,0) the graphic also show moving toward critical point (0.33,0) from point (2,3) . This also to shown from the analysis of the eigen value we find negative, its mean that the system is stable. And the last for the critical point (0.6 , -0.4) the graphic dont show movement to this critical point, because not possible many of sharks is negative. So the graphic not possible move toward critical point (0.6, -0.4) although from the analysis of eigen value we find this system is moving as periodic.

Interpretation : That is a graphic which show relation between fish and sharks at time t.The blue line shows the fish population at time t, and the green line shows the shark population at time t. From the graph above shows that the blue line moving constant, but the green line moving to constants of 0. Its mean that the population of shark will be extinct . That is because the population of fish insufficient population of shark. first two lines of blue line and green line visible then interact with each other more and more time increasing numbers indicate a relationship that ended in a straight line. This indicates that the initial value for fish and shark populations are (2 and 3) populations of fish and sharks are not extinct, but shows that system is stable.

Case 3: All constants are equal

u(x,y)=x(1-1x-1y) v(x,y)=y(-1+1x) Interpretation model : Based on the equation, we can said that population of fish influenced by 1 of birth fish, 2 of death fish which 1 fis Berdasarkan persamaan di atas dapat kita katakan bahwa populasi ikan dipengaruhi oleh 1 kelahiran ikan , 2 kematian ikan, dimana 1 ikan mati karena kompetisi dan 1 ikan lagi mati karena berinteraksi dengan hiu. Sedangkan populasi hiu dipengaruhi oleh kematian 1 hiu dan pertambahan 1 hiu karena memakan dengan ikan. Dalam hal ini bisa kita tarik kesimpulan bahwa suatu saat sistem akan punah, karena kelahiran mangsa akan semakin menurun karena penyebab mangsa (ikan) mati semakin banyak. (kelahiran hiu lebih sedikit dari kematian, banyak yg mati, populasinya menurun) if we use this parameters such as : a=1, b=-1, c=-1, k=-1, d=1, we will get equilibrium point are (0,0), (-1,0), (-1,-2) and we will get stability of equilibrium point. For (0,0) the stability is =1 and =1 For (-1,0) the stability is =1 and =0 For (-1,-2) the stability is = 0 and = -1/2 So. We will to check the stabilitation in some point, are : 1. (1, 0.5)

Interpretation : On the graph we can see that if we get (1, 0.5) point, system going to equilibrium point, and finally system advoing equilibrium point. We can say that the system going to equilibrium point but system dont reaching to the equilibrium point.

Gambar diatas menunjukkan hubungan antara pertumbuhan populasi ikan dengan hiu terhadap waktu. Dari gambar diatas terlihat bahwa pada saat jumlah ikan mengalami penurunan, maka secara otomatis hiu juga mengalami penurunan. Seiring berjalannya waktu, populasi ikan mulai meningkat dan populasi hiu mulai mengalami kestabilan karena ikan mulai meningkat. Seiring berjalannya waktu populasi ikan dan hiu akan menjadi stabil yaitu pada saat populasinya masing-masing 200.

2.

(2, 3)

Interpretation

On the grafik we can see that if we get (2, 3) point, system going to equilibrium point, and finally system advoing equilibrium point. We can say that the system going to equilibrium point but system dont reaching to the equilibrium point.

Gambar diatas menunjukkan hubungan antara pertumbuhan populasi ikan dengan hiu. terhadap waktu. Dari gambar diatas terlihat bahwa pada saat jumlah ikan mengalami penurunan, maka secara otomatis hiu juga mengalami penurunan. Seiring berjalannya waktu, populasi ikan mulai meningkat dan populasi hiu mulai mengalami kestabilan karena ikan mulai meningkat. Seiring berjalannya waktu populasi ikan akan menjadi stabil yaitu pada saat populasinya masing 200, namun populasi hiu akan mengalami kepunahan.

Case 4 : (b=0) Its mean that there are not competition between fish. u(x,y)=x(2-0x-1y) v(x,y)=y(-1+1x) Interpretasi model

Berdasarkan persamaan di atas dapat kita katakan bahwa populasi ikan dipengaruhi oleh 2 kelahiran ikan , 1 kematian ikan karena berinteraksi dengan hiu. Sedangkan populasi hiu dipengaruhi oleh kematian 1 hiu dan pertambahan 1 hiu karena berinteraksi dengan ikan. if we use this parameters such as : a=2, b=0, c=-1, k=-1, d=1, we will get equilibrium point are (0,0), (0,0), (-1,-1/2) and we will get stability of equilibrium point. For (0,0) the stability is =2 and =1 For (~,0) the stability is =-2 and =0 For (-1,-1/2) the stability is = 0.84i and = -0.84 So. We will to check the stabilitation in some point, are : 1. (2, 3)

Interpretation On the graph we can see that if we get (2, 3) point, system going to equilibrium point, and finally system advoing equilibrium point. Graph seen moving circle and it will be periodic. Its resulted because eigen value is imaginary.

Gambar diatas menunjukkan hubungan antara pertumbuhan populasi ikan dengan hiu terhadap waktu. Dari gambar diatas terlihat bahwa pada saat jumlah hiu mengalami peningkatan, maka secara otomatis jumlah ikan juga mengalami penurunan. Hal ini terus berlanjut, ketika populasi hiu mengalami penurunan, populasi ikan yang akan meningkat.

2. (0.5, 0.5)

Interpretasi On the graph we can see that if we get (0.5, 0.5) point, system going to equilibrium point, and finally system advoing equilibrium point. Graph seen moving circle and it will be periodic. Its resulted because eigen value is imaginary.

Gambar diatas menunjukkan hubungan antara pertumbuhan populasi ikan dengan hiu. terhadap waktu. Dari gambar diatas terlihat bahwa pada awal jumlah ikan dan hiu adalah sama. Selanjutnya ikan dan hiu sama-sama akan mengalami peningkatan, hiu akan terus meningkat seiring dengan meningkatnya ikan. Namun karena populsi hiu yang semakin banyak, maka populasi ikan akan mengalami penurunan. Karena ikan mengalami penurunan, maka populsi hiu juga akan mengalami penurunan karena jumlah makanannya berkurang. Karena populasi hiu berkurang, maka populasi ikanpun akan mulai meningkat Seiring berjalannya waktu populasi ikan dan hiu akan menjadi stabil yaitu pada saat populasinya masing-masing 200. Case 5 : ((k/ )=((a -bk)/(c ))) u(x,y)=x(2-1x-1y) v(x,y)=y(-1+1x) Interpretasi model Berdasarkan persamaan di atas dapat kita katakan bahwa populasi ikan dipengaruhi oleh 2 kelahiran ikan dan 2 kematian ikan, dimana 1 ikan mati karena kompetisi dan 1 ikan lagi mati karena berinteraksi dengan hiu. Sedangkan populasi hiu dipengaruhi oleh kematian 1 hiu dan pertambahan 1 hiu karena berinteraksi dengan ikan.

if we use this parameters such as : a=2, b=-1, c=-1, k=-1, d=1, we will get equilibrium point are (0,0), (-2,0), (-1, 1) and we will get stability of equilibrium point. For (0,0) the stability is =2 and =1 For (-2,0) the stability is =-2 and =-1 For (-1,1) the stability is = 0.618i and = -0.9 1. (1, 0.5)

Interpretasi On the graph we can see that if we get (1, 0.5) point, system advoing equilibrium point. Graph seen moving circle. Its resulted because eigen value is imaginary.

Gambar diatas menunjukkan hubungan antara pertumbuhan populasi ikan dengan hiu. terhadap waktu. Dari gambar diatas terlihat bahwa pada saat jumlah ikan mengalami peningkatan, maka secara otomatis hiu juga mengalami peningkatan. Karena hiu terus meningkat, maka populasi ikan akan mengalami penurunan. Seiring berjalannya waktu, populasi ikan mulai meningkat dan populasi hiu mulai mengalami kestabilan karena ikan mulai meningkat.

In Conclusion, This Lotka-Volterra Predator-Prey Model is a rudimentary model of the complex ecology of this world. It assumes just one prey for the predator, and vice versa. It also assumes no outside influences like disease, changing conditions, pollution, and so on. However, the model can be expanded to include other variables, and we have Lotka-Volterra Competition Model, which models two competing species and the resources that they need to survive. We can polish the equations by adding more variables and get a better picture of the ecology. But with more variables, the model becomes more complex and would require more brains or computer resources. This model is an excellent tool to teach the principles involved in ecology, and to show some rather counter-initiative results. It also shows a special relationship between biology and mathematics. Now, what does this has to do with orbital mechanics? Simple: this model is similar to the models of orbits with those spirals, contours and curves. We can apply this model with constants representing gravitational pulls and speeds of bodies. Conclusion Hopefully, you now have a little insight into the thinking that was behind the creation of the Lotka-Volterra model for predator-prey interaction!