Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Gears:
Two toothed wheels fit together either directly or through a chain or belt so one wheel
will turn the other. Some gears may have a screw or a toothed shaft in place of one of the
wheels. A gear may also be a combination of toothed wheels that produces a certain speed
(such as a bicycle's top gear which makes the bike go fast, and the low gear for slow
speed.)
Examples: Clock, Automobile, Drill
Inclined plane:
A sloping surface, such as a ramp. An inclined plane can be used to alter the effort and
distance involved in doing work, such as lifting loads. The trade-off is that an object must
be moved a longer distance than if it was lifted straight up, but less force is needed.
Examples: Staircase, Ramp, Bottom of a Bath Tub
Lever:
A straight rod or board that pivots on a point known as a fulcrum. The fulcrum can be
moved depending on the weight of the object to be lifted or the force you wish to exert.
Pushing down on one end of a lever results in the upward motion of the opposite end of
the fulcrum.
Examples: Door on Hinges, Seesaw, Hammer, Bottle Opener
Pulley:
A wheel that usually has a groove around the outside edge. This groove is for a rope or
belt to move around the pulley. Pulling down on the rope can lift an
object attached to the rope. Work is made easier because pulling down on
the rope is made easier due to gravity.
Examples: Flag Pole, Crane, Mini-Blinds
Screw:
An inclined plane wrapped around a shaft or cylinder. This inclined plane allows the
screw to move itself or to move an object or material surrounding it when rotated.
Examples: Bolt, Spiral Staircase Simple Machine:
A machine with few or no moving parts. Simple machines make work easier.
Examples: Screw, Wheel and Axle, Wedge, Pulley, Inclined Plane, Lever
Wedge:
Two inclined planes joined back to back. Wedges are used to split things.
Examples: Axe, Zipper, Knife
Gears
Gears are toothed or pegged wheels meshed together to transmit motion and
force. In any pair of gears the larger one will rotate more slowly than the smaller
one, but will rotate with greater force. Each gear in a series reverses the direction
of rotation of the previous gear.
Bevel Gears
Gears that mesh at an angle change the direction of rotation.
Worm Gear
A worm gear is a combination of a gear meshed with the threads of a screw. This
combination changes the direction of turning motion by ninety degrees. Worm gears also
decrease the speed of turning from screw to gear and increase its force.
Rack and Pinion
A single gear, the pinion, meshes with a sliding toothed rack. This combination converts
rotary motion to back and forth motion. Windshield wipers in cars are powered by a rack
and pinion mechanism. A small pinion at the base of the wiper meshes with a sliding rack
below.
Cam
A cam is a wheel with shaped bumps on it. Cams are often connected to rods, levers, or
springs. In the gravity trip hammer shown here, the bumps on the turning cam push down
on the end of the lever making it raise the hammer again and again.
Ratchet
A ratchet is a device that allows a wheel to turn in only one direction. The ratchet wheel
has specially shaped teeth. A bar on a pivot called the "pawl" is fixed above the ratchet
wheel. The pawl slides over the teeth of the ratchet in one direction, but blocks the
motion of the teeth if the wheel turns in the other direction.
Classroom Activity: Sketching Gadget Anatomy
Main Idea: Close observation and sketching lead to a better understanding of how
machines work.
Learning Objectives:
Materials:
• paper
• pencils with erasers
• printed copies of the Inventor's Toolbox pages for reference.
• a selection of small machines with visible working parts (the more you have, the
better): egg beater, cork screw, car jack, can opener, garlic press, tongs, monkey
wrench, hand drill, Vise-Grips, the mechanism from a music box, wind up toy,
pencil sharpener, stapler.
Procedure:
Teacher Tips:
• Encourage students to draw systematically, starting at one point and drawing each
part and connection in order.
• Emphasize that in this kind of drawing it is not important that their drawing look
exactly like the machine; instead it should show how the machine works. For
example, getting the exact proportions for the parts is less important than showing
how they connect to each other.
• Encourage students to experiment with sketching enlarged views and cut-away
views to show parts that are very small or obscured by other parts. Leonardo often
left out the casing and structure surrounding machines in his illustrations so he
could show the workings more clearly.
• Many of the published Leonardo resources in the Bibliography contain examples
of his work that students will understand better after they have tried this activity.
They may want to see how other artists have created diagrams of machines. David
Macaulay's book The Way Things Work contains many wonderful and whimsical
examples.
Ask students to get their parents involved in helping them locate examples of machine
diagrams from home. The instructions provided by manufacturers with bicycles, kitchen
appliances, tools, and lawn mowers often contain explanatory diagrams to help you
understand these machines. Auto repair manuals also contain dozens of these diagrams.
Many construction sets such as Lego® and K'NEX® also have similar kinds of diagrams
to help you build particular toy designs.
When you have several diagrams from different sources, ask the students to compare
them and discuss them using the following questions as starting points: