Smith 1 Global II Honors Midterm Review Cause for Roman Empire Corrupt rulers Inflation Military over extended

ded and wasnt paid - No loyalty -Constantine moved empire East -Forms Byzantine (Turkey) -Becomes Middle Ages - Self Suffice -Left manors because of crusades -Political system emerges: Absolutism Absolutism - Absolute rule of an empire in which all decisions are made by one ruler Absolutism Unlimited power Seeks to control all aspects of society Total power - King or Queen who has power Divine Right - The idea that God created the monarch and the monarch acted as Gods representatives on Earth; an absolute monarch answered only to God Philip II of Spain Grandson of King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella Given Spain, the Spanish netherlands, the Spanish colonies in America by his father Charles V Became father or Portugal 1580 Became very rich from gold and silver He waged war against Muslims & Protestants in Europe (Philip was Catholic) Saw the defeat of the mighty Spanish Armada (Navy) By English This opened the door for other European countries to go to the new world Under His Rule Spain went through a golden age Art flourished Great literature such as Don Quixote de la Mancha considered the first modern European novel

Smith 2 Problems Inflation (Value of gold and silver) Taxes - Nobility did not pay - No middle class - Poor felt the burden Spain borrowed money from Prussia and Italy to fight wars which plunged them into debt Problems in Spanish Netherlands: -Dutch began to revolt, Dutch were not Catholic, The Dutch had a very strong economy, Philip killed many Protestants, William of Orange lead the Dutch (Defeated Spanish) Dutch Trading Wealth Dutch stabilized the government -Replaced Italians as the Bankers of Europe -Built the largest shipping fleet in the world -Came to the New World for trade Absolutism in France Henry of Navarre became Henry IV -First king of the Bourbon Dynasty in France -He gave up protestantism to become Catholic to keep his country happy -Edict of Nantes - Henry IV allows for Huguenots (Non-Catholic) to worship in France -He was assassinated by religious fanatic in 1610 Louis XIII and Cardinal Richelieu -Son of Henry IV and took power in 1624 (Weak King) -Appointed Richelieu who was very strong as his minister -He basically became the ruler of France and took away the Huguenots rights and weakened the nobles rights -Went to war with the Habsburgs Louis XIV - Most powerful ruler in French history -Louis XIV should not have taken power -Richelieu successor was Cardinal Mazarin who helped with the Thirty Years War (Which made France the most powerful in Europe)

Smith 3 -Known as the Sun King and descended from the Bourbons Louis XIV Wars Got his country involved in many wars which weakened the country financially and with the government -War of Spanish Succession Louis grandson, Philip of Anjou took over Spain Bourbons controlled the two powerful countries in the world - France & Spain 1701 - Many countries go to war with Louis XIV 12 Year War - (Costly) Ended in treaty of Utrecht or Piece of Augsburg end war Thirty Years War Background to conflict -Catholic & Lutheran Princes of Germany watched each other and both tried to get followers - both felt threatened by Calvinism -Lutherans form the Protestant Union in 1608 -Catholics form the Catholic League Ferdinand II - Head of Habsburg Family and land of Germany (Catholic), closed some Protestant churches in Bohemia and German Protestant Princes revolted -1618-1648, -First 12 years of war, Ferdinand II troops destroyed all of Protestant land they could (Habsburg Triumphs) -1630 Protestant army leader Gustavus Adolphus drove Catholics out of Northern Germany (Killed in 1631) Peace of Westphalia War brought Germany over 4 million deaths Made it hard for Germany to unify (Wont unify until 1871) Seven Years War Maria Theresa made an alliance with the French In response: Frederick made an alliance with Britain, Austria, France Russia VS. Prussia and Britain

Smith 4 1756-1763 War was also fought with North America (French & Indian War) Britain emerged as victors -France lost its colonies in North America Russian Czars Ivan III of Moscow (1462-1505) -Conquered territory around Moscow -Liberated Russia from the Mongols -Centralized Russian government -Foundation for absolute monarchy Vasili (Ruled for 28 years) -Took over his father Ivan III -Contributed his fathers work -Increased power of central government Russian Ivan IV Ivan the Terrible -1533 came to power -Only 3 years old -Boyars - Russian landowning nobles -Fought to control Ivan IV -16 years old and first to use the title of Czar officially in Russia -Good period of rule 1542-1560 (Won battles, added land, gave Russia a code of laws) -Bad period (1560) - Wife Anastasia died and accused the Boyars of killing her. He organized his own police who hunted down and killed anyone he thought was against him. He dressed in black and road black horses (paranoid) -1581 - Killed his own son which was the only heir to power. When Ivan died in 1581, his second son who was very weak took power Ivans Son Physically and mentally incapable of rule Died without an heir

Smith 5 Time of troubles in Russia Boyars struggled with czars for power 1613 - Michael Romanov selected Czar He was the nephew of Ivan IVs wife and began the Romanov Dynasty for 30 years Czar Peter I Had to share crown with dumb brother In 1696 he took total power How Russia was different from Europe: He was a reformer in Russia Believed serfdom (Slaves to land) lasted for life When land sold, serfs went with it Russia adopted Eastern Orthodox branch of Christianity Visited Europe 1680s, he decided to secretly visit disguised as commoner He had a passion for ships and trade He believed Russias future was dependent on having a warm water port Great Embassy 1697 Peters visit to Europe Learned European customs & techniques Took 200 servants and 55 boyars Kept his identity a secret Worked ordinary job and was eventually found out Peter Rules Absolutely #1 Goal was westernization -He knew he would have to force change onto most Russians -Brought Russian orthodox under state control -Reduced power of Boyars What else did he do? -Modernized army

Smith 6 -Hired European officers to drill army -Heavy taxes to pay for army -Introduced potatoes -Raised Womens status -First newspaper, made nobles give up traditional clothes, made education a priority -Moved capital from Moscow to St. Petersburg, fought for 21 years with Sweden to gain the window to the Baltic Sea -1703 - Capital moved -By 1725, Russia became strong

England Queen Elizabeth I Died 1603 No Child Cousin James Stuart (King of Scotland) was nearest relative and also became King of England 1603 Believed in Absolute Authority Offended Puritan members of Parliament James I dies in 1625 and Charles I takes over Charles I took over James I Forced to sign Petition of Rights in 1628 saying he would not: -Imprison subjects without due cause -Add taxes without parliaments consent -House soldiers in private homes -Impose martial law in times of peace English Civil War Charles I tried to force Presbyterian Scots to accept a version of the Anglican Prayer Book He wanted one religion in England The Scottish rebelled and threatened to invade England Charles needed money to fight so he had to call Parliament

Smith 7 Parliament used this time to oppose him: -Royalists : Supports of Charles I (Cavaliers) -Roundheads : Supports of Puritans (Hair was cut short above their ears) Oliver Cromwell 1644 Became Puritan general Defeated the Royalists Took the King as prisoner In 1549, put King Charles on trial for treason Abolished the English Monarchy Sentenced Charles to death Cromwell worked to make Catholics disappear (Strict Puritan ways - Dictator) Established a commonwealth 1653 Sent parliament home First written constitution of any modern European state He tore it up and ruled as a dictator Ruled until his death in 1658 Reign of Charles II Older son of Charles I Rule was called The Restoration Brought back things banned by Puritans (Theater , women on stage, sports, dancing) Passed Important things: Habeas Corpus - 1679 Law that gave every prisoner the right to obtain a writ or document that the prisoner be brought before a judge to decide whether the prisoner should be tried or set free Who Takes Over: James II (Catholic) group called the Tories supported him Whigs opposed him (Whigs = Protestants) James II upsets subjects -James II oldest daughter was a Protestant and the wife of William of Orange (Prince of Netherlands(

Smith 8 -William and Mary lead an overthrow of James II called the Glorious Revolution Glorious Revolution Constitutional monarchy -William and Mary had to sign Bill of Rights Creation of a Cabinet -Became a link between the King and Parliament -Over time became the center of power -Prime Minster is the leader today The parliament removed the monarchy from power while most other states at this time were absolute monarchies. This gave English citizens civil rights , which developed into a constitutional monarchy when the throne was restored

Scientific Revolution New view of human beings emerged during 17th and 18th century Medieval Society Views: -Primarily Theological -Political theory based on divine right of kings -Activities ranging from marriage and divorce to eating habits -Hours of business regulated by Churches and Religious Doctrines -After Scientific Revolution, secularism emerged and many became openly hostile to established Christianity Causes The Renaissance stimulated science by rediscovering ancient mathematics -Renaissance and the questioning spirit -Humanism -Leonardo DaVinci Navigational problems of long sea voyages in the Age of Exploration -Instruments developed; telescope, barometer, thermometer, pendulum clock, microscope Scientific Method by Bacon and Descartes

Smith 9 Nicolaus Copernicus 1473-1543 Heliocentric - Everything revolves around the sun Religious Reaction - Lutherans and Calvins condemned Copernicus (Catholics thought it would go away) Johann Kepler First great Protestant scientist Mathematically proved heliocentric universe Three Laws of Planetary Motion: I. II. III. Discovered orbits of planets are ellipses that complete their orbits in equal times The line connecting the Sun to a planet sweeps in equal areas in equal times Time it takes planets to complete orbit is precisely related to its distance from the sun

Galileo Galilei Laws of motion using experimental method (acceleration and inertia) First to use telescope as scientific instrument (validated Copernicus heliocentric theory) Faced inquisition of Pope Urban VIIII, forced to recant his findings Francis Bacon Empiricism - Idea of collecting large amounts of data for scientific purpose Inductive Method - Begin to form an acquaintance with things Rene Descartes Discourse of a method - Deductive method: Cognito Ergo Sum - I think , therefore I am Cartesian Dualism - Divided all existence through deductive reasoning. -Spiritual can not be examined through deductive reasoning, the material subject to experimental method Sir Isaac Newton Led to enlightenment Enlightenment leads to Revolution Experimental led to Agricultural Revolution Improvements in exploration and technology would lead to Industrial Revolution Would change the World

Smith 10 The Enlightenment Secular/Worldly View Natural science and reason Mans intellect apart from God Faith in reason, not revelation Deism - God is rationalized Impact on thoughts and culture on the urban middle and upper class John Locke 1632-1704 The two treaties on Civil Government State of nature Consent of the governed Social Contract Natural Rights Essay concerning human understanding -1690 -Life, Liberty, Pursuit of happiness -Pioneered empiricist approach to knowledge -Empiricism - Theory that all knowledge is derived form sense-experience The Philosopher Ideas would change society Influence monarchs during their time Although some were imprisoned, their ideas would build a more humane and democratic western world Voltair (Franois-Marie Arouet) Deist Genius for social criticism Ecrasez IInfame (Crush the infamous thing) Enlightened despotism Raised as a Christian but rejected organized religion Related to Maria Theresa

Smith 11 Baron de Montesquieu Spirit of Laws (1748) Separation of powers Impact on future constitution Jean Jacques Rousseau Considered part of the Enlightenment but was founder of Romantic movement State of nature: man a noble savage Social Contract 1762 Emile 1762 - Education Denis Diderot 1713-1784 Encyclopedia Economic Theory Adam Smith 1727-1790, Wealth of Nations, Free Market Gender Theory Salons of Madame de Geoffrin Mary Wollstonecraft Enlightened Despotism Philosophers believed enlightenment monarchs could initiate reform -Benevolent Absolutism could lead to progress -People not capable of ruling themselves -Rulers should promote good of the people Rules of Enlightened Despotism Religious tolerance - Voltaire Simplified legal codes - Beccaria Promotion of practical education - Rousseau Continued military expansion and state building Three most important Enlightened Despots : Frederick the Great, Catherine the Great, Joseph II

Smith 12 Frederick the Great First servant of the state Abolished serfdom Religious freedom Education in schools and universities Codified laws: legal security for all Fostered Industry and Agriculture Social Structure remained stratified Catherine the Great Conspired against her husband Peter III to gain the throne One of the greatest rulers Russia ever had, and in European history Imported Western culture form France, Spain, Russia Domestic Reforms Restricted practice of torture Allowed limited religious toleration (Tolerated Catholicism not Protestantism Tried to improve education Strengthened local government -Ruled from 1762-1796 -Well educated and exchanged letters with Voltaire -Absolute authority -Proposal of reforms based on the ideas of Montesquieu and Beccaria Montesquieu was separation of powers, Beccaria was abolishment of torture -Religious Toleration -Limited reforms Peasants werent helped -Her views about enlightened reforms changed after an uprising of serfs in 1773. Army crushed them and she originally favored an end to serfdom however the revolt showed her she need noble support to keep the throne The French Revolution Liberty, Equality, Fraternity -King Louis XVI was indifferent to pleas of people

Smith 13 How did the Enlightenment evolve and affect society and government? The Scientific Revolution shattered long held views about the universe This encouraged Enlightenment thinkers to question society and government Locke Contract between people and government Montesquieu Checks and Balances Rousseau Individual freedom Voltaire- Freedom of thought & expression Their radical beliefs in natural rights of man inspired the French and American Revolution Scientific Revolution > New Thinking > Revolution in France and America

Ingredients for Revolution 1688 Glorious Revolution in England removes James II (William and Mary take over) o No more catholic or absolute monarchs Now has parliament and Bill of Rights Enlightened Ideas American Revolution in 1776 and Constitution in 1789 The estates in France I. II. III. Clergy = Wealth/No Taxes (Privileged) Nobles = Wealth/Few Taxes (Privileged) Everyone else or Bourgeois = Middle Class/Some Wealth/High Taxes/ Some Rights a. Bourgeois occupations would be bankers, merchants, farmers, etc. Monarchy Louis XVI and Mary Antoinette o Plunged France into debt Supporting American Revolution Personal Luxuries Louis XVI had week spending and couldnt control his wife or countrys spending. Needed more money from taxes

Smith 14 1789 II Estate forces Louis to call the Estates General o First such meeting in 175 years o First two estates

The Revolution Goes Off Rumors o King using military against National Assembly o King using troops to massacre French citizens Citizens arm themselves with whatever they can find July 14, 1789 The Bastille prison is stampeded by a mob looking for weapons o Release prisoners o Took guards hostage and killed others Tennis Court Oath - Third Estate locked out of Estates-General meeting and to make a point, they locked themselves into the Tennis Court due to the lack of representation The Great Fear Rumors o Noble hiring people to attack peasants Citizens break into the house of nobles o Destroy legal papers so there was no proof that they owed money o Killed nobles and burned houses October 17, 1789 Women storm Versailles because of the cost of bread o National Assembly provided bread o King and Queen return to Paris

Great Fear spreads to clergy National assembly ends estates system o Commoners and peasants now equal to clergy and nobles No One is Safe from the Guillotine

Statement of Revolutionary Ideas

Smith 15 August 1789 National Assembly adjusts Declaration of the Rights of Man and of Citizens o Influenced by Enlightenment and Declaration of Independence Men are born and remain free & equal in rights Liberty, Security, Prosperity Freedom of Speech and Religion Revolutionary leaders adopt Liberty, Equality, Fraternity State Controlled Church National Assembly goes after Catholic Church o Takes Church owned lands (Sales of Church lands helps pay French debt) o Declares clergy that will be elected and paid as state officials o French peasants (Catholic) take offense Royals Arrested June 1791 Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette try to sneak out of country Arrested near Austrian border Attempted to escape and made Revolutionaries even angrier at royalty Creates division in Revolution

Divisions Develop 1791, National Assembly creates a new constitution Creates limited Constitutional Monarchy Strips King of authority Creates the Legislative Assembly (King Louis XVI forced to agree)

Pre-Existing Problems Food shortage Government debt Poverty o Factions split Revolutionaries

Smith 16 Radicals left to get rid of King (redo government) o Maximilien Robespierre

Moderates Center They want Constitutional monarchy with Legislative Assembly Conservatives Right Constitutional monarchy with few changes in government in government

Divisions Develop migrs The Rich who fled from France during the Revolution) They took actions to try to undo the Revolutions to get back their land Sans-Culottes - The lower class in Paris wanted even more radical change o They had no power in the assembly, but that did not stop them

War & Execution Austria and Prussia fear the revolution will spread o They pressure France to restore monarchy o 1792 France responds by declaring war on Austria & Prussia Prussian commander warns that he will destroy Paris if royal family is harmed August 10, 1792 Parisians furious at the threat o They stormed the Tuileries (palace where the royals were arrested) Mobs massacre royal guard, and take royal family prisoners Rumor: Kings supporters in Paris prisons are going to break out and retake Paris (Mobs raid prisons and murder 1,000 nobles September Massacre) Radical Force o Legislative Assembly to set aside the 1791 constitution o Creation of a new government: National Convention National Assembly Legislative Assembly National Convention

New Government

Smith 17 o Abolished the monarchy o Declares France a republic o Adult males have the right to vote National Convention, led by radical Jacobins, put Louis XVI on trial and sentenced him to death o January 21. 1793: Louis beheaded by guillotine o Led by Maximilien Robespierre o War with Prussia continues Joined by England, Holland and Spain National convention takes extreme step of ordering a draft of men and women

Reign of Terror Many groups in France fighting for power Peasants loyal to Catholic Church/King Clergy resisting government control Rival leaders in different regions of France 1793 Maximilien Robespierre gains power Vowed to build a Republic of Virtue by erasing Frances past Changed calendar No Sunday

Closed Churches Reign of Terror = Robespierre = Leader of Committee of Public Safety and virtual dictation Goal- Protect the revolution from Spain, England, Austria, Holland, Enemies Begins arrest, trials Lots of torture and death

Many enemies of the revolution = personal enemies of Robespierre because of their challenges to his power Approx. 40,000 people killed in the Reign of Terror

Smith 18 85% were peasants or middle class National Assembly: Basically Third Estate Legislative Assembly: Strips King of Authority (New constitution) National Convention (Set up republic and voting for men)

End of Terror 1794 - Fearing own safety, members of National Convention turns on Robespierre o Demand arrest and execution Reign of Terror ends on July 28, 1794 with his execution Public opinion shifts Tired of inflation for necessities and terror 1795 National Convention creates the third government since 1789 Gives more power to the upper middle class Creates two halves of legislation - Like congress Created Directory (5 men acting as an executive body - like President) Directory gives commands to France;s armies to Napoleon Bonaparte Very weak Best decision was giving Napoleon power The Napoleonic Wars Objective - To understand the rise of power The Rise of Napoleon Bonaparte Born in 1769 - Born into poor noble family Promoted to general in 1793 after driving out the British In charge of army; won several battles Takes over France in a military coup Did not like what was happening with the Directory

Smith 19 France and Europe Europe has declared war on France The balance of power is disappearing Fear that the revolution would spread First Coalition joins against France (Austria, Prussia, Britain, Spain, Holland) Napoleons Secret Levee on Masse - Draft Heavy emphasis on artillery Rewards based on talent Napoleonic Wars Continued Napoleon beats all of the European powers Fought 40 battles with success Second Coalition formed against France Napoleon restored order, and incorporated enlightened ideas, stimulated the economy Russia, Austria, Britain, Ottoman Empire all apart of coalition They removed the monarchs from countries that Napoleon decimated Napoleon set up Puppet Governments Like Spain and Holland The directory overthrown in 1799 Replaced by Consulate -Becomes a new government Napoleon becomes first consul By a coup dtat Domestic policies Concordat - Agreement Limits amount of influence Separation of Church and State Napoleonic Code - Set of Laws

Smith 20 Limits freedom of speech and press Fear of the spread of propaganda Unify the country under a set of laws but creates limitations to prevent criticism Public Education - Ties to Rousseau Louisiana Purchase of 1803 - Helped to remove French debt Implemented public works - building roads - creates jobs Stimulated economy - Turns France from debt, divisiveness, bloodshed into a unified nationalistic empire Emperor of the French in 1804 - Crowned by Pope Third Coalition formed in 1804 Britain, Austria, Prussia, Russia France controlled parts of Prussia Ottoman left because they have fallen to internal corruption because of France Napoleon attempts to invade Britain Battle of Trafalgar begins Sea battle fought between British, Spanish and French Navy Napoleonic Wars Continued Napoleon successfully in Europe; defeats Third Coalition Declares Continental System Europe-wide boycott of British goods Napoleon makes reform against Europe Napoleon invades Spain in 1808 Peninsular Wars Causes economic deficit Sloppy mistakes out of greed Napoleons Legacy and the Congress of Vienna An unsuccessful attempt to unify Europe under French Napoleonic Code Awakened feelings of national pride and growth of nationalism

Smith 21

Congress of Vienna A meeting of European leaders to reestablish peace and stability to the continent Klemens von Metternich - Key figure of the Congress of Vienna Distrusted democratic ideas of the French Revolution Three Goals: I. Prevent future for French Aggression - By surrounding France with strong countries II. Restore a balance of power -So no one country would be a threat to others III. Restore Europes royal families to the thrones -That they held before Napoleons conquest Key Alliance: Holy Alliance: Czar of Russia, Emperor of Austria, King of Prussia Concert of Europe devised by Metternich, assured that nations would help one another if any revolutions break out Ideas of Congress Balance of Power - Keep Europe balanced so that no one nation can be too powerful Legitimacy - Rulers prior to Napoleon should be placed on the throne- Conservatism Revolts However, reestablishment of harsh monarchs gave purpose to liberal revolutionaries in Mexico and Brazil in the 1820s Liberalism Legacy: I. Balance of Power II. Restoration of Monarchies III. New political map of Europe IV. New political philosophies - Liberalism and Conservatism Understanding - The Congress of Vienna attempted to restore Europe as it had been before the French Revolution and Napoleons conquest

Smith 22 The terms of the Congress of Vienna led to widespread discontent in Europe, especially in Italy and German states. Unsuccessful revolutions in 1848 - Increased Napoleonic tensions Revolutions Fail 1848 - Ethnic uprisings Mob in Vienna crushed by police Metternich resigned and liberal uprisings break out in Austrian empire Nationalist leader Louis Kossuth called for parliament and self government for Hungary Meanwhile in Czech, Czech liberals demanded Bohemian independence Revolutionists failed to unite Conservatives regulated power and by 1849, empire had practically returned to conservatism that controlled government politics

Latin American Revolutions The American and French Revolutions inspired the slaves of Saint Domingue to revolt, which would spark others to revolt as well Nationalism and the idea for independence spreads to South America, Haiti and Mexico Because of conquest = Age of Exploration which led to colonization Latin America colonized by Spain Indigenous peoples land and customs taken over by mother country Independence movement spurred by nationalism would spread through Mexico, Haiti, Latin America (Early Colonization) Jose de San Martin - Simon Bolivar - Helped several countries in South America to obtain freedom Argentina, Venezuela, Chile, Peru, Equator, Columbia, Paraguay Fight to free the others Simon - Goal was to unite all of the countries together into 1 nation Did not work because of the geography/ Each country developed its own culture and customs Characteristics of Colonial System

Smith 23 Colonial governments mirrored the home governments - Spanish rule for 300 years (Viceroys), only peninsulares could hold top positions I. Peninsulares - Spain/Iberian Aristocrats II. Creoles - Descendants of Peninsulares III. Mestizos - Caucasian and Indian Mix IV. Mulattoes - Caucasian and African Mix V. African Slaves VI. Native American Slaves (More susceptible to disease) Rigid class structure Catholicism - used as mirror for mother country and justification for taking over lands - God, Gold, Glory (Needed to spread Gods Word) Strong influence on the development of Spanish and French colonies (Jesuits) Mining of precious metals - Gold Exported throughout Europe/Helped stimulate economy Outposts of colonial authority Monarch for Latin America - King Philip II Inherited it from Isabella and Ferdinand Mirrored mother country To ensure like mother country, class structure installed Bourgeois = Creoles Most resentful towards Peninsulares Influences of Independence Movements Enlightenment ideas American Revolution French Revolution People are born with Natural Rights Revolt of Haiti French-ruled city Slaves rebelled in 1791, abolished slavery in 1798 and won independence in 1804

Smith 24 First to achieve independence Led by Toussaint LOuverture Former slave We are fighting so that liberty, the most precious of all earthly possessions may not perish Defended the armies of Spain, France, Britain (More lives lost than in any revolution) Mexican War for Independence Miguel Hidalgo - A priest Independence finally achieved New struggles Message for Catholicism We are all Gods Children

South American Independence Movements Simon Bolivar - The Liberator Native creole who led revolutionary effort in northern areas of South America Columbia 1819 Venezuela 1821 Clash of Philosophies Three schools of political theory and thought struggled for supremacy o Each Style: I. Conservatism Usually wealthy land owner & nobility. They argued for protecting the traditional monarchies in Europe o II. Liberalism Mostly middle-class business leaders & merchants. They wanted to give more power to elected parliaments but only the educated and landowners could vote o III. Radicalism - Favored drastic change to extend democracy to all people. They believed that governments should practice the ideals of the French Revolution (Liberty, Equality, Fraternity) Nationalism Develops

Smith 25 o As many debate government issues, nationalism, pride in ones nation comes about. Nationalist movement would lessen the difference between the philosophies o Nation-State, represent the nation to the world (England, France, Spain) o Nationalists challenge conservative power Greeks rebelled against Ottoman Turks and won independence; first to do so. Eventually Greece joins in union with Europe to oust Turks Italy & Belgium broke free Some nations won independence through revolution, revolts, and uprisings. Some didnt always work, some had conservative government, others had not Radicals change France o Democracy was the main goal, absolute monarchy was pushed, which failed and led to anger o New King (Louis-Philippe) was supported by liberals o Louis-Philippe was removed after 18 years o Republic was established but split quickly; some wanted political reform, others wanted social & economic o Emperor Napoleon III was a success after Louis-Philippe Built up infrastructure Low unemployment rate

Reform in Russia o Feudal system holding them back o Started falling behind on infrastructure o Alexander II made modern reforms to make them competitive o 1891 (No More Serfs) o Alexander III took over became more strict yet industrialized and nationalism developed

Smith 26 Impressionists React Against Realism Started with French painters acting out against realism Impressionism tried to show their impression of a subject or a moment in time Impressionists were more upbeat & positive

Nationalism: Italian and German Unification: Emergence of Realpolitik Failure of 1848 for liberals and Romantics demonstrated that strong idealism was not enough to accomplish revolutionary goals o After 1850 Age of Realism replaced Romanticism as dominant philosophy o A political representation of realism is the notion of: Realpolitik: Accomplishing ones political goals via practical means (as opposed to idealism driving political decisions) Nationalist goals were achieved step by step

Story of three men o Giuseppe Mazzini Publicist The Heart o Camillo Cavour State-man The Head o Giuseppe Garibaldi Soldier The Sword

Influenced by Revolution, Led revolts in 1820 and 1831, Guiseppe Mazzini- Prophet of Italian Nationalism o Formed group called Young Lady o Campaigns for national Italian dialect

Unification comes by military and diplomatic means Primarily under the leadership of the one state in Italy under Italian control, the Kingdom of Sardinia/Piedmont

Count Camillo Cavour Prime minister of Kingdom of Sardinia Build Sardinia/Piedmont into modern economically sound state o Northern Italy under Sardinias control Not interested in Southern Italy (Too different-poor and agrarian)

Smith 27 o Established this kingdom as a serious European power Fights in Crimean war Negotiates French support in war with Austria

Creation of a Unified Northern Italy Prompted by Piedmonts victory over Austria, several Italian revolts Tuscany, Modena, Parma, and Romagna revolt and vote to join Piedmont By 1869, Italy consists of three regions, a northern Italian kingdom, the Papal States and The Kingdom of Two Sicilies Giuseppe Garibaldi Leader of a guerilla movement Expedition of the Thousand (Red Shirts) o Venture south into Sicily to bring about revolution o Quickly overthrown the corrupt government of Two Sicilies o Cavour now invades the south and takes the prize from Garibaldi Unification By 1861. All of Italy except Rome and Venetia are united Leadership under King Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia Venetia will be added in 1866 Rome seized in 1870

Problems After Unification Italy Poor with large illiterate population Division between Church and state Economic divisions between the North and South Localism too strong in many areas o Development of local strongmen o Little knowledge of and participation in government Solutions to Problems Industry and trade were fostered by government

Smith 28 Improved agricultural methods developed Government encouraged emigration to US ease over population due to high birth rate High taxes paid to support growing Army and Navy

German Unification The last big unification piece of the 19th century o Most important in Europe from 1848 to 1914 o Transformed the economic, military and diplomatic balance of power The question of German unification would center around the two dominate German speaking countries of the period Prussia and Austria After 1848, Prussia was increasing dominant power

Otto Von Bismarck Comes to dominate Prussian then German politics from 1862-1890 o Prussia Chancellor from 1862 o One of the most remarkable leaders of the 19th century o Came from Upper Class (Noble landlord) in East Prussia o Practiced realpolitik, little faith in liberalism or nationalism. Practical, pragmatic, by any means necessary o Conservative, but willing to work with middle class liberals o Blood and Iron Speech (1862) willing to use force to unify Germany, strengthened Prussia Early Steps to Unification Existing peices Zollverein - Customs union Maintained economic links Excluded Austria Franfurt Assembly - Assembly of all German states to exchange ideas Bismarck needed to establish power in Prussian government Weakeneded Liberals Taxes for army

Smith 29 War with Denmark (1804) Dispute over Schleswig-Holstein Supported by Austria Joined occupation War with Austria (1866) 7 Weeks war (Austro-Prussian War) Quickly defeated Austria and German allies Austria forced to give up roll within Germany Franco-Prussian War In many ways can be viewed as 1st shots of WWI Napoleon III realizes after Prussian victories in Denmark and Austria that must prevent German Unification Bismarcks goal was to complete unification by bringing into the union of south German states War France is not prepped for this Technologically backwards Lasted 6 months The states of South Germany joined the Nourth German confederation against France Prussians strike a devastating defeat on the French Captured 100,000 French troops Take Napoleon III as prisoner Industrial Revolution Why did the Industrial Revolution begin in England? I. Colonial Empire - Mercantilism -Receving raw goods, very economically stable II. Georgraphy - Water ports - Rivers, Canals, Harbors, Coal, Iron, Water III. Factors of Production - Land, Labor, Capital IV. Agriculture - Agrarian Revolution

Smith 30 -Technology in farming, such as crop rotation, irriation, new scientific methods to improve farming (more efficient, allowing for faster production) V. Transportation - Transportation of goods -From hand made to machine made goods

Causes Population explosion - more demand than supply (machines met the demand) Energy explosion - Mills, steam engines, water, trains, faster production Agrarian Revolution Family Life Familes worked together at home Very distinct social classes Power comes from ancestor Classes in England Becomes more complex because of Factors of Production Creates new businesses New jobs and new markets Entrepreneurs Industrial Revolution Greately increases output of machine made goods that began in England in the middle of the 1700s innovations led to Agrarial Revolution Agrarian Revolution Wealthy landowners bought land of village farmers Enclosed land with fences Within enclosures, landowners experimented with farming methods I. Land owners tried new agricultural methods II. Landowners forced small farmers to become tenant farmers or to give up farming and to move into the city to work in the city

Smith 31 Britain Expanded economy to support industrialization Business people invested in the manufacture of new inventions People ecnouraged by the availiblities of bank loans to invest in new machinary Growing overseas trade, economic prosperity, and a climate of progress led to the increased demand for goods Military success Parliament also provided laws to help encourage and protect businesses Britain held Factors of Production The resources needed to produce goods and servises that the Industrial Revolution required Why did People move from Rural Areas to the Cities? Jobs, Increased wages, transportation Problems faced Overcrowded, unsafe working conditions, competition for jobs, disease, lack of sanitation How did Social Roles Change? The middle class became more complex The breakdown of the family unit What Impact did Social Classes have on the Family? Divide occured in families based on economies Less family time The children of the working class could not attend school and their wages were needed to help the family The children of the upper middle class have better education Mothers stayed home to work on moral values Lived in beautiful neighborhoods outside the city Family is no longer top priority Before the Industrial Revolution Hand made, lived in simple cottages, made their own clothes, grew on food After

Smith 32 Bought food & clothing in stores, goods were made with machines, traveled farther and farther more rapidly, hygiene and medicine improved, people lived in bigger buildings, population boomed Caused by Agrarial revolution and population explosion The Textile Industry Would become leading industry (cloth and cotton) Prior 1750s, the putting it out system had developed to raise production Peasent families spun raw cotton to thread, skilled artisans finished the cloth This means that production is completed in stages Inventions creates in the 1700s brought the production of textiles under one roof, vastly improved speed of production and amount of output Transportation Revolution during the Industrial Revolution As more goods were produced, entrepreneurs needed faster and cheaper methods of getting those goods from place to place Used turnpikes, canals, steam trains Phases of the Industrial Revolution Phase I (1750-1880s) Britain was a major player Iron, steam engines, and textile industry were the standard Privately owned buisness Phase II (1880s - 1900s) New industrial powers emerge New factory systems New sources of energy and faster output The New Industrial Powers How where other nations able to catch up to Britain? More abundant supplies of coal, iron and other resources Followed Britains lead (often stealing) their technology New powers

Smith 33 Germany, Belgium, France, U.S., Japan Powers left behind Russia and other European countries Competition for industry and new market The marriage of science, technology and industry = economic growth To improve efficiency, manufacturers designed products with interchangeable parts on assembly line Transportation and Communications Steamships replace sail boats Raillines connect inland cities and sea ports mining regions and industrial centers Nikolaus Otto makes gas motor engine Karl Benz - 1st Car Mass production of cars = Ford Orville and WIlbur Wright made 1st plane Samuel Morse - Telegraph Rise of Big Business New technologyies required large investments of money. To obtain capital, entrepreneurs sold stock or shares in the company to their investors Large scale companies formed cooperation buisiness that are owned by many investors who buy shares of stock Powerful business leaders created monopolies and trusts, and made corporate structures that controlled entire industries or areas of the economy Sometimes a group of businesses joined forced and formed a cartel- an association to fix prices on production quotas or control markets Industrial Development in the US The US had the same resources as Britain War of 1812 - Britain blockaded them because they saw this as a threat This forced them to stand on their own Industrialization began with textine

Smith 34 Britain kept inventions and markets in UK because they did not want secrets out 1813 Francis Cobat Lowell mechanized the whole process of making cloth Lowell, Massachusetts was booming Continental Europe Industrializes Belgium is first to adopt British technology for industrialization British workers spread ideas into U.S, Germany and Belgium Germany was practically seperated so their industrialization wasnt as big as U.S, Britain or Belgium European countries each had their strong points when it came to industrialization Frances Industrialization was more steady then others because their agriculture was still strong so they didnt have as many problems The Impact Competition in developed areas Wealth gap widened Resources from poor countries supplied wealthy countries Romanticism 1815, introduces Individual freedom Emphasis on passion and emotion Imagination superior to reason Belief in the supernatural Victor Hugo (1802-1883) French and champion of Human Rights Writings criticize injustices of Industrialization Mary Shelly Frankenstein was a social philosophical statement and was daughter of Mary Wollstonecraft Political Ideologies of the Industrial Revolution An organized collection of thought as a way of looking at things

Smith 35 Ideal view of life Main purpose is to offer change to what ever is happening socially To create enough work so that there will be no poverty an abundance of wealth and prosperity Age of Isms Social Darwinism Romanticism Conservatism Communism Socialism Liberalism Womens Issues Revolution in part fueled by economic necessity of many single & married women Women found jobs in domestic service, textile mills, workshops and coal mines Wome found a better life, however many held poor working conditions with low wages Treated unfairly and not seen as a mans equal Liberalism Dominant political theory in 19th century Strong belief in individual liberty, private property, and freedom from government intereference Favor parliamentary government Society is collection of individuals Voting right started with property owners and readers during the Industrial Revolution Strong supporter of Capitalism Mary Wollstonecraft 1709-1797 - mother of Mary Shelly and mother of feminism Famous book Vindication of Rights of Women (1792) Called for equality of sexes SPoke out about injustices against women (Wanted equal rights) John Stuart Mill (1806-1873)

Smith 36 Famous book On Liberty (1859) Most influential philosopher on liberal democracy in the 19th century Individual rights and freedoms Liberalism = Human happiness Promited the use of economic theory in politiccal decision maing Capitalism allowed people to pursue their own interests Principle of utility Womens Right to vote Jeremy Bentham (1748 - 1832) God Father of John Stuart Mill Founder of Principles of Utlity or Utilitarism which is the greatest happiness for all Humans want to maximize happiness Adam Smith (1723 - 1790) Father of Capitalism Famous book Wealth of Nations (1776) Liberals during Industrial Revolution used writing to support their views of freedom, liberty and economics Called for Laissez-Faire policy (No Interference/ Hands Away policy) Market can decide on its own Invisible hand theory - those who seek wealth by persuing their own interests are inadvertantly helping the community and the poor Government only comes in if it needs to Liberalism vs. Conservatism Liberalism: Government should allow free market & capitalism so that people could persue their interests and happiness Conservatism: Modern conservatisism emerges in the late 18th century. Society is hierarchical so never equal (they like status quo) and tradition should be preserved as well as optomistic Edmund Burke (1729 - 1797) Father of Conservatism

Smith 37 Reflections of French Revolution (1790) Criticzed the French Revolution Says it is chaotic, murerous and violent Birth of Communism By 1851, 50% of British people were living in bad conditions Pollution and open sewers Dirty drinking water Unsanitary streets Houses were built near factories which made slums Long hours, small living quarters and child laor Karl Marx (1818 - 1883) Father of Communism Saw Industrial Revolution & its emphasis on capitalism was evil In his book, he said that society is broken into two classes I. Bourgeoisie (owners of the means of production) II. Proletariats (Working Class) Communist Manifesto Written in 1848, very influential Foundation for communist ideaology Calls for the transformation from capitalist mode of production through violent revolution of the proletariat Social organization Communist Views Towards Industrial Revolution Capitalism is unjust and promotes inequality and alienation of the working class Elimination of private property = freedom Common ownership of the means of production All should share in wealth Produced by what is needed by all

Smith 38 Society should be classless Socialism Like communism, wealth should be controlled by the people Absolution of money, markets, capital and labor Nationalization of the means of production Call for equality of the working class Socialism has equal classes Communism is classless with limited rights New Harmony (1825) Robert Owen - Welch born social reformer, who reacted to the excess poverty in the Industrial Revolution Thought distress with the poor was because of competition of human labor with machines Get rid of machines and unite people together Poverty could be eliminated if they made more places like this Fabian Society British socialist movement Felt they could pursuade people to adopt through intellectual arguement rather than revolution Cause for democratic socialism, wanted to educate those with political power in government to lead reforms to change the working class Members wrote essays Change would come gradually and did not need a violent revolution like Marx called for Other Socialists Bernard Shaw (1856-1950) Irish playwright Joined Fabian Society in 1884 Wrote essays for them and argued the needs of the working class of the poor Formed British labor party No one should be poor with socialism Everyone fed, clothed, housed, employed, whether someone liked it or not

Smith 39 Socialist Views Towards Industrial Revolution Did not need violence to achieve social justice Elimination of private property, competition, capitalism, and machinary Socialism could support true freedom Collective ownership Democratic socialism is best Imperialism Developed countries who are large, take over smaller undeveloped nations and use their resources Economical - Resources, New Markets, Global Empire, Trade Routes Political - Powerful, Nationalism, Strong Military Social - Spread of Christianity, Education Science - New Inventions and Medicine Social Darwinism Derives from Charles Darwin Competition between nations Which one is superior due to imperialistic nations Feeds into racism Survival of the Fittest The Berlin Conference (1884) All are competing for gold, diamonds, ivory in Africa Avoid war with European nations Divided Africa Did not receive consent with African leaders Great Britain, Germany, Italy, Belgium involved in Scramble for Africa South Africa Slave trade Zulu tribe led by Shaka Zulu who conquered every tribe Enhanced tribe

Smith 40 British and Cape Town Zulus Vs. Boers (Dutch) British push Boers out and started moving north (Boers) British started to try and negotiate Zulu Vs. British Boer Republic - Work for British but slaughtered by Zulu British cant take Cape Town without ousting Zulu first Lost battles initially to Zulu (Shaka trained soldiers differently) British won after with the use of auxillary Boer War (Dutch and British) Cecil Rhodes (Prime Minister of Cape Town) Learned tribal customs Forced British laws Took over Ivory & Diamond trade Boers that were found were placed under British Antislave Trade Legislation Violation of human rights Denmark - 1803 Great Britain - 1807 France - 1818 European Imperialism in Africa 1870 - 1898) - Scramble for Africa European powers engage in a Scramble for Africa starting in the 1870s. By 1890, most of Africa came under European rule By 1890, Ethiopia and Liberia remained indepenent By 1914, Africa and Asia are partitioned King Leopold (Belgium) ruled Congo like his own. Natives that did not supply enough rubber, their hands would be cut off. Imperialists conflicted with one another. Conflicts would be worked out at Berlin Conference

Smith 41 Effects Positive - Modern transportation and communican systems such as telegraphs, railroads, and telephones Introduction to European medicine and improved nutrition (Led to expansion of population) Negative - Africans were treared inferior, Familes were torn apart, Culture was disrupted, Europeans divided and ignored the tribal, ethnic and cultural boundaries of the African people Led to tribal conflicts in many African nations (still present today) Europeans Claim Muslim Lands Ottoman Empire loses power Ottomans downfall began with the death of the last great ruler; Suleyman I Followed by weak leaders with failed reformations (was not modern) Europeans seize territory Geopolitics - An interest in or taking of land for its strategic location or products (Reason for Ottoman failure) Crimean War - Russia vs. Ottomans (With allies of Britain and France) The Great Game - Britain vs. Russian - over Indias riches (Britain control) Egypt initiates reforms Started socialist political reforms to avoid social darwinism Muhammad Ali - Reaosn for reforms Suleyman I - Last strong ruler of Ottoman Empire Corruption in government Europe was modern Nationalism - Albania, Greece, Romania Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, Armania, Turkey, all at some point ttried to break away because of Balkans Egypt was used as cash crop Persia was used for its oul (Britain had control) British takes over Suez Canal (helped pay for debt)

Smith 42 Imperialism in India Jewel of British crown Britain started with indrect control East India Company - Started in 16th century and set up trade with Mughal Dynasty, however lost power with indirect control Great Britain regulated but did not intervene Respectful of traditions Important for goods and 300,000,000 people Sepoy Soldiers - Mualims and Hindus wanted to get rid of classes of India As time progressed, Britain didnt respect Hindus and Muslims beliefs Sepoy Rebellion - 1 year against Great Britain (Britain Won) However after this, Britain took direct control Britain installs governor to oversee India