Chapter 3 Transmission lines

3.1 Distribution circuit analysis of transmission lines transmission line equation and solution, characteristic impedance, input impedance 3.2 Sending end impedance load impedance, reflection coefficient, return loss, insertion loss, lossless line, low loss line, distortionless line 3.3 Standing wave and standing wave ratio VSWR, load impedance measurement 3.4 Smith chart general properties, examples

3-1

3.1 Distribution circuit analysis of transmission lines

Basics 1. Transmission line equations

distributed elements

3-2

2. Traveling wave solution

3-3

Discussion 1. Characteristic impedance (wave impedance) of a transmission line is the ratio of the incident voltage to the incident current wave, or the ratio of voltage to current as the line is non-reflective

input impedance

2. phase constant phase velocity

=
vp =

w vp

wavelength

group velocity

d vg = d

3-4

3. Attenuation constant

4. Ex.3.1. A line operated at 1.6GHz has parameters of L=0.002uH/m, C=0.012pF/m, R=0.015/m and G=0.1mS/m, Find Z, Y and Z0

3-5

5. Ex.3.2 Signal source is at 100MHz and v p = 2.5 108 m / s , find v(z,t), i(z,t)

6. Ex.3.3 A line has parameters R=2/m, G=0.5mS/m, L=8nH/m, and C=0.23pF/m. Operation frequency is 1GHz. Find Z0 and

3-6

7. Ex.3.4 Antenna A and B are exited through a 50 line to give current IA and IB. Find Z0, matching element reactance

3-7

3.2 Sending end impedance

Basics 1. Standing wave solution

2. Input impedance at z=0

3. Input impedance at z=l

3-8

4. Input impedance

5. Reflection coefficient

3-9

Discussion 1. Lossless line =0 (R=G=0)

3-10

2. Low loss line R <<wL, G<<wC

3. Distortionless line RC=LG

3-11

4. Insertion loss IL( dB ) = 10 log

PL1 PL 2

5. Ex. 3.5 A /4 impedance transformer has 300 sending impedance and 150 load impedance, operating wavelength =1m. Find transformer length l, Z0, L

3-12

6. Coaxial line, dominant mode: TEM mode

7. Ex. 3.6 A /4 coaxial line ( r=2.1, outer conductor diameter 0.5cm) impedance transformer has 20 sending impedance and 45 load impedance, operating at 3GHz. Find transformer length l, Z0, inner conductor diameter.

3-13

8. Microstrip line, dominant mode: quasi-TEM mode design formula are given in p.556

9. Ex. 3.7. Design a /4 microstrip line (r=2.3, thickness 1.6mm) impedance transformer to match a 80 antenna to a 50 line, operating at 3GHz. Find transformer length l and width w.

3-14

10. Ex. 3.8 A 50 distortionless line has =0.01dB/m and C=100pF/m, Find R, L, G and vp

11. Measurement of Z0 and

3-15

12. Ex. 3.9 Open and short circuit impedance are Zoc=j53.1 , Zsc= -j48.3 . Find ZL for Zin=30+j60

13. Ex. 3.10. Open and short circuit impedance measured through a 1.5m transmission line are Zoc=-j54.6 , Zsc= j105 . Find Z0 and ,

3-16

14. Ex.3.11. Find Zin, V(0), VL

3-17

15. Ex.3.12. Find PL

3-18

3.3 Standing wave and standing wave ratio

Basics 1. Voltage standing wave ratio

Discussion 1. VSWR derivation

3-19

2. Standing wave pattern repeats every /2

3. Open circuit load L=10, short circuit L=1180

4. 1VSWR, matched load: |L|=0 VSWR=1 5. Ex. 3.13 A line of Z0=50+j0.01 with ZL=73-j42.5. Find L, VSWR

3-20

6. Load impedance measurement VSWR, xmin=> ZL

3-21

7. Ex. 3.13 A line of Z0=100 with ZL gives VSWR=2.4 and xmin=100cm. xmin=275cm moves to 235cm as it is terminated with a short circuit. Find ZL and .

3-22

3.4 Smith chart

Basics

3-23

Discussion 1. Derivation of Smith chart

2.

3-24

3. 4.

5.

6. Plot
3-25

3-26

7. Ex.3.15. A 50, /4 line with ZL=50+j100. Find Zin, L, VSWR.

8. Ex. 3.16. A 75 line with ZL=150+j150. Find L, VSWR at 0.375 from load, shorted distance to give a resistive Zin and its value.

3-27

9. Ex. 3.17. A 100 line with ZL=100+j100, =5cm. Find first locations for Vmax, Vmin, VSWR.

10. Ex. 3.18 A 75 line ZL=150. Find Zin for 2.15and 3.75from load.

3-28

11. Ex. 3.19 A 100 line with YL=0.0025-j0.0025S, find Zin for 3.15from load and VSWR.

12. Load impedance measurement VSWR, xmin => ZL

3-29

13. Ex. 3.20 A 100 line with ZL has VSWR=2 andxmin=50cm. Minimum location is shifted toward load by 15cm as load becomes a short circuit, find ZL.

Homework #2 (due 2 weeks) 6, 14, 22, 28, 32, 34

3-30