Airplanes

I. History

First of all, most of us already know what is an airplane. We often see it flyingby over our place, and everytime we see it, we are amazed by it s marvelous size,form and design. But some of us are also curious why such large object fly, and does so many useful things to our daily lives.Airplane s design was first made by Leonardo Da Vinci. He did some expirements to prove that his design for aviation can be a success. In his design, he develop such engeenering marvel that allows his device to counter the principle of the law of motin that states what is up must go down . But it did nt last long, when he successfully made the first air glider that was his first step in making the perfect aircraft. Almost 300 after Leonardo Da Vinci s breakthrough. The first airplane take flight at Northern Carolina by the Wright Brothers.

II.

Uses

Practically everyone has been touched in some way by aviation. Aviation includes all flying done by general aviation, the military and the airlines. General aviation airplanes have many different uses including business, air taxi, rental, commuter operations, personal transportation, sport flying, flight instruction, air ambulance and agricultural. Aviation has three divisions: general aviation, commercial, and military. Commercial aviation refers to the airlines, military to the Army, Navy, and the Air Force. General aviation is all flying outside the military and the airlines.

III.

Areas of Uses
A. Military

A military aircraft is any fixed-wing or rotary-wing aircraft that is operated by a legal or insurrectionary armed service of any type. Military aircraft can be either combat or non-combat. It could be involved in dogfights or just for carrying soldiers and artileries for battle.

B. Civil Civil aircraft divide into commercial and general types, however there are some overlaps. Commercial aircraft include types designed for scheduled and charter airline flights, carrying both passengers and cargo. The larger passenger-carrying types are often referred to as airliners, the largest of which are wide-body aircraft. Some of the smaller types are also used in general aviation, and some of the larger types are used as VIP aircraft. General aviation is a catch-all covering other kinds of private (where the pilot is not paid for time or expenses) and commercial use, and involving a wide range of aircraft types such as business jets (bizjets), trainers, homebuilt, aerobatic types, racers, gliders, warbirds, firefighters, medical transports, and cargotransports, to name a few. The vast majority of aircraft today are general aviation types.

C. Experimental Experimental aircraft are one-off specials, built to explore some aspect of aircraft design and with no other useful purpose. The Bell X-1 rocket plane, which first broke the sound barrier in level flight, is a famous example.

IV.

Performace

A. Flight control Aerospace engineers develop control systems for a vehicle's orientation (attitude) about its center of mass. The control systems include actuators, which exert forces in various directions, and generate rotational forces or moments about the aerodynamic center of the aircraft, and thus rotate the aircraft in pitch, roll, or yaw. For example, a pitching moment is a vertical force applied at a distance forward or aft from the aerodynamic center of the aircraft, causing the aircraft to pitch up or down. Control systems are also sometimes used to increase or decrease drag, for example to slow the aircraft to a safe speed for landing.

B. Flight Dynamics A fixed-wing aircraft increases or decreases the lift generated by the wings when it pitches, respectively, nose up or down by increasing or decreasing the angle of attack. A fixed-wing aircraft usually "banks" to change the horizontal direction of flight. To maintain direction, efficiency, and controllability of flight the sideslip angle must remain near zero, though there are instances when an aircraft may be deliberately "sideslipped," for example, a slip in a fixed-wing aircraft.

Besides lift, the other main aerodynamic force on an aircraft is drag opposing its motion through the air. An aircraft is usually streamlined from nose to tail to reduce drag.

V.

Types of Aircrafts
A. Unpowered

Aircrafts like gliders and parachutes. This types of aircraft has the ability to fly without the using motors or jets. It can be driven by a wind, Its dynamic structure made it float in the air in a long period of time that allows a person to travel in the air. B. Propeller powered aircraft A propeller or airscrew spins on an axis aligned in the direction of travel to create thrust in a forward direction. The propeller is usually mounted in front of the power source in tractor configuration but can be mounted behind in pusher configuration. Variations of propellers layout include contra-rotating propellers andducted fans. C. Jet Powered aircraft Airbreathing jet engines take in air, burn fuel with it in a combustion chamber, and accelerate the exhaust rearwards at high speed to provide thrust. Turbojetand turbofan engines use a spinning turbine to drive one or more fans, which provide thrust. An afterburner may be used to inject extra fuel into the hot exhaust, especially on military "fast jets". Jet engines can provide much higher thrust than propellers, at higher speeds, and are at their most efficient at higher altitudes, being able to operate above 40,000 ft (12,000 m), and there their fuel efficiency is about the same as the best piston and propeller engines. D. Rotor Craft A helicopter obtains lift from a powered rotary wing or rotor, which acts much like an upward-pointing propeller. Forward propulsion is provided by

angling the rotor disc slightly forward so that a proportion of its lift is directed forward to provide thrust. The rotor may, like a propeller, be powered by a variety of methods such as a piston engine or turbine. Experiments have also used jet nozzles at rotor blade tips.

Reference

y History of Airplanes
Dee, Richard (2007). The Man who Discovered Flight: George Cayley and the First Airplane. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart. ISBN 978-0-7710-2971-4.

y Uses
Aviation Publishers Co. Limited, From the Ground Up, page 10 (27th revised edition) ISBN 0-9690054-9-0

y Areas of Uses
Crane, Dale: Dictionary of Aeronautical Terms, third edition, page 194. Aviation Supplies & Academics, 1997. ISBN 1-56027-287-2

y Performaces
ATA Airline Handbook Chapter 5: How Aircraft Fly.

y Types of Aircraft Jane's Aerospace Dictionary. London, England: Jane's Publishing Company Limited. ISBN 0-7106-0365-7.

Conlusion :
Airplanes are really amazing. They have many useful things that we people had been benifited well. It has serve well in the field of transportation, military and science. Without airplanes it is impossible for a country to have a successful economy and well built defense.