NAT SCI REVIEWER

Lesson 1.1 Science and its History Science is an established data gathered to uncover general truths resulting from a study. It comes from the Latin word: Sciere (which means to know) and Scientia (which means knowledge) Pure Science is concerned with the gathering information solely for the sake of obtaining new knowledge. Applied Science it is also called Technology, Is a practical application of scientific theory and law that can be used in everyday situation. TWO MAiN DiViSiON OF SCiENCE: Physical Science Biological Science

 It becomes a source of intellectual enjoyment.  Through an understanding of scientific process, problem-solving and critical thinking ability of the individual is develop.  Science liberates the mind and supplants superstitious beliefs and prejudice. LiMITATiONS OF SCiENCE o o o Science cannot answer all types of question. Science cannot answer questions about value. Science is dependent on the required time in solving the problem. Science cannot answer questions of morality. Science has lack of absolute certainty in the answer.

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Biology Study of life Botany Study of Plants Zoology Study of Animals Physical Science is the science that deals with nature, behavior and relationship between matter and energy in non-living things. BRANCHES OF PHYSICAL SCIENCE Physics deals with the changes in matter and energy, their interaction which do not involve any change in their composition. Chemistry deals with the study of changes in matter including structure, composition and properties. Geology is the study of Earth structure Astronomy is the study of heavenly bodies and the universe. Meteorology deals with the study of atmosphere, climate and weather. Mineralogy deals with the study of minerals. Geography study of regional distribution of raw materials on the earth surface. IMPORTANCE OF SCIENCE  It gives us an idea of the nature of life and the things around us  It explains the different phenomena and eventually leads to discover of general truth.

Lesson 1.2 Scientific Inquiry Hypothesis is an intelligent or scientific guess based on observation. Theory is defined as an explanation of a phenomena or a principle based on proven hypothesis, subjected to multiple verifications conducted by researchers and scientists. Scientific Law is a precise and concise set of actions, universally accepted to be true. In science, the term Model refers to the illustrative similitude of the steps or procedure to be taken in the conduction of an experiment. Scientific Method is a coherent and systematic procedure of investigation. It is a reasoning process which is used in the research for the relationships among things and processes. Scientific Method 1. Stating the problem 2. Gathering of data 3. Formulating a hypothesis 4. Experimentation 5. Recording and analyzing data 6. Drawing of conclusion and formulation of theory 7. Repeating the work Page 1

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Physical Science

Theory is generalization that is accepted as true because it is supported by facts. Lesson 2.1 Forces and Newton s Laws of Motion Force is simply defined as a push or pull . It is due to interaction between objects and force exists because of these interactions. Force is a vector quantity. The Four Basic Forces of Nature: 1. Strong Nuclear Force is the binding force between nucleons. Characteristics of strong nuclear force: Charge Independence the nuclear force between two protons is the same as between a neutron and a proton. Saturation the force needed to tear a neutron from a nucleus is approximately the same regardless of the number of nucleons in the nucleus. Short Range the force decreases rapidly with increasing distance. 2. Electromagnetic Force It is a force between particles with electric charges. The phenomenon has two different characteristics: Electrostatic Force is the force of two electrically charged particles exerted is force on one another. This force between two charges is directly proportional to the product of the magnitude of the charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance separating the charges.



This formula represents the Universal Law of Gravitation and G is the universal gravitation constant. Weight is a force due to gravity.   Where g (earth) = gravitational acceleration on earth = 9.8 m / sec2 = 32 ft / sec2. Types of Forces: 1. Applied Force (Fapp) a force that is applied to an object by another object. 2. Frictional Force (f) the force exerted by the surface when an object moves across or tries to move across the surface. There are two main type of friction force:  Kinetic Friction is a force between surfaces of two bodies moving relative to one another.  Static Friction is the force between surfaces of two non-moving bodies relative to one another. Pointers to be remembered about coefficient of friction: The smoother the surface, the lesser the value of The is smaller than . Frictional forces are directly proportional to the normal force. 3. Normal Force (N) a force exerted by a stable object upon an object in contact with. 4. Tensile Force (T) contact force exerted by a string, rope or wire. 5. Spring Force (Fs) a force exerted by a stretched or compressed string to an object attached to it. 6. Air Resistance (f air) the force exerted upon object traveling through air. 7. Buoyant Force the upward force exerted by a fluid on a submerged or floating object. Isaac Newton is an English scientist who contributed outstanding work in many areas of science. Newton s Law of Motion: 1. Law of Inertia = an object at rest tends to stay at rest and an object in motion will continue to move with the Page 2

. This law is known as

Coulomb s law. Magnetic Force the force due to the motion of the charges. 3. Weak nuclear force it is the force responsible for beta decay and other decay processes involving fundamental processes. 4. Gravitational Force is an attractive force exerted on a body by a highly massive object towards itself.

Physical Science

same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force. Inertia is the natural tendency of an object to resist changes in their state of motion. 2. Law of Acceleration = an object will accelerate if there is net force acting to it. Momentum (p) is the product of the mass and the velocity of a body. Impulse is the change in momentum. 3. Law of Interaction = for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. Lesson 2.2 Work, Power, and Energy Work is the product of the applied force (F) in the direction of motion and the displacement (d) through which the force acts.  Power is the time rate of doing work or expanding energy.  Energy is the ability to do work, that is, it can cause motion or changes. Energy is a Scalar quantity it does not have direction. Like work, the standard metric unit of measurement for energy is the Joule. Forms of Energy: 1. Mechanical Energy of a body or system is due to its motion, its position, or its internal structure. Two kinds of mechanical energy: Potential Energy is the stored energy of the body due to its position or its internal structure. There are three kinds of potential energy: Elastic potential energy is the energy stored in a stretched or compressed spring. Internal / Chemical potential energy is the atomic and molecular energy of matter as a result of their bonds and interactions with each other.

Gravitational potential energy is the stored energy an object ha because of its separation from the radius earth or relative to a particular reference level. Kinetic Energy is the energy stored due to the mass and velocity of a body (waves, electrons, atoms, molecules, substances, and objects) in motion Motion Energy is due to the movement of substances and objects from one place to another. There are different forms of motion energy: vibrational (caused by vibrational force), rotational (caused by rotational motion) and translational energy. The amount of translational kinetic energy which an object has depends upon two variables: mass (m) and the speed (v)  Conservation of Mechanical Energy states that the sum of the kinetic energy and potential energy in a system is constant, if no resistance to do work. 2. Nuclear Energy is the energy stored in the nucleus of an atom. This energy can be released when the nuclei are combined (fusion) or split apart (fission). 3. Electrical Energy is the energy due to the movement of the electrical charges. 4. Radiant Energy is due to electromagnetic waves traveling as transverse wave. It includes light, x-rays, gamma rays and radio waves. 5. Thermal energy or heat is the energy due to the vibration and movement of the atoms and molecules within the particles. Sources of Energy: 1. Renewable energy source are sources that can be replaced in a short period of time. Types of renewable sources: Biomass is energy from plants and animals. It is rich in carbon and hydrogen that can be used within the natural carbon cycle. Solar Energy is the power from the sun, thus it is free and inexhaustible. Solar energy can be converted to heat energy (for heating water in the pool, homes, or buildings) and electricity

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(using photovoltaic cells or through solar power plants). Hydroelectric power uses the force of moving water to produce electricity. Geothermal Energy is the heat energy produced from the earth s core used for heating buildings and to generate electricity. Wind Power advanced aerodynamics research has developed wind turbines that can produce electricity at a lower cost than power from polluting coal plants. Cluster of wind machines are called wind farms. 2. Nonrenewable energy source are limited and cannot be replenished in a short period of time. Types of non-renewable source: Coal Energy is one of the largest sources fuel for electricity but the largest source of environmental harm. Coal is a black brownish black sedimentary rock, combustible and compost mostly of carbons and hydrocarbons. Natural Gas is a source of energy from fossils (organic materials) of plants and animals. Propane is derived from processing natural gas, which is commonly used in the kitchen as fuel. Petroleum (crude oil) is primarily used for transportation fuels, also for power production, heat and as feedstock for chemicals. Crude oil is a smelly yellow-to-black liquid and is usually found in underground areas called reservoirs. Uranium is the most widely used fuel by nuclear power plants for nuclear power plants for nuclear fission. Lesson 2.3 Simple Machines Simple Machine the simple components/tools used in complex machines. Effort is the force applied to the machine Resistance is the force (friction and/or gravity) overcome by the machine. When a machine takes a small input force and increases the magnitude of the output force, the machine produces Mechanical Advantage (MA). Hydraulic jack is a common tool designed to make mechanical advantage. Physical Science

*NOTE: Guys yung sa page 35 diko na nilagay . nalilito kc ako. Kayo nlang bahala e-review yun huh Pati yung mga formula dun . thx . Mechanical Simple Machines: Lever it is the simplest machine. It is a simple log that can multiply force and shift objects heavier than the person holding the log. Moment/torque is the turning effect produced when an effort is applied to the lever to rotate about a point (fulcrum). Its formula is Torque = lever arm x effort Levers are divided into three classes:  First-class Lever the fulcrum is located between the effort and the load.  Second-class Lever the fulcrum is at one end of the lever and the load is at the other end, the effort is applied at the other.  Third-class Lever the fulcrum is at one end of the lever and the load is at the other end, the effort is applied somewhere in between. Wheel and Axle it is consists of a wheel rigidly attached to an axle or shaft that turns the wheel. Gears are toothed wheel and axle. Gear train is a series of intermeshing gears moving in opposite directions. Gear Ratio (IMA) can be computed by   

   Rack and pinion is another example of wheel and axle. If the pinion is rotating in a fixed position, the rack moves in linear motion.
Pulley it is a wheel pivoted so that it can rotate freely about an axis through its center. Fixed pulley is a first-class pulley with equal lever arms. Movable pulley is a second-class lever that offers a gain in force. Block is a pulley or group of pulleys in a frame with a hook used for attaching. Tackle and fall are the ropes or support. The individual wheels in the block are sheaves.

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Inclined Plane are slanted surfaces that help you doing work. Wedge is consists of two inclined planes set base to base. Screw it is a spiral inclined plane wrapped around a cylinder. Lesson 2.4 Heat: Chaotic Form of Energy Temperature is the hot and cold of a body based on our sense of touch. Thermometer is a device that measures temperature with some observable property, which varies, with temperature. Thermal Energy is the amount of energy measured with a thermometer which represents the collectively kinetic energy of the molecules moving within the substance. Types of Thermometer Galilean thermometer is the first recorded instrument for measuring temperature. A change in temperature of the bulb gave rise to a change in temperature in the water level in the stem. Mercury thermometer the length of mercury column varies with temperature. Alcohol thermometer Bimetallic Strip two different thin strips of metal riveted together and spiraled, the outer end anchored to the thermometer case and the inner end attached to the pointer. Resistance thermometer the electric resistance of a conductor changes with temperature Optical pyrometer measures very high temperature. Temperature Scales Celsius Scale is commonly used in laboratory. It has 100 equal divisions called degrees. The melting point of water was taken 0o C under standard pressure while water boils at standard pressure was taken to be 100oC. Fahrenheit scale was name after Gabriel Daniel Fahrenheit. The melting point of ice was

approximately 32oF while the boiling point of water is 212oF. Kelvin Scale Rankine scale is the absolute zero version of the Fahrenheit scale. When two substances with different temperatures are placed in thermal contact, energy flows from the hotter substance to the colder substance until they reach common temperature or equilibrium. This energy is known as heat energy. Internal energy of the substance is the sum of all the energies inside a substance, molecular kinetic energy and potential energy due to molecular forces between particles in the substance. Sources of Heat 1. Sun most important source of heat. 2. Earth it contains heat in it. 3. Chemical Reactions Oxidation and combustion are chemical reactions that produce heat. 4. Nuclear Energy Can produce great amount of heat. 5. Friction is usually unwanted source of heat because it may damage things. 6. Electricity people use electricity to generate heat that can be used to operate appliances and machines. Heat may cause: 1. Changes in temperature 2. Changes in size heat is directly proportional to the motion of the particles. 3. Changes in state Latent Heat is the heat required to change a substance from one state to another. Latent Heat of vaporization is the energy used to change liquid to vapor. Latent Heat of condensation is energy released when water vapor condenses to form liquid droplets. Latent Heat of fusion describes both changing from solid to liquid and from liquid to solid. Latent Heat of sublimation describes both changing from solid to gas and gas to solid. Transfer to Heat is normally from a high temperature object to a lower temperature object. CONDUCTION

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Thermal Conduction is the flow of heat from a hot part of a body to a cooler part, without transfer of matter. Thermal conductors substances that transfer heat energy easily. Thermal insulators substances that resist heat transfer. The ability of the substance to conduct heat is measured by thermal conductivity of the substance. CONVECTION Convection of Heat is the transfer of heat from one place to another by motion of the heated substance. RADIATION Radiation of heat is the transfer of heat energy in the form of waves in the infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum. Thermal Radiation is a type electromagnetic radiation. Radiation is a form of energy transport consisting of electromagnetic waves traveling at the speed of light. Thermodynamics Thermodynamics is a branch of science that is concerned with the nature of heat and its conversion to other forms of energy. Four Classes of Thermodynamic System 1. Isolated System matter and energy may not cross the boundary. 2. Adiabatic System heat and matter may not cross the boundary. 3. Closed System matter may not cross the boundary; as time goes by, it tends to be in the state of thermodynamic equilibrium. 4. Open System matter, heat and energy may cross the boundary. Thermodynamic Processes 1. Isobaric Process occurs at constant pressure 2. Isothermal Process occurs at constant temperature 3. Isochoric Process occurs at constant volume Physical Science

4. Isentropic Process occurs at constant entropy 5. Adiabatic Process occurs without loss or gain of heat LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS 1. Zero Law of Thermodynamics if system A and B are in thermal equilibrium, and system B and C are in thermal equilibrium, then A and C are also thermal equilibrium. 2. First Law of Thermodynamics the increase of energy added to the system by heating, Q, minus the amount lost in the form of work done by the system in its surrounding, W. 3. Second Law of Thermodynamics this law is about the entropy, of the system. Entropy, S, is a measure of disorder or randomness of a system. This law is stated as follows: The total entropy of any isolated thermodynamics system tends to increase over time, approaching a maximum value. A system operating in contact with a thermal reservoir cannot produce positive work in its surrounding LORD KELVIN A system operating in a cycle cannot produce a positive heat flow from a colder body to a hotter body CLAUSIUS The entropy of a closed system never decreases MAXWELL s DEMON 4. Third Law of Thermodynamics the entropy of a system at zero absolute temperature is a well-defined constant. - It can also state as all processes cease as temperature approaches absolute zero. Lesson 3.1 ATOMS: THE UNIT PARTICLES OF MATTER Dalton s Atomic Theory * All matter consists of tiny particles called atoms. * Atoms cannot be created, destroyed, subdivided or converted from one type to another. * Atoms of a particular element all have the same properties. * Atoms of different elements have different properties. * Atoms combine in a simple whole number ratio to form a combination of atoms called compounds. Page 6

* A chemical change involves the joining, separation or rearrangement of atoms. Thomson s Model The first subatomic particle was discovered by Joseph Thompson, the electron. The first model of the internal structure of the atom of the atom called the plum-pudding model. An atom is a solid sphere of positively charge matter (like the pudding) with negatively charge electrons scattered throughout (like the raisins of the pudding). Rutherford s Model Ernest Rutherford proposed that the positively charged particles are not distributed throughout the atom but are concentrated in the tiny area in the center called nucleus. This is based on his work on thin gold foil experiment. The positively charged particle is called proton by Eugene Goldstein. According to Rutherford: The atom consists of a small heavy core called nucleus. The mass of the atom is concentrated in the nucleus. The nucleus is surrounded by an electron cloud. The atom as a whole is electrically neutral. James Chadwick discovered uncharged particles called neutron. Bohr s Atomic Model According to Neil s Bohr: j The atom consists of stable stationary orbits where the electrons can revolve. j The electrons are moving particles traveling in circular orbits at increasing distance from the nucleus. WAVE NATURE OF AN ELECTRON De Broglie hypothesis an electron has dual properties, that of a particle and a wave. De Broglie reasoned that if light waves can behave like a stream of particles (photon), then perhaps particle such as electron can possess wave properties. Lester Germer and Clinton Davission discovered that electron could be diffracted. Diffraction is the bending of waves around small obstacles. Physical Science

Erwin Schrodinger devised a mathematical model of an atom using the wave properties of electrons and the mathematical methods known as Wave mechanics. The model is called Schrodinger equation. FOUR QUANTUM NUMBERS 1. Principal Quantum number this tells us how far the electron from the nucleus. 2. Azimuthal Quantum number this number refers to the shape of the orbital (region in space where the electrons are probably found). 3. Magnetic Quantum number this number tells us the orientation of a particular orbital. 4. Magnetic Spin Quantum number tells us two possible orientations of electrons in an atom. LESSON 3.2 ELEMENTS, COMPOUNDS AND COMPLEX MOLECULES Element is the simplest of matter that contains one kind of atom. Molecules atoms are usually bound together, this is the simplest unit of compound. Two types of Compound: 1. Ionic compound When a metal and a non-metal combine in a chemical reaction, the resulting bond is ionic bond and the resulting compound is an ionic compound. 2. Covalent Compounds When two non-metals combine in a chemical reaction, the bond formed is known as covalent bond and the compound is called covalent compound. Molecular Networks are composed of atoms linked by continuous network of covalent bonds. Diamond and Graphite are covalent-network solids. Diamond is bonded to four other carbon atoms. This interconnected three-dimensional array of strong carbon-carbon single bonds contributes to diamond s unusual hardness. Graphite is arranged in layers of interconnected hexagonal rings. Silicon dioxide is one of the constituents of many minerals and gemstone. SiO2 is formed by strong,

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directional covalent bonds, and has a well-defined local structure. Zachariesen-Warren model for the structure of SiO2 shows that the tetrahedra formed by the SiO4 groups must touch each other at their corners to form network structure, but can do at widely varying angles. MOLECULAR BALLS AND TUBES Fullerenes are molecules composed entirely of carbon, in the form of a hollow sphere, ellipsoid, tube, or plane. *BUCKYBALL is spherical fullerenes. *BUCKMINSTERFULLERENCE is the smallest buckyball and it is also called C60. Carbon Nanotubes are cylindrical carbon molecule with length-to-diameter ratio greater than 1,000,000. The discovery of carbon nanotubes was credited to Sumio Iijima in 1991. LESSON 3.3 CHEMICAL TRANSFORMATIONS Chemical Reaction is material transformation from a beginning mass to a resulting substance. The following are observations to indicate a chemical reaction: Change in color of the substance Evolution of gas Absorption Release of heat Formation of precipitate

Oxidation is a process wherein a substance gives off their electrons. Oxidizing agents Substances which tend to gain electrons. Reducing agents Substances which tend to lose electrons. SOME COMMON REDOX CHEMICAL REACTIONS COMBUSTION Combustion or burning is a redox chemical reaction that involves the reaction of the substance with atmospheric oxygen when it is ignited. Incomplete combustion produces carbon (as soot) and carbon compounds, like carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide CO2. Burning of plastic, like PVC, produces substances like Chlorinated dioxins or simply dioxins. Dioxins are carcinogenic, and directly correlated with an increase in the likelihood of attaining cancer. Polystyrene (Styrofoam) when burn in an open air produces organic pollutants like carbon monoxide, PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons), carbon black, and styrene monomer, which are harmful and carcinogenic substances. CORROSION Corrosion is breaking down of essential properties in a material due to chemical reactions with its surroundings. SEVERAL WAYS TO PREVENT RUSTING OF IRON: 1. Cover iron with paint 2. Attach a more active metal 3. Mixing or coating the iron with another metal whose oxide is structurally stable. Zinc is usually used as a coating in a process called galvanization. Respiration is exothermic and provides the energy that animals require in order to survive.

Chemical Equation is a way to describe what goes on in a chemical reaction, the actual change in a substance. Ex.
 

The arrow pointing to the right indicates the direction of the reaction. The substances to the left of the arrow are Reactants. The materials to the right of the arrow are products. Reduction-oxidation (redox) reaction is a chemical reaction that involves transfer of electrons from one substance to another. Reduction is a process wherein a substance accepts electrons.

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Photosynthesis is the process by which plants form glucose; it is the reverse of respiration. Chlorophylls it is the green pigments of the plant. METABOLISM: CHEMICAL REACTION IN CELLS Digestion the process of breaking down mechanically or chemically into simpler compounds the complex compounds like carbohydrate, proteins, and fats. Enzymes are protein molecules that speed up chemical reactions. * Carbohydrates are converted into glucose * Meat and other protein-rich is converted to amino acid * Fats are converted into fatty acid Metabolism refers to the chemical reactions which take place in the cells and tissues which are important for the fulfillment of the vital functions of a living organism. Anabolism is a continuous balance between the synthesis of complex compounds with the consumption of energy. Catabolism is the breakdown of complex molecules with the release of energy. * NOTE: Guys yung fate of carbohydrates, Protein, tska fats dko n cnama .. nsa may page 73 to 76 po .. nllito ako eih (^.^v) basahin niu nlang bka masali din yun sa exm eih SOME HOUSEHOLD CHEMICALS AND THEIR REACTION SYNTHETIC DETERGENTS: SURFACTANTS Alkylbenzenesulfunates is the first synthetic detergent. These detergents were cheaper and unlike soap they did not form curd. They form micelle structure in water. Linear Alkysulfunate a detergent wherein the branched alkyl chain was replaced with straight alkyl chain, just like soap. It decomposes overtime forming CO2, H2O, and SO42- which are all found in the environment.

LAS and ABS detergents are known as anionic detergents because the polar part of the molecule I negative ion. Researchers also developed cationic detergents where the polar part is not ionic but maintains polarity because of OH or other polar groups. BLEACHING AGENTS Hydrogen peroxide is a colorless, rather unstable liquid usually marketed as 3% solution in water. Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) is found in household bleach and is very strong oxidizing agent. CREAMS AND LOTIONS Cream and Lotions are skin products that help the skin maintain enough moisture. * have emulsions of water and oil * Lotion has more water than oil * Cream has more oil than water * contains emulsifying agents * Some cream have additional ingredient like titanium dioxide SUNSCREEN Sunscreens are usually lotions with additional ingredients to help absorb ultraviolet radiation. UV light is classified into two: UV-A extends from wavelength of 320 nm to 400 nm UV-B extends from 280 to 320 nm. DEODORANT AND ANTIPERSPIRANTS Deodorants are designed to reduce body odor. Triclosan an antibacterial agent that can kill bacteria and thereby eliminate the odor that produced by ammonia or hydrogen sulfide. Antiperspirant reduces the amount of perspiration that sweat glands produce. It contains aluminum chlorohydrates.

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ANTIOXIDANTS *NOTE: Antioxidants are substances that retard oxidation process. FOOD ADDITIVES AND COLORINGS Monosodium Glutamate (MSG) is a salt of nonessential amino acid, glutamic acid. It is white crystalline powder, when dissolved in water, it dissociates to sodium and glutamic acid. Umami unique taste of MSG. Excitoxin is a chemical that damage and kill nerve cells. Sulfur dioxide it helps maintain the appearance of the fruit and prevent the fruit from rotting. Nitrates and nitrites are primarily used for preserving meat products such as longanisa, tocino, sausages, ham, hotdogs, bacon and corned beef. Nitrosamines powerful carcinogens, which combine with stomach acids and chemicals in food. Food Colorings are substances added to food and beverages to change or enhance their colors. Artificial sweeteners are also common additives in food products that we buy from supermarkets. They duplicate the effect of sugar or corn syrup in taste but usually have less food energy. Examples: Aspartame is an artificial, nonsaccharide sweetener and is about 200 times as sweet as sugar with no caloric value. Saccharin is an artificial sweetener with effectively no food energy and is about 300 times sweet as sucrose. Sucralose is chlorinated sugar and 600 times sweeter than sucrose. Kung may mali po sa reviewer na to pki CORRECT nlang po marami yta 2ng kulang ewn ko lang feeling lang (^.^v) dagdagan niu nlang .. GOODLUCK SA TEST BLOCKMATES!!!!

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