Rev. 0.

1 31 December 2011

Modern Indoeuropean
A Practical Course

By Mario Basile

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Change Record

Issue.rev 0.0 0.1

Date 2nd June 2011

Change Description First issue of lessons 1-7 L2: dvtera -> dwtera Revision of document format, correction of typos Added Lessons 8,9 Added Vocabulary

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A PRACTICAL COURSE

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Introduction

This course is mainly based on A Grammar of Modern Indoeuropean by Carlos Quiles and Fernando Lopez-Menchero. Please refer to the grammar for more details. The grammar is available in www.dnghu.org This course is in development and is still very incomplete. For instance the pronunciation section is still missing, but please refer to the grammar. MIE can be generated only when the rigorous study of the ancient language meets the modern needs. Usage of creativity is unavoidable, for instance to introduce new words that could not be in usage when indoeuropean was spoken, like computer, or for the formation of any word from the roots. However clear rules must be followed and identified in order to preserve the peculiarity and personality of the language. The derivation of any new word is explained in the vocabulary. The creativity is a very important point because somehow clarify the scope of this document: the language of this course is NOT an academic reconstruction of the original IE, but a development of a modern language based on the reconstructed IE grammar. Since this course is after all an experiment, constructive comments are really welcome. Please feel free to post your comment to: atros.wlkos_at_gmail.com

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Acknowledgements

Many thanks to Carlos Quiles and Fernando Lopez-Menchero for the huge work they did for Dnghu and the MIE grammar. Without their material I could not write this book.

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Whats new

In this Rev. 0.1 we have added the lessons 8 and 9 with the perfect tense, the vowel ablaut and a vocabulary at the end of the book.

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Table of Contents
A Practical Course ............................................................................................................. 1

Introduction................................................................................................................ 4 Acknowledgements ................................................................................................... 5 Whats new ................................................................................................................. 6 1: Prm Legtjn - Didksk Eurpjm ................................................................... 8 2: Dwter Legtjn - An meikns widjete? ........................................................ 10 3: Tritj Legtjn - An Karols ammm mimdeti .................................................. 13 4: Qtwrt Legtjn - Sgholm emi ......................................................................... 16 5: Penqt Legtjn - Petnbhi epistolm skreibh................................................. 20 6: Sekst Legtjn Emi peqtum tebhei perisentjm widjontji ....................... 24 7: Septm Legtjn Qid dhakjesi edjw? ............................................................. 29 8: Oktow Legtjn Kompeutrom ndom dhorbha ............................................. 30 9: Neun Legtjn Dhs esti! ................................................................................ 34 VOCABULARY ......................................................................................................... 40

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1: Prm Legtjn - Didksk Eurpjm

During the first week (lessons from 1 to 7) we learn the first declination (nouns in -, -ja/, -), the present active tense of the thematic verbs and of some athematic verbs. Komtloqjom 1. Karol: la Ana! 2. An: la Karola! 3. Karol: Wljesi? 4. An: Wlj, prijsna. Eurpjm didksk. 5. Karol: Eurpjm didkskesi? 6. An: Ji. 7. Karol: Eg-qe Eurpjm didksk. Slwj 8. An: Slwj 1. Karola: Hallo Ana! 2. Ana: Hallo Karla! 3. Karola: How are you? 4. Ana: I am fine, thanks. I am learning European. 5. Karola: Are you? 6. Ana: Yes 7. Karola: I am learning European as well. Goodbye! 8. Ana: Goodbye! Vocabulary la = hallo Wlj = I am fine (cfr valeo) Didksk I learn Eurpjm = European Slwej = Goodbye Grammar At this stage you dont need to memorize all the rules that are hereby presented. Just read and listen to the dialogues when available. The second part of the book will deal with the details. 3, 4 In MIE (Modern IndoEuropean) the termination of the verbs change with each person. In English we have only the difference between the third singular person (i.e. he goes) and the other persons (I go, you go, they go). Being the person identified by the verb termination, in MIE you do not need express the person explicitly. For now just notice that wlj = I am fine, and wljesi = you are fine. 4. The preferred verb position is at the end of the sentence. 3, 5 Questions can be formulated in the same form as positive sentences, just with a question mark. page 8 of 62

Rev. 0.1 31 December 2011 7 qe means and and is postponed to the second word. For instance Karol An-qe means Karola and Ana Etymology Lesson = MIE Lgtjn, lgtjonos Lesson from Lat Lectio from lectum - legere <= PIE *leg, with infinitive suffix -tu, => legtu, => jn/jonos suffix is added for word formation similar to existing Latin word.

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2: Dwter Legtjn - An meikns widjete?

Komtloqjom 1. An meikm mimdeti. 2. An: la Karola, wljesi? 3. Karol: Wlj, prijsna. 4. An: Edjw Eurpjm didkskomos. 5. Karol: Eurpjm n gnsk. 6. meiks Eurpjm didkskonti. 7. An prkskns prksketi. 8. An meikns widjete? 1. Ana meets her friend. 2. Ana: Karola, how are you (are you fine?) 3. Karola: I am fine, thanks. 4. Ana: Today we learn European. 5. Karola: I dont know European. 6. The girlfriends study European. 7. Ana ask questions. 8. Do you see the girlfriends? Vocabulary Mimd = I meet (mimdeti = she, he, it meets) Edjw = today Widj = I see Gnsk = I know N = Negation (for instance n gnsk = I dont know) Prksk = question Prksk = I ask meik = girlfriend Notes 1. Mimdeti, it is the third singular person of the verb mimd = I meet. 4. Didkskomos = 1st plural person of the verb didksk = I learn 6. meiks = nominative plural of meik (girlfriends). Note that in the line 8 we find meikns, being ns the termination for the plural accusative. 8. Widjete = you all see, 2nd plural person of widj (I see). an can be used to introduce a generic question.

Grammar

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Rev. 0.1 31 December 2011 Declension: Lets review the declination in we have met so far with ameik as example: Singular Nominative Accusative Vocative Ameik Ameikm Ameika Plural Ameiks Ameikns Ameiks

Conjugation: We have met the active present indicative of the thematic verbs (-). We conjugate widj: - verbs: active present indicative Widj Widjesi Widjeti Widjomos Widjete Widjonti I see you see he/she/it sees we see you all see they see

Exercises A Translate into English: 1) Didkskonti, 2) Prkskesi prkskm 3) Ana ameikns n widjeti 4) Karolm gnsk 5) Karol gnsketi 6) An Anm widjete? 7) An Karolm gnsketi. 8) Karola, an Anm gnskesi? B Translate into MIE 1) They dont see Ana. 2) Ana knows the girlfriends. 3) The girlfriends dont know Karola. 4) Do you know Ana? 5) I meet Karola. 6) Karola sees Ana 7) Ana doesnt know Karola 8) We ask questions.

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Rev. 0.1 31 December 2011 Solutions A 1) They learn. 2) You ask a question 3) Ana doesnt see the girlfriends 4) I know Karola 5) Karola knows. 6) Do you see Ana? 7) Ana knows Karola. 8) Karola, do you know Ana? B 1) Anm n widjonti. 2) Ana meikns gnsketi. 3) Ameiks Karolm n gnskonti. 4) An Anm gnskesi? 5) Karolam mimd 6) Karol Anm widjeti 7) An Karolm n gnsketi. 8) Prkskns prkskomos.

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3: Tritj Legtjn - An Karols ammm mimdeti

Komtloqjom

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.

An Karols ammm mimdeti. An atqe Karols amm louksnm sterlns-qe widjonti. Sterls lukjonti. Karol cemjeti. Karol Ani dwtm seleti. Ani dwt esti. Dwts drkt cenbhos sterlns kljeti. Karol Ans meik esti. Karols amm Anm gnsketi. Cens sterlns gnskonti. Cenm dwt ameikbhos sterlns kljeti.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.

Ana meets the mother of Karola Ana and Karolas mother look at the Moon and at the stars. The stars shine. Karola comes. Karola buys a torch for Ana. Ana has a torch. The light of the torch hides the stars to the women. Karola is friend of Ana. Karolas mother knows Ana The women know the stars. The womens torch hides the stars to the girlfriend

Vocabulary Amm = mother Louksn = Moon Sterl = star Cen = woman Dwt = torch Drkt = light Klj = I hide Lukj = I shine Cemj = I come Sel = I buy Esti = (it) is Atqe = and page 13 of 62

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Notes 1.Karols = of Karola, genitive case. 6 Esti is the third singular person of the verb estum, to be, which is athematic. We will see athematic verbs later. The sentence literally means: For Ana there is a toarch, i.e. Ana has a toarch. Atqe is used like and in English, i.e. between the words to be united, while qe after the last word. So you can say: An Karol-qe OR An atqe Karol. Grammar In this lesson we present two more cases of the declension: the genitive and the dative: 1st - declension Nominative Accusative Vocative Genitive Dative Singular meik meikm meika meiks meiki Plural meiks meikns meiks meikm meikbhos, meikmos meikbhjos,

Note that in the declension the singular form of the genitive is identical to the plural form of the nominative, while the plural form of the genitive is identical to the singular form of the accusative. The usage will help to define the correct case. Note that the genitive generally precedes the noun it possesses, exactly like the saxon genitive in English. So to say the torches of the women you better say: cenm dwts and not dwts cenm, however the latter is not wrong. A way to express possession is to use nominative for the item possessed, the verb to be and dative of the possessor: instead of Ana has the torch it is possible to say the torch is to Ana (Ani dwt esti). Exercises A Translate into English: 1) Ans dwt lukjeti. 2) Karoli dwtm n sel. 3) Louksn sterls-qe kljonti 4) An cenm meik esti 5) An widjete dwtm drktm? 6) An Karols ammm mimdeti. 7) Cemj 8) An cenm meikm gnskesi? B Translate into Eurpjm

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Rev. 0.1 31 December 2011 1) They dont see the light of the torches. 2) Ana sees the moon. 3) The girlfriend of the mother of Ana doesnt know Karola. 4) Do you come? 5) The stars shine 6) Karola and Ana ask questions 7) We dont know the question of the woman 8) Karola is hiding. Solutions A 1) The torch of Ana shines. 2) I don't buy Karol a toarch. 3) The Moon and the stars hide 4) Ana is friend of the women 5) Do you see the light of the torches? 6) Ana meets Karolas mother. 7) I come. 8) Do you know the friend of the women? B 1) Dwtm drktm n widjonti. 2) Ana louksnm widjti. 3) Ans amms meik Karolm n gnsketi. 4) An cemjesi? 5) Sterls lukjonti 6) Karol An-qe prksks prkskonti. 7) Cens prkskm n gnskomos. 8)Karol kljeti.

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4: Qtwrt Legtjn - Sgholm emi

Komtloqjom

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.

An awm eti atqe idhei Karolm mimdeti. An: Wsrom sm Karola, qot wljesi? Karol: Wsrom sm Ana, wlj s, prijsna. An: Qid dhakjesi kei? Karol: aqm pib jodqid trsj, ndha sgholm kwbhi emi, ndha sghold kwbhi awm ghighj. An: Qid sgholi dhakjesi? Karol: Eurpjm didksk. An: An ekw nert esti? Karol: ita sntj ma... An: An ims sm ekwbhi sgholm? Karol: ...tagtei! An: Prijsna!

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.

Ana goes to the fountain and there she meets Carol. Ana: Good morning Carol, how are you? Carol: Good Morning Ana, I am fine, thanks. What are you doing here? Carol: I am drinking water because I am thirsty then I go to school by the mare, and then I come back to the fountain from the school with the mare. Ana: What do you do at school? Carol: I learn European. Ana: is the mare strong? Carol: I think so but... Ana: do we go together to the school by the mare? Carol: ...alright! Ana: thanks!

Vocabulary ekw = mare aw = fountain aq = water sghol = school nertos, , om = strong

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Rev. 0.1 31 December 2011 mimd = to meet emi = to go esmi = to be dhakj = to do pib = to drink trsj = to be thirsty ghighj = to come back idhei = there kei = here jodqid = because sm = together ndha = then qid? = What? qot? = How? wsrom sm = good morning qot wljesi? = how are you? wlj s = I am fine prijsna = thanks Notes 1. Awm eti = she goes to the fountain. The accusative case can express the destination toward which a movement is oriented . See also line 6, sgholm = to school. 6. kwbhi = by the mare. Instrumental case can express the means. 7. sghold = from school. Ablative case can express the place of origin 10. nert is the nominative singular feminine of the adjective nertos, a, om. Adjectives takes the gender, case and number of the nouns they relate to. Grammar In this lesson we present the singular and plural forms of the last three cases for the declension: the instrumental, the ablative and the locative:

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1st - declension Nominative Accusative Vocative Genitive Dative Locative Instrumental Ablative

Singular meik meikm meika meiks meiki meiki meikbhi/meikmi * meikd

Plural meiks meikns meiks meikm meikbhos, meikbhjos, meikmos meiksu meikbhis/meikmis meikbhos, meikbhjos, meikmos

* Also the instrumental form meik is possible, however it is better to avoid it because is the same as nominative. In this lesson we meet the active present indicative of two athematic verbs: to be: I am = esmi You are (Thou art) = esi He, she, it is = esti We are = smes You are = ste They are = senti Esti = there is to go: I go = emi You go = esi He, she, it goes = eti We go = ims You go = it They go = jenti As pointed in the notes, some cases are related to motion: Accusative: motion TO Ablative: motion FROM Instrumental: motion THROUGH Locative: Being IN Place

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Rev. 0.1 31 December 2011 Exercises A Translate into English: 1) Wsrom sm meika, qot wljesi? 2) Sgholm n emi . 3) An Karols ekw nert esti? 4) Sghold Karols ekwbhi awm emi 5) N trsj ma aqm pib 6) An Karol-qe sm sgholm ghighjonti. 7) An Karol-qe meiks senti. 8) Qid dhakjete kei? 9) Dwtbhis widjomos. 10) Sgholsu meiks senti. B Translate into Eurpjm 1) They go to school. 2) We see the fountain from the school. 3) There is (esti) water for the strong mare (use Dative). 4) The girlfriends do not drink water because they are not thirsty. 5) There is no water in the fountain. 6) You come back and then you drink 7) Are you at school? 8) The mare of Carol drinks the water of the fountain. 9) The (girl)friends do not go to school by mares (instrumental). 10) In the fountains there is water. Solutions A 1) Good morning (girl) friend, hoe are you? 2) I don't go to school. 3) Is the Karola's mare strong? 4) I go by the mare of Carol from school to the fountain. 5) I am not thirsty, but I drink water. 6) Ana and Karola go back together to school. 7) Ana and Carol are friends. 8) What do you do here? 9) We see by the torches. 10) There are (girl)friends in the schools (locative) B 1) Sgholm jenti. 2) Sghold awm widjomos. 3) Aq nerti ekwi esti. 4) meiks aqm n pibonti, jodqid n trsjonti. 5) Awi aq n esti. 6) Ghighjesi ndha pibesi. 7) An sgholi esi? 8) Karols ekw aws aqm pibeti. 9) meiks sgholm ekwabhis n jenti. 10) Awsu aq esti.

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5: Penqt Legtjn - Petnbhi epistolm skreibh

Komtloqjom

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

An meiks Ilons swdwjans epistolns ghndeti. Karol: An, qori smejesi? An: Smej jodqid gaudhj. Ilon skreibheti swadwjans epistolns. Ilon Rmi cejweti atqe Eurpjm didksketi. Eg-qe Iloni epistolns sontj jodqid s maq swj meik esti. Karol: Ilonm n gignsk. An: n petnbhi epistolm tesji skreibh. Ilon moksi km cemjeti... Karol: ...ita Ilonm gigntum mogh. An tebhei petnm ddmi? An: D, prijsna. Epistolm paulm-qe kapsm tesji sontj kom. Karol: Qid kaps rtjeti? An: Roun n esti: kaps paulm lapsm rtjeti. Esti atqe kaps paul-qe laps tebhei. Karol: Prijsna!

Ana receives pleasant letters from her friend Ilona. Carol: why are you smiling? Ana: I am smiling because I am happy. Ilona writes sweet letters. Ilona lives in Rome and studies European. I also often send Ilona letters because that girl is a good friend. Carol: I don't know Ilona. Ana: now I write her a letter with a pen. Ilona this summer is coming here. Carol: So I can know her. Do I give you a pen? Ana: Yes please. I send her the letter with a small box (I send her together a letter and a small box). 10. Carol: What does the box contain? 11. Ana: it is not a secret: the box contains a small lamp. There is also a box and a small lamp for you. 12. Carol: thanks! Vocabulary epistol = letter potnja = mistress kaps = box katt = cat kselw = forest maq = girlfriend laps = lamp dmn = landlady wlew = leon auqsl = pot page 20 of 62

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Rev. 0.1 31 December 2011 roun = secret Rm = Roma qori? = why? moksi = soon kom = with (with Instrumental) swj = good (feminine) swdwja = pleasant (feminine) paul= small (feminine) pib = to drink trsj = to be thirsty sontj = to send ghnd = to receive skreibh = to write timj = to be afraid cejw = to live Notes 2. Qori = why 5. s = that (feminine) 7. tesji = her, dative case of s (see note 5). km = hereto. 8. gignti is the infinitive form (to know). Some verbs as mogh can are associated to infinitive. gigntum mogh = I can know. Tebhei = dative form of pronoun t (singular you - thou) meaning to you. 9. Kom with is a preposition and can follow some verbs with the meaning of together. Qid, interrogative pronoun what. Grammar In this lesson we introduce the j/ declension, as a special case of the first declension. There are few words following the j/ declension, however we meet some important feminine forms of the adjectives (i.e. adjectives in -nts/ -ntja/ -nt and -us/ -wja/ -u): see for instance the feminine accusative plural form in swadwjas epistols in the dialogue.

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1st -j / - declension Nominative Accusative Vocative Genitive Dative Locative Instrumental Ablative

Singular potnja / potn potnjam / potnm potnja / potn Potnjs Potnji Potnji potnj/potnjbhi/potnjmi Potnjd

Plural potnjas / potns potnjans / potnns potnjas / potns potnjm ptnjabhjos, ptnjabhos, ptnjamos ptnjsu ptnjabhis, ptnjamis ptnjabhjos, ptnjabhos, ptnjamos

Note that the plural form of the ablative is identical to the dative's one. In this lesson we meet the active present indicative of another athematic verb: to give: I give = ddmi You give (Thou givest) = ddsi He, she, it gives = ddti We give = ddames You give = ddate They give = ddanti Etymology letter, epistle = MIE epistol Epistle from Lat epistola from Gr from . <= *stel, = *epi. Vocal change e-o: Another translation can be from Slavic: letter = MIE peikmom Russ. , (Slovenian Pismo) verb *pik (to write): pik -mo-s Considering (amber) <= lektroniks, the email could be peikmom email = MIE peikmom Exercises A Translate into English: 1) An potnji epistolm petnbhi skreibheti. 2) Mqs dmni auqslm ddanti. 3) Kattm wlew n timjeti. 4) Ani Karoli-qe paulm lapsm ddames. 5) Mqs sgholsu didkskonti. 6) Rmd swdwjas epistols menghom ghndete. 7) Sgholsu maqbhjos patnns ddames. 8) Ans katt trstjeti. page 22 of 62

Rev. 0.1 31 December 2011 B Translate into Eurpjm 1) The mistress receives a letter of (her) (girl) friend from Rome. 2) In the pots there is water of the fountain. 3) Lions live in the forest. 4) Why do they smile? 5) The mistress goes by mare to the fountain and drinks water. 6) Is there (any) water on the Moon? 7) The girls write letters to the friends at school 8) You (thou) see the kats of the (girl)friends from the schools. Solutions A 1) Ana writes a letter with a pen for the mistress. 2) The girlfriends give a pot to the landlady. 3) The leon does not fear the cat. 4) We give to Ana and Carol a small lamp. 5) The girls learn in the schools. 6) You often receive sweet letters from Rome. 7) We give pens to the girlfriends in the schools. 8) Ana's kat is thirsty. B 1) Potn (Potnja) meiks epistolm Rmd ghndeti. 2) Auqslsu aws aq esti. 3) Wlews kselwi cejwonti. 4) Qori smejonti? 5) Potnja ekwmi awm eti aqm-qe pibeti. 6) An Louksni aq esti? 7) Maqs meikbhjos epistolns sgholi skreibhonti. 8) meikm kattns sghold widjesi.

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6: Sekst Legtjn Emi peqtum tebhei perisentjm widjontji

Komtloqjom

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.

Karol Anm mimdeti. Karol: Wsrom sm Ana. Qid dhakjesi? An: Widj perisentjm kselwbhi dhalnbhi d. Karol: Perisentjs spekjs swdwja esti. An: Ji perisentj swdwja widjetoi. Karol: An torpjesoi koupm aqs glaghj? An: Ji prijsna, trsj alkjqe, m toqe perisentjm weistum torpjai. Karol: An reidhom n esti? Perisentjm widjonts edstum moghesi! An: Edstum ji, m peqtum n... Karol: Ji, ji, peumi... emi peqtum tebhei perisentjm widjontji. An: Prijsna, meika!

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.

Carol meets Anne. Carol: Good morning Anne, what are you doing? Anne: I am watching a programme about the vegetation of the forest. Carol: The programme looks good. Anne: It does, the programme looks good. Carol: Would you like a cup of water with ice? Anne: Yes please, I am thirsty and hungry, but I also want to see the programme. Carol: Isn't it easy? You can eat while you watch the programme! Ana: I can eat, but not cook... Carol: Yes, yes, I understand... I go cooking for you while you watch the programme. Thank you my friend!

Vocabulary bhidhs = trust spekjs = aspect glaghjs = ice wm = beautiful reidhom = easy tebhei = for you (dative of you) m = but perisentj = (TV) programme dhaln = vegetation page 24 of 62

Rev. 0.1 31 December 2011 koup = cup qaw = caffee mimd = to meet trsj = to be thirsty alkj = to be hungry torpj = to want peq = to cook, peqtum = infinitive dhakj = to do peumi = I understand edstum = to eat (infinitive) of edmi weistum = to see (infinitive of widj) d = about (+instr) Notes 3. dhalnbhi d: d with instrumental express the topics of the programme: a programme of (about) the vegetation... 4. By the letter is: the aspect of the programme is pleasant. 5. It is expressed the same concept of the previous sentence but with the medio-passive form of the verbe widj. 6 glaghj is instrumental. The instrumental case can express accompaniment, so glaghj = with ice. Note also the genitive of aq to express the content of the cup (a cup of water). 9. mogh is not written but is auxiliary for the two infinitive, so it means I can eat but I cannot cook. 10. tebhei ...widjontji: the participle has to concord with tebhei in dative. Dative means the complement of advantage, in this case for you that are watching. Grammar In this lesson we introduce the last type of the first declension for the nouns that present - ending. Only the singular form is in use.

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1st - declension Nominative Accusative Vocative Genitive Dative Locative Instrumental Ablative

Singular Spekjs Spekjm Spekj Spekjs Spekjei Spekjei Spekj Spekjd

Note the nominative in -s. The reconstructed Proto-Indo-European show an intense reliance on participles. The active present participle of the thematic verb is formed by adding to the present theme the suffix -ont for masculine and neuter, -ontja/-ont for the feminine. We already have met the declination of feminine form -ontja/-ont. The participle stands often as a secondary sentence, that could be causal, temporal, modal, relative. *** In this lesson we meet the active present indicative of two more athematic verb: to eat: I eat = edmi You eat (Thou) = edsi He, she, it eats = esti We eat = dmes You eat = dte, dste They eat = denti to understand I understand = peumi You understand (Thou) = peusi He, she, it understands = peuti We understand = pumes You understand = pute They understand = punti Middle-passive.

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Rev. 0.1 31 December 2011 In MIE we have two Voices: Active and Middle-passive. The latter can have also termination for pure passive: we will see details along the course. The active form is the most used and the object is expressed in accusative. The Passive form is when the object of the verb is the grammatical subject, requiring MIE nominative, while the doer is expressed in Instrumental. For instance the active form is Tom reads the book: in MIE Tom is in nominative, the book is in accusative and the verb in active form. The passive in English is: The book is read by Tom: in MIE the book is in nominative, Tom in instrumental, the verb in Passive form. The Middle-passive has an aspect between active and passive, and means: doing something for himself, it is used in reflexive form. Moreover some verbs have no active form but only middlepassive. In the particular case of Widj, the active form means I see, the passive I am seen, the middle I see for myself, I see myself and I seem. The middle-passive termination are different from the active one. - verbs: middle-passive present indicative Widjai Widjesoi Widjetoi Widjomesdha Widjedhwe Widjontoi I see for myself, I seem you seem he/she/it seems we seem you all seem they seem

Passive conjugation will be given later. Note that the verb torpj = to want can have both active and middle passive voices with the same meaning. *** The infinitive form is used as a name, and can be flexed. For the moment it is sufficient to note that the form edstum (to eat) is like an accusative. Emi edstum means I go to eat, exactly like emi kselwm means I go to the forest Etymology Programme = Transmission Eng Transmission from Lat Trans+mission L Trans- <= MIE teraGr aGr , Russ para-, <= MIE peri page 27 of 62

Rev. 0.1 31 December 2011 <= PIE *d- <= -ti <= MIE peridti Ger. Sendung *sent- -ti programme = perisentj We add a peri to give the idea of broadcast. Television or radio Programme = perisentj, peridtis ___ coffee from arabic qahwa > MIE qaw

Exercises A Translate into English: 1) Ani perisentjm widjontji koupm qaws ddti. 2) Kselwi wm dhalns spekjs esti. 3) Emi pektom ameikabhos. 4) Eurpjm didkskontja, peumi. 5) Anbhi perisentjm wideij. 6) Maqs sgholi epistols skreibhonti. 7) An pute ameikm epistolm? 8) An Karoli trstjontji koupm aqs glaghj ddti. B Translate into Eurpjm 1) The programme about the vegetation of the forest looks pleasant. 2) The coffee in the cups of the (girl)friends looks pleasant. 3) The girls go to school to see the mistress. 4) Do you want a cup of coffee? 5) I am hungry, but I want to watch the programme. 6) Today there is ice in the fountain of the school. 7) You (thou) go by the mare to the forest to see the small fountain 8) Do you (pl.) want to eat? Solutions A 1) He gives Anne a cup of coffee while she is watching a programme. 2) In the forest there is a beautiful species of vegetation. 3) I go to cook for the girlfriends 4) As I study European (by studing European), I understand. 5) I watch the programme with Anne. 6) The girls write letters at school. 7) Do you understand the letter of the (gilf)friends? 8) Anne gives to Karol a cup of water with ice because she is thirsty (being thirsty). B 1) Kselws dhalns perisentj swdwja widjetoi. 2) Qaw meikm koupsu swdwja widjetoi. 3) Maqs sgholm jenti potnjam weistum. 4) An koupm qaws torpjesoi ? 5) Alkj, m perisentjm weistum torpjai. 6) Edjew glaghjs sghols awi esti 7) Ekwbhi kselwm esi paulm awm weistum 8) n edstum torpjedhwe?

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Rev. 0.1 31 December 2011

7: Septm Legtjn Qid dhakjesi edjw?

This is the seventh lesson, just the chance to read back the whole work done till here. This first set of lessons has provided us with all the first declension of the nouns in -, ja/, . We met the basic usage of all the cases. We learnt the present active conjugation of the verbs in - and of several verbs in -mi, and lately also the middle-passive form. IT IS REALLY A LOT! However do not try to memorize all, because we are coming back again and again on the first lesson matters. We have also learnt some vocabulary that is useful for the next komtloqjom. All the sentences have been taken from the previous lessons with no or little modification: if you wish you can read again all the lessons, to see if you can understand the dialogue without the help of the translation. Komtloqjom

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.

Karol: la Ana! Qid dhakjesi edjw? An: Ameiki Iloni epistolm skreibh. Karol: Ilonm n gignsk. An: Ilons amm km edstum cemjeti. Ilons ammi epistolm ddmi. Karol: An tebhei Ilons-qe ammi peqtum mogh? An: prijsna! Karol, Qid dhakjesi ndha? Karol: Kselwm ekwbhi emi. An: An ekw nert esti? Karol: ita sntj ma... An: An ndha ekwbhi kselwm ims sm? Karol: ...tagtei!

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.

Carol: Hi Anne, What are you doing here? Anne: I am writing a latter to my friend Ilona Carol: I don't know Ilona. Anne: Ilona's mother is coming here to eat. I give the letter to the mother of Ilona Carol: Can I cook for you and the mother of Ilona? Anne: Thank you! Carol, what are you doing then? Carol: I go to the forest with the mare. Anne: Is your mare strong' Carol: I think so but... Anne: Do we go together to the forest with the mare' Carol: ...okay.

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8: Oktow Legtjn Kompeutrom ndom dhorbha

Komtloqjom

Alqsios sgholai art d eghsagmenejtor. Doks kluwejeti Prngiskos. Prngiskos Karols wontlos esti. Prngiskos Doks: Alqsie, wsrom srm. Ghlonsdha an? Alqsios: Ji, doke, ghlondha solwom lubhrom! Prngiskos Doks: Tagtei. An dherbhtum moghomos? Alqsios: Ji, kins esmi. Dherbhmos chedh! Prngiskos Doks: Welpe mqom. Kompeutrom ndom dhorbha. Alqsios: Ngdhi, doke, qori kompeutrom nkjesi? Prngiskos Doks: jodqid prkskns kompeutroi skroibha. Alqsios, pavjont: An senti prksks ita smogs? Prngiskos Doks, wrisdjont: N, prksks gar reidhs senti, m bhskreibhjns nkej. Bhskreibhjs lurbhis d senti. 13. Kompeutrom dherbhetoi et Prngiskos prmm bhskreibhjm deiketi. 14. Eghsagmen dhorbhe.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

Alex is examined at school on art. The name of the teacher is Frank. Frank is the uncle of Carol. Frank the teacher: Good morning Alex. Have you studied? Alex: Yes teacher, O have studied the whole book! Frank the teacher: Well! Can we start? Alex: Yes, I am ready. Let's start please! Frank the teacher: wait a moment. I have not yet started the computer Alex: Excuse me teacher, why do you need the computer? Frank the teacher: because I have written the questions in the computer. Alex, with fear: are the question so difficult? Frank the teacher, laughing: no, the questions are rather simple, but I need the photos. The photos are about stoneworks. 13. The computer starts and Frank show the first photo. 14. The examination has started.

Vocabulary doks = teacher from *dok (doceo) lubhros = book bhskreibhj = photography lur = stonework page 30 of 62

Rev. 0.1 31 December 2011 kompeutrom = computer solwos = whole ita = so jmi = already smogs = difficult ghlendh, glondha = to study eghsagmenej = to examine dherbh, dhorba = to start mogh = to be able chedh = to ask (chedh means also please) welp,wolpa = to wait nkej = to need skreibh, skroibha = to write pawj, pawja = to fear wrisdj, wroisda = to laugh leg, loga = to read

Notes 1. eghsagmentor: this is the third singular person of the present of the passive voice of the verb eghsagmen, to examine. Art d = about art. Art is the instrumental form of the noun Artis, of the 3rd declination: we will learn the third declination next week. Preposition d following a noun in instrumental case means about, the complement of argument. 7. Dherbhmos is the active subjunctive form of the 1st singular person and means: let's start. The subjunctive can be used for the imperative missing forms. The only difference with the present tense of thematic verbs is that the thematic vowel is lengthened (dherbomos => dherbhmos). 8. Welpe is the 2nd person of the present active imperative of welp and means wait. 10 kompeutroi is the locative of kompeutrom and means in the computer. 11 pavjont is the present participle of pavj and can be translated as fearing or having fear. In the same way we have wrisdjont meaning laughing.

Grammar 2nd declension In this lesson we introduce the second declension in -os, -om. 2nd declension Masculine Sing Nominative Accusative Vocative Wlkos Wlkom Wlke Plu Wlks Wlkons Wlks Neuter Sing Jugm Jugm Jgom Plu Jug Jug Jug

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Rev. 0.1 31 December 2011 Note the masculine nominative in -s and the accusative in -m, like in the first declension. The neuter present the same form for nominative, accusative and vocative: only the vocative accent can change and be anticipated. Active perfect of thematic verbs 1/2 Perfect tense is used when an action made in the past has the consequences in the present, like English. Have you already watched this film? is a question related to the presenta status of having watched the film. In this case in MIE the perfect tense is used. Different is to say: Last week I saw a nice film. In this case the action was performed in the past and is not related to the status in the present. In MIE the aorist tense is used. In the dialogue the question is in the perfect tense because the subject is under exam, so the consequences of having or not studied are experienced in the present time! To make a perfect we have to find the perfect stem. Since there are no rules that can automatically provide the perfect stem from the present one, it is better to learn the verbs form by heart. From now on we are providing the perfect stem together with the present stem. The endings for the singular active forms are: -a, -tha, -e, so we have: Verb kan, kkana = sing kkana = I have sung , kkantha = you (singular) have sung, kkane = he has sung. On the next lesson we will learn the plural form. Some more useful phonetic consideration for the formation of the singular forms. Some consonants changes when they meet. When two dental consonants meet, we have the following rules:
*d+t, *t+t st; *d+d, *t+d, *dh+d sd; *d+dh, *t+dh, *dh+dh sdh. BUT *dh+t, *dh+th sdh (application of the Ley of Bartholomae, for instance dh+t => d+dh=> s+dh).

For instance: ghlendh, ghlondha = to study where the second form is the 1st person of the singular perfect. So, ghlondha = I have studied; glonsdha, = you have studied; glondhe = he/she/it has studied; one more example: bindh = I bind => perf. bondha; bonsdha; bondhe Dont worry; we are coming back on this issue soon, showing more examples.

Exercises A Translate into English:

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Rev. 0.1 31 December 2011 1) Ans kompeutrom n dherbhetoi. 2) An Karols bhskreibhjns weistum n moghesi. 3) Prngiskos kselwbhis d lubhrom skroibhe. 4) Alqsios solwom kselwbhis d lubhrom jmi loge. 5) Prngiske, ghlosdha jmi solwom lubhrom? 6) Karols wontlos Prngiskos kluwejeti. 7) Edjw Alqsios sgholai dokm woite. 8) Doks Alqsiom art d eghsagmeneti. B Translate into Eurpjm 1) I have read the book of Anne. 2) Frank has written a letter to his girlfriend. 3) Anne, have you studied the whole book? 4) Professor Frank and Alex want to start. 5) Why do you need a photo? 6) Today Alex has sung in the school. 7) Alex, do you understand the book of Anne? 8) Can they start? Solutions

A 1) Annes computer does not start. 2) Anne cannot see the pictures of Carol. 3) Frank has written a book about the forests. 4) Alex has already read the whole book about the forests. 5) Frank, have you already studied the whole book? 6) The name on the uncle of Carol is Frank. 7) Today Alex has waited for the teacher at school. 8) The teacher examins Alex on Arts. B 1) Ans lubhrom loga. 2) Prngiskos meiki epistolm skroibhe. 3) Ana, glosdha solwom lubhrom? 4) Prngiskos doks atqe Alqsios derbhtum torpjontoi. 5) Qori bhskreibhjm nkjesi? 6) Edjew Alqsios sgholai kekane. 7) leqsie, Ans lubhrom peusi? 8) An dherbhtum moghonti?

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Rev. 0.1 31 December 2011

9: Neun Legtjn Dhs esti!

Komtloqjom Qelibhanom klngeti, Antonios antiswereti. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. Antonios: Al? Kelar: Al Antonie, Kelar esmi. Antonios: Al Kelara, an linqtum kin esi? Kelar: Ji, jmi swij adoja! Nosbhos dhs esti! Antonios: Lar eg-qe jmi woghnom crum. Kelar: An jmi solw dhakt? Antonios: N, kolignom swkurobhos ddtum skelejomos. Kelar: An swkurs tws im jmi tuts senti? Antonios: Ji, jom swkurs jmi tuts senti, so Totos swkurm domi jmi swdhwe. Kelar: Jos n eti, tom skrbj. Antonios: Totom eg-qe skrbj, m dwi dek hors ambhrmosjo esmi abhrodhlngs senti! 12. Kelar: ...m n nosbhos! Tropikosjo trjatos nns welpeti! Stlokosjo wedhrom abhros esti. 13. Antonios: An esti wifi ghostiljoi? 14. Kelar: N gnsk, m kompeutrom ghostiljom n portj. Mari sweljom-qe torpjai atqe kompeutrom swkurobhos sontj!

The telephone rings. Anthon answers 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. Anthon: Hallo? Clare: Hallo Anthon, its Clare Anthon: Hallo Clare, are you ready to leave? Clare: Yes I am, I have already prepared my luggage. We are in vacation! Anthon: Lara and I have already loaded the car. Clare: Have you already done all? Anthon: No, we have to give the dog to my parents-in-law. Clare: Have your parents-in-law already taken care of him? Anthon: Yes, as they have already taken care of him, Toto is used to the house. Clare: I am sorry that he doesnt go. Anton: I am sorry too, but twelve hours of travel are too long for him. Clare: ...but not for us! The tropical sea is waiting for us! The weather of the place is very good. 13. Anton: Is there Wi-Fi in the hotel? 14. Clare: I dont know, but I am not bringing the computer to the hotel. I want the sea and the Sun and I send the computer to my parents-in-law!

Vocabulary page 34 of 62

Rev. 0.1 31 December 2011 From this lesson on please refer to the vocabulary provided in section VOCABULARY. Notes 2. Note that in English the third person is used: it is Clare, but in MIE the first person is used, like to say, I am Clare. 3. Linqtum kin. Linqtum is the accusative form of the infinite of linqo. To be translated as ready to leave. 4. Swij is the neuter plural form of swijos, and is the possessive adjective used only when the subject is the same as the possessor (i.e. reflexive). In this case it should be translated as: I have prepared my things. Note the usage of neuter plural to express all the things, i.e. luggage. 8. Tuts senti: the verb tewai has an active meaning but is always in passive form. The form tuts senti is a perfect passive with here an active meaning: they have taken care of. 9. jom (acc.)...so is a correlative construction. Jom works like a relative pronouns and is correlated with so Totos. Literally sounds like: He, Toto, whom my parents-in-law already has taken care for, is already used to the house of my parents -in-law. It has a clear causative meaning that we can translate as: Toto is already used to the house of my parents -in-law, because they have already taken care of him. 11. dwi dek hors: twelve hours. We will see the numbers later. Esmi = for him (dative of is, id). Note the prefix abhro- to be traduced as very (see grammar section). 12. nosbhos: translate as for us. 13. ghostiljoi: locative of ghostiljos, to be translated as in the hotel.

Grammar 2nd declension In this lesson we introduce the genitive and the dative of second declension in -os, -om. 2nd declension Masculine Sing Nominative Accusative Vocative Genitive Dative Wlkos Wlkom Wlke Wlkosjo Wlki Plu Wlks Wlkons Wlks Wlkm Wlkobhos Neuter Sing Jugm Jugm Jgom Wlkm Wlkobhos, wlkomos Plu Jug Jug Jug Jugm Jugobhos, jugomos

abhro-

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Rev. 0.1 31 December 2011 The particle abhro prefixed to an adjective has the meaning of very. We found an example with dhlngos=long and abhro-dhlngos= very long. Can be written both with and without hyphen (-).

vowel changes - ablaut In MIE and in many European Languages some vowel changes can occur in the same word to differentiate various forms, both in declension like in conjugation. For instance we have in English drink, drank, drunk, where the change of the vowel characterized different verb forms. In MIE the vowel change presents a regular sequence for the five usual vowel sounds called thematic: e//o// ( means no vowel) or their composition with i, u. the grade are defined as follows: e: e full grade : lengthed e grade o: o full grade : lengthed o grade : zero grade Vowel change is not limited to e/o, as shown by the following summarizing table: Vowel Grade e/o / je/jo i j/j we/wo u w/w ei/oi/ai i i/i/i eu/ou/au u u/u/u au/ai u/i u/i // a // i/i / i/i Full F domdjeukwonbheidbheudpaustpi Zero dmdiwkunbhidbhudpustap Lengthed L dmdjukwnbhidbhudpustpi

In a word is possible to have a change not only in the length of the vowel, for instance e-- (zero length means no e vowel), but also a qualitative change for instance from e to o. Lets see an example. The athematic flexion of the active present is characterized by full grade in the singular and zero grade in the plural, so we have peumi for the 1st singular, but pumes in the 1st plural. This is an example of quantity change. Another example: generally the perfect is obtained changing the e grade in o grade, for instance peumi has the perfect singular as pepowa (eu => ou, where u is written and read as w before another vowel). In the plural we have again the zero grade: pepum. The practice will clear the meaning of this important table.

Active perfect of thematic verbs 2/2 We have seen that the endings for the singular active forms are:

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Rev. 0.1 31 December 2011 -a, -tha, -e, and are applied to the perfect stem. The terminations for the plural are: -m -t -(r) applied to the zero grade of the perfect stem (see previous table). So for instance we have: PERFECT of thematic verbs

loutum, to wash
lwa lutha lwe loum lout lower

deiktum, to show doika doiktha doike dikm dikt dikr

For the second plural form remember what we said in the previous lesson:
*d+t, *t+t st; *d+d, *t+d, *dh+d sd; *d+dh, *t+dh, *dh+dh sdh. BUT *dh+t, *dh+th sdh (application of the Ley of Bartholomae, for instance dh+t => d+dh=> s+dh).

So: sontj => snta (1st sing) => sonst (sont-t, 2nd plural) A lot of stuff, isnt it? Lets take it easy, more and more exercises and some good komtloqiom will help to get used to MIE. Introduction to personal pronouns The last grammatical effort of this lection is the introduction of personal pronouns: for the moment we shall limit to the nominative case. Since the verb already express the person, the nominative case is used only to add enfasis to the sentence.

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Rev. 0.1 31 December 2011 Thre is no personal pronoun for the 3rd singular and plural person, which are given by the anaphoric pronoun is, ja/, id or by the demonstrative so, s, tod. Their usage will be detailed later.

nominative I you (thou) he, she, it we you they eg t is, ja/, id so, s, tod wejes juwes ejes, ja/, ji toi, t, ti

Exercises A Translate into English: 1) Aleqsiosjo meik koligni westm pepoke. 2) Swkurs dhei jmi pepker. 3) An Eurpjm dedokt? - Ji, dedokm. 4) Edjw kselwi swkurm kolignom modm. 5) Ameikomos epistolns sonst. 6) N wejes, m toi Prngiski kapsm lubhrons rtejontjam sontr. 7) An Aleqsiosjo kompeutrom wist? 8) Tropikosjo trjatom widm. B Translate into Eurpjm 1) We have read the book of Anton. 2) They have learned Europajom in the schools. 3) Friends, have you studied the whole book? 4) We want to start to cook. 5) Today we have seen the teacher at school 6) The dog is already used to the house of the parents-in-law. 7) Alex, have you read the book of Anne? 8) Can we start? Solutions A 1) Alex girlfriend has cooked food for the dog. 2) The parents-in-law have already cooked for the holiday. 3) Have you learned Europaiom? Yes, we have learned. 4) Today we have met in the wood the dog of the parents-in-love. 5) You have sent letters to the friends. 6) Not we, but they have sent Frank the box containing books. 7) Have you seen the computer of Alex? 8) We have seen the tropical sea. B 1) Antonosjo lubhrom lgm. 2) Eurpjom sgholsu dedkr. 3) meiks, geglosdht

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Rev. 0.1 31 December 2011 solwom lubhrom? 4) Peqtum derbhtum torpjomesdha. 5) Edjw sgholai dokm widm. 6) Kolignos swkurm domi jmi swdhwe 7) leqsie, Ans lubhrom logtha? 8) An dherbhtum moghomos?

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Rev. 0.1 31 December 2011

VOCABULARY

In this vocabulary the words used in each lesson are added. This is also true for the verbal forms presented for each verb. So currently only the present and the perfect forms have been provided. Note: the following alphabetical order for MIE is used a (a,), b, bh, c, ch, d, dh, e (e, ), f, g, gh, h, i (i, ), j, k, kh, l, m, n, o (o,), p, ph, q, r, s, t, th, u, w, z

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Rev. 0.1 31 December 2011

MIE English, Italian, Spanish, German

MIE A abhrola alkj, lka ambhrmos, osjo meik, s amm, s MIE notes
pref.

ENG very hallo be hungry (to) travel girlfriend mother

ITA molto ciao fame (aver) viaggio amica madre

ES muy hola hambre (tener) viaje amiga madre

DEU sehr hallo Hungar (haben) Reise Freundin Mutter

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Rev. 0.1 31 December 2011 MIE antiswer, antiswora MIE notes

su er-1 (auch ser-?) English meaning to speak German meaning `sprechen, reden' Grammatical comments General comments Derivatives Material Lat. serm, nis `Wechselrede, Unterhaltung, Gesprch' (*serm) ist unklar; osk. sverrunei `dem Sprecher, Wor hrer'; got. swaran, swr `schwren', aisl. sveria, ags. as. swerian, ahd. swerien, swerren ds., aisl. s ri Nom. Pl. `Schwur, Eid', mhd. swuor `Schwur', aisl. svara `anworten, Brgschaft leisten', svr Pl. `Antwort', and-svar `gerichtliche Entscheidung', ags. and-swaru `Antwort', as. ant-swr `Antwort, Verantwortung'; aksl. svar `Zank' (Hinund Widerrede), svar `Kampf', svariti `schmhen, bekmpfen'; russ. ssra `Zank' aus *ssora? *su er- `sprechen, reden' ist vielleicht (aber nicht sicher) eine Anwendung von su er- `surren' auf artikuliertes Sprechen. References WP. II 527, WH. II 521 f., Trautmann 296 f., Vasmer 2, 712.

ENG answer

ITA rispondere

ES contestar

DEU antoworten

aq, s atqe auqsl, s aw, s B

water and pot fountain

acqua e barattolo, pentola fontana

agua y vasija, olla fuente

Wasser und Topf Brunnen

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Rev. 0.1 31 December 2011 MIE Bh bhskreibhj, s bhidhs, s bhoug, s C cejw, cojwa cemj, cma cen, s Ch chedh, chodha D dwt, s d didksk, dedoka ddni, dedka doks, sjo dmn, s drkt, s dwteros, , om Dh dhakj, dhka dhaln, s dherbh, dhorba dhleghistos dhnghos, , om Dz E edjw MIE notes ENG photography thrust flight live (to) come (to) woman ask (to) torch about learn (to) give teacher landlady light second do (to) vegetation start (to) very long long ITA fotografia fiducia volo vivere venire donna chiedere torcia riguardo imparare, apprendere dare professore signora luce secondo (aggettivo) fare vegetazione iniziare lunghissimo lungo ES fotografa confianza vuelo vivir llegar mujer pedir entorcha de aprender dar profesor seora luz segundo hacer vegetacin empezar largusimo largo DEU Fotografie Verlass Flug leben, wohnen kommen Frau fragen Fackel um lehrnen geben Lehrer Frau Licht zweiter machen Vegetation anfangen lngst lang

prep + instr

today

oggi

hoy

heute page 43 of 62

Rev. 0.1 31 December 2011 MIE edmi, estum, eghsagmenej, eghsagmona emi ekw, s epistol, s esmi, Eurpjm G glaghjs, s Gnsk, Gh ghighj, ghogha MIE notes
examen L examen <= ex agere <= eghs ag + men => eghsagmen to examine = eghsagmenej

ENG eat (to) examine (to)

ITA mangiare esaminare

ES comer examinar

DEU essen prfen

go (to) mare letter be (to) European laguage ice know (to) come back (to)

andare cavalla lettera essere europeo (lingua) ghiaccio conoscere ritornare

ir yegua carta ser europo (idioma) hielo conocer volver

gehen Stute Brief sein Europaisch Eis kennen zurckgehen, zurckfahren, umkehrnen lehrnen erhalten Gasthouse

ghlendh, (ge)glodha ghnd, ghoda ghostiljom, osjo

Proto-IE: *ghost-i- (*ghos-t-) Meaning: guest, stranger Hittite: kasi- 'Besuch' (Tischler 534 nach Ivanov 1971, with doubt) Slavic: *gost; *gospod Germanic: *gast-i- m. Latin: hostis, -is m., f. `Fremdling; der feindliche Fremde, Kriegsfeind'; hospes, itis m. `Gastfreund' Russ. meaning: , References: WP I 640 f

study (to) receive (to) hotel

studiare ricevere albergo

estudiar recibir hotel

H I page 44 of 62

Rev. 0.1 31 December 2011 MIE idhei ita J jmi jodqid jr, s MIE notes ENG there so already because hour ITA l cos gi poich ora ES ah as ya porque hora DEU dort so schon weil Uhr, Stunde

Proto-IE: *yr- (Gr h-) Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology Meaning: year, spring Avestan: yr n. 'Jahr' Old Greek: hr f. `Jahreszeit, Jahr, Tageszeit, Stunde, rechte Zeit, Bltezeit, Reiferzeit' Slavic: *jr, *jr, *jr(j) Bal c: *jr-i f., -ia- m. Germanic: *jr-a- n. La n: hrnus, -a `heurig' (< *h-i rino-) Russ. meaning: , References: WP I 3, 105

K kaps, s katt, s qaw, s kei klj, kla klng kom kompeutrom, osjo

prep. + INST computer from L.computare cum+putare cum <= kom computo = puwj komputrom

box cat coffee here hide (to) sound (to), ring (to) with computer

cassa gatto caff qui nascondere, celare suonare con computer

caja gato caf aqu esconder sonar con ordenador

Kiste Katze Kaffee hier verstecken klingen mit Rechner

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Rev. 0.1 31 December 2011 MIE komtloqjom koup, s kselw, s Kh L laps, s lur, s lgtjn, lgtjonos MIE notes ENG conversation cup wood ITA colloquio, conversazione coppa, tazza bosco, selva ES conversacin copa bosque DEU Gesprch Tasse Wald

from Lat Lectio from lectum - legere <= PIE *leg, with infinitive suffix -tu, => legtu, => jn/jonos suffix is added for word formation similar to existing Latin word.

lamp stonework lesson

lanterna, lampada muratura lezione

linterna mampostera leccin

Lanterne Mauerwerk Lektion

leg, loga linq, linqtum louksn, s lubhros, osjo lukj, loika M maq, s mimd, moda m mogh, moksi N ndha n nertos, , om nkej, onka

read (to) leave (to) moon book shine (to) girlfriend meet (to) but can soon then not strong need

leggere lasciare, partire luna libro splendere amica incontrare ma potere presto poi non forte bisogno (aver)

ler dejar, salir luna libro brillar amiga encontrar pero poder pronto luego no fuerte necesitar

lesen lassen, abfahren Mond Buch glnzen Freundin treffen aber knnen bald denn nicht starker brauchen

page 46 of 62

Rev. 0.1 31 December 2011 MIE O P paulos, , om pawj, pawja penqtos, , om peq, pepoka, peqtum per perisentj, s MIE notes ENG ITA ES DEU

small fear (to) fifth cook (to) over, too transmission

piccolo temere quinto cucinare troppo trasmissione

pequeo temer quinto cocinar demasiado transmisin

klein frchten fnfter kochen zu Sendung

Programme = Transmission Eng Transmission from Lat Trans+mission L Trans- <= MIE teraGr aGr , Russ para-, <= MIE peri <= PIE *d- <= -ti <= MIE peridti Ger. Sendung *sent- -ti programme = perisentj We add a peri to give the idea of broadcast. Television or radio Programme = perisentj, peridtis

peumi, pepowa pib, pepja portj potn, potnjs

nom also potnja

understand (to) drink (to) carry (to) mistress

comprendere bere portare signora

enteder beber llevar seora

verstehen trinken bringen Frau page 47 of 62

Rev. 0.1 31 December 2011 MIE prmos, , om prijsna prksk, s prksk, peproka Ph Q qe qelibhanom, osjo qtwrtos, ,om qid qot Qh R reidhos, , om Rm, s roun, s rtej, rtoja S sweljom, osjo sel, sola sghol, s MIE notes ENG first thanks question ask (to) ITA primo grazie domanda chiedere, domandare ES primero gracias pregunta preguntar, pedir DEU Erst danke Frage fragen

enclitica tele => qeli phone => bh suffix => nom

and telephone fourth why how

e telefono quarto perch come

y telefn cuarto por qu cmo

und Telefon vierter warum, wieso wie

interrogative interrogative

easy Rome secret contain (to) sun buy (to) school

facile Roma segreto contenere sole comprare scuola

facil Roma secreto caber sol comprar escuela

einfach Rom Geheimnis einhalten Sonne kaufen Schule

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Rev. 0.1 31 December 2011 MIE skrbj, skorbja MIE notes

Proto-IE: *skArbNostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology Meaning: emaciated, sad Slavic: *skrbt, *skrb Bal c: *skurb-/*skurb- vb. intr. (1), *skurb[a]- adj. Germanic: *skarp-a- adj., *skurp= Russ. meaning: , References: Fraenkel 822

ENG ITA regret (to); be sad (to) dispiacere

ES lamentar

DEU bedauern

skrbos, , om

Proto-IE: *skArbNostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology Meaning: emaciated, sad Slavic: *skrbt, *skrb Bal c: *skurb-/*skurb- vb. intr. (1), *skurb[a]- adj. Germanic: *skarp-a- adj., *skurp= Russ. meaning: , References: Fraenkel 822

sad

triste

triste

traurig

sm smogs, , m solwos, , om sontj, snta spekjs, s sterl, s stlokos s swdhsk, swdhjm, swdhwa, swdhs T

adj

together difficult whole send (to) kind star place well become accustomed (to)

insieme difficile tutto mandare specie stella posto bene abituarsi

juntos dificil todo enviar especie estrella lugar bien acostumbrarse

zusammen schwierig alles schicken Stern Ort gut gewhnen

page 49 of 62

Rev. 0.1 31 December 2011 MIE tewai, tuts timj, toima torpj, tetoirpa trjatos, osjo tritjos, , om MIE notes ENG ITA observe (to); take care guardare, prendere (to) cura fear (to) want (to) sea third temere volere mare terzo ES cuidar temer querer mar tercero DEU beobachten frchten wnschen See dritte

also in middle form

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Rev. 0.1 31 December 2011 MIE tropikos, osjo MIE notes

Root: trep-2 English meaning: to turn; to bow the head (of shame) German meaning: `wenden, auch sich vor Scham abwenden' Derivatives: trop `Wendung' Material: Ai. trpat `schmt sich, wird verlegen', trap f. `Scham, Verlegenheit'; gr. , dor. ion. `wende', `Umkehr', `Wendung', `Kiel, Grundbalken des Schiffes' (eig. `Wender'), `wende, verndere', Med. `drehe mich um, kehre um', `wende mich jemandem zu, schme mich vor jemandem', `beweglich'; trotz Hes. nicht `fulmina torquens', sondern zu , - als `der Blitzfrohe'; lat. trepit `ver t'; turpis (*trpis) `hlich, garstig' (`*wovor man sich abwenden mu', Bildung wie got. brks `brauchbar'), -urstatt -or- dialektisch. References: WP. I 756 f., WH. II 702, 719, Mayrhofer 530. See also: Idg. trep- `wenden' Erw. von ter-3 `reiben, drehend reiben, drehen'?

ENG tropic

ITA tropico

ES trpico

DEU Tropik

trsj, tetora Th Ts U W

be thirsty (to)

sete (aver)

sed (tener)

Durst (haben)

page 51 of 62

Rev. 0.1 31 December 2011 MIE wedhrom, osjo welp,wolpa wmos, , om west, s widj, woida, weistum wlj, wola wlew, s wrisdj, wroisda MIE notes ENG weather wait (to) beautiful food see (to) be fine (to) lion laugh (to) ITA tempo atmosferico aspettare bello cibo vedere star bene leone ridere ES tiempo atmosfrico esperar bello comida ver estar bien len reirse DEU Wesser warten schn Essen sehen gut gehen Lwe lacheln

page 52 of 62

Rev. 0.1 31 December 2011

English MIE, Italian, Spanish, German

ENG about already and and answer MIE d jmi atqe qe antiswer, antiswora MIE notes
prep + instr

enclitica su er-1 (auch ser-?) English meaning to speak German meaning `sprechen, reden' Grammatical comments General comments Derivatives Material Lat. serm, nis `Wechselrede, Unterhaltung, Gesprch' (*serm) ist unklar; osk. sverrunei `dem Sprecher, Wor hrer'; got. swaran, swr `schwren', aisl. sveria, ags. as. swerian, ahd. swerien, swerren ds., aisl. s ri Nom. Pl. `Schwur, Eid', mhd. swuor `Schwur', aisl. svara `anworten, Brgschaft leisten', svr Pl. `Antwort', and-svar `gerichtliche Entscheidung', ags. and-swaru `Antwort', as. ant-swr `Antwort, Verantwortung'; aksl. svar `Zank' (Hinund Widerrede), svar `Kampf', svariti `schmhen, bekmpfen'; russ. ssra `Zank' aus *ssora? *su er- `sprechen, reden' ist vielleicht (aber nicht sicher) eine Anwendung von su er- `surren' auf artikuliertes Sprechen. References WP. II 527, WH. II 521 f., Trautmann 296 f., Vasmer 2, 712.

ITA riguardo gi e e rispondere

ES de ya y y contestar

DEU um schon und und antoworten

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Rev. 0.1 31 December 2011 ENG ask (to) ask (to) be (to) be fine (to) be hungry (to) be thirsty (to) beautiful because become accustomed (to) book box but buy (to) can carry (to) cat coffee come (to) come back (to) MIE MIE notes chedh, chodha prksk, peproka esmi, wlj, wola alkj, lka trsj, tetora wmos, , om jodqid swdhsk, swdhjm, swdhwa, swdhs lubhros, osjo kaps, s m sel, sola mogh, portj katt, s qaw, s cemj, cma ghighj, ghogha ITA chiedere chiedere, domandare essere star bene fame (aver) sete (aver) bello poich abituarsi ES pedir preguntar, pedir ser estar bien hambre (tener) sed (tener) bello porque acostumbrarse DEU fragen fragen sein gut gehen Hungar (haben) Durst (haben) schn weil gewhnen

libro cassa ma comprare potere portare gatto caff venire ritornare

libro caja pero comprar poder llevar gato caf llegar volver

Buch Kiste aber kaufen knnen bringen Katze Kaffee kommen zurckgehen, zurckfahren, umkehrnen Rechner

computer

kompeutrom, osjo

computer from L.computare cum+putare cum <= kom computo = puwj komputrom

computer

ordenador

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Rev. 0.1 31 December 2011 ENG contain (to) conversation cook (to) cup difficult do (to) drink (to) easy eat (to) European laguage examine (to) MIE rtej, rtoja komtloqjom peq, pepoka, peqtum koup, s smogs, , m dhakj, dhka pib, pepja reidhos, , om edmi, estum, Eurpjm eghsagmenej, eghsagmona pawj, pawja timj, toima penqtos, , om prmos, , om bhoug, s west, s aw, s qtwrtos, ,om meik, s maq, s ddni, dedka emi la MIE notes ITA contenere colloquio, conversazione cucinare coppa, tazza difficile fare bere facile mangiare europeo (lingua) esaminare ES caber conversacin cocinar copa dificil hacer beber facil comer europo (idioma) examinar DEU einhalten Gesprch kochen Tasse schwierig machen trinken einfach essen Europaisch prfen

examen L examen <= ex agere <= eghs ag + men => eghsagmen to examine = eghsagmenej

fear (to) fear (to) fifth first flight food fountain fourth girlfriend girlfriend give go (to) hallo

temere temere quinto primo volo cibo fontana quarto amica amica dare andare ciao

temer temer quinto primero vuelo comida fuente cuarto amiga amiga dar ir hola

frchten frchten fnfter Erst Flug Essen Brunnen vierter Freundin Freundin geben gehen hallo page 55 of 62

Rev. 0.1 31 December 2011 ENG here hide (to) hotel MIE kei klj, kla ghostiljom, osjo MIE notes ITA qui nascondere, celare albergo ES aqu esconder hotel DEU hier verstecken Gasthouse

Proto-IE: *ghost-i- (*ghos-t-) Meaning: guest, stranger Hittite: kasi- 'Besuch' (Tischler 534 nach Ivanov 1971, with doubt) Slavic: *gost; *gospod Germanic: *gast-i- m. Latin: hostis, -is m., f. `Fremdling; der feindliche Fremde, Kriegsfeind'; hospes, itis m. `Gastfreund' Russ. meaning: , References: WP I 640 f Proto-IE: *yr- (Gr h-) Nostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology Meaning: year, spring Avestan: yr n. 'Jahr' Old Greek: hr f. `Jahreszeit, Jahr, Tageszeit, Stunde, rechte Zeit, Bltezeit, Reiferzeit' Slavic: *jr, *jr, *jr(j) Bal c: *jr-i f., -ia- m. Germanic: *jr-a- n. La n: hrnus, -a `heurig' (< *h-i rino-) Russ. meaning: , References: WP I 3, 105

hour

jr, s

ora

hora

Uhr, Stunde

how ice know (to) lamp landlady laugh (to) learn (to)

qot glaghjs, s Gnsk, laps, s dmn, s wrisdj, wroisda didksk, dedoka

interrogative

come ghiaccio conoscere lanterna, lampada signora ridere imparare, apprendere

cmo hielo conocer linterna seora reirse aprender

wie Eis kennen Lanterne Frau lacheln lehrnen

page 56 of 62

Rev. 0.1 31 December 2011 ENG leave (to) lesson MIE linq, linqtum lgtjn, lgtjonos MIE notes
from Lat Lectio from lectum - legere <= PIE *leg, with infinitive suffix -tu, => legtu, => jn/jonos suffix is added for word formation similar to existing Latin word.

ITA lasciare, partire lezione

ES dejar, salir leccin

DEU lassen, abfahren Lektion

letter light lion live (to) long mare meet (to) mistress moon mother need not observe (to); take care (to) over, too photography place pot question read (to) receive (to)

epistol, s drkt, s wlew, s cejw, cojwa dhnghos, , om ekw, s mimd, moda potn, potnjs louksn, s amm, s nkej, onka n tewai, tuts per bhskreibhj, s stlokos auqsl, s prksk, s leg, loga ghnd, ghoda

nom also potnja

lettera luce leone vivere lungo cavalla incontrare signora luna madre bisogno (aver) non guardare, prendere cura troppo fotografia posto barattolo, pentola domanda leggere ricevere

carta luz len vivir largo yegua encontrar seora luna madre necesitar no cuidar demasiado fotografa lugar vasija, olla pregunta ler recibir

Brief Licht Lwe leben, wohnen lang Stute treffen Frau Mond Mutter brauchen nicht beobachten zu Fotografie Ort Topf Frage lesen erhalten

page 57 of 62

Rev. 0.1 31 December 2011 ENG MIE regret (to); be sad (to) skrbj, skorbja MIE notes
Proto-IE: *skArbNostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology Meaning: emaciated, sad Slavic: *skrbt, *skrb Bal c: *skurb-/*skurb- vb. intr. (1), *skurb[a]- adj. Germanic: *skarp-a- adj., *skurp= Russ. meaning: , References: Fraenkel 822

ITA dispiacere

ES lamentar

DEU bedauern

Rome sad

Rm, s skrbos, , om

Proto-IE: *skArbNostratic etymology: Nostratic etymology Meaning: emaciated, sad Slavic: *skrbt, *skrb Bal c: *skurb-/*skurb- vb. intr. (1), *skurb[a]- adj. Germanic: *skarp-a- adj., *skurp= Russ. meaning: , References: Fraenkel 822

Roma triste

Roma triste

Rom traurig

school sea second secret see (to) send (to) shine (to) small so soon

sghol, s trjatos, osjo dwteros, , om roun, s widj, woida, weistum sontj, snta lukj, loika paulos, , om ita moksi

scuola mare secondo (aggettivo) segreto vedere mandare splendere piccolo cos presto

escuela mar segundo secreto ver enviar brillar pequeo as pronto

Schule See zweiter Geheimnis sehen schicken glnzen klein so bald page 58 of 62

Rev. 0.1 31 December 2011 ENG sound (to), ring (to) star start (to) stonework strong study (to) sun teacher telephone thanks then there third thrust today together torch MIE klng sterl, s dherbh, dhorba lur, s nertos, , om ghlendh, (ge)glodha sweljom, osjo doks, sjo qelibhanom, osjo prijsna ndha idhei tritjos, , om bhidhs, s edjw sm dwt, s MIE notes ITA suonare stella iniziare muratura forte studiare sole professore telefono grazie poi l terzo fiducia oggi insieme torcia ES sonar estrella empezar mampostera fuerte estudiar sol profesor telefn gracias luego ah tercero confianza hoy juntos entorcha DEU klingen Stern anfangen Mauerwerk starker lehrnen Sonne Lehrer Telefon danke denn dort dritte Verlass heute zusammen Fackel

tele => qeli phone => bh suffix => nom

page 59 of 62

Rev. 0.1 31 December 2011 ENG transmission MIE perisentj, s MIE notes
Programme = Transmission Eng Transmission from Lat Trans+mission L Trans- <= MIE teraGr aGr , Russ para-, <= MIE peri <= PIE *d- <= -ti <= MIE peridti Ger. Sendung *sent- -ti programme = perisentj We add a peri to give the idea of broadcast. Television or radio Programme = perisentj, peridtis

ITA trasmissione

ES transmisin

DEU Sendung

travel

ambhrmos, osjo

viaggio

viaje

Reise

page 60 of 62

Rev. 0.1 31 December 2011 ENG tropic MIE tropikos, osjo MIE notes
Root: trep-2 English meaning: to turn; to bow the head (of shame) German meaning: `wenden, auch sich vor Scham abwenden' Derivatives: trop `Wendung' Material: Ai. trpat `schmt sich, wird verlegen', trap f. `Scham, Verlegenheit'; gr. , dor. ion. `wende', `Umkehr', `Wendung', `Kiel, Grundbalken des Schiffes' (eig. `Wender'), `wende, verndere', Med. `drehe mich um, kehre um', `wende mich jemandem zu, schme mich vor jemandem', `beweglich'; trotz Hes. nicht `fulmina torquens', sondern zu , - als `der Blitzfrohe'; lat. trepit `vertit'; turpis (*trpis) `hlich, garstig' (`*wovor man sich abwenden mu', Bildung wie got. brks `brauchbar'), -urstatt -or- dialektisch. References: WP. I 756 f., WH. II 702, 719, Mayrhofer 530. See also: Idg. trep- `wenden' Erw. von ter-3 `reiben, drehend reiben, drehen'?

ITA tropico

ES trpico

DEU Tropik

understand (to) vegetation very very long wait (to)

peumi, pepowa dhaln, s abhrodhleghistos welp,wolpa

pref.

comprendere vegetazione molto lunghissimo aspettare

enteder vegetacin muy largusimo esperar

verstehen Vegetation sehr lngst warten

page 61 of 62

Rev. 0.1 31 December 2011 ENG want (to) water weather well whole why with woman wood MIE torpj, tetoirpa aq, s wedhrom, osjo s solwos, , om qid kom cen, s kselw, s MIE notes
also in middle form

adj

interrogative prep. + INST

ITA volere acqua tempo atmosferico bene tutto perch con donna bosco, selva

ES querer agua tiempo atmosfrico bien todo por qu con mujer bosque

DEU wnschen Wasser Wesser gut alles warum, wieso mit Frau Wald

page 62 of 62