gigi TevzaZe

uc no bi wignebi
saqarTvelodan
ucxoelebisTvis

gigi TevzaZe ucnobi wignebi saqarTvelodan ucxoelebisTvis

pirveli gamocema, Tbilisi 2010 gigi TevzaZe, 2010

dizaini da dakabadoneba: giorgi kevliSvili ydis dizaini: marTa TabukaSvili

Sps `bakur sulakauris gamomcemloba~ daviT aRmaSeneblis 150, Tbilisi 0112 elfosta:

info@sulakauri.ge

Gigi Tevzadze UNKNOWN BOOKS FROM GEORGIA for foreigners First published by Bakur Sulakauri Publishing, 2010 ISBN 978-9941-15-163-7 www.sulakauri.ge

sarCevi
oTar SamaTava

New Grave World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

giorgi kasaSvili

Selocvebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
sergo agvaZe

me da borxesi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
nana borvaia

zRapari. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
vano zaradaSvili

fotodeteqtivi xidisa da fotoaparatis Sesaxeb. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

ferdinand kapanaZe

kargi da cudi mwerlebis Sesaxeb/ RmerTis da cudi mwerlebis Sesaxeb . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

qeTevan riomaSvili

istoria da apokrifebi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
oTar faRava

sms-siyvarulis ambavi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
tariel mataSiZe

martoobis anatomia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
ana zedelaZe

islamuri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
givi aboSaZe

teqnikis Sesaxeb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

konstantine TavaZe

namdvili kino . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Salva absanZe

romani enis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

nino deviaSvili

iSviaTi da gadaSenebis piras myofi ideologiebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

zurab kaxniaSvili

Jirafebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
TinaTin ponia

erTi qalaqi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
lela miqaZe

misi Tvalebis zRva, misi smenis udabno . . . . . . . . . . 89

nikoloz maraZe

sami megobari . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
manana baxtaZe

veberianelebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
osman uguriZe

miTebi Cven Sesaxeb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104

Sesavali ucnob wignebSi

es is wignebia, romlebic mindoda wamekiTxa, magram aqamde verc erT maTgans ver gadaveyare Cems kiTxviT biografiaSi. darwmunebuli var, kidev ramdenime aTeul weliwads rom meZebna, aucileblad aRmovaCendi samyaros, saxelmwifos, ers, romlis literaturasac am wignebidan zogierTi anda ocive ekuTvnis. ra Tqma unda, imis SesaZleblobac arsebobs, rom am wignTagan zogi aravis arasodes dauweria. amitom, gadavwyvite, am [zogierTi] dauwereli wignisaTvis arsebobis Sansi mimeca. Tumca, Cveni samyaros mravalferovnebis gaTvaliswinebiT, amis SesaZlebloba minimaluria. amitomac ar gamoviyene saTaurSi sityva ararsebuli. Tumca, meore mxriv, maTTvis, visac sul undoda am wignebis wakiTxva, aseTi formiT erT enaze da erTi qveynis konteqstidan mowodebuli es oci wigni bevrad ufro mosaxerxebelia, vidre msoflios sxvadasxva enebaze dawerili tomebis furcvla. cxadia, yvela siuJetis gamoyeneba nebadarTulia wyaroze miTiTebiT anda wyaros miTiTebis gareSec.

New Grave World

(oTar SamaTava, `New Grave World~. gamomcemloba `gali~. zugdidi. 1999).

amJamad zugdidSi mcxovrebi mwerlis, oTar SamaTavas deteqtiur romanSi `New Grave World~ moqmedeba xdeba ruseTis armiis mier kontrolirebul afxazeTSi. romanis siuJeti teleserial kolombosaviT viTardeba: dasawyisSi aRwerilia mkvleloba, Semdeg irkveva, Tu rogor igegmeboda igi, bolos ki vigebT mkvlelobis motivs. SemTxvevaTa am sami blokis gadmocemis fonia samxedro miliciis mier warmoebuli gamoZieba. am erTi SexedviT Cveulebrivi da Tanamedrove romanis kiTxvisas, mkiTxveli aRmoaCens, rom gadmocemuli SemTxvevebis mimdevroba literaturuli xerxi ki ara, realuri viTarebis aRweraa; vkiTxulobT ambavs, sadac jer xdeba mkvleloba, Semdeg am mkvlelobis dagegmva da mkvlelebis mier TviTgamoaSkaravebis SesaZleblobebis kvleva, xolo Semdeg warmoiSoba am mkvlelobis Cadenis survili da motivi. SemTxvevaTa es realuri mimdevroba gamagrebulia da ganamdvilebulia imiTac, rom gamoZieba mimdinareobs `Tanmimdevrulad~ anu, gvamis aRmoCenis Semdeg iniSneba gamomZiebeli, ixsneba saqme da a.S. samxedro marTlmadidebeli mRvdeli, romelic
7

Cestertonis mama brauns waagavs, xvdeba, Tu ra SemTxvevasTan aqvs saqme. amis Semdeg is ubralod elodeba, rodis daiwyeba mkvlelobisaTvis mzadeba da moxdeba mkvlelobis motivis formireba. aRsaniSnavia oTar SamaTavas romanis dasasruli: mkvlelebi da maTi gavleniani megobrebi acxadeben, rom mRvdeli gagiJda, da upireben fsiqiatriul saavadmyofoSi moTavsebas. ruseTis saeklesio wreebi samxedro mRvdels mwvaleblobaSi adanaSauleben. cnobili qarTveli kritikosi, guram lutiZe, statiaSi `momavlis niSnebi~1, romelic postkomunisturi qveynebis literaturaSi samxreTamerikeli mwerlebis gavlenas eZRvneba, oTar SamaTavas am moTxrobaSi xedavs borxesisa da kasaresis kvals, Tumca aRniSnavs, rom aseTi gabeduli nabiji arcerT maTgans ar gadaudgams, da `New Grave World~-Si ganxorcielebuli realobis aranakleb gabedul interpretacias gvTavazobs: samyaro, wers lutiZe, gamudmebiT icvleba, Tanac cnobierebis gavleniT. SamaTavas romanSi aRwerili realoba Cveni samyaroa, romelic aseTi gaxda mas Semdeg, rac teqsts, teqsturobasa da teqstis qmnadobas mTavari da gadamwyveti mniSvneloba mieniWa. es ambavi daiwyo platonis mier dialogebis weriT, magram aSkara da cxadi gaxda Cvens droSi, rodesac yvelaferi teqstad gamocxadda da rodesac samyaros Sexedes, rogorc teqsts. samyaromac ar daayovna teqstad qceva. samyaros teqsturobis
1

krebulSi: `post-post literatura pre-teqstebSi~, giga bedia, sergo kedia (gamomcemlebi). Tbilisi 2002. gv.12-45.

niSnebi TandaTan sul ufro da ufro gamoCndeba. saboloo jamSi, `samyaros teqstad qceva~ metaforaa, ambobs lutiZe, rac niSnavs realobis qronologiuri ganviTarebis formidan siuJeturi ganviTarebis formaze gadasvlas. TandaTan Cvens garemoSi movlenebi siuJetur droSi daiwyebs arsebobas2. statiis bolos lutiZe cdilobs seriozuloba daukargos Tavis Teorias, is oTar SamaTavas `New Grave World~-s umberto ekos `vardis saxelis~ parodiad acxadebs da ambobs, rom SamaTavas es romani ekos, Cestertonis, borxesis, kasaresisa da tarantinos `makulaturis~ winamorbedi, maTi fantastikuri siuJetebis ZiriTadi ideis (core idea) matarebeli SeiZleba iyos. miT umetes, rom samoqalaqo omi, romelic borxesma gaxsenebiT da gadmocemiT icis, SamaTavasTvis xorcieldeba im garemoSi, sadac is wers `New Grave World~-s.

aq ar SemiZlia ar aRvniSno lutiZis ideebis naTesaoba da albaT davalebulobac, TbilisSi samocdaaTian wlebSi rusul enaze gamoqveynebul wignTan `eqsistenciis dro da siuJeturi sivrce~, romlis avtoria qarTveli germanulenovani mwerali kote margveliSvili. idea, romelic ganviTarebulia am wignSi da eyrdnoba martin haidegeris filosofias, gveubneba, rom eqsistenciis dro mxolod maSin iwyebs arsebobas, Tu is siuJeturi droa.

Selocvebi
(giorgi kasaSvili, `Selocvebi. antisocialuri utopia~. gamomcemloba `xedi~. quTaisi, 2002)

2002 wels gamoica giorgi kasaSvilis romani `Selocvebi~. kasaSvili cnobili mweralia. is cnobili gaxda 1997 wels, rodesac aSS-Si misi moTxrobebis krebuli `Megrelian tails and others~ (CONDI PH. N) daibeWda. am anTropologiurma fantaziebma (sxvanairad am krebulSi Sesul moTxrobebs ver aRwer) gamocemisTanave miipyro mkiTxvelebisa da kritikosebis yuradReba. SeiZleba kasaSvili zedmetad iyenebs Tavis eTnikur warmomavlobas, magram is miTebi da Tqmulebebi, romlebsac is amuSavebs da gadmoscems `megrul kudebSi~, Zalian saintereso saazrovno da sakiTxavia. romani `Selocvebi~, rogorc es saTaurSivea naTqvami, antisocialuri utopiaa. antiutopiebi cnobilia (zamiatini, orueli, haqsli), magram Cems kiTxviT biografiaSi pirveli SemTxvevaa, rodesac aseT sityvaTSexamebas vxvdebi. ara mgonia movaxerxo am saintereso eqsperimentis axsna siuJetis gadmocemis gareSe. SeiZleba arc siuJetis Txrobis Semdeg gaxdes cxadi kasaSvilis eqsperimentis unikaluroba, magram mainc vcdi. romani iwyeba SesavliT, romelic yveba ambavs/
10

miTs. rogorc mogvianebiT irkveva, am ambavma mTel sazogadoebas Seuqmna saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi arsebobis safuZveli. am ambis mixedviT, erTxel, didi xnis winaT, erT kacs, romelic arafriT ar gamoirCeoda, gamoRviZebisas uazro da uSinaarso bgeraTa Sexameba wamoscda. bgerebis es erToba, sruliad SemTxveviT, sxva samyarodan saSineli Zalebis gamomxmob Selocvas daemTxva. boroti jadosnuri arsebebi uxsovar dros gadaisrola Zlierma jadoqarma sxva samyaroSi da isini arc ki ocnebobdnen Cvens samyaroSi dabrunebaze, radgan aramcTu ena, romelzec maTi gamoxmobis Selocva unda warmoTqmuliyo, bgerebis gamoTqmis imdroindeli wesic ki ukvalod gamqraliyo. dabrunebulma borotebam damangreveli moqmedeba daiwyo. brZenma xalxma daadgina, rom maTi gagdeba da ganadgureba mxolod gaZevebis SelocviT SeiZleboda. magram, samwuxarod, gaZevebis Selocvac im enaze unda warmoTqmuliyo, romelzec gamoxmobis Selocva iTqva; arada, rogorc ukve aRvniSne, aramcTu TviTon ena, im enaze sityvebis gamoTqmis wesic ki aRar arsebobda. Seiqmna borotebis gaZevebis ordeni. ordeni Taviseburi statistikuri midgomiT xelmZRvanelobda: ordenis damaarseblebis azriT, mTel qveyanaSi unda Seqmniliyo jgufebi, romlebic uazro bgeraTSeTanxmebis da maTi gamoTqmis wesebs gamoigonebdnen. saboloo jamSi, rac ufro meti aseTi jgufi imuSavebda, miT ufro meti Sansi iqneboda, miegnoT bgerisa da moZraobis im erTaderTi swori SeTanxmebisaTvis, romelic borot Zalebs gaaZevebda
11

samyarodan. jer nel-nela, Semdeg ki ufro aqtiurad daiwyo jgufebis Seqmna, romlebic uazro bgeraTSeTanxmebs igonebdnen da maT sxvavdasxva pozaSi warmoTqvamdnen. aq Sesavali nawili mTavrdeba. Semdegi nawili aRwers am qveynis arsebobis erT periods, romelsac Cvens samyaroSi evropuli Suasaukuneebi Seesabameba. moqmedeba erTi saabatos ramdenime kviris cxovrebis aRweris fonze viTardeba. boroteba isev samyaroSia. ostaturadaa aRwerili SiSi, romelsac saabatoSi da mis gareT mcxovreblebi Seupyria. aranakleb ostaturadaa aRwerili is [CvenTvis] komikuri scenebi, rodesac berebi bgerebis Sexamebisa da pozebis miRebis rituals atareben; xSiria dialogebic, sadac sxva, araorTodoqsuli wesebis mimdevari, eretikuli bgerebisa da pozebis maZiebeli jgufebia moxseniebuli. am ukanasknelebTan dakavSirebiT xSirad ismis sityva `erotikuli~. cxadi xdeba, rom araorTodoqsuli seqtebis erT -erT mimdinareobas am bgerebisa da moqmedebebis mosaZebn gzad seqsi aurCevia. aseve, aRwerilia meomrebis ordeni, romelic mxolod sabrZolo xelovnebas scnobs borotebasTan brZolis iaraRad. kargad da stiven kingis stilSia dawerili sami meomrisa da ori beris mgzaurobisa da borotebasTan Sexvedris istoria (mogvianebiT, mesame nawilSi, irkveva, rom es ambavi, rogorc istoriuli faqti, istoriis saxelmZRvaneloebSia Sesuli). mesame nawilSi Cveni Tanamedroveobis Sesabamisi droa aRwerili. industriuli naxtomi ukve momxdaria. rogorc teqstidan Cans, borotebis gaZeve12

bis saukeTeso gzis dasadgenad ramdenime msoflio omic momxdara. borotebis gasaZevebeli Selocvis Zieba iseTi totaluria, rogorc arasdros. oRond, Zalian bevri mcire ordenia warmoqmnili, romelic gaZevebis Selocvis Ziebis sakuTar gzas amkvidrebs. wignis mesame nawilSi uxvadaa CanarTebi im samyaros eseistikidan da samecniero naSromebidan. gansakuTrebiT damamaxsovrda erTi ese, romelsac sityva `eretikuli~ `erotikulidan~ gamohyavs da Selocvis maZiebelTa orTodoqsuli xazidan seqsualuri gzis amrCevebis gamoyofas ukavSirebs. aseve efeqturadaa dawerili amonaridi avangardisti istorikosis wignidan, sadac avtori amtkicebs, rom wignis dasawyisSi moTxrobili borotebis gamoxmobis ambavi mxolod miTia, romelic elitebma moigones masebis socialuri kontrolisaTvis. sainteresoa fragmentebi wignidan `gaZevebis sociologia~, sadac avtori statistikur masalaze dayrdnobiT aCvenebs, rom namdvil maZiebelTa ricxvi katastrofuladaa Semcirebuli, samagierod, mosaxleobis umetesoba ama Tu im maZiebelTa seqtas ekuTvnis da Tavisufal dros sakuTari seqtis upiratesobis damadasturebel sazogadoebriv aqciebsa Tu kamaTs uTmobs. `gaZevebis sociologiis~ avtori midis daskvnamde, rom droTa ganmavlobaSi mcirdeba, xolo mis droSi yvelaze ufro mcirea uSualod Selocvis maZiebelTa ricxvi. Sesabamisad, borotebis gamZevebeli Selocvis povnis Sansic sul ufro da ufro mcirdeba.
13

ar movyvebi, rogor mTavrdeba wigni. Tumca, vfiqrob, sakmarisi vTqvi imisaTvis, rom cxadi gaxdes, Tu ratomaa es utopia antisocialuri: socialur samyaroSi sikeTisken mimarTuli yvela qmedeba uazro ritualad iqceva, qmedeba yovelTvis ufro mniSvnelovani xdeba, vidre mizani. es aris ori mTavari daskvna adamianTa sazogadoebis Sesaxeb, saiTac mihyavs kasaSvils siuJeti. Sedegad, kasaSvili warmatebulia socialuri, rogorc antiadamianuri, sistemis aRweraSi; sistemisa, romelic upirispirdeba sikeTes, siyvaruls, grZnobas, vnebas. utopia ki aq mxolod erT rames miuTiTebs: Tuki davakvirdebiT, socialuri sivrce imdenad sasaciloa (tragikulic) da imdenad uSedego, rom cxadia, is ubralod ar arsebobs. mxolod CvenSi.

14

me da borxesi
(sergo agvaZe, `me da borxesi~. gamomcemloba `gvardia~. gori, 2005).

es aris borxesis Sesaxeb dawerili albaT yvelaze borxesuli biografia. albaT iseTi, TviTon borxesi rom dawerda sxva vinmes Sesaxeb, romelsac borxesis biografia eqneboda. wignis informaciul mxareze ar visaubreb. Tumca, unda aRvniSno, rom is albaT borxesis biografiis yvelaze sruli versiaa: ara marto borxesis Sveicaruli axalgazrdobis da `frinvelebis inspeqtorad~ daniSvnis realuri istoriebis dawvrilebiTi aRweris gamo, aramed, upirveles yovlisa, imitom, rom es yvelaferi moTxrobilia ara `ubralod~ imis gamo, rom borxesis biografia vicodeT, aramed imitom, rom avtoris Teoria gamarTldes. es Teoria ki imdenad sainteresoa, rom namdvilad Rirs misi moyola. albaT Zneli ar aris imis mixvedra, rom centraluri adgili am TeoriaSi borxesis sibrmaves uWiravs. es ar aris moulodneli da, borxesis Sesaxeb arsebuli literaturis fonze, gamonakliss ar warmoadgens. sakmarisia gavixsenoT Edna Aizenberg-is Borges and His Successors. (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1990), anda Evelyn
15

Fishburn-is Borges and Europe Revisited. (City: Univ of London, 2002) da George McMurray, Jorge Luis Borges. (New York: Ungar, 1980). aseve ukve klasikad qceuli Tzvetan Todorov-is Introduction la littrature fantastique. (Paris: Seuil, 1970). da Edwin Williamson-is Borges: A Life. (New York: Viking, 2004).

es Teoria borxesis cxovrebaze e.w. `saero kabalistikis~ miyenebis Sedegia im kabalistikisa, romlis avtoradac TviTon borxesi gvevlineba. Sesabamisad, Zneli ar aris imis mixvedra, Tu ra kiTxvas svams agvaZe borxesis mimarT. magram pasuxi, romelsac is poulobs, namdvilad moulodnelia. am Teoriis metaforuli amosavali borxesisave leqsia, romelic man epitafiad dauwera argentinel brma mwerals, paul grousaks: ar SeuracxyoT arc cremliT da arc CiviliT RvTis ostatobis gamovlena didebuli ironiiT rom maCuqa ori ram erTad Rame da wignis weris unari~. is, rom borxesis cxovrebis gasaRebi mis nawilobriv da bolos srul sibrmaveSia, agvaZes pirvels ar uTqvams. magram agvaZe pirvelia, romelmac Tqva, rom principSi borxesTan borxesis sibrmaves aranairi pirdapiri kavSiri ar hqonda. borxesis sibrmave miuTiTebs ara borxesze, aramed raRac sxvaze. da amosavali am amocanis amoxsnis gzaze aris wignisa da Ramis kavSiri. agvaZis TqmiT, RmerTi ambobs, rom wignebis wera dakavSirebulia wignebis mimarT sibrmavesTan, maT aRar kiTxvasTan. amis sailustraciod agvaZe borxesis biografias mimarTavs. borxess mxedvelobis
16

problemebi 30 wlis asakSi daewyo. 56 wlis asakSi, rodesac samxedro mmarTvelobam Jurnal `SUR~-is yofili redaqtoris, viqtoria okampos proteqciiT, erovnuli biblioTekis direqtorad daniSna, borxesi sruliad brma iyo. brma biblioTekari, ra Tqma unda, ironiulobis gamovlenaa, ambobs agvaZe, oRond adamianuris da ara RvTaebrivis aseTi zedapiruli ironia RmerTisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli ar aris. arc is aris RvTiuri ironiis pirdapiri manifestacia, rom borxesi mxolod mas Semdeg gaxda cnobili mwerali, rodesac wignebis kiTxva faqtobrivad Sewyvita. agvaZis mixedviT, borxesis sibrmaviT RmerTi oTx rames miuTiTebs. namdvilad girCevT, waikiTxoT es wigni da isiamovnoT am oTx daskvnasTan misasvlel gzebze inteleqtualuri virtuozobiT. mokled ki es daskvnebi Semdegia: borxesis biografiis saSualebiT RmerTi wignis Seqmnis gzaze, qmnadobisa da Cveni arsebobis Sinagan struqturaze migviTiTebs. wignebis Seqmna SesaZlebelia mxolod maSin, rodesac wignebSi aRar xar, anu roca wyvet kiTxvas da ukve wakiTxulis saSualebiT iwyeb axali wignebis weras. 30 wlis borxesis sibrmavis dawyeba swored mwerlis mier kiTxvis Sewyvetis zRvaria, ambobs agvaZe da cdilobs, statistikuri monacemebiTa da cnobili mwerlebis biografiuli cnobebiT daasabuTos, rom mwerlebi aqtiur kiTxvas daaxloebiT am dros wyveten, raTa [sxva] wignebidan dagrovili samyaroebi axal samyaroebad (sakuTar wignebad) gadaawyon. magram, rogorc ukve aRvniSne, es ar aris mxolod
17

mwerlebis cxovrebaze miTiTeba: es Cveni da wignebis damokidebulebis aRweracaa: RmerTi ki ar gvimtkicebs, rom brma mwerlebi SeiZleba arsebobdnen, aramed gvaCvenebs, rom 30 wlis mere wignebis kiTxva faqtobrivad wydeba. Cveni aRqmis unari mcirdeba da, rac unda axal wignebs vkiTxulobdeT, aRviqvamT mxolod imas, rac ukve wavikiTxeT manam, sanam 30 wlisani gavxdebodiT. 30 wlis Semdeg CvenSi Semodis imdenive wigni, ramdenic dabrmavebis gzaze damdgar borxesSi. Cven yvelani vbrmavdebiT. ubralod, borxesma es icoda da amis mixedviT iqceoda. Cven ki mxolod imitom, rom 30 wlis Semdegac vxedavT, gvgonia, rom wignebis kiTxva SegviZlia. mesame, rasac RmerTi borxesis sibrmaviT miuTiTebs, adamianuri arsebobis faruli Sinaarsis aRweraa. imisaTvis, rom wigni dawero, unda gamoxvide wignebidan; imisaTvis, rom rame Seqmna, unda daanebo Tavi imas, rac ramenairad gakavSirebs SesaqmnelTan. magram mxolod amaze ar Cerdeba saero kabalis es SemTxveva. agvaZe ambobs, rom borxesis sibrmavis meoTxe da mTavari miTiTebiT, RmerTi Tavis Tavzec gvelaparakeba: wignebi iwereba, roca mwerali wignebSi aRar aris, gamodis wignebidan. qmnadoba xdeba, rodesac gamosuli xar yovelivesgan, rac Sesaqmnels ukavSirdeba. Sesabamisad, agvaZe ambobs paradoqss, romelic am wignSi gaSlili msjelobis mwvervalia borxesis sibrmave miuTiTebs savalalo WeSmaritebas: is, rom samyaro arsebobs, niSnavs imas, rom RmerTi masSi aRar aris.

18

zRapari
(nana borvaia, `zRapari~. samyaros dasasrulis gamomcemloba. Tbilisi, 1968.)

es wigni, SinaarsiiTa da ydiT, didi klasikuri `fentezia~. siuJetSic blomadaa urCxulebi, jadoqrebi, Cveni samyarosaken momavali bilikebis povna, ukan dasabrunebeli gzebis kargva, iumori, brZola, sabrZolo xelovnebebi, siyvaruli, bevri sikvdili, cotac eTnografiuli fantaziebi. mokled, yvelaferi, rac rojer zelaznis, ursula le giunis da filip farmeris moyvarulebs daainteresebT da gaitacebT. magram aris am zRapris siuJetSi raRac, rac CemTvis am wigns sociumze da adamianze dakvirvebis originalur Sedegad aqcevs: siuJetis centrSi urCxulebis da devebis (ara qarTuli, aramed aRmosavluri, aTas erTi Ramis personaJebis) mier aRebuli qalaqia. es arc dedaqalaqia da arc qveynis ekonomikuri centri, erTi Cveulebrivi qalaqia qveynis ganapiras, sazRvarTan axlos. dapyrobis Semdeg qalaqis adamian-macxovreblebis adgilic nel-nela jadosnurma arsebebma daikaves. ase rom, im `Tavdapirveli~ qalaqidan marto kedlebiRaa darCenili. miuxedavad amisa, qveynis mefes sakuTari Zalauflebis, keTildReobis,
19

bolos da bolos, sulieri simSvidis dabrunebis erTaderT saSualebad am qalaqis sakuTar mmarTvelobaSi dabruneba miaCnia. qalaqis dasabruneblad mefe yvela xerxs mimarTavs: qiraobs saukeTeso mebrZolebs, cdilobs, qalaqi gamoisyidos, xarjavs xazinis fuls, magram uSedegod. es uSedegoba wlebis ganmavlobaSi grZeldeba. cxovreba ki Cveulebriv miedineba jadosnuri samyarosaTvis. aris ramdenime maxvilgonivruli momenti. magaliTad, sasaxlis jadoqrebi gadawyveten, mefe qalaqze mijaWvulobisgan gankurnon da Cveni samyarodan fsiqoanalitikosis gamoxmoba surT. undaT lakanis gamoZaxeba, magram sabolood slavoi JiJeks iZaxeben da fsiqoanalizis seansi katastrofiT mTavrdeba. qalaqSi Soreuli mogzaurobidan brundeba qali, romelsac mefe jer kidev bavSvs icnobda. es qali wina mefis (axlandeli mefis biZis) erT-erTi sabrZolo razmis meTauris Svilia. fentezis klasikuri siuJetis mixedviT, es qali, ra Tqma unda, lamazia da unikalur gamocdilebebs/unarebs flobs. qali biblioTekaris Tanamdebobas iRebs da male masa da mefes Soris sasiyvarulo urTierToba iwyeba. qali cdilobs, mefe datyvevebul qalaqze mijaWvulobisgan gankurnos, uyveba Tavisi mogzaurobis istoriebs, acnobs im xelovnebebs (maT Soris sabrZolos), romlebic wlebis ganmavlobaSi ucxo mxareSi yofnisas iswavla. magram xvdeba, rom erTaderTi saSualeba, rom gamoiyvano mefe am mijaWvulobisgan, qalaqis dabrunebaa. Semdeg biblioTekari iwyebs qalaqis dabrunebis
20

ambebis gamoZiebas. ikvlevs brZolebisa da molaparakebebis istorias da aRmoaCens, rom qalaqis kedlebTan arasodes aranairi brZola ar momxdara am da arc molaparakeba gaumarTavs vinmes seriozulad. yvela meomrebic da momlaparakeblebic raki darwmunebulebi arian, rom es maTi mefis avadmyofuri axirebaa, mxolod formalurad, mefis dasanaxad midian brZolaSi da formalurad awarmoben molaparakebebs. qalaqisTvis brZola mTel aralegalur industriadaa gadaqceuli, sadac mefis SiSebisa da survilebis komercializacia xdeba. qali cdilobs gamosavlis moZebnas, xvdeba meomrebsa da jadoqrebs. cdilobs, daarRvios es `qalaqis-gamoxsnis-industria~. meomrebi gadawyveten, moklan qali, sabednierod uSedegod. jadoqrebis pasuxi ki erTia rogorc es zRaprebSia qalaqis gamoxsna mxolod maSin SeiZleba, Tuki es gamoxsna mas, vinc qalaqs aiRebs, yvelaze Zvirfass daaTmobinebs. da es gamoxsna am daTmobis codniT da sruli gacnobierebiT unda moxdes. Tanac, es daTmoba am qalaqis aRebas unda mohyves da ara moraluri qcevis (yvelaze Zvirfasis daTmobis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis miRebis) Sedegi unda iyos. didi xnis fiqris Semdeg qali xvdeba, rom es mxolod mas SeuZlia. Tuki is aiRebs qalaqs (da es mas SeuZlia), misi sayvareli adamiani ganTavisufldeba am mijaWvulobisgan da aRar iqneba iseTi, rogoric man samfoSi dabrunebisas gaicno. savaraudoa, rom mas aRar moundeba biblioTekarTan sasiyvarulo urTierToba, jer erTi imitom, rom is mas yovelTvis im dros moagonebs, roca misi goneba
21

qalaqis dakargviT iyo dabinduli, da meorec SeuZlebelia imis siyvaruli, vinc Seni amJamindeli mdgomareobis upirobo wyaroa. am rwmenis miuxedavad, qali agrovebs Svid meomars (wignis mesamedi qveynis sxadasxva wertilSi mcxovrebi am Svidi meomris Segrovebis istorias eTmoba). rva meomari midis qalaqSi da imarjvebs. qalis ukan dabrunebisas TiTqos yvelaferi kargad aris, magram qali atyobs, rom misi winaswarganWvreta marTldeba. mefe nel-nela kargavs vnebas mis mimarT. qali tovebs samefos da brundeba im qveyanaSi, sanam samefoSi dabrunebamde cxovrobda. TiTqos kvdeba. es ambavi `zRaparSi~ gaurkvevladaa miniSnebuli da sxva interpretaciac SesaZlebelia. wignis bolo TavSi irkveva, ratom hqvia am romans `zRapari~: es mefis da qalis siyvarulis, qalis mier siyvarulze uaris Tqmis ambavi zRaprad iTqmis samefoSi 200 wlis Semdegac. am samefoSi urCxulebi, jadoqrebi, saswaulebi yoveldRiurobis Semadgeneli elementebia.zRapari am samyaroSi moqmedebebisa da ambebis safuZvlad siyvarulis grZnobis qceva da masze fiqria is, rac Cvens samyaroSi banalur romanebs da bavSvur-Tineijerul ocnebebs udevs safuZvlad. da kidev: `zRapari~ socialur formulasac gvTavazobs. Cven Cvens garemos ise vaxvevT iluziebSi, rom bolos verc vxvdebiT, ise vxdebiT sakuTari Tavis msxverpli. magram iluziebidan Tavis daRwevas aqvs fasi da am fass, rogorc wesi, sxvebi ixdian. am zRapris SemTxvevaSi es fasi siyvarulis Sewyvetaa. an sikvdili.
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fotodeteqtivi xidisa da fotoaparatis Sesaxeb

(vano zaradaSvili, `fotodeteqtivi: xidis da fotoaparatis Sesaxeb~. axali wignebi. Tbilisi, 2009)

es yvelaze originaluri deteqtivia maT Soris, rac minaxavs da wamikiTxavs: ara marto imitom, rom fotoebi mis siuJetSi, fabulaSi da TviTon `TxrobaSic~ mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs. Tumca, originalurobisaTvis fotoebiT `dawerili~ teqstic sakmarisi iqneboda. wigni 200-gverdiania. yovel gverdze mSral xidze sxvadasxva rakursiT gadaRebuli erTi an ori fotoa. oRond, fotoebi teqstis ilustracia ar aris. teqsti aris fotoebis ganmarteba. siuJeti `deteqtiuria~: TbilisSi, mSral xidze mkvleloba xdeba. mokluli sabavSvo wignebis cnobili ilustratoria. imdenad, ramdenadac mkvleloba Semodgomaze moxda, xidze Zalian bevri fotoaparatiT SeiaraRebuli turisti iyo. gamomZiebeli fiqrobs, rom mkvlelis povnaSi xidze im dRes gadaRebuli fotoebi daexmareba. amitom is internetSi aqveynebs Txovnas, gaugzavnon konkretul dRes da konkretul ricxvSi mSral xidze gadaRebuli fotoebi. Txovnis mizezad postavangardistul aqcias asaxelebs, TiTqos surs, pol osteris scenaris mixedviT
23

gadaRebuli `Smoke~-is erT-erTi personaJis (harvi keiteli) msgavsad, xidis istoriis erTi momentis sruli sinqronuli albomi Seadginos (gansxvaveba keitelis personaJisgan is aris, rom smoke-is personaJi fotokameris erTi rakursis diaqronul istorias adgens). gamomZiebeli fotoebis avtorebs am gabeduli proeqtis Tanaavtorobas sTavazobs. Txovnis pasuxad 900-mde fotos gamougzavnian. bolos vnaxavT, rom sul ar aris SemTxveviTi teqstSi `avtoris~ da `avtorobis~ xSiri gamoyeneba rogorc sityvebisa da rogorc siuJeturi elementis. vfiqrob, es im iSviaT wignTagania, sadac `feisbuqi~, rogorc Txrobis instrumenti, mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs. gamomZiebeli swored `feisbuqis~ meSveobiT iwyebs fotoebis Ziebas da Tavis kolegebsac xSirad am gziT esaubreba. am 900 fotodan gamomZiebeli SearCevs 300-s, romlebic im 5 wuTSia gadaRebuli, rodesac, rogorc es eqspertizis da winaswari sagamoZiebo muSaobis Sedegad dadginda, mkvleloba moxda. aq iwyeba deteqtivis yvelaze saintereso nawili: bevr suraTze aSkarad Cans erTi persona, romelic saeWvo mdgomareobebSia dafiqsirebuli: xan boZs efareba, xan Tavs aCvenebs, rom gasayid suvenirebs aTvalierebs, xanac gulis jibeSi xelSeyofili sadRac miiCqaris. saintereso ki is aris, rom am personas gamomZiebeli jiutad ver amCnevs. is awyobs diskusias kolegebTan, xvdeba fotoebis avtorebidan zogierTs, magram arsad ar axsenebs im ucnaur personas, romelic TiTqmis yvela suraTzea aRbeWdili. ase
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grZeldeba daaxloebiT me-100 gverdamde. me-100 gverdze erT-erTi personaJi gamomZiebels aRwers. mkiTxveli xvdeba, rom is ucnobi da saeWvo persona, romelic me-100 gverdamde xvdeboda fotoebze, swored gamomZiebelia. mkiTxvels uCndeba eWvi, mkvleli TviTon gamomZiebelia da sakuTari Tavis fotoebze arSemCneviT cdilobs, damalos kvali. es eWvi mkiTxvels umyardeba, rodesac erT-erT fotogadamRebTan stumrobisas gamomZiebels maspinZeli TiTqos icnobs da kedlidan Camoxsnili xanjliT cdilobs gaumklavdes. orTabrZolaSi maspinZeli kvdeba. policia iwyebs am SemTxveviTi mkvlelobis gamoZiebas: Ziebis procesSi gamomZiebels jer gamoZiebis uflebas arTmeven, xolo Semdeg apatimreben. meore dilas gamomZiebels CamomxrCvals pouloben sakanSi. eqspertiza askvnis, rom man Tavi moikla. saqme ixureba gamomZieblis danaSauli mSral xidze Cadenil mkvlelobaSi utyuaria. motivi, rogorc sabolood askvnian, siyvaruli da eWvianoba. magram rodesac mkiTxveli bolo gverds gadaSlis, is waawydeba fotoebis kolaJs: wignSi gafantuli fotoebis nakrebs, oRond bevrad mcire zomisas. Tuki kargad daakvirdebiT, naxavT, rom es is fotoebia, sadac gamomZieblis figura unda Candes. arada, Tuki gamadidebel SuSas moimarjvebT, aRmoaCenT, rom am fotoebze gamomZieblis figura aRar aris. `sinamdvileSi~ gamoZieba aq iwyeba. mkiTxveli iwyebs fiqrs, Tu ras unda niSnavdes es ucnauri finali. bevri Tu cota fiqris Semdeg, Tqven xvde25

biT, rom erTaderTi logikuri axsna am yvelafrisa aris is, rom gamomZieblis danaSaulis fabrikacia moxda: Tuki Tvals Tavidan gadaavlebT teqsts, naxavT, rom is am `axali~ suraTebis (anu, gamomZieblis figuris gareSe) Sesabamisia da aranairi winaaRmdegoba wignSi aRweril gamomZieblis moqmedebasa da wignis bolo gverdze ganlagebul kolaJSi moqceul suraTebs Soris ar aris. bunebrivia, es wigni asea Cafiqrebuli. rogorc vici, es erTaderTi deteqtivia, romelic scdeba wignis furclebs, gadmodis Cvens samyaroSi da mogviwodebs, mkvlelobebis damgegmavi da Camdeni wignis gareT veZeboT. vfiqrob, rom es pirveli deteqtivia, sadac aSkaradaa miTiTebuli, rom mkvleli avtoria. cxadia, rom yvela deteqtivis SemTxvevaSi es yovelTvis asea, magram mxolod `fotodeteqtivi: xidisa da fotokameris Sesaxeb~ gveubneba amas Riad da wignSi momxdar mkvlelobebze pasuxismgeblobas avtors akisrebs. vano zaradaSvili pirveli avtoria, romelic deteqtivis avtorebis moralur (Cvens samyaroSi) da samarTlebriv (deteqtivis avtorebis mier Seqmnil samyaroSi) pasuxismgeblobaze migviTiTebs da am faqts deteqtiur siuJets udebs safuZvlad. Tuki sinamdvilesTan axloa is Teoria, XIII saukuneSi mcxovreb bers, petre mTawmindels3 rom miewereba, romlis mixedviTac yvela SesaZlo samyaro [RmerTSi] arsebobs, maSin yvela deteqtivis
3

qeTevan riomaSvili. `istoria da apokrifebi~. sami saxarebis gamomcemloba. baTumi, 1997.

26

avtors pasuxi moeTxoveba im mkvlelobebze, romlebic maT TavianT wignebSi, TavianT Seqmnil samyaroSi Caidines. ar vici, deteqtiuri Janris ganviTarebisaTvis ramdenad produqtiulia, deteqtivebis avtorebs moraluri TvaliT rom SevxedoT. Tumca, `fotodeteqtivi~ namdvilad gamorCeulia Tavis JanrSi da nabijia axali mimarTulebiT, magram, vSiSob, es nabiji gadadgmisTanave kedels miebjina. amasTan, isic xom cxadia, rom avtorebi sakuTar wignebSi sjian da ganageben. Sesabamisad, am wignebSi moqceuli samyaros yvela ubedureba, bavSvis yvela cremli maT kiserzea. miT umetes, Tuki Cven garSemo ganfenil usasrulobaSi marTlac aris Tundac erTi wertili, sadac deteqtivebis avtorebis Seqmnili samyaroebi arsebobs.

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kargi da cudi mwerlebis Sesaxeb / RmerTis da cudi mwerlebis Sesaxeb

(ferdinand kapanaZe, `On Go(o)d and Bad Writers~. gamomcemloba `ozurgeTi~, 1857).

es imdenad cudi da kustaruli gamocemaa, rom sulac ar aris moulodneli, Tavis droze qarTuli literaturul kritikis yuradRebis miRma rom darCa. cudi yda, yviTeli furclebi, Zalian patara areebi gverdebze. wvrili da uxeiro Srifti. amdeni problemis fonze, albaT, wignis saTaurSi gamotanili kalamburi stambis Secdomad CaiTvala. arada, wigns Zalian saintereso, inglisurenovani saTauri aqvs (wigni qarTuladaa dawerili), romelic erTsa da imave dros SeiZleba wavikiTxoT rogorc `kargi da cudi mwerlebis Sesaxeb~, da aseve, rogorc `RmerTis da cudi mwerlebis Sesaxeb~. `Go~-s Semdegi `o~ dapataravebulia da odnav Camocdenilia striqons. Cans, avtors imdenad moewona sakuTari grafikuli kalamburi, rom daufiqreblad `gaukeTa~ inglisurenovani saTauri qarTul wigns. riTac albaT, am wignis Tavis droze vergavrceleba nawilobriv mainc aixsneba. kapanaZe Tavis wigns iwyebs RmerTis arsebobis dasabuTebis [CemTvis] ucnobi argumentaciis mimoxilviT. am argumentaciis mixedviT arsebuli
28

fizikuri samyaro SemTxveviTobebis da aucileblobebis gadakveTebia da masSi adgili ar aris Tavisuflebisa da Tavisufali nebisaTvis, anu SesaZleblobisaTvis, marTla airCio movlenaTa ganviTarebis ramdenime versiidan erTi. Tuki gavaanalizebT nebismier movlenas, vnaxavT, rom misi mdinareba da finali `asec unda yofiliyo~, imdenad logikuri da urTierTdakavSirebulia xdomilebis Semadgeneli elementebi erTmaneTTan. Tavisufali neba da Tavisufleba SesaZlebelia mxolod maSin, wers kapanaZe, Tuki RmerTis arsebobas davuSvebT: yvela SesaZlebeli samyaro, romelic am samyaroSi ar ganxorcielda da ar ganviTarda Cveni arCevanis gamo, RmerTSi arsebobs da RmerTSia ganxorcielebuli. Sesabamisad, Cveni samyaroa erTi, xolo RmerTSi usasrulod bevri samyaro arsebobs, romlebic yoveli Cveni arCevanis Sesabamisad Cvens realobaSi arSeqmnili samyaroebis usasrulobaa. sxvagvarad, RmerTis arsebobisa da masSi aqtualurad arsebuli usasrulo raodenobis samyaroebis daSvebis gareSe, Tavisufali neba SeuZlebelia. Tuki amas ar davuSvebT, maSin Tavisufleba mxolod da mxolod gacnobierebuli aucilebloba gamodis. maSasadame, wers kapanaZe, mxolod RmerTis daSvebiTaa SesaZlebeli Tavisufali nebis cnobiereba, moqmedeba Tavisufali nebis mixedviT da Tavisufleba. mTel am Teorias da mis mimoxilvas kapanaZe iyenebs imisaTvis, rom sakuTari Teoria aagos literaturis Sesaxeb. Semoqmedeba, ambobs is, RmerTis, rogorc erTaderTi da SeuzRudavi Semoq29

medis, baZvaa. amitom literaturis ara marto orientiri, misi Seqmnis/gamomuSavebis modelic RmerTia. oRond is RmerTi, romelic kapanaZis mier Camoyalibebul TeoriaSia. ase midis kapanaZe kargi da cudi literaturis, kargi da cudi mwerlebis gansxvavebis formulamde. ra Tqma unda, mwerlobis ZiriTadi safuZveli ostatobaa. kapanaZis formula ar exeba arc ostatobas, arc enis flobas. is iwyebs moqmedebas mas Semdeg, rac mwerali mwerali xdeba im kriteriumebis mixedviT, romlebic miRebulia Cvens samyaroSi. anu, mas Semdeg, rac mas ukve SeuZlia wera. kapanaZis formula imis Sesaxebaa, Tu ras weren mwerlebi, da ukavSirdeba SesaZlebel samyaroebs. kapanaZis azriT, mwerlis sul ori idealuri tipi arsebobs: erTni, romlebic am samyros asaxaven/ akopireben, da meoreni, romlebic arsebul samyaroSi arsebuli SesaZleblobebis WvretiT sakuTar samyaroebs qmnian wignebis furclebze. kapanaZe gvafrTxilebs, rom es ar aris mwerlebis dayofa fantastikuri da arafantastikuri Janrebis mwerlebad4. es aris dayofa imis mixedviT, ramdenad muSaobs warmosaxvis Zala mweralSi, ramdenad SeuZlia mas, ganaxorcielos RmerTis baZva da wignis wurclebze sakuTari SesaZlebeli samyaro Seqmnas. anu, kidev ufro rom gavamartivoT, ambobs ka4

kapanaZe, rogorc Cans, ar iyo fantastikuri Janris moyvaruli da aseT mwerlebs primitiul amsaxvelebs da matyuarebs uwodebda. isini, wers kapanaZe, cdiloben mkiTxvels Tavi Semoqmedad moaCvenon: teqnikuri saocrebebis garemoSi adamianebis urTierTqmedebebis moTavsebiT cdiloben damalon is, rom isini Tavis teqstebSi sakuTar, rutinulze ufro rutinul garemos asaxaven.

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panaZe, arseboben mwerlebi, romlebic ubralod TavianTi gamocdilebis literaturizacias axdenen, da mwerlebi, romelTa gamocdileba mxolod impulsi da stimulia axali da saintereso samyaroebis Sesaqmnelad. ra Tqma unda, nebismieri mwerlisaTvis weris safuZveli sakuTari garemo da masze dakvirvebaa. dakvirvebis, detalebis aRnusxvis, garemos literaturuli aRweris gareSe mwerloba da literatura ar arsebobs, magram karg da cud mwerlebs Soris gansxvaveba maSin SeimCneva, ramdenad rCeba mwerali sakuTari garemos aRweraSi da sakuTar garemoSi da ramdenad scdeba mas. kapanaZe misi drois mwerlebs mimoixilavs. ara mgonia, maTma gvarebma rame uTxras Tanamedrove mkiTxvels, amitom maT moxseniebas gamovtoveb da kapanaZis ideebis gadmocemas gavagrZeleb: am Teoriis mixedviT, aseTi mweralebi `sufTa~ saxiT ar arseboben. yovel mweralSi orive tipi cxovrobs da misi mwerloba imiTaa gansazRvruli, vin sWarbobs masSi Cveni samyaros (romelic RmerTis Seqmnilia) makopirebeli Tu RmerTis mimbaZveli, romelic RmerTSi arsebul SesaZlebel samyaros gviziarebs sakuTari wignis saSualebiT. saboloo jamSi, orive Semoqmedeba RmerTis baZvaa oRond pirveli iribi RmerTis Seqmnili samyarosi, mere ki RmerTis moqmedebis wesisa. kapanaZis azriT, mwerloba or poluss amsaxvelobas da qmnadobas Sorisaa: isini, vinc asaxaven, arian is mwerlebi, vinc ubralod sakuTar an sxvis istoriebs yvebian, rac Tavs gadaxdeniaT da mousme31

niaT; isini, vinc qmnian, arian is mwerlebi, romlebic axal samyaroebs ageben amodian ra gancdilidan, ise gardaqmnian da aviTareben wignSi moTxrobil samyaros, rom gansxvavebul realobas viRebT. magram RvTiuri [SesaZlebeli] samyaros marcvali yvela wignSia, mxolod Zalian cota mwerali Tu hyveba zustad imas, rac moxda da Tavs gadaxda. hoda, ambobs kapanaZe, swored am marcvlebis raodenobis simravle Tu ramdenad emTxveva is mTel wigns, aris mwerlis ganmasxvavebeli da imis mauwyebeli, Tu vin aris is amsaxveli, romelic akopirebs RmerTis mier Seqmnil samyaros, Tu RmerTis mimbaZveli, romlis gansxvavebul, magram mkiTxvelisaTvis Zalian nacnob samyaros qmnis. rogorc kapanaZe wignis dasawyisSi aRniSnavs, SesaZlebelia, magram Znelia am kriteriumis garedan mikuTvneba mwerlisaTvis anu, am Teoriis literaturis kritikosis iaraRad qceva. magram es formula, rogorc Sinagani regulatori, misi azriT, utyuari da absoluturia. es ki niSnavs, rom kapanaZis mignebuli formula SemoqmedebiTobis moraluri kriteriumia, romlis Sesaxeb, upirveles yovlisa, TviTon Semoqmedebis subieqtma (mweralma, avtorma) icis yvelaze ukeT.

32

istoria da apokrifebi
(qeTevan riomaSvili, `istoria da apokrifebi~. sami saxarebis gamomcemloba. baTumi, 1997)

es wigni erTsa da imave dros istoriis filosofiis kvlevacaa da Teologiuri naSromic. aseTi naSromebi bevri ar aris: istoriis procesis analizi avtors saSualebas aZlevs RmerTisa da samyaros urTierTmimarTebis Sesaxeb daskvnebi akeTos. Tumca, mivyveT Tavidan. wignis didi nawili XIII saukuneSi mcxovrebi petre mTawmindelis Teoriis ganxilvaa. ra Tqma unda, mkacri azriT, es Teoria petre mTawmindels arasdros dauweria. riomaSvili mis rekonstruqcias akeTebs xelnawerTa institutSi dacul zedaznis monastris `qarTlis cxovrebis~ mindvrebze minawerebidan5. principSi, rogorc wignidan irkveva, am Teoriis petre mTawmindelisadmi mikuTvnebac hipoTezaa. riomaSvili mis avtorobas zedaznis monasterSi myofi berebis cxovrebis da maT Sesaxeb SemorCenili dokumentebis analiziT axdens. petre mTawmindeli erTaderTi iyo, visac zedaznis monas5 Tbilisuri xelnawerebi. gamomcemloba `mecniereba~. 1956.

33

tris `qarTlis cxovrebaze~ berZnulad komentarebis miwera SeeZlo. rogorc irkveva, im periodSi (1235-1400 wlebSi) monasterSi myof berTagan petre erTaderTi iyo, viszec dasturdeba, rom mas hqonda miRebuli iseTi ganaTleba, romelic gamarTuli berZnuliT minawerebis keTebis saSualebas miscemda. davubrundeT riomaSvilis mier rekonstruirebul Teorias. petre mTawmindelis mixedviT, istoriis wera RmerTis baZvis saukeTeso saSualebaa: droSi mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiri gonebis iluziaa da SemTxveviTia. sinamdvileSi RmerTi yovel momentSi qmnis axal samyaros, romelsac Tavisi warsuli da momavali aqvs. Sesabamisad, istoriis wera aris qmnadobis umciresi SemTxvevis kopirebis miwieri analogi. istoriis weriT Cven maqsimalurad vuaxlovdebiT saRvTo saqmes, ambobda petre, radganac vimeorebT [rogorc SegviZlia] drois saRvTo qmnadobis process. amitom istoriis (qronikebis) wera saRvTo saqmea. sulerTia, raze iwereba istoria. mTavaria, rom is iwereba/aRiwereba, rogorc warsulisa da momavlis mdinarebis gamaerTianebeli da damfuZnebeli xdomileba. magram RmerTi ar gviyurebs, rogorc sakuTari qmnadobis ubralo elementebs. raki vuyvarvarT, is saSualebas gvaZlevs, CaverToT qmnadobis procesSi masTan erTad. RmerTma erTxel mogvca saSualeba TviTon agverCia, rogor warsulsa da momavalSi gvindoda cxovreba. am erTaderT SemTxve-

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vad petres apokrifuli saxarebebis ambavi miaCnia: saxarebebis kanonikuri krebulis Sesaxeb msjeloba II saukuneSi daiwyo (ireneus lionelis mier) da dasrulda V saukuneSi (inosent I-is papobis dros). Cven oTxi saukune gvqonda saimisod, rom sakuTari warsuli da momavali agverCia, ambobs erT-erT minawerSi petre. miRebuli arCevani arc kargia da arc cudi. is gansazRvravs Cveni samyaros Semdgom gzas, Cvens warmodgenebs da survilebs, aseve Cvens ganwyobebsa da msoflmxedvelobebs. ras gulisxmobs `Cveni warmodgenebis gansazRvraSi~ petre mTawmindeli, ramdenime aTeuli gverdis Semdeg gakeTebuli minaweriT irkveva: arCeul oTxeulSi iudas saxareba rom yofiliyo, sadac iuda qristes gasacemad wilisyriT airCies qristes mowafeebma qristes miTiTebis Tanaxmad, Cveni samyaro dRes sxvanairi iqneboda, vidre axla viciT. es ar iqneboda samyaro, sadac, magaliTad, erTgul mowafeebs/megobrebs Soris, rogorc wesi, erTi moRalate aRmoCndeba. piriqiT, gvecodineboda, rom Cveni samyaro isea mowyobili, rom erTguli mowafeebidan/megobrebidan yvela mzad aris, Tavi Seswiros ideas da im momavals, romlisac sjera. riomaSvili wers, rom versad ipova verc iudas es saxareba da verc masze miniSneba. apokrifuli saxarebebis arc erT krebulSi msgavsi istoria ar aris moTxrobili. iudas am ucnob saxarebaze msjelobisas riomaSvili aRniSnavs, rom SesaZlebelia iudas saxarebis es versia petre mTawmindels gagebuli

35

hqonda da TviTon ar unaxavs, da arc iZebneba misi kvali Sua saukuneebis evropul da aRmosavlur wyaroebSi6. wignis bolo nawilSi riomaSvili mimoixilavs Sua saukuneebisa da axali drois istorikosebis wignebs. aRwers maT, rogorc qmnadobis wamieri aqtis gameorebas, romelic SeqmnisTanave ori mimarTulebiT warsulSi da momavalSi iSleba: yoveli kargi istorikosi aRweril istoriul faqts ukavSirebs Tanamedroveobas da, bunebrivia, gamohyavs is warsulidan. esec imis dadasturebaa, rom RmerTs vuyvarvarT: mxolod mas, vinc uyvars, miscemda RmerTi Tavisi unaris analogiurs. magram, ambobs riomaSvili, RmerTis samyaroSi yofnis arc erTi sabuTi ar aris ise cxadi, rogorc saxarebebis istoria. man Cven mogvca Cveni warsulisa da momavlis ganviTarebis ramdenime
6 ucnauria, magram qarTul samecniero literaturaSi cnobilia am saxarebis fragmentis arseboba; 1982 wels qristine SaraSiZis mier gamocemul wignSi `samxreT saqarTvelos istoriis masalebi (XIII-XV ss)~ gv. 77. moyvanilia teqsti, romlis wyaroc 1241 wliT daTariRebuli parxlis satrapezo saxarebaa: es teqsti, romlis citirebasac qvemoT vaxden, am saxarebis bolo gverdzea imave kaligrafiiTa da melniT Sesrulebuli, riTac mTeli saxareba: `saxarebaL wilTgdebaL SekrZaluli, romeli iqmna brZanebiTa uflisa Cuenisa iesu qristesiTa. uwinares erTisa dRis vnebisa misisa hrqua aTormetTa mowafeTa TMsTa: `erTi vinme Tquengani mimcems me huriaTa.... maSin wil-igdes petre, ioane, andria, iakob, maTe, markoz, luka, filipe, barTlome, Toma, iuda da iuda iskariotelman. da aRmouMda wili m[...]sa.... maSin aRiwera saxarebaL ese moZRuarTa ... brZanebiTa uflisa Cuenisa iesu qristesiTa, da brZanes sxuaTaca ZmaTa u... wilis gdeba... kaci igi, romeli ikiTxvides wilsa amasa, wmidamca ars mas dResa da Ramesa yovliTa sarwmunoebiTa RvTisaLTa Zlier da SekrZalulmca ars, raTa WeSmaritad aRmouMdes~. riomaSvilis mier am gamocemis gauTvaliswinebloba albaT sabWoTa mecnierebisagan memkvidreobiT miRebul muSaobis wess unda mivaweroT.

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versia. avirCieT is, romelSic vcxovrobT. magram es ar aris saukeTeso arCevani. ase rom iyos, apokrifebi gaqreboda da aRar gvemaxsovreboda. saxarebis apokrifuli versiebi darCa Cvens samyaroSi imisaTvis, rom gagvaxsenon gza, romelzec uari vTqviT, vwuxdeT amis gamo da arasodes Segvipyros TviTkmayofilebam, rom saukeTeso samyaroSi vcxovrobT.

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sms-siyvarulis ambavi
(oTar faRava. `sms lovestory~. gamomcemloba `wigni~. baTumi, 2007)

es arc Zalian tradiciuli romania siyvarulis Sesaxeb da arc Zalian Tanamedrove, komunikaciis mxolod Tanamedrove teqnologiebis reprezentaciiT rom iwereba. Tumca, romanSi weris orive teqnikaa gamoyenebuli: romanis zogi nawili sms-ebis formiTaa dawerili, zogi tradiciulad dialogebiT, situaciebis aRweriTa da monologebiT. romani ori `qve-romanisagan Sedgeba. pirvels hqvia `gzaze~, meores `gzidan~. cota maneruli saTaurebia, minimalistobaze xazgasmiT. yvelam viciT, rom minimalizmi maSinaa dasafasebeli, rodesac xazgasmuli ar aris. Tumca, mivyveT romans Tavidan: romani iwyeba sms-uri dialogebiT: ori, savaraudod, sapirispiro sqesis adamiani, sms-ebs swers erTmaneTs. rogorc irkveva, es sms-obana SemTxveviT daiwyo. erTma savaraudod kacma miiRo meoris savaraudod qalis werili da Semdeg am SemTxveviT gzavnils mohyva sakmaod xangrZlivi sms-dialogi, romelSic, nel-nela `siyvaruli ibadeba~. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia kacis gzadagza mzardi aRfrTovaneba sms-dialogSi is ambobs,
38

rom mas ar Sexvedria aravin, visac misi ase esmis da rom is nel-nela xvdeba, ras niSnavs bedniereba. mkiTxvels saSualeba aqvs, gzavnilebis saSualebiT warmoSobil siyvaruls daakvirdes. teqnikurad es nawili uzadodaa Sesrulebuli, magram kiTxvisas nel-nela mowyeniloba gvipyrobs nuTu weris aseTi teqnika mxolod imisaTvis aris, rom kidev erTxel wavikiTxoT bednieri wyvilis Sesaxeb da kidev erTxel gavigoT, rom mobiluri telefonebiT komunikaciebis miuxedavad, `qorwineba zecaSi xdeba~? magram avtori aq siuJetis sruliad moulodnel ganviTarebas gvTavazobs. rodesac ukve daZabulobis mwvervalze varT da Cans, rom male gzavnilebis polusebi realur samyaroSi unda SeerTdes, irkveva, rom orive maTgani erTi da imave sqesisaa orive kacia. orivesaTvis es ara marto imedgacrueba, aramed maTi warmodgenebisa da msoflmxedvelobebisaTvis miyenebuli dartymaa. erTisTvis imitom, rom mTeli am xnis ganmavlobaSi egona, rom qals emesijeboda, meoresaTvis ki imitom, rom darwmunebuli iyo, rom man homoseqsualma, rogorc iqna, ipova namdvili partniori, visac is eyvareba/ vinc mas eyvareba mTeli cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi. magram es mogvianebiT irkveva: satelefono dialogi wydeba: orive monawile Seuracxyofilia erTi meores abralebs TvalTmaqcobas. amis Semdeg saqme gvaqvs ukve tradiciuli teqnikiT daweril cxovrebis ori xazis aRwerasTan dialogis orive personaJis gza cal-calke viTardeba, da skandaluri dasasrulebis moyvarul39

Ta survilis sawinaaRmdegod, ar ikveTeba. orive maTgani Tavis megobrebTan ganixilavs Tavis sms-ur lovestory-is. kiTxva, romelic orives winaSe dgeba, aris is, Tu ra aris siyvarulis safuZveli sapirispiro sqesis warmomadgenlebs Soris sruli urTierTgageba, sruli vergageba Tu mxolod nawilobrivi gageba? es gansakuTrebiT awuxebs `kac~ personaJs romelic Tavs myar heteroseqsualad miiCnevs da cdilobs, Tavis TavSi gaerkves, ra iyo sms-uri romani misi latenturi bunebis gamoxatva Tu bevrad ufro Rrma da yovlismomcveli kanonozomierebis manifestacia? amitom svams kiTxvas: ra gvizidavs Cven sxva adamianisaken is, rom is Cvennairia da `usityvod~ xvdeba, ra gvinda da ras vgrZnobT, Tu is, rom is sruliad gansxvavebulia da Cven masSi swored es gansxvavebuloba gvizidavs? sainteresoa homoseqsuali protagonistis dialogi mis megobarTan, seqsualuri qcevis istorikosTan, romelsac is uyveba sms-ur Tavgadasavals. es istorikoss stimuls aZlevs, sqesebs da erTi sqesis warmomadgenlebs Soris urTierTmimarTebis istoriis sakuTari versia Seqmnas: am Teoriis mixedviT, im tipis homoseqsualoba, romelsac dRes vakvirdebiT Cvens garemoSi, axali drois nayofia da albaT markiz de sadidan iRebs saTaves: am dros gaCnda survili, zustad icode, ras grZnobs Seni partniori; siyvaruls `bolomde Secnobis~ funqcia mieniWa. istorikosi am survilis gaCenas eqsperimentuli mecnierebis ganviTarebas (frensis bekons) ukavSirebs rodesac inteleqtuale40

bis winaSe dadga amocana, zustad SeecnoT garemomcveli samyaro da manamde arsebul kiTxvebze eqsperimentiT dadasturebuli pasuxi mieRoT. eqsperimentis da Secnobis es survili, ambobs istorikosi, seqsualuri urTierTobis cvlilebaSi gamoixata im daSvebiT, rom bolomde mxolod msgavsis Semecneba SeiZleba da ara gansxvavebulisa. amitom homoseqsualoba, markiz de sadis SemTxvevaSi, msgavsTa urTierTobas gulisxmobs, arada manamde da mTxrobels antikuri saberZneTi mohyavs magaliTad seqsualuri urTierToba homoseqsualuri kavSiris SemTxvevaSic ki gansxvavebulebis dakavSirebas niSnavda. am Tezisis damadasturebeli erT-erTi magaliTi platonis `alkiviadedanaa~ Tanamenadimeebi urCeven sokrates, rom droa, alkiviades Tavi daanebos is ukve kacia da `ar egebis~ kacebs Soris aseTi kavSiri. aseve iyo Sua saukuneebSic: amis magaliTia papis bula, romelic kurtizanebs kacebis mosazidad biWurad Cacmas ukrZalavs. Tumca, dasZens istorikosi, is ar aris darwmunebuli, rom qalebs Soris homoseqsualuri kavSiris drosac imave kulturas hqonda adgili. da mainc, ambobs istorikosi, is darwmunebulia, rom Tanamedrove narcisuli homoseqsualoba, romelsac amave dros mecnierulic SeiZleba davarqvaT principulad gansxvavdeba imisagan, rac antikur periodSi da Sua saukuneebSi iyo. amitom, ambobs istorikosi, adamianuri TviTwarmodgenebis da samyarosTan damokidebulebis istoria SeiZleba orad gavyoT axal dromde,
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rodesac umaRlesi siqvele ucxosi da Seucnoblis gagebaa; am midgomas safuZvlad kulturaSi Rrmad fesvgadgmuli mogzauroba da ucnobisaken swrafva udevs (1) da axal droSi warmoSobili vneba zustad gaigo, aRwero, daadasturo da Sedegad obieqti srulad moicva (2). seqsualobis istoriac ase SeiZleba gavyoT. androginis miTi gviyveba erT subieqtSi gansxvavebulebis erTianobisa da misi or gansxvavebul nawilad daSlis Sesaxeb. es ki niSnavs, rom odesRac erTianobis miuxedavad, mainc gansxvavebulebs uyvarT erTmaneTi da eZeben erTmaneTs. es miTi markiz de sads rom daewera, ambobs istorikosi, erTi mTlianis or erTgvarovan nawilad gayofis ambavs mogviyveboda. `Seni da Seni verSemdgari partnioris grZnobebic am klasifikaciaSi eqceva~ mimarTavs istorikosi homoseqsual protagonists, romelic sulac ar aris ubeduri am daskvnis gamo. sul sxva mdgomareobaSia romanis heteroseqsuali gmiri, romelsac seqsualobis ganviTarebis daaxloebiT msgavs istorias misi megobari mwerali uyveba, romelmac es istoria miSel fukos romeliRac komentarSi amoikiTxa. heteroseqsual protagonists sms-urma romanma eWvi gauCina, rom rom ara heteresoqsualuri dominanturi kulturis Zlieri wnexi da misi SeZenili mgrZnobiaroba sazogadoebrivi azris mimarT, is homoseqsuali iqneboda. romani ki mTavrdeba inteleqtualuri mistifikaciiT orive gmiri universitetis wignis maRaziaSi erTdroulad waawydeba miSel fukos axal
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gamocemas: fukos xelnawerebSi aRmoCenil ramdenime manamde ucnob gverds, sadac fuko saubrobs seqsualobis cvalebadobis Sesaxeb, magram realuri fukosagan gansxvavebiT, ambobs, rom ltolvis yvela wesi narCundeba da imis mtkiceba, rom axal droSi ltolvis buneba Canacvlda, ar SeiZleba: ubralod, urTierTobis wesebs kidev erTi wesi emateba. Tumca, ambobs hipoTeturi fuko, isic cxadia, rom axali wesi, romelic ufro Tanmxvedria axal msoflmxedvelobasTan da axal drosTan, totaluri xdeba; Zveli ki sustdeba, marginalizdeba, magram arasodes qreba. aRsaniSnavia, rom orive protagonisti erTsa da imave drosaa maRaziaSi da, ra Tqma unda, ver cnobs erTmaneTs. romanis meore nawili, `gzidan~, heteroseqsualur sms-siyvarulzea. romanis pirveli nawilisagan gansxvavebiT, orive personaJi icnobs erTmaneTs, uyvarT erTmaneTi da seqsic aqvT. cxadia, mkiTxveli elodeba, rom sms-urTierToba realuri siyvarulis danamatia. magram `gzidan~ sul sxva suraTs gviCvenebs: TandaTan cxadi xdeba, rom Seyvarebulebs mxolod sms-samyaroSi SeuZliaT erTmaneTis aRqma da siyvaruli. anu, siyvarulis gamoxatva, seriozuli msjeloba, xumroba siyvarulze, sityvieri alersi es yvelaferi mobiluris ekranze xdeba. am ori adamianis siyvaruli `mobilurSi~ bevrad ufro adekvaturia, vidre Cvens oTxganzomilebian samyaroSi: Seyvarebulebs uWirT `live~-Si urTierToba: naCvenebia ramdenime Sexvedris epizodi, romelic rutinuli da uinte43

resoa. partniorebi daZabulebi da gaucxoebulebi arian. Cans, arc seqsi gamosdiT maincdamainc. magram rogorc ki daSordebian erTmaneTs, maTi siyvaruli isev poulobs Tavs mobiluris ekranze. avtori ar wers, rogor mTavrdeba maTi urTierToba. wignis bolo abzacebi isev sms-gzavnilebs uWiravs. ras niSnavs es mudmivoba im banalur daskvnas, rom eleqtronuli samyaro cvlis fizikurs, Tu imas, rom Cven axali realoba dagvemata, ramac aramcTu SegvzRuda, piriqiT, SesaZleblobebi gagvifarTova da sakuTari Tavis ucnobi mxareebi dagvanaxva mkiTxvelis gadasawyvetia. Sms lovestory ucnaurad exmianeba ana zedelaZes `islamurs~ (postgamomcemloba. axalcixe. 2006), sadac seqsualuri urTierTobis axali (?) ganzomilebaa aRwerili. Tumca, es msgavseba mxolod zedapirulia. vfiqrob, orive romani gansxvavebul samyaroebs aRwers. Tumca, es albaT sxva eses Temaa.

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martoobis anatomia
(tariel mataSiZe, `roca megobrebi kvdebian~. oraburnis gamomcemloba. Tbilisi, 2002).

es wigni sulac ar iqneboda ucnauri, iaponels an Crdiloevropels rom daewera, an is Sinaarsi rom ar hqonoda, rac aqvs. rodesac sikvdilis Sesaxeb qarTveli avtoris wignis kiTxvas iwyeb, gaoceba gipyrobs, imis gamo, rom Cvens qveyanaSi msgavsi azrovnebis tradicia ar arsebobs. gansxvavebiT iaponiisagan (dawyebuli Zenidan damTavrebuli akutagavas `usier tyeSi~ da Cikamacu monzaemonis `Seyvarebulebis TviTmkvleloba amijimaSi~) da evropuli tradiciebidan (boeciusi, abeliari). raoden saocaric unda iyos, mataSiZas fiqrebis da azrovnebis wyaro sulac ar aris iaponuri, an Tundac Crdiloevropuli tradicia. mataSiZes wigni `nugeSi filosofiisagan~-is versiaa. kidev erTi ucnauroba isaa, rom `nugeSi filosofisagan~ mataSiZiseuli varianti 1857 wels ozurgeTSi gamocemul ferdinand kapanaZis wigns eyrdnoba (ferdinand kapanaZe. `On Go(o)d and Bad Writers~. gamomcemloba `ozurgeTi~. 1857). kidev ufro ucnauri, erTi SexedviT, aris is, rom kapanaZis zemoTnaxsenebi wigni literaturazea da ara filosofiaze an Teologiaze. Tumca, rodesac wignis
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kiTxvas daviwyebT, kavSiri ferdinand kapanaZis mier literaturis SedarebiT kvlevasa da mataSiZis wigns Soris gasagebi xdeba, Tumca, bolomde mainc ar gtovebs am kavSiris Seusabamobis odnavi gancda. mataSiZe Tavis `nugeSs~ kapanaZis wignis SesavalSi mocemul ucnob Teologiaze agebs. am Teoriis mixedviT, Tavisufali neba da Tavisufleba SesaZlebelia mxolod maSin, Tuki RmerTis arsebobas davuSvebT: yvela SesaZlebeli samyaro, romelic am samyaroSi ar ganxorcielda da ar ganviTarda Cveni sxva arCevanis gamo, RmerTSi arsebobs da RmerTSia ganxorcielebuli. Sesabamisad, Cveni samyaroa erTi, xolo RmerTSi usasrulod bevri samyaro arsebobs, romlebic yoveli Cveni arCevanis Sesabamisad, Cvens realobaSi arSeqmnili samyaroebis usasrulobaa. mataSiZe bevrs msjelobs kapanaZis am Teoriis Sesaxeb, magram misi poziciis safuZvlis gadmosacemad, vfiqrob, zemoT moyvanili fragmentic sakmarisia. mataSiZe ambobs, rom Tu es Teoria [arCevanis (e.i. Tavisufali nebis) Sedegad arSeqmnili samyaroebis RmerTSi arseboba] sworia, igive sqema SesaZlebelia gamoviyenoT CvenTvis Zvirfasi adamianebis sikvdilis gasaazreblad da am sikvdilis CvenSi dasaZlevad: sikvdili arCevanis Sedegia, ambobs mataSiZe, SeiZleba iseTi ara, rogorc ucnobi gza an supermarketSi nayidi produqti, magram mainc: Cveni arCevanebis Tanmimdevroba ganapirobebs imas, rom konkretul momentSi sikvdili dgeba. amitom, rodesac saqme CvenTvis axlobelsa da Zvirfas adamianebs exeba, iseve, rogorc arCevanis
46

dros arwarmoSobili samyaros SemTxvevaSi, unda davuSvaT, rom arsebobs samyaro RmerTSi, romelSic is kvlav cxovrobs. magram, ambobs mataSiZe, sinamdvileSi Cven ise varT mowyobilebi, rom sadRac RmerTSi arsebuli sicocxle CvenTvis veraferi nugeSia. Cveni megobari xom CvenTan aRar aris; yvelaze metad es SegrZneba iwvevs sasowarkveTas. Tumca, zemoT dawyebul msjelobas bolomde Tu miviyvanT, aRmovaCenT, rom Tqvenc SeiZleba im ararsebul (Cveni azriT) samyaroSi iyoT, sadac Tqveni megobari kvlav cxovrobs im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki erTi arCevani mainc gagikeTebiaT odesme erTad, maSin, erT-erT SesaZlebel samyaroSi Tqvens megobarTan erTad Tqvenc xarT. erTi SexedviT, sakmaod absurduli Teoriaa. TiTqos arafriT ar gansxvavdeba tradiciuli `sasufevlisgan~ odnavi SesworebiT, rom Tqveni sxva `mec~ imyofeba im sxva samyaroSi Tqvens gardacvlil megobarTan erTad. magram me am warumatebel wignSi erTi raRac mainc amovikiTxe, rac Cveni arsebobis erT-erT mniSvnelovan moduss anaTebs da cxadad aqcevs erTad arCevanis gakeTeba meore adamianis `Zvirfasobis~ da `megobrobis~ qvakuTxedia. sanam arsebobs es `erTad arCevanis gakeTebis sinamdvile~, is manam rCeba Sens megobrad. amitom, me vfiqrob, mataSiZe sapirispiro Sedegs aRwevs Tavisi wigniT: nugeSs ki ar gvcems megobris gardacvalebis gamo, aramed, gvexmareba gavigoT, rom Cveni megobroba sinamdvileSi erTxel gakeTebuli arCevanis gaxsenebaa da
47

is, rom Cven ukve mis sicocxleSive Cveni megobrobis mogonebiT vcxovrobdiT. mataSiZes wigni megobrobis bunebas ufro gvixsnis, vidre gvanugeSebs megobrebis dakargvis SemTxvevaSi. Tumca, iribad moniWebuli nugeSi mainc rCeba: rom davfiqrdeT, sinamdvileSi ramdeni adamiania Cven garSemo, romlebTan erTadac erT gadawyvetilebas viRebT, mivxvdebiT Cveni gardauvali simartovis anatomias. Tumca, Tuki odesme mainc migviRia erTad gadawyvetileba, Semdgomi cxovrebis miuxedavad, im, sxva samyaroSi, Cveni imdroindeli `me~-ebi erTad arsebobs. isic cxadi xdeba, rom megobrobis socialur-moraluri amocana martoobis dafarvaa. megobroba ufro faravs, vidre aCens da anaTebs Cvens namdvil arss. Sedegad, mataSiZis wigni martoobis aRwerisa da misi dafarvis teqnikis Sesaxeb ufroa, vidre megobrobis dakargviT gamowveul sasowarkveTaze. isic unda iTqvas, rom mataSiZe arc megobrobis SesaZleblobas uaryofs da arc adamianis gardacvalebiT gamowveul tkivils. mataSiZe cdilobs, gamijnos megobroba megobrobaze mogonebisgan. is gveubneba, rom sasowarkveTa megobris dakargvisas uadgiloa ara marto imitom, rom arsebobs samyaro, sadac kvlav erTad xarT, aramed imitomac, rom Tu dafiqrdebi, SeiZleba aRmoaCino, rom Sen Seni megobris sikvdilamde didi xniT adre am megobrobis mogonebiT cxovrobdi. me mainc mafiqrebs mataSiZis Teoriis wyaros ambavi. 1997 wels baTumSi gamoica qeTevan riomaSvilis wigni `istoria da apokrifebi~ (sami saxarebis
48

gamomcemloba. baTumi. 1997.) am wignSi is Teoria, romelsac mataSiZe kapanaZeze dayrdnobiT hyveba, XIII saukunis xelnawerSia amokiTxuli. CemTvis Znelia imis dajereba, rom mataSiZem ar icis am wignis arsebobis Sesaxeb, da Tu icis, maSin ratom arCevs, Tavisi naazrevi XIX saukunis gaurkvevel gamocemas da ucnob avtors ufro daayrdnos, vidre xelnaweris kvlevas: es ukanaskneli xom aSkarad ufro met solidurobas SesZenda mis `nugeSs~. Tumca, isicaa SesaZlebeli, rom mataSiZe am arCevaniT raime konkretuli samyaros ararsebobaze migviTiTebs. sxva sakiTxia, Tu saidan icoda kapanaZem am Teoriis arseboba, TviTon mivida am ideebamde Tu sadme amoikiTxa. samwuxaroa, rom kapanaZis Sesaxeb, garda TviTon wignisa `On Go(o)d and Bad Writers~ aranairi cnoba ar moipoveba. riomaSvilic Tavis wignSi (`istoria da apokrifebi~) arsad axsenebs, rom XIII saukunis zedaznis `qarTlis cxovreba~ XIX saukuneSi cnobili iyo Tundac xelnawerebis specialistebisaTvis.

49

islamuri
(ana zedelaZe. `islamuri~. postgamomcemloba. axalcixe. 2006).

romanis dasawyisSi iqmneba STabeWdileba, rom ursula la guiniseul anTropologiur fentezSi moxvdi: moqmedeba iSleba saqarTveloSi, misi toponimebiT da garemos aRweriT. oRond, am garemoSi, Cveulebrivi, rutinuli movlenaa kacisaTvis oTxi colisa da qalisaTvis oTxi qmris yola. romanis mTavari xazia erT-erTi ojaxis oTx qmarTagan erT-erTis istoria rogor poulobs is Tavis TavSi dauZlevel survils, gaxdes oTxi colis qmari da ra fsiqologiuri Tu socialuri problemebis winaSe dgeba: moraluri problema miatovos Tavisi coli da Tavisi colis sxva qmrebi, romlebzec emociuradaa damokidebuli, rogor arwmunebs mas misi colebis momavali oTxeuli, rom is maTTan kargad iqneba, droze unda wamovides sakuTari ojaxidan da a.S. protagonists, romelic Cveulebrivi adamiania, amis gamo mZime nevrozi ewyeba. nevrozis gadasalaxavad is dadis fsiqoanalitikosTan, fsiqoTerapevtTan, Tavis megobar anTropologTan, nevrologTan da ase Semdeg. am stumrobebis dros gamarTul dialogebSi,
50

romelTagan zogi samkurnalo mizniT, zogic ubralod, megobrulad iwarmoeba, mkiTxvelisaTvis TandaTan cxadi xdeba am sazogadoebis socialuri struqtura: mis safuZvelSi devs ara nuklearuli ojaxis (deda, mama, Svili) aramed, sulieri naTesaobis cneba: tradiciulad, am qveynis (samyaros) adamianebis socializaciis mniSvnelovani safexuri oTxeulebis Camoyalibebaa erTi sqesis axalgazrdebi oTxwevrian, myar mikrosociumad yalibdebian. Tuki maTi erTad yofnis survili didia, isini iwyeben erTi seqsualuri partnioris Zebnas, romelTan erTadac apireben ojaxis Seqmnas. ase oTxi mamrobiTi sqesis adamiani eZebs erT mdedrobiTi sqesis partniors, romelic daTanxmdeba maTTan erTad ojaxis Seqmnas da piriqiT oTxi mdedrobiTi sqesis adamiani eZebs mamrobiT sqess, romelic daTanxmdeba maTTan erTad ojaxis Seqmnas. cxadia, oTxeulebi `martosulebs~ eZeben maT, vinc jer ver moaswro sakuTari oTxeulis Seqmna, an ukmayofiloa sakuTari bediT (sakuTari oTxeuliT~). rogorc anTropologi uxsnis romanis mTavar gmirs, am socialuri sistemis upiratesoba da ekonomiuroba SemdgomSi mdgomareobs: 1. ojaxi ar aris sazogadobis Semadgeneli pirveladi ujredi, amitom, am sazogadoebaSi ar dgas sxvadasxva Taobis adamianebs Soris gagebis problema; 2. oTxi erTi sqesis adamianisagan Semdgari mikrosociumi (sanam ojaxi Seiqmneba) erTsa da imave dros mdgradicaa da Tavisufalic isini erTmaneTsac kargad icnoben da racionalurad Tanxmdebian,
51

iyvnen erTad, xolo survilis SemTxvevaSi daSordnen Tumca, aseTi ram mxolod xdeba, roca jgufis wevrebi jer kidev Zalian axalgazrdebi arian; 3. sazogadoeba Tavisufalia Zlieri/susti sqesis stereotipisagan msgavsi ojaxuri mowyobis sistemaSi amis dadgena da gamoyofa ubralod SeuZlebelia erTqmriani an erTcoliani ojaxebi sruliadac ar niSnavs, rom es erTi Zlieris da dominantis rols asrulebs bevria SemTxveva, roca viTareba piriqiTaa; 4. ojaxebi did yuradRebas aqceven, rom bavSvebma lamis dabadebidan daiwyon oTxeulis Zebna es ar niSnavs, rom isini amiT maTze pasuxismgeblobas iSoreben, piriqiT izrdeba mzrunveloba da, amave dros, warmatebuli socializaciis Sansic. fsiqoanalitikosTan saubrisas irkveva, rom problemebi, romlebic am sistemas aqvs, aranakleb STambeWdavia. fsiqoanalitikosi yveba, rom maT sazogadoebaSi izrdeba e.w. nuklearuli, faruli ojaxebis ricxvi da aseTi ojaxebis Seqmnis survili ojaxebi, sadac qali da kaci erTmaneTis pirispir arian. es ki ara marto maT uqmnis problemebs, aramed am ojaxebidan gamosuli bavSvebis socializaciac problemaa: imis gamo, rom maT ojaxSi sul ori adamiania, isini ver axerxeben ise gaanawilon dro, rom bavSvis, an uares SemTxvevaSi, bavSvebis socializacias (anu, oTxeulis wevrebis Zebnas) saWiro yuradReba dauTmon. Sedegad, Tuki orwevriani ojaxi SemTxveviTobis gamoa aseTi (bavSvobaSi miRebuli sulieri travma, fiziologiuri gadaxra...), am ojaxidan gamosuli bavSvi aRzrdiT xdeba
52

orwevriani ojaxis Seqmnisaken midrekili. aman ki momavalSi, askvnis fsiqoanalitikosi, SeiZleba Cveni sazogadoebis Zireuli cvlileba gamoiwvios. protagonistis fsiqoTerapevtTan dialogSi irkveva is problemebi, romlebic homoseqsualebs aqvT: rogor uWirT maT oTxeulebad darCena xuTeulebis sazogadoebaSi. aseve, im viTarebebze, rodesac oTxeulis wevrebi sxva oTxeulebSi mexuTeebi xdebian ra fsiqologiuri da socialuri problemebis gadalaxva uwevs oTxeulebs. statistikurad dadasturebulia, ambobs fsiqoTerapevti, rom rac ufro gvian xdeba es `gadasvla~ oTxeulidan sxva oTxeulis mexuTe wevrad (colad an qmrad), warmatebulobis Sansi miT ufro naklebia. ostaturadaa dawerili da mkiTxvelis yurisaTvis uCveuloa dialogebi romanis gmiris oTxeulsa da cols Soris rodesac maT mohyavT argumentebi, ratom ar unda miatovos man isini. moraluri argumentia maTi ojaxi daiSleba, radgan Znelia da xSirad SeuZlebelia meoTxis povna; rogorc wesi, nakluli ojaxebi iSleba. erT-erT `kerZo~ saubarSi Tavisi colis TanaqmrebTan, romlebic misi axlo megobrebi arian, romanis gmiri ismens Segonebas, rom mas aravin ar uSlis gverdiT kavSirebs rom umetesoba ase cxovrobs da sulac ar aris aucilebeli, misi gazrdili seqsualuri moTxovnebis gamo ojaxi daiSalos. aseve sainteresoa romanis gmiris momaval oTxeulTan dialogebi rogor elodebian isini ojaxis Seqmans da ra perspeqtivebs saxaven erTad. am gamaognebeli da anTropologiurad saintere53

so sociumis aRweris Semdeg romanis kiTxva imdenad rutinuli xdeba, rom teqstSi CarTuli seqsualuri qcevis detalebic ki aRar aris saintereso. magram avtori uecrad imdenad ucnaur ileTs akeTebs, rom mkiTxvels kvlav gaocebuls tovebs: daaxloebiT romanis Suidan romanSi politikuri viTarebebis aRwera iwyeba irkveva, rom romanSi aRwerili moqmedeba 2007 wlis noemberia da mkiTxveli rCeba upasuxo kiTxvis winaSe: is, rac am romanSi weria paraleluri samyaros aRweraa Tu Cveni samyaros faruli `namdvili~ saxisa? ganwyobas, rom es Cveni samyaros aRweraa, aRrmavebs romanis narativSi aqa-iq gabneuli adgilebi, rac protagonistebis mier TavianTi saqcielis dafarvaze Tu SeniRbvaze miuTiTebs. Tavidan, am adgilebs rom gadaeyreba, mkiTxveli maT gaugebrobad an redaqtirebis naklad miiCnevs, sanam siuJetis politikuri konteqsti da garemo ar xdeba cxadi. CemTvis Znelia gansazRvra, ra aris es wigni momavlis manifesti, satira Cvens sazogadoebaze Tu anTropologiuri fantazia. Cemi sulieri simSvidisaTvis mirCevnia, Sevxedo am romans, rogorc im hipoTeturi viTarebis aRweras, romelic Seiqmneboda Cvens samyaroSi, seqsualuri qcevisa da ojaxis Seqmnis is wesi (da religia) rom gamxdariyo dominanturi, romelic midis, herbertis da XX saukunis pirveli naxevris sxva anTropologebis wignebSia aRwerili.

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teqnikis Sesaxeb
(givi aboSaZe, `teqnikis Sesaxeb~. gamomcemloba `meranmecnieri~. Tbilisi.1978.)

es wigni, arc saTauris da arc gamocemis drois mixedviT, gansakuTrebuli ar unda yofiliyo: maqsimumi, rasac unda velodoT, sabWoTa saqarTveloSi gamocemuli wignebidan filosofiaSi (imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom saqarTveloSi qarTul enaze gamosul wignebs sabWoTa kavSiris moskoveli ideologebis mxridan maindamainc didi yuradReba ar eqceoda), aris imdroindeli `dasavleli~ moazrovneebis naazrevis maqsimalurad adekvaturi gamocemebi minimaluri `sabWoTa kritikis~ TanxlebiT. visac `kiTxvis asaki~ am drois Cavlis Semdeg daudga, vetyvi, rom sabWoTa kavSirSi `sabWoTa kritika~ niSnavda `dasavleTSi~ warmoSobili nebismieri azris kritikas marqsizm-leninizmis poziciidan da imis mtkicebas, Tu rogor gamouval krizisSia dasavluri sazogadoebrivi cnobiereba da azrovneba [igulisxmeboda sabWoTa cnobierebasTan da azrovnebasTan SedarebiT]. principSi, amis dawera sabWoTa filosofosebis mxridan did moralur daTmobas ar moiTxovda, radganac zustad imaves amtkiceben e.w `dasavleli~ filoso55

fosebi sakuTari garemosa da azrovnebis Sesaxeb. metic Tavisufali samyaros zogierTi moazrovne cdilobda, sapirispiro (anu sazogadoebrivi cnobierebisa da azrovnebis arakrizisuloba) daemtkicebina sabWoTa kavSiris mimarT. sabWoTa konteqstidan gamomdinare, arc saTauri iyo Zalian imedismomcemi: Canda, rom wigni haidegeris (eqsistencialistebis) gavleniTaa dawerili da unda yofiliyo imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor ukargavs teqnika `TviTobas~ adamians da rom saxnisi da Toxi avTenturia da adamianis TviTobasTan ufro axlos dgas, vidre traqtori da kombaini. mokled, am wigns yuradRebasac ar mivaqcevdi, rom ara misi sarCevi, romelSic uxvadaa sityvebi `emocia~ da `SiSi~. am sityvebis, rogorc cnebebis gamoyeneba sabWoTa kavSiris filosofiur literaturaSi didi iSviaToba iyo, miT umetes teqnikasTan mimarTebaSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom mainc CavTvale, am wignSi iqneboda imis mtkicebis mcdeloba, Tu rogorc clis teqnika emociebisagan adamians da rac ufro bevri teqnikuri nawarmia Cven garSemo, miT ufro vemsgavsebiT manqanebs `meqanikuri forToxlis~ sabWoTa varianti mainc gadavwyvite, Tvali gadamevlo wignisaTvis da iqve, plexanovis 47-Si mdebare bukinisturSi Camovjeqi. moulodnelad, wigni saintereso sakiTxavi aRmoCnda. aboSaZe amtkicebs, rom teqnika emociebis ganviTarebis, gamoTavisuflebis da e.w. reversulobis (Setrialebis) wyaroa: am daskvnamde miRwevis msjelobis jaWvi aseTia: teqnika ara marto Cvens fizikur unarebs anacvlebs da fizikur Za56

las aTavisuflebs. swored imis gamo, rom is Cvens fizikur Zalas [mis gamoyenebas] aTavisuflebs, aseve aTavisuflebs am Zalis gamoyenebis Sedegebsac. Sua saukuneebis adamianebis umravlesoba, wers aboSaZe, drois umetesobas sakuTari fizikuri usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofas andomebda. usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis procesi ki amave dros safrTxis mimarT SiSis daZlevis procesia. Tuki marTebulia is debuleba, romlis mixedviTac teqnikis istoria yoveldRiuri fizikuri usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis istoriaa, marTebulia is debulebac, rom mTeli teqnikis istoria SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc yoveldRiuri da sayovelTao SiSis daZlevis istoria. SiSis daZleva ki `ubralod~ daZleva ar aris. warmoidgineT Tqveni Tavi, wers aboSaZe, mudmivi SiSis garemocvaSi. mTeli Tqveni emociuri potenciali SiSze ixarjeba da Tqven kargad xarT mxolod maSin, Tuki ise moawyobT Tqvens garemos, rom raRac drois ganmavlobaSi SiSs aRar igrZnobT. Sesabamisad, askvnis avtori, teqnikis ganviTarebiT da fizikuri garemos usafrTxoebiT emociuri potenciali Tavisufldeba SiSisgan da sxva emociebi xdeba sayovelTao. saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi mxolod SiSi iyo sayovelTao emocia, wers aboSaZe. sxva emociebi, rogoricaa siyvaruli, megobroba, siZulvili, amaRlebuloba, solidaroba mxolod erTeulebis xvedri iyo maTi, visac yoveldRiuri fizikuri usafrTxoeba met-naklebad uzrunvelyofili hqonda. amitomacaa, rom Sua saukuneebis xelovne57

ba am `sxva~ emociebis gamoxatvaa da sxva araferi. mxolod axal droSi, rodesac yoveldRiuri SiSis grZnobam nel-nela samedicino sferoSi gadainacvla, xolo sxva emociebi sayovelTaod SesaZlebeli gaxda (industriul qveynebSi mainc, amatebs avtori), adamianebs Soris axali tipis urTierTobas Caeyara safuZveli, romelic sxvadasxva (da ara erT romelime) emociazea damyarebuli. dRevandel adamians ufro metad SeuZlia SeigrZnos samyaro, meore adamiani; ufro metad SeuZlia ataros emociuri eqsperimentebi. es yvelaferi teqnikis ganviTarebam moitana. Tavisi mosazrebebis dasadastureblad, Sua saukuneebis sabWoTa da `arasabWoTa~ mkvlevrebs Soris, aboSaZes mohyavs iohan huizingas wigni `Sua saukuneebis Semodgoma~, romelSic naCvenebia, rom bavSvebis siyvaruli SesaZlebeli gaxda medicinis ganviTarebis Semdeg, rodesac bavSvTa lamis 100%-iani sikvdilianoba Semcirda. magram ase danaxuli istoria sulac ar aris gza bednierebisa da sasufevlisaken: teqnikis ganviTareba SiSsac ucvlis bunebas: SiSi, romelic sakuTar usafrTxoebasTanaa dakavSirebuli epidemiebis, atomuri omis, globaluri daTbobis mimarT SiSi globaluri xdeba. teqnika erTi mxriv yoveldRiurobas `wmends~ SiSisagan da, meore mxriv, SiSis globalizacias axdens. aboSaZis azriT, viTareba reversuli gaxda Sua saukuneebTan SedarebiT: Tuki `im dros~ yoveldRiuri SiSi sakuTari arsebobis Sewyvetis mimarT iyo sayovelTao, xolo siyvaruli, megobroba, si58

Zulvili, solidaroba erTeulebis xvedri, dRes SiSi globaluri safrTxeebis winaSe erTeulebis xvedria, xolo umravlesoba grZnobebis da emociebis mravalferovnebaSia gaxveuli ise, rom globalur SiSebs verc amCnevs da arc sjera. Tumca, ambobs aboSaZe, sainformacio da ganaTlebis sistemebi (romlebic aseve uxvad iyeneben da Tavadac warmoadgenen teqnikas) yvelafers akeTebs imisaTvis, rom globaluri SiSi kvlav lokalurad da yoveldRiurad, sayovelTaod aqcion media-saganmanaTleblo saSualebebiT imdenad farTod Suqdeba epidemiebi da globaluri daTboba. es metaforaa, magram rogorc Cans, SiSi `ibrZvis~, rom kvlav sayovelTao da yoveldRiur emociad iqces (gv.145). ras niSnavs teqnikis ganviTarebiT motanili emociebis reversia da ukureversia? Cveni arsebobis SiSze damyarebulobis gardauvalobas Tu piriqiT SiSis racionalizaciis SesaZleblobas, davcaloT is emociurobisgan da amiT Cveni samyaro gonebaze davafuZnoT? kiTxulobs avtori. Tumca, mas ar aqvs am kiTxvaze pasuxi. wigni am kiTxvaze SesaZlo pasuxebis analiziT mTavrdeba (gv.150-200). am pasuxebis ganxilvas axla ar Sevudgebi. ubralod davamateb, rom Cvens droSi cxadi gaxda filosofosebis naazrevis gardauvali kavSiri maT socialur da emociur garemosTan. sruliad SesaZlebelia, rom sazogadoebis SiSze damyarebis idea aboSaZes sakuTarma garemom ukarnaxa cnobilia, ramdenad iyo gamjdari SiSi sabWoTa moqalaqeebSi da ramdenad uwyobda xels sabWoTa
59

mTavroba am SiSis institucionalizacias). magram, es sulac ar niSnavs, rom aboSaZis daskvnebi arasworia. yovel SemTxvevaSi, teqnikis ganviTarebis kavSiri emociebis reversulobasa da ukureversulobasTan, aseve, SiSis de-emocionalizaciasa da re-emocionalizaciasTan sainteresod, Tumca, zedmetad inteleqtualurad meCveneba.

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namdvili kino
(konstantine TavaZe, `namdvili kino~. gamomcemloba `arturi~. Tbilisi, 2004).

bevri wigni arsebobs kinos semiotikasa da kinos mier warmoqmnil semantikur velebze. TavaZis wigni arc kinos semantikazea, arc kinos semiotikaze, arc kinos sociologiaze da arc kinos ekonomikaze. `realuri kino~ literaturis Janrs ufro miekuTvneba, vidre kvlevas. magram swored am literaturad yofnis gamo is Zalian sainteresoa da kinos Sesaxeb axal codnas Tu ara, axal xedvas mainc gvTavazobs. Tumca es xedva sulac ar aris saxarbielo CvenTvis kinos mayureblebisa da moyvarulebisaTvis. TavaZe aristoteles `poetikis~ ganxilviT iwyebs. mkiTxvels gavaxseneb, rom aristoteles `esTetikas~ ori nawili aqvs `poetika~ da `ritorika~. `poetikis~ pirveli nawili dramis saxes tragedias aRwers da ambobs, rom tragediis amocanaa adamianis ganwmenda (berZn. `kaTarzis~ ganwmenda) Zlieri emociebisagan, magaliTad, iseTisagan, rogorc mwuxareba da SiSia. es ganwmenda miiRweva msaxiobis warmodgenili Zlieri emociebis mayureblis mier gaziarebiT da TanagancdiT. poetikis~ meore nawili, romelic dramis meore
61

saxes komedias exeboda, dakargulia. saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi is upovneli ganZi da mwerlebis STagonebis wyaro iyo (mag. umberto ekos `vardis saxelis~ siuJeti saabatos biblioTekaSi biblioTekari xorxes [romlis prototipi borxesia] mier damaluli `poetikis~ meore nawilis garSemo viTardeba). TavaZe ambobs, rom mas SeuZlia aristoteles `poetikis~ meore nawilis aRdgena: Tuki tragedia mayureblis mxridan Tanagancdazea da, Sedegad, Zlieri emociebisagan ganwmendazea orientirebuli, komedia scenaze gaSlili emociebisagan distancirebisa da axali gancdebiT avsebisken, gamdidrebisken, `enestotasisken~ unda iyos mimarTuli (aq TavaZe cdilobs kaTarzisis Sesabamisi, sapirispiro konotaciis matarebeli sityva Semoitanos: berZnuli (avseba)). grZnobebisagan distancireba~ imitom, rom komediaSi scenaze gaSlili moqmedeba isea naCvenebi, rom iwvevs im grZnobebisgan gaucxoebas, romelTa manifestaciasac personaJebi axdenen: personaJebic da grZnobebic sasaciloebi arian. xolo axali grZnobebiT avseba xdeba imitom, rom mayurebeli, scnobs ra Tavis Tavs scenaze myof personaJSi da, gansakuTrebiT, mis gancdebSi, meti yuradRebiT akvirdeba sakuTar Tavs yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi da cdilobs ar iyos iseTi, rogorc scenaze nanaxi personaJi. Sedegad, misi grZnoba da samyaros aRqma primitiulisgan rTuli, xolo zedapirulisgan da tradiciis saSualebiT ukritikod miRebulisgan, Rrma da gaazrebuli xdeba. maSasadame, askvnis
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TavaZe, aristoteles `poetikis~ meore nawilSi unda eTqva, rom komedia siuJetSi gadmocemuli grZnobebisgan mayureblis gaucxoebisken, axali, Rrma grZnobebiT avsebisken (enestotasisken) da, Sesabamisad, mayureblis ganswavlisken, emociuri gamdidrebisa da dabrZenebiskenaa mimarTuli. amis Semdeg TavaZe kinos, rogorc xelovnebis axali fenomenis, ganxilvas iwyebs: yvela xelovneba TviTprezentaciisas imave sivrces iyenebs, romelSic mayureblebi arseboben. mxatvroba am SemTxvevaSi gamonaklisi ar aris: tilos an kedlis erTi ganzomileba sinamdvileSi sulac ar aris aseTi, radgan zedapiris sami ganzomilebis damuSavebiT miiReba is sivrculi efeqtebi, rasac naxats vuwodebT. kino gansxvavebulia: is Cvens ganzomilebebs proeqciisaTvis iyenebs da, Sesabamisad, mayurebelsa da ekranze mimdinare moqmedebas Soris gaucxoebas warmoSobs. scenidan kinoSi ver Sexval. naxats SeiZleba xeli mohkido, daaziano da Secvalo. kinoekranis Camoxevis SemTxvevaSic ki kino Sens xelze gaagrZelebs proecirebas. amitom, ambobs TavaZe, kino erTaderTi xelovnebaa, romelic teqnikurad Seicavs gaucxoebis da distancirebis struqturas. Sesabamisad, is Tavisi arsiT aris is, rac aristoteles [TavaZis azriT] unda eTqva komediis Sesaxeb: kino Tavisi struqturiT da prezentaciis wesiT aris mzad imisaTvis, rom moiqces, rogorc [TavaZis arstoteliseuli] komedia gaaucxoos mayurebeli sakuTari grZnobebisgan, daafiqros masze da Sedegad ufro brZeni da Rrma, araerTmniSvnelovani da arazeda63

piruli grZnobebis matarebel mayureblad iqces. magram yvela kino da yvela kinoreJisori, ra Tqma unda, ar iyenebs kinos am SesaZleblobasa da isev klasikur, aristoteleseuli azriT, tragedias awarmoebs: TavaZe amtkicebs, rom kinoebisa da reJisorebis umetesoba orientirebulia mayureblis Tanagancdaze da kaTarzisze. erTi SexedviT, gamonaklisi kinokomediebia, magram Zalian cota kinokomediaa iseTi [TavaZis azriT, erT-erTi da yvelaze mniSvnelovani gamonaklisi vudi alenis filmebia], romelSic mayurebelma SeiZleba enestotasi ganicados: kinoSi Tavisi Tavi da grZnobebi dainaxos da amitom gauucxovdes ekranze mimdinare moqmedebebsac da grZnobebsac, romelsac ekranze akvirdeba. TavaZe amtkicebs, rom kinos warmoSobamde tragedia kaTarzisis funqcias atarebda, xolo komedia enestotasisas. Zmebi lumierebis gamogonebis Semdeg, mas Semdeg, rac mayureblis `scenisagan~ teqnikuri distancireba gaxda SesaZlebeli enestotasi kinos teqnikuri [da amitom eqskluziuri] maxasiaTebeli gaxda. es msjeloba pirvel 80 gverdzea gadmocemuli. amis Semdeg iwyeba `realuri kinos~ TavaZiseuli Teoriis moyola: namdvili kino aris mxolod is, romelic mayurebels sakuTar grZnobebTan da warmodgenebTan distancirebas aiZulebs: anu kino, romelic aCvenebs, Tu ra dgas umsjelobebis, yoveldRiuri warmodgenebisa da grZnobebis, istoriebis, isteriebis da urTierTobebis miRma. TavaZis azriT, aseTi kino cotaa, radgan kinoebis
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umetesobas tradiciuli, tragikuli, ganmwmendi siuJetebi gadaaqvs ekranze (e.w. action movie-ebic am klasifikaciaSi xvdeba). maqsimumi, rasac aseTi kinowarmoeba aRwevs kaTarzisia, anu, dacla vnebebisgan da grZnobebis gancda/ukan motoveba. rasac kinoebis umravlesoba ver aRwevs, enestotasia kinos saSualebiT sakuTar TavSi napovni grZnobebisa da warmodgenebis gadafaseba da axali, ufro mdidari da mravalganzomilebiani warmodgena-gancdebiT avseba. enestotasis miRweva ki mxolod im kinoebs SeuZliaT, romlebic aramarto asaxaven ekranze im grZnobebsa da warmodgenebs, romlebSic mayurebeli sakuTar Tavs cnobs, aramed am grZnobebis da warmodgenebis `anatomirebasac~ ewevian. es ki, TavaZis TqmiT, ironiiT miiRweva. ironia, rogorc kirkegori ambobda, sinamdvilesTan gaucxoeba da misi gverdidan Wvreta. TavaZis TqmiT, sakmaod bevr reJisors aqvs gadaRebuli enestotasis gamomwvevi erTi filmi mainc. TavaZe CamoTvlis am reJisorebs da maT filmebs arCevs kaTarzis-enestotasis TvalsazrisiT. am reJisorebis siaSi arian: orson uelsi (moqalaqe keini~ TavaZis azriT, enestotasis yvelaze aSkara, SeiZleba ukve cotaTi vulgaruli magaliTi), alfred hiCkoki (fsiqo~, `frinvelebi~ sadac SiSis grZnobis anatomireba xdeba), maikl lei (vera dreiki~ sikeTis da keTili saqmis gansxvavebuli gageba sazogadoebis sxvadasxva fenaSi da am dauZlevlobis gadaulaxaobis aucilebeli tragikuli Sedegebi [sxvadasxvanairi, magram mainc]
65

orive mxarisaTvis), mixael haineke (TeTri bafTa~ da `protestantuli~ simkacris da momTxovnelobis sasacilooba, araadekvaturoba, rasac am simkacris matarebeli sazogadoebis pativcemuli wevrebi danaSaulis verdanaxvamde da dafarvamde mihyavs), klint istvudi (Cveni mamebis droSebi~, `werilebi ivo jimadan~ ra dgas gmirobis oficialuri aRiarebis ukan da ramdenad SesaZlebelia aRiarebuli gmiroba), pedro almadovari (yvelaferi dedaCemis Sesaxeb~, `Sewyvetili xvevna~ siyvarulis socialuri pirobiToba da misi CarTuloba yoveldRiurobis warmoebis meqanizmSi), federiko felini (8 1/2~, `orkestris repeticia~, `kabirias Rameebi~ da wminda, bavSvuri survilebis, swrafvebis da ocnebebis ganxorcielebis saxifaTo Sedegebi). am cnobili reJisorebisa da maTi filmebis garda, TavaZe konosmoyvare farTo sazogadoebisaTvis ucnob ramdenime sxva reJisorsac asaxelebs. bolosken TavaZis wigni cotaTi mosawyeni xdeba, imdenad skulpurozulad aanalizebs sxvadasxva films. sabolood, is midis daskvnamde, rom Zalian cota kinoze SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom misi yurebiT enestotasi miiRweva. kinoebis umetesoba kaTarzissa da enestotass Soris gaWimul skalazea moTavsebuli. mkiTxveli fxizldeba, roca wignis bolo Tavs miadgeba. am Tavis saTauria `rogor ironizireben reJisorebi mayureblebze da rogor aCveneben Tavs kaTarzisis mwarmoeblebad~. am TavSi TavaZe kidev erTxel ubrundeba aristoteles da ambobs, rom
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imis gamo, rom `poetikis~ komediisadmi miZRvnili nawili daikarga, enestotasuri xelovneba, kaTarzisuli xelovnebisagan gansxvavebiT, veranairad ver damyarda, ver moikida fexi msoflio sazogadoebaSi. Sedegad, jer kidev da gansakuTrebiT, kinos warmoSobis Semdeg, enestotasuri xelovneba naxevrad legaluria da Cveni sazogadoebis eTosidan gamomdinare, misi mimdevroba ifareba reJisorebis mier: reJisorebi (zogi cnobierad, zogic gaucnobiereblad) cdiloben damalon sakuTari enestotasuri xelovneba. am mosazrebis dasamtkiceblad TavaZes im reJisorebTan interviuebi da sajaro gamosvlebi mohyavs, romlebic, misi azriT, enestotasur xelovnebas qmnian. me ar movyvebi am analizs srulad is sakmaod maxvilgonivrulia da Rirs wakiTxvad, im SemTxvevaSic ki, mTlianad wigns Tu ar waikiTxavT. mxolod or magaliTze minda SevCerde: pirvelia federiko felinis interviu `orkestris repeticiis~ Sesaxeb. felini ambobs, rom diriJoris rolze yvelaze ufro ara- da antisulieri garegnobis, qvena grZnobebis vizualuri manifestatori SearCia, rom cxadi gamxdariyo diqtatorebis adgili da roli sazogadoebaSi. sinamdvileSi, wers TavaZe, `orkestris repeticia~ uaRresad enestotasuria aCvenebs ra, Tu rogor SeiZleba Cveulebrivi, rutinuli urTierToba, romelic Cveulebrivad warmoSobili grZnobebis da vnebebis fonze viTardeba, erTi mxriv, damangrevlad da, meore mxriv, erTi personisadmi srul daqvemdebarebad iqces. iseve, rogor ar gvicavs
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araferi, arc statusi, arc ganaTleba, arc suliereba, arc inteleqtualoba gacnobierebulad miviRoT gadawyvetileba, rom sxvebi unda daviqvemdebaroT da vmarToT. meore ambavi pedro almadovaris `Sewyvetil xvevnas~ (2009) exeba. es kino, iseve, rogorc almadovaris filmebis umetesoba, radikaluri, cinizmamde ironiulia: kino gviyveba brma reJisorze, romelic yvelafris miuxedavad (sayvareli qalis sikvdili, sibrmave, gadaRebuli masalis gaqroba da a.S.) amTavrebs sakuTari kinos montaJs da imarjvebs sakuTar `bedze~. sruliad kaTarzisuli filmia, filmis prologi rom ara: filmis dasawyisSi mTavari gmiri ambobs, rom sibrmave misi rolia da filmis pirvel kadrebSi iqceva, rogorc absoluturad Tvalxiluli adamiani. misi mxedveloba momdevno kadrebSic aSkaraa, magram reJisori advilad fuTavs am `xedvas~ orazrovnebebSi. `Sewyvetili xvevnis~ Sesaxeb interviuebSi 2009 wlis kanis festivalze almadovari ambobda, rom man es filmi sakuTari SiSebis dasaZlevad gadaiRo, rom mas eSinia sibrmavis da amiT cdilobs sakuTari Tavi gadalaxos. almadovarma enestotasuri kino gadaiRo, magram [albaT dResac] amtkicebs, rom misi filmi kaTarzisulia. es bolo Tavi aseTi maxvilgonivruli daskvnebiTaa savse. am wignis wakiTxva namdvilad Rirs. magram me mainc mgonia, rom am wignSi ori wignia gaerTianebuli: pirveli exeba `poetikis~ komediis nawilis rekonstruqcias, xolo meore kinos rols Tanamedrove adamianis aRqmisa da cxovrebis
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sistemaSi. merCivna ori wigni (mag. `aristoteles `komediis~ sruli rekonstruqcia~ da `reJisorebis ironiis Sesaxeb~) wamekiTxa. Tumca, ramdenad wavikiTxavdi pirvels meoris Semdeg, an piriqiT, ar var darwmunebuli.

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romani enis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb

(Salva absanZe, `deteqtivi 1~. gamomcemloba `bagrati~. quTaisi, 1998)

ucnauria, magram am wignze wera sruliad banaluri istoriiT unda daviwyo. es istoria iseTia, rom Salva absanZec da `deteqtivi 1~-c Cemi mogonili literaturuli mistifikacia SeiZleba gegonoT. magram, mogexsenebaT, cxovrebaze ufro banaluri ram Zneli warmosadgenia. amiT da ara scenaristebis uniWobiT aixsneba pornografiuli filmebis scenarebis mosawyenoba, rogorc slavoi JiJeki ambobs. es romani amas winaT aRmovaCine sardafSi migdebul erT-erT yuTSi. parlamentSi muSaobas rom Tavi davanebe 1999 wels, am yuTiT, samuSao oTaxSi rom mqonda, is nivTebi wamoviRe. mas mere arc Camixedavs SigniT. wigni TeTr (ukve siyviTleSeparul) gauxsnel konvertSi ido. maSin Zalian bevr korespondencias viRebdi da yvelas naxvas ubralod ver vaswrebdi, davxedavdi konverts da sadme kuTxeSi mivagdebdi gauxsnelad. kargi iqneboda, es wigni maSin wamekiTxa, roca gamomigzavnes. maSin, wina saukunis bolos, is marTlac saintereso iqneboda. mas mere aT welze meti gavida da qarTulma literaturam aramarto gaiara is safexuri, romelzec `deteqtivi 1~ dgas, aramed kargad gadauswro ki70

dec. gansakuTrebiT nene kvinikaZis da zaza burWulaZis nayofieri muSaobis Sedegad. samwuxarod, am wignis verc wamkiTxavi vnaxe da verc gamomcemeli. Tumca, quTaisis universitetis reqtoris, giorgi onianis, daxmarebiT didxans veZebdi gamomcemelsac da avtorsac. erTaderTi, rac aRmovaCine Tbilisis universitetis gazeTis literaturul damatebaSi 1999 wels (Tu ar meSleba N7) aris gamoqveynebuli recenzia `deteqtivi 1~-ze vinme aleqsandre gorgaZis avtorobiT. magram, samwuxarod, zaza faCuaSvilma, romelic maSin am gazeTis redaqtori iyo, ver gaixsena, vin aris gorgaZe an ra gziT miiRo es teqsti gamosaqveyneblad. miuxedavad imisa, rom amJamad am wigns mxolod istoriuli mniSvneloba aqvs, mainc gTavazobT mis mokle mimoxilvas. iqneb literaturis istorikosebs mainc gamoadgeT. romanis mTavari gmiria pornografiuli romanebis cnobili mwerali. morig romanze muSaobisas is aRmoaCens, rom ver rCeba erotikuli Janris CarCoebSi. teqsti xan deteqtiur siuJetSi gadaizrdeba, xan cnobierebis nakadSi aRmoCndeba Cavardnili, xan kidev fantastikis elementebi epareba. romanze uSedego wvalebidan yoveldRiurobaSi dabrunebis Semdeg irkveva, rom mweralma konkretuli situaciis Sesabamisad laparakis unaric dakarga; is mezoblebSi sakuTar erotikul sizmrebze msjelobs, gamomcemelTan saubrisas bavSvobas ixsenebs, ZmakacebTan ki farul homoseqsualur survilebze laparakobs da ase Semdeg.
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ucnauri isaa, rom Sinagani diskomfortis miuxedavad, mwerlis socialuri cxovreba garegnulad igivea: sazogadoebidan mosalodneli gariyvis magivrad, mwerali aRmoaCens, rom masTan damokidebuleba ar icvleba. ar Seicvleba maSinac, rodesac soflidan Camosul naTesavebs aRfrTovanebiT waukiTxavs sakuTari romanis yvelaze erotikul monakveTs. romanis yvelaze saintereso, magram naklebad ostaturi nawili am iumoristul-banaluri Tavebis Semdeg iwyeba. laparakis mouTokavobis gamo mwerali sxvadasxva situaciaSi vardeba. enebis TviTneburi cvla exmareba mas, dainaxos da gaigos is, rasac adre, sanam enas akontrolebda, ver amCnevda. igi moulodnelad aRmoaCens sakuTar garemocvaSi moulodneli seqsualuri fantaziis mqone qals. aseve moulodnelad aRmoCndeba mTavrobisadmi radikalurad ganwyobil jgufSi da, amave dros, seqsualur umciresobaTa damcveli sazogadoebis wevri. mwerali xvdeba, rom garemo da samyaro ki ar imuSaveben maTTvis Sesabamis enas, aramed ena imuSavebs da, Sesabamisad, irgebs garemos. mwerali Tavs irwmunebs, rom unikaluri gamocdilebis mflobelia. borxesis zogierTi personaJis msgavsad, ijerebs, rom amis unari mas jer dauwereli wignis dawerisaTvis mieca. axali romanis weris dros mwerali mixvdeba, rom SesaZlebelia saxifaTo situaciaSi moxvdes: siuJeti, romelSic is jer ar moxvedrila da romelSic albaT moxvdeba, aris deteqtivi. is agrZelebs romanis weras, magram socialur urTierTobebSi
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Zalian frTxilia cdilobs, ar moeqces saeWvo situaciebSi, romelic mas gamomZieblad, msxverplad an damnaSaved gadaaqcevs. romanis werisas mwerali rwmundeba, rom is TviTon qmnis samyaros, romelSic cxovrobs, magram am samyaros aklia mTavari elementebi danaSauli da sasjeli. is cdilobs, danaSauli da sasjeli Caanacvlos danaSaulisa da sasjelis grZnobiT, iwyebs aRsarebaze siaruls, moxvdeba fsiqoanalitikosTan, daumegobrdeba fsiqoTerapevts, magram amiT mis mier Seqmnili samyaro pornografiuli teqstis farglebs Tavs ver aRwevs. danaSaulis grZnoba mazoxistur seqsualurobaSi, xolo sasjelis survili partniorTan sadistur damokidebulebaSi gadadis. teqstis am nawilSi mwerali gaurbis im stils, romlis dabrunebiskenac iswrafvoda `deteqtivi 1~-is dasawyisSi. sabolood, mwerali iZulebulia TviTon Caidinos danaSauli, mkvleloba, romlis motivic yvelaferia, dawyebuli bavSvobis CaxSuli survilebiT, damTavrebuli herostrates kompleqsiT. `deteqtivi 1~-is dasasruli gadmocemulia imave teqstiT, romliTac iwyeba romani teqstiT, romelSic pornografia, deteqtivi da cnobierebis nakadi erTmaneTSi ireva. romani sainteresod ikiTxeba. magram pirveli nawilis msubuqi stili naklebad hgavs meore nawilis apokalifsur da rTul Txrobas. aSkaraa, rom am teqstSi ori romanis masalaa Tavmoyrili, rac udavod siZneles Seuqmnida mkiTxvels. romanis avtoris maxvilgonierebas bevri monak73

veTi miuTiTebs. magaliTad anasTan (dauokebeli seqsualuri fantaziis mqone qalTan) urTierTobisas enis ukontroloba (I nawili, Tavi IV) aSkara seqsualur Sinaarss iZens. seqsualuri aqti enis gamoyenebiT iqceva metaforad, romelic protagonistis `sulier~ mdgomareobas aRwers. romani gajerebulia saqarTvelos uaxlesi istoriis politikuri aluziebiT, Tumca, meore nawili namdvilad dostoevskis `aCrdilia~; meore nawili SeiZleba gavigoT, rogorc dostoevskis literaturuli biografia, romelic markiz de sadiseuli gulaxdili sizustiT aris gadmocemuli. aseve aSkaraa blumis gavlena III TavSi (I nawili), sadac sakuTari `xvedriT~ jer kidev dabneuli mwerali cdilobs, literaturul stilebs aRreva qarTuli literaturul process daukavSiros. rac Seexeba qarTuli literaturis wina saukunis bolodroindel kvals: citirebebi gvxvdeba rogorc reaqtiuli poeziidan (II Tavi, romelSic mwerali mezoblebTan saubrisas `goCas da xviCas~ cnobil teqsts iyenebs) aseve `daTo barbaqaZis Jurnalidanac~ (XX saukunis bolos garkveul wreebSi popularuli avangarduli Jurnali). klasikidan xSirad gamoiyeneba aleqsandre yazbegis Temebi da dialogebi. SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom avtori zarmacobs da sasurvel Sedegs ukve arsebuli masalisa da Temebis SezavebiT aRwevs. aseve aSkaraa samxreTamerikuli literaturis gavlenac, rac saerTod, nebismier posttotalitarul literaturas axasiaTebs. vfiqrob, rom is adgilebi, sadac es gavlena igrZnoba (mag., rodesac
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mwerali, borxesis zogierTi personaJis msgavsad, ijerebs, rom gansakuTrebuli xedvis unari mas jer dauwereli wignis dawerisaTvis mieca) wignis yvelaze ugemovnod da arasaWiro stilizaciaze pretenziiT dawerili Tavia. `deteqtivi 1~ XX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi rom daweriliyo, namdvilad mniSvnelovani literaturuli movlena iqneboda. is rom XX saukunis meore naxevarSi gamxdariyo cnobili, namdvilad Seitanda sakuTar wvlils Tanamedrove qarTuli literaturis ganviTarebaSi. dRes is XX saukunis literaturisa da literaturis Teoriis anareklia. im literaturis arcTu warmatebuli anarekli, romlis warmomadgenlebi arian viani, mileri, borxesi, kasaveeda da kidev bevri sxva. aseve cxadia, rom avtori kargad icnobs Tanamedrove `filosofias~. gansakuTrebiT neofroidizms (lakans) da misgan gamomdinare fsiqoanalizs. magram avtoris survili, Teoria literaturaSi gadaitanos, xSirad adekvaturad ganxorcielebuli ar aris. romanis naklia isic, rom meore nawili zedmetad sqematuria, amitom pirvel nawilSi dialogebis stilebis ostaturi cvliT miRweuli simsubuqe ikargeba. yovelive zemoTqmulis miuxedavad, `deteqtivi 1~ gamocemis dros 1998 wels rom gamxdariyo mkiTxvelebis sakuTreba, ukeTesi iqneboda. dRes ki ufro is aris saintereso, ratom ar gavrcelda es romani da ratom var am romanis faqtobrivad erTaderTi egzemplaris mflobeli.

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iSviaTi da gadaSenebis piras myofi ideologiebi

(nino deviaSvili, `nakrZali~. gamomcemloba `xidi~. Telavi, 2000).

es wigni socialuri utopiaa. SeiZleba zogi ar dameTanxmos da Tqvas, rom is ufro antiutopiaa. me ase ar vfiqrob, magram am romanis tipologia mainc mkiTxvelisaTvis mimindia. Tumca, Tuki socialuri utopia aRwers a) SeuZlebel viTarebas; b) viTarebas, rodesac mogvarebulia Cvens garemoSi arsebuli gadauWreli problemebi, maSin `nakrZali~ ufro utopia gamodis. wigni iwyeba saprotesto demonstraciis aRweriT, romelic nel-nela `pogromSi~ gadaizrdeba. moqmedeba lapihagenSi (gamogonili saxeli, romelic erTi mxriv guliveris mogzaurobas, xolo meore mxriv daniur socializms da kopenhagenis ganapiras mdebare qristianias gvagonebs) xdeba. rogorc wesia, modis policia da zedmetad aqtiur tipebs apatimrebs. policias mohyvebian saremonto brigadebi, isini iwyeben damtvreulis aRdgenas da a.S. Semdegi siuJeti binaSi viTardeba, sadac Tineijerebi Sekrebilan. aRwerili moqmedeba cotaTi Tu gansxvavdeba keruakis 1945 wels dawerili romanis scenebisgan.
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Semdegi moxucebis dialogia, sadac isini erTmaneTs uziareben sakuTar kmayofilebas, rom `aq~ gadawyvites mosvla jer kidev didi xnis winaT. rom ara es fraza da maTi ramdenime winadadeba axalgazrdobaSi miRebul gadwyvetilebaze, sruli STabeWdileba iqmneba, rom isini keTilmowyobil moxucebulTa TavSesafarSi imyofebian. momdevno scena axalgazrdebi seqsis Semdeg. laparakia sxva qalaqSi gadasvlis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis miRebaze kacs unda, qali ki ewinaaRmdegeba. erTi SexedviT Cveulebrivi dialogi sacxovrebeli qalaqis gamocvlis Sesaxeb. kacis argumentebi Semdegia: usafrTxoeba, xvalindel dReSi darwmunebuloba, Sansi gazardon bavSvebi rogorc undaT, drois didi nawili maT dauTmon da ase Semdeg. qali ki eubneba, rom es garedan Cans ase, Torem xom viciT, rom iq gadasulebs erTmaneTi Zalian male bezrdebaTo. am arguments qali amatebs umizno da gamowvevebis gareSe cxovrebis uinteresobas, razec kaci pasuxobs, rom ar arsebobs cxovreba gamowvevebis gareSe. amis pasuxad qalis replikiT ra, saprotesto lozungis mofiqrebas gulisxmob Tu qilerobas? es scena mTavrdeba. ramdenime aTeuli aseTi rutinuli scenaa aRwerili. SeiZleba zogierTi rutinuli arc aris, magram yovel scenaSi aris mcire gaurkvevloba `gadasvlasTan~ an `sadRac yofnasTan~ dakavSirebiT. aseve, aris ramdenime scena, sadac `dabrunebaze~ da am dabrunebis sirTuleebzea laparaki. aRwerili viTarebebi odnav cxadi xdeba saparlamento debatebis aRwerisas, romelic rezerva77

ciis gauqmebas exeba. `daxurvis~ momxreebis argumentia is, rom rezervaciaSi yofnis msurvelebis ricxvi izrdeba, `gareT~ myofebisa ki mcirdeba, rasac upirispirdeba statistikiT dasabuTebuli mosazreba, rom rezervacia jerac dadebiTad moqmedebs ekonomikis ganviTarebaze da qveynis bednierebis indeqsze. Semdegi scenaa gakveTili skolaSi, sadac sazogadoebis mowyobazea laparaki. irkveva, rom lapihagenSi arsebobs rezervacia, sadac nebismier msurvels SeuZlia gadavides sacxovreblad da uzrunvelad gaataros iq mTeli sicocxle. erTaderTi, rac iq gadasvlis msurvelebs evalebaT, socialuri moZraobis warmoebaa. bundovania, ras niSnavs es valdebuleba. cxadia, rom rezervacia raRac didi `haid-parkis~ msgavsia, oRond sakuTari (garedan~ Sesuli, magram mainc) ekonomikiT da socialuri struqturiT. sainteresoa am qveynis saskolo ganaTlebis struqtura: bavSvebi erTsa da imave skolaSi dadian skolebi yvelganaa, rogorc rezervaciaSi, aseve, mis gareT. saswavlo gegma unificirebulia. skolis damTavrebis Semdeg mozardi TviTon iRebs gadawyvetilebas, sad unda cxovreba. Tumca, rogorc wesi, am gadawyvetilebas lapihagenis mcxovreblebi 30 wlamde ar iReben. Semdegi scena isev demonstraciaa. oRond policielebis TvaliT danaxuli ori maRalCinosnis saubridan irkveva, rom es `isev~ rezervaciidan gamosuli talRaa, rom am bolo dros `raRac imata~ am gamosvlebma da rom policia nel-nela, marTa78

lia, jerjerobiT SeumCnevlad, magram mainc kontrols kargavs. mTel wignSi aseTi naxevrad bundovani aRwerebi da miniSnebebia. Cans, rezervacia Seqmnilia socialuri moZraobebisaTvis, romelSic socialurad aqtiuri xalxi cxovrobs, xolo rezervaciis gareT mosaxleoba sxva `Cveulebrivi~ saqmeebiTaa dakavebuli. Cans isic, rom raRac periodi es rezervacia warmatebiT funqcionirebda rogorc SigniT, aseve gareT. bolo dros ki daiwyo `gareT~ gamoxeTqva da arsebuli wesrigi Seirya. sainteresoa rezervaciis SigniT da gareT arsebuli wesebi: magaliTad, SigniT yvelaferia daSvebuli mkvlelobebis CaTvliT, oRond, mkvlelma sasamarTloze unda daasabuTos, rom es mkvleloba (an, nebismieri darRveva/danaSauli) ideologiuri mosazrebiTaa Cadenili da ara grZnobis an angarebis gamo. Tuki mkvlelma (kanondamrRvevma) es daasabuTa, mas aTavisufleben, Tu arada (rezervaciis mosamarTleebs doqtoris ori xarisxi aqvT socialur mecnierebebsa da iurisprudenciaSi), rezervaciis gareT samarTaldamcavebs gadascemen da isini `Cveulebrivi~ kanonebiT asamarTleben. rezervaciaSi TavianTi gmirebi da antigmirebi hyavT. mag., erT-erTi gmiria 70 wlis andre, romelmac 23 kaci mokla, magram yvela sasamarTloze daasabuTa, rom es mkvleloba ideologiuri SeuTavseblobis Sedegi iyo. cxadia, inteleqtualoba rezervaciaSi TviTgadarCenis mniSvnelovani instrumentia. unda vTqva, rom am wignis wakiTxva namdvilad
79

Rirs: raRaciT is gvagonebs `iuruli periodis parks~, Tumca, amave dros, SeiZleba aRviqvaT, rogorc parodia Tanamedrove demokratiebze; parodia im zRvarze, romelic gavlebulia gamoxatvis Tavisuflebasa da saxelmwifos usafrTxoebas Soris. magram, amave dros, es wigni ufro Rrma problemasac exeba. pirobiTad am problemas inteleqtualobis fasi SeiZleba davarqvaT. wignSi mTavari SekiTxvaa: sanamde unda da SeiZleba gavyveT Sinagani samyaros SenarCunebis gzas? es kiTxva Zalian popularuli iyo XX saukunis 60-ian wlebSi, magram vfiqrob, axlac ar kargavs aqtualobas.

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Jirafebi
(zurab kaxniaSvili, `Jirafebi~. fiusis presi. Tbilisi dar es salaami, 2001).

es ar aris Jirafebze dawerili zoologis, eTologis an eTnografis wigni. am wignis avtori Cveulebrivi mweralia, romelic gviyveba ambebs Jirafebis Sesaxeb zogs wakiTxuls, zogs mosmenils, zogs misi afrikaSi mogzaurobisas nanaxs. magram mTavari am wignis saTauria SeiZleba es avtoris mier gamoTqmuli survilia an mistifikacia, magram wignis garekani, ufro sworad ki wignis seriis saxelwodeba interesis aRmZvrelia; seriis saTauri, romlis erTaderTi wignic jerjerobiT zurab kaxniaSvilis `Jirafebia~ ase JRers `cxovelebi sizmrebis samyarodan~. im ambebs, gansakuTrebiT ki imaT Soris, romlebic avtorma afrikaSi moismina, ra Tqma unda, bevria miTi Jirafebis monawileobiT: maTi warmoSoba, maTi wvlili samyaros SeqmnaSi isic ki, sadac xuTi Jirafis tanzea dedamiwa ganlagebuli. es `sayrdeni~ Jirafebi maRali kisrebidan dagvyureben da, roca saWiroa, erevian zogjer maTi rbili nestoebidan nazi daberviT da Cvens sizmrebSi SemosvliT, zogjer ki uxeSi CareviT, okeaneebis

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azvirTebiTa da Cvens yoveldRiurobaSi bunebrivi katastrofebis SemoWriT. magram aseTi an msgavsi ambebi xom yvela cxovelzea, visTanac ki adamians Sexeba hqonia dedamiwis yvela kuTxeSi movismenT miTebs cxovelebis monawileobaze SesaqmeSi da fizikaSi da SeiZleba am miTebis sruli anTologiac ki SevadginoT bayayebidan spiloebamde. Tuki romelime cxoveli gamogvrCeba, is ki ar unda vivaraudoT, rom maTze miTebi ar arsebobs, aramed is, rom Cven isini daviviwyeT. magram maSin ratom arian Jirafebi gamorCeulebi da maincdamainc maT ratom daikaves am gamocemis realur Tu virtualur seriaSi pirveli adgili? kaxniaSvili ambobs, rom amis erT-erTi mizezi Jirafebis ucnauri, aramiwieri agebulebaa dedamiwaze ver naxav sxva, aseTi uCveulo agebulebisa da, amave dros, aseT graciozul cxovels. amitom, wers avtori, Jirafi mnaxvelze gansakuTrebul, unikalur STabeWdilebas axdens: sadac unda naxoT Jirafi suraTze, televizoris Tu kinos ekranze, anda zooparkSi is ukve Tqveni warmosaxvis ganuyofeli nawili xdeba iwyebs Tqvens cxovrebaSi arsebobas ise, rom amas ver amCnevT. me momewona es wigni, magram bevri laparaki Jirafis gansakuTrebulobaze avtoris gansakuTrebul aRtyinebulobas mivawere da amave azrze davrCebodi, rom ara erTi ambavi: Cemi tanzaniidan Camosvlis Semdeg Cems megobrebs vuyvebodi im cxovelebze, romlebic iq vnaxe da sxvebs Soris Jirafic vaxsene. erTma miTxra Zalian saintereso cxovelia, ra cudia, Tbilisis zooparkSi rom
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aRar ariso. me Tbilisis zooparkTan Cems mravalwlian urTierTobaze dayrdnobiT vupasuxe, rom Tbilisis zooparkSi Jirafi arc arasodes yofila. magram amis Semdeg oTaxSi myofebmac daiwyes imis mtkiceba, rom namdvilad hyavT Jirafi nanaxi Tbilisis zooparkSi. mainc gadavamowme zooparkis direqtorTan es ambavi. Cemi codna dadasturda Tbilisis zooparkSi Jirafebi an Tundac erTi Jirafi arasodes yofila. Semdeg, ubralod, roca SesaZlebloba meZleoda, Cems Tbilisel nacnobebs vekiTxebodi ginaxavT Jirafi? umetesoba dadebiT pasuxs maZlevda da Tan naxvis adgilad Tbilisis zooparks uTiTebda. amis Semdeg gamasxenda kaxniaSvilis wigni da mivxvdi, ris Tqma undoda: CvenSi Cabudebuli survili veurTierToT ucxos yvelaze ufro kargad Jirafis am Tbilisur warmosaxvaSi Cans. Tuki odnavi fantazia gaqvs, Jirafi imdenad saocari, aramiwieri cxovelia, rom Tundac misi suraTis/fotos naxvis Semdeg ukve gesizmreba, rogor moxvdi mis axlomaxlo da rogor uyureb aRfrTovanebiT da gaocebiT. ucnauri damTxvevebis gamo me vipove imis dadastureba, rasac kaxniaSvili intuiturad grZnobda: Jirafis Tvalis mokvris Semdeg isini iwyeben Cvens sizmrebSi cxovrebas da aRarasodes gvtoveben. amiTve SeiZleba aixsnas maTi agebulebis ucnauroba da harmoniuloba: sizmarSi yvelaferi SesaZlebelia. aris sxva axsnac, ufro poeturi, romelsac kaxniaSvili hyveba Tavis wignSi kongoSi gagonili miTis mixedviT: Jirafebi erTaderTi cxovelebi
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arian, romlebmac odesRac romeliRac afrikeli jadoqris Selocvis Sedegad, sizmrebis samyarodan Cvens samyaroSi gadmoinacvles da amis Semdeg mudmivad eZeben ukan dasabrunebel gzas Cvenive sizmrebis gavliT.

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erTi qalaqi
(TinaTin ponia, `erTi qalaqi~. gamomcemloba `saRi azri~. Tbilisi, 2007)

upirveles yovlisa, unda iTqvas, rom es evropuli cnobierebis romania (cnobierebis nakadis teqnikaSi ar agerioT) Zveli problema, romelic jer kidev kus da aqilevsis Sejibrebidan iwyeba, magram yvelaze cxadad frensis bekonma daayena da romelic Cvens SegrZnebebis miRma gausvlelobaze miuTiTebs. am problemis formulireba yvelas gvaxsovs, magram am romanis gacnobisTanave misi moxmoba aucilebelia: yvelaferi, rac vici garemo, adamianebi, movlenebi vici mxolod da mxolod Cemi SegrZnebebis gavliT. rac unda rTuli aparatura movigono, saboloo zRude, romelic miRebulma informaciam unda gadalaxos da gamocdilebad iqces, Cemi SegrZnebebia. Sesabamisad, me verasodes gavigeb, rogoria is, rac Cemi SegrZnebebis miRmaa. metic, me verasodes gavigeb, rogoria danarCeni samyaro im dros, rodesac me konkretul rames vuyureb da aRviqvam; ufro metic me arasodes ar unda viyo darwmunebuli, rom xe, romelsac am wuTSi vuyurebdi, isev xed rCeba, rodesac me mas Tvals vacileb da misgan zurgiT vdgebi. es, ra Tqma unda, logikuri problemaa, romelsac
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adamiani ver Zlevs. da is, rom adamianis cxovreba logikas ar eqvemdebareba da logika sakmaod gvian mofiqrebuli ramaa, am problemis arsebobac cxadyofs: es utyuari logikuri mtkiceba rom yvela adamianma gaiziaros da gaiTavisos, aranairi mecniereba, xelovneba da saerTod aranairi kultura ar iarsebebda; Sesabamisad arc Tqven, vinc am striqonebs kiTxulobT, da arc me, vinc es davwere. romans `erTi qalaqi~ am logikur problemaze agebuli fabula aqvs. oRond logikuri utyuaroba gafarToebulia da erTi subieqtidan erT qalaqzea gadatanili. rogorc romanis siuJetidan irkveva, mTeli samyaro erTi qalaqiT Semoifargleba. Cven varT ara Cven, aramed mravali adamianisa Tu formis erToblioba. qalaqic ar aris erTi, aramed yovelTvis icvlis saxes da wyobas. es cvlilebebi sul erT milion subieqtzea damokidebuli, romelic am qalaqSi cxovrobs. sinamdvileSi TviTmfrinavi afrenis Semdeg isev am qalaqSi jdeba, oRond yvela CvenganisaTvis, Cveni ucnauri nervuli sistemis gamo, es qalaqi is aris, sadac Cven mivemgzavrebiT. Cvens aRqmaSi es cvalebadoba mowesrigebulia Cveni aracnobieri urTierTqmedebs sxvebis aracnobierze da usasrulo SesaZlebel xatebs qmnis. ganviTarebac iqneba es teqnologiis Tu qalaqebis, adamianebisa Tu landSaftebis am aracnobierTa jaWvis gamocdilebis ganviTareba da dagrovebaa. Sesabamisad, sruliad SesaZlebelia, rom Tqveni megobrebi, romlebic sxvadasxva qalaqSi cxovro86

ben, sinamdvileSi erTi da igive subieqtebi iyvnen ubralod, Tqven maT sxvadasxva sivrceSi myofebad aRiqvamT. wigni mkiTxvelebsac gvTavazobs amis dadasturebis tests: Tuki kargad daakvirdebiT Tqvens megobrebs, maT Soris msgavsebas aRmoaCenT. es imitom ki ar xdeba, rogorc bevrs hgonia, rom adamiani daaxloebiT erTnair megobrebs irCevs, aramed imitom, rom yvela sinamdvileSi erTi subieqtia rasobrivi, sqesobrivi Tu sxva gansxvavebebis miuxedavad. wignis gmiri am WeSmaritebas SemTxveviT aRmoaCens. maxvilgonivrulia is moraluri Tu esTetikuri dilemebi, romlebic mis winaSe dgeba: magaliTad, is xedavs, rom misi bavSvobis megobari, misi coli da babua, romelic ramdenime wlis winaT gardaicvala erTi da igive subieqtia. kriteriumi amis dasadgenad martivia unda gadaxedo Sens garemos da daafiqsiro is xalxi, vinc erTad arasodes ginaxavs. didi Sansia, rom yvela erTi da igive subieqti aRmoCndes. am gamocxadebis Semdeg wignis mTavari personaJi (SemTxveviTi araa, rom mas frensis bekoni hqvia, rac wignis mkiTxvels serials `LOST~ axsenebs) srul kolafsSi grZnobs Tavs: aRar SeuZlia normaluri komunikacia, Tavis yovel megobarSi sxvas xedavs da ase Semdeg. axloblebi sagiJeTSi upireben moTavsebas. magram raki frensisis mTeli problema logikisa da garemos urTierTobaSia, misi aRmoCenili suraTi imdenad logikuria, rom verc erTi fsiqiatri, visac is elaparakeba, ver poulobs winaaRmdegobas mis naTqvamSi.
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gamosavals protagonisti TviTonve poulobs rodesac dauSvebs, rom `realuri~ samyaro logikis winaaRmdegia da logika ki ar aris warmmarTveli samyaros mdinarebaSi, aramed piriqiT, logika faravs da niRbavs. amis Semdeg frensisi iwyebs logikis sawinaaRmdegod moqmedebas akavSirebs erTmaneTTan logikis mixedviT daukavSirebels (rogorc movlenebs, aseve adamianebs) da, Sedegad, male Zalian warmatebuli da mdidari xdeba. sainteresoa, ris Tqma unda am wigniT avtors: imis, rom mxolod sagnebis logikis winaaRmdeg siaruliTaa SesaZlebeli warmateba Cvens samyaroSi? iqneb im martivi azrisa, rom warmatebas logika ar aqvs? me mgoni, arc erTis da arc meoris. vfiqrob, es wigni ubralod parodiaa moemis `did getsbize~ da rolanis `finansistze~; aseve yvela im wignze, romlebic finansur Tu sxva raime tipis warmatebas aRwers da cdilobs, fsiqologiuri da onto-fsiqologiuri axsna mouZebnos mas.

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misi Tvalebis zRva, misi smenis udabno

(lela miqaZe, `misi Tvalebis zRva, misi smenis udabno~. gamomcemloba `PHDO~. Tbilisi, 2009.)

am wigns Zalian romantikuli saTauri aqvs da albaT amitomac gaxda popularuli. ver vityvi, rom wignSi romantikuli da saTavgadasavlo araferia. magram saqme is aris, rom am wignis mTavar Temebs Soris arc romantikaa da arc Tavgadasavali. saboloo jamSi es wigni gamocdilebis Sesaxebaa. rogor xdeba gamocdilebis gadacema; ra xdeba am gadacemisas; bolos da bolos, arsebobs Tu ara saerTod gamocdilebis gadacema, rogorc socialuri faqti, Tu is morigi inteleqtualuri miTia; iqneb mxolod gamocdilebis gadacema arsebobs da meti araferi? Tumca, mivyveT wigns Tavidan: moqmedeba postsabWoTa sivrceSi viTardeba. wigni sami nawilisagan Sedgeba. TiToeul nawils sakuTari protagonisti da siuJeti aqvs. siuJetebi ar ikveTeba. principSi, erTi SexedviT, maT saerToc araferi aqvT, aSkara saerTo postsocialisturi background-is garda. pirveli siuJeti politikosis Sesaxebaa, meore Seyvarebulebis urTierTobis, mesame meomrebis. samive siuJets mokled movyvebi, imisaTvis, rom
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cxadi gaxdes, Tu ris Tqma/Cveneba surs miqaZes. rogorc ukve vTqvi, pirveli siuJeti politikoszea. teqstidan irkveva, rom is warmatebuli politikosia Tavis qveyanaSi da mis farglebs gareTac cnobilia Tavisi `politikis xelovnebiT~: yovelTvis SeuZlia dasaxul mizans miaRwios da am gzaze `gonivrul~ msxverplsac ar erideba. romanis pirvel nawilSi misi cxovrebis erTi dRis gadmocema xdeba mis mierve moyolili cxovrebiseuli filosofiis fonze, romelic ucnaurad da odnav primitiulad ki JRers, magram originalurad da `TavisTavadad~ gamoiyureba. Jurnalisti, romelic politikoss dahyveba, audioCanawerebs akeTebs: is cdilobs, respondentis politikosad Camoyalibebis rekonstruqcia moaxdinos, aRweros procesi, Tu rogor da ra pirobebSi SeimuSava politikosma es originaluri xedva da Semdeg rogor gaxda is misi cxovrebisa da moqmedebis safuZveli. siuJetis bolos, reportaJSi, pozitiuri fonis Sesaqmnelad, Jurnalisti gadawyvets, ewvios politikosis loginad Cavardnil dedas. Jurnalistis gaocebas sazRvari ara aqvs, rodesac politikosis deda xangrZlivi saubris dros zustad im `originalur~ cxovrebiseul filosofias yveba, romelic cota xniT adre Jurnalists politikosis avTenturi da `cocxali~ gonebis manifestacia egona. meore siuJeti axalgazrda qalis da kacis urTierTobas exeba. qali mohipo msoflmxedvelobis matarebelia, kacic ar ambobs uars `Tavisufal siyvarulze~. erT-erTi dialogisas qalic da kacic, 60-iani wlebis stilSi, akritikeben erTgulebas da
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colqmrobas amboben, rom siyvaruli da sakuTreba sxvadasxva ramea; rom mxolod represiuli kulturis Sedegia is, rom siyvaruli sakuTrebasTan da dasakuTrebasTanaa dakavSirebuli. romanis es nawili Zalian musikaluria xSiria dialogi seqsze, rogorc musikaze, konkretulad ki partniorebze, rogorc erTsa da imave dros musikosebsa da instrumentebze. originaluri da inteleqtualuri Sedarebaa. SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom wignis es nawili hamletis fraziT iwyeba, rodesac is rozenkrancTan da gildensternTan saubris dros sakuTar Tavs rTul musikalur sakravs adarebs. musikaluri sasiyvarulo scenebis aRweris wakiTxvisas Zalauneburad ubrundebi zemoxsenebul scenas `hamletidan~ da axleburad aRiqvam mas, anda, geCveneba, rom aRiqvam. wignis es nawili yvelaze romantikulia. saTauric am nawilidanaa aRebuli: Seyvarebulebs TamaSi aqvT, romelSic erTmaneTs am saxelebs `Tvalebis zRvas~ da `smenis udabnos~ uwodeben. TamaSi am saxelebidan ssvadasxva kombinaciebis Seqmna da maTTvis mniSvnelobebis mofiqrebaa. es mniSvnelobebi yoveldRe sxvadasxvaa da sxvadasxva SemTxveviTobasa da moTamaSeebis fsiqologiur ganwyobebzea damokidebuli. saintereso da avangarduli urTierTobaa. krizisi Seyvarebulebis urTierTobaSi ucbad, erTi SexedviT avtoris surviliT dgeba: qali uxsnis kacs, rom mas ar SeuZlia masTan urTierToba, raki icis, rom mis Seyvarebuls mxolod masTan ara aqvs sasiyvarulo urTierToba; rom mas ver eyvareba adamiani, Tuki ecodineba, rom is sxvasTanac urTierTobs. da a.S.
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am nawilis bolo scena Ramis barSi xdeba, sadac kaci Tavis megobars uyveba SeyvarebulTan daSorebis ambavs da varauds gamoTqvams, rom qals albaT aRar uyvarda da mxolod daSorebisaTvis gamoigona es argumenti misTvis naklebi tkivili rom mieyenebina. mesame siuJeti brZolis wina Ramis or scenas aRwers. orive scena dialogebiTaa mowodebuli. erTSi Tanamedrove jariskacebi saubroben. rogorc dialogidan irkveva, isini yofili socialisturi armiis oficrebi arian. maTi saubaric sakmaod saldafonuri da sabWoTa `suniTaa~ gaJRenTili. meore dialogi memamuleebsa da raindebs Soris mimdinareobs. isini erTmaneTs subordinaciis dacviT elaparakebian, arkveven glexebis, miwis, saxlebis, qonebis SesaZlebeli gayofis ambebs. moulodnelia am, mesame nawilis bolo, sadac orive mosaubre jgufi gamodis miwurebidan, sadac Rame gaatares, eqcevian tankebis, qvemexebis, javSniani manqanebis, anu Tanamedrove SeiaraRebis garemoSi, da erTmaneTis winaaRmdeg midian Setevaze. brZolis dasrulebis Semdeg irkveva, rom es XX saukunis 90-ian wlebSi romeliRac aRmosavleTevropul qveyanaSi momxdari `komunistebisa~ da `nacionalistebis~ brZolis aRweraa. miuxedavad imisa, rom romanis samive nawili sainteresod ikiTxeba, mkiTxvels aucileblad gauCndeba kiTxva, Tu ratom aris es sami ambavi erT romanSi gaerTianebuli, ra aris maTSi saerTo. vfiqrob, garegnuli simsubuqisa da sixalisis miuxedavad, `misi Tvalebis zRva~ pesimisturi da
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tragikuli romania: samive ambavi gviyveba imaze, Tu cxovrebis gadamwyvet momentebSi rogor arian ganaTlebuli, Wkviani, gambedavi adamianebi damokidebuli ara imaze, rac maT gamocdilebiT SeiZines da moifiqres, aramed imaze, rac ubralod memkvidreobiT miiRes sulerTia saidan sakuTari mSoblebisgan Tu garemosgan. es wigni piradi gamocdilebis umniSvnelobis da Cveni sazogadoebrivi Tu pirovnuli garsebis sasaciloobis Sesaxeb gviyveba.

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sami megobari
(nikoloz maraZe. `vefxistyaosnis namdvili ambavi~. gamomcemloba `goni~. Tbilisi, 1995.)

mkacri azriT, am wigns verc literaturis Teorias da verc am bolo dros CvenSi popularul `literaturis SedarebiT kvlevas~ daarqmev. es ufro `vefxistyaosnis~ Seqmnis teqnikis analizia. Seqmnis da ara weris da stilis. ara filologiuri, aramed ontologiur-socialuri kvleva. Sevecdebi, ganvmarto, ras vgulisxmob: maraZe cdilobs gaigos `vefxistyaosanSi~ moyolili ambebis safuZveli, wyaro. ar gegonoT, rom am wignSi xdeba rusTvelologiaSi ukve rutinad qceuli xvarazmSasa da yurTlu arslanis karvebis Sedareba, arc Tamar mefisa da nestan-darejanis msgavsebazea laparaki. SesavalSi maraZe wers, rom `vefxistyaosanSi~ istoriul-politikuri aluziebi an siuJeturi moWidebis wertilebia, an politikuri koniunqtura, an orive. Tumca, `albaT ufro politikuri koniunqtura da axla sakmaod usargeblo Sromaa, veZeboT rusTavelis teqstSi demna batoniSvilis an ufro komikuri qarTl-kaxeTi-imereTis kvali~ (gv.14). maraZe cdilobs, im ambis rekonstruqcia moaxdinos, romelic `vefxistyaosans~ safuZvlad da94

edo. ganixilavs niko maris rwmunebas, TiTqos man sadRac naxa poemis sparsuli dedani, da midis daskvnamde, rom es kolega qarTvelebze gabrazebuli ucxoeTSi myofi qarTvelis gamonaTqvamia. iqve, sqolioSi (gv.45), maraZe urTavs, es albaT ucxoeTSi myofi qarTvelis qarTvel kolegebze yvelaze keTilSobiluri gabrazebaa, Tuki SevadarebT sxva, cnobili gabrazebebis Sedegebs, riTac gatenilia saqarTvelos istoria da awmyoo. sparsuli da evropuli wyaroebis kvleviT, maraZe midis daskvnamde, rom aseTi siuJeti `vefxistyaosnis~ Seqmnamde ubralod ar arsebobda. avtori mimoixilavs saraindo romanebis siuJetebs da fabulebs SefarviT dascinis mecnier rusTvelologebs da ambobs, rom iseve, rogorc ar arsebobs zRva qarTvelebis TviTwarmodgenasa da TviTidentifikaciaSi, aseve ar arsebobs zRva rusTvelologebis TavebSic. bolo rusuli (sabWoTa) imperiis mier qarTvelebis tvinebidan gamorecxili zRva azrovnebasac uSlis xels da ar ganixilavs XII saukunis saqarTvelos maRal kulturaze (gelneris `erebis da nacionalizmis~ kvali g.T.) zRvis mxridan mosul gavlenebs. magram, maraZe, miuxedavad am efeqturi sarkazmisa, verc dasavlur literaturaSi poulobs msgavs siuJets. am udavod saintereso mimoxilvebis Semdeg avtori interesdeba, Tu ra SeiZleba iyos am siuJetis wyaro. CvenTvis yvelasTvis nacnob siuJets ki is ase gadmoscems: sami erTmaneTisaTvis ucxo mamakaci, sxvadasxva garemoebebis damTxvevis wyalobiT umegobrdeba erTmaneTs. maTi urTierTda95

mokidebuleba uaRresad emociuria. isini erTad ibrZvian erT-erTi megobris satrfos gadasarCenad. mniSvnelovania, wers maraZe, rom siuJeti wydeba maSin, roca samive megobari erTadaa. maTi dacileba siuJeturad ar xdeba. maraZes ar ezareba da kidev erTxel imeorebs tarielisa da nestan-darejanis `qorwilis Semdgomi istoriis~ araavTenturobis damadasturebel argumentebs, romelic rusTavelis teqstis damdgenma komisiebma SeimuSaves 1956-2009 wlebSi. rogorc mogvianebiT irkveva, siuJetis aseTi dalageba da struqtura maraZis daskvnisaTvis aucilebeli da gardauvali wyaroa. amis Semdeg maraZe iwyebs msjelobas, romlis mokled gadmocemac, vfiqrob, saintereso unda iyos mkiTxvelisaTvis: `vefxistyaosnis~ siuJeturi wyaro yoveldRiurobaa, vkiTxulobT `vefxistyaosnis~ namdvil ambavSi~. amas mosdevs gidensis, kalhunis, zimbardos sociologiis klasikur naSromebze damyarebuli msjeloba bavSvebis socializaciis etapebis Sesaxeb. maraZe askvnis, rom Cveuli socializaciis TiTqmis mudmivad Tanamdevi movlenaa bavSvebis gulwrfeli, emociurad erTmaneTze damokidebuli megobroba. es megobroba adreul asakSi iwyeba da, rogorc wesi, erTi sqesis bavSvebs Soris yalibdeba. Semdeg, ymawvilobis, Tineijerobis moaxloebasTan erTad es emociuri urTierTkavSiri sustdeba, xolo zrdasrulobis dadgomasTan erTad saerTod qreba. xSiria SemTxveva, rodesac warsulSi aseTi emociuri kavSiris ganmcdeli zrdasrulebi bolomde uucxovdebian erTmaneTs.
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es struqtura universaluria, ambobs maraZe. im tipis sazogadoebebSi, romlebsac ZiriTadad heterogenuli kavSirebis Sedegad Seqmnili ojaxuri sistemebis legitimacia axasiaTebs, iq, sadac urbanuli (anu, qalaquri g.T.) da ruraluri (anu, sofluri g.T.) dasaxlebebi arsebobs, romlebic mezoblobis myar arqiteqturul safuZvels ganapirobebs, es qvesistema TiTqmis konstantaa. savaraudoa, rom `vefxistyaosnis~ avtoris drosac ase iyo. ase midis maraZe mTavar daskvnamde: im siuJetis wyaro, romelic rusTavelma Seqmna, yoveldRiurobaa. oRond, Setrialebuli da ukuRma mdinarebiT moyolili: `vefxistyaosnis~ ambavs miiRebT, Tuki socializaciis Semadgenel erT-erT process, zemoT rom aRvwereT, ukuRma movyvebiT anu rusTaveli `ubralod~ yoveli Cvenganis (an TiTqmis yoveli Cvenganis) gancdils da gadatanils gviyveba. meore adamianTan emociuri (ara seqsualuri, aramed mxolod emociuri) kavSiri saocari gamocdilebaa, romelic mTeli cxovreba gaxsovs da albaT gaucnobiereblad sul ginda `im~ kavSiris aRdgena. amitom aris `vefxistyaosani~ jerac saintereso. CvenTvis yvelasaTvis (an TiTqmis yvelasaTvis xom unda davuSvaT iseTi personebis arsebobac, es rom ar ganucdiaT) es ambavi zRapruli da saocneboa: es aris erTsa da imave dros im Cveni mdgomareobis gaxseneba, rodesac albaT yvelaze bednierad vgrZnobdiT Tavs; amave dros imis SegrZneba, rom is mdgomareoba, is gancda SeuZlebelia dabrundes.
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Sesabamisad, rusTavelis mier moyolil ambavs, romelSic zrdasrulebis iseTi megobrobaa aRwerili, Cven rom adreul bavSvobaSi gvqonia, sruliad samarTlianad aRviqvamT, rogorc SeuZlebels da jadosnurs. rusTavelma `ubralod~ Seatriala cxovrebis mdinareba da ukvdavi da sayovelTaod sasurveli zRapari, idealuri viTarebis aRwera miiRo. maraZisaTvis es am poemis ukvdavobis da genialurobis axsnaa. is, rac rusTavelma aRmoaCina, sayuradReboa: jadosnuri, idealuri samyaros procesi, mdinareba, Cveni samyaros mdinarebis zustad sapirispiroa. am daskvnas saintereso Sedegebamde mivyavarT, magram es sxva Temaa da scdeba `vefxistyaosnis namdvili ambavis~ ganxilvis farglebs. me ar mgonia, rom maraZis mier aRwerili socializaciis procesis `megobrul-emociuri~ elementi iseTi socialuri konstantaa, rom is yvela tipis urbanul-ruralur-arqiteqturul sistemaSi arsebobs. miT umetes, ar gavavrcelebdi am konstantas qarTul Sua saukuneebze. Tumca, Teoria sainteresoa, originaluria da zRaprebis kvlevebis saintereso nimuSs warmoadgens. avtors rom ecada sakuTari daskvna zogadad zRaprebis siuJetur qargaze gaevrcelebina, iqneb axali wigni migveRo zRaprebis semiotikis mimarTulebiT. propis, baxtinis da levi-strosis Semdeg am mxriv bevri araferi gakeTebula. samwuxarod, maraZem erTi teqstis kvleva airCia.

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veberianelebi
(manana baxtaZe, `veberianelebi~ . eifelis gamomcemloba. quTaisi, 2005.)

veberianelebi~ im tradiciis gagrZelebis saintereso mcdelobaa, romelic umberto ekos elitaruli `qanqariT~ daiwyo da bolo wlebSi den braunis populisturi `da vinCis kodiT~ da `angelozebi da demonebiT~ dagvirgvinda. miuxedavad imisa, rom wignSi ar saxeldeba qveyana, sadac moqmedeba mimdinareobs, wignis kiTxvisas, ramdenime miniSnebisa da aRweris Sedegad, cxadi xdeba, rom es qveyana TurqeTia. siuJetis centrSi ramdenime Jurnalisti da socialuri mkvlevaria. isini Crdiloevropelebi arian da qveynis mTavar qalaqSi sakonsultaciokvleviTi centri aqvT gaxsnili. maTi saqmianoba, garda biznes konsultirebisa, ekonomikuri da socialuri ganviTarebis Sesaxeb kvlevebis Catareba da angariSebis internetSi gamoqveynebaa. qveynis centraluri nawilis ekonomikis da socialuri cvlilebebis ramdenimewliani kvlevis Semdeg mkvlevrebi ucnaur daskvnamde midian: yoveli wamowyeba, romelic am qveyanaSi maRali teqnologiebis danergva-ganviTarebas ukavSirdeba, rac unda warmatebulad gamoiyurebodes da evro99

peli da amerikeli konsultantebis CareviT igegmebodes, raRac SemTxveviTobebis gamo fiaskoTi mTavrdeba. es SemTxveviTobebi xandaxan uwyinaria: magaliTad, saqmis wamomwyebis mier biznesis sxva, ukeTes sainvesticio garemos qveyanaSi gadatana, an sxva qveynis moqalaqeze qorwineba, xan ki SemaZrwunebeli: biznesis damwyebebis an daqiravebuli konsultantebis ojaxebis amowyveta, sasikvdilo daavadebebi, bavSvebis gataceba da gamosasyidis gamoZalvis mizniT mSoblebisaTvis drogamoSvebiT bavSvis sxeulis nawilebis gagzavna da a.S. rodesac analitikosebi regionis ganviTarebis, ufro zustad, regionis verganviTarebis istorias daalageben, cxadi xdeba, rom es SemTxveviTobebi maincdamainc inovaciuri da erTi SexedviT Zalian perspeqtiuli proeqtebis CaSliskenaa mimarTuli. es SemTxveviTobebi wlebSia gaSlili (analitikosebi bolo 50 wels aanalizeben) da rom ara mkvlevrebis daintereseba regionis ekonomikuri ganviTarebiT, am SemTxveviTobebis es `araSemTxveviTi~ buneba SeumCneveli darCeboda. Tumca, SemTxveviTobebis es `araSemTxveviTi~ buneba cxadi ar aris da sakonsultacio-kvleviTi centris yvela wevris mxardaWera ar aqvs. X Tavi, romelic 20-gverdiania, mTlianad am Temaze kamaTs eZRvneba. kamaTi sruldeba, rodesac jgufis erT-erTi wevri, Jurnalisti, bolo 50 wlis axlo aRmosavleTis qveynebSi momxdari tragikuli SemTxvevebis Tvalierebisas, waawydeba ramdenime msgavs SemTxvevas rodesac ramdenime inovaciuri
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biznesi, romelsac warmatebas uwinaswarmetyvelebdnen, ubeduri SemTxvevebis gamo CaiSala. am aRmoCenis Semdeg jgufis wevrebi Tanxmdebian, rom es ambebi gamosaZieblad Rirs, Tundac imis dasamtkiceblad, rom aranairi SeTqmuleba ar arsebobs. miT umetes, regionis specifikisa da saerTo kriminaluri garemos gaTvaliswinebiT, statistikurad aseTi SemTxveviTobebis albaToba arc ise dabalia. gamoZiebis procesis aRweriT Tavs ar SegawyenT, wignis wakiTxvis interesi rom ar dagikargoT. arada, es wignis yvelaze saintereso nawilia, deteqtivis da Trileris nazavi. minda gamoZiebis Sedegze mogiyveT: mkvlevrebi (Jurnalistsac maT jgufSi Seviyvan, Txrobis gaadvilebisaTvis) daadgenen, rom maT mier aRwerili yvela `SemTxveviTobis~ ukan dgas saidumlo organizacia, romlis wevrebic sakuTar Tavs veberianelebs uwodeben. maTi mizania, xeli SeuSalon yvela wamowyebas, romelsac aRmosavleTis modernizaciaSi seriozuli wvlilis Setana SeuZlia da romelic istoriulad araprotestantul (mag. islamur an marTlmadideblur) garemoSi viTardeba. veberianelebis mizania, gaaxangrZlivon maqs veberis Teoriis WeSmaritoba, rom kapitalizmi mxolod protestantul garemoSi SeiZleba warmoiSvas da protestantuli sulidan daibados. es organizacia meore msoflio omis dasrulebis Semdeg Seiqmna da ukve did sistemas warmoadgens. Tumca, isic unda iTqvas, rom am organizacias mkacri ierarqiuli struqtura ar aqvs. is ufro universitetis profesorTa erTobas waagavs, im
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daSvebiT, rom isini kargad navarjiSebi arian sabrZolo xelovnebebSi da yvelanairi iaraRis gamoyenebaSi. garda amisa, yovelma maTganma lamis zepirad icis maqs veberis `kapitalizmis dabadeba protestantizmis sulisagan~. sainteresod da maxvilgonivruladaa mofiqrebuli am organizaciaSi gawevrianebis sqema. Tumca am `saidumlos~ gaxsnis inteleqtualur siamovnebas wignis mkiTxvels davutoveb. mkvlevrebi veberianelebSi Sida winaaRmdegobasac aRmoaCenen. veberianelebi or jgufad iyofian: teroristi radikalebi (yvela im tragikuli `SemTxveviTobaze~, romlebic wignSia aRwerili, isini arian pasuxismgeblebi) da zomierebi, romelTa ideologiis mixedviT, pirdapir ki ar unda SeuSalo xeli inovaciuri biznesis Casaxvas, aramed inovaciuri biznesis ganviTarebis winaaRmdegobebi unda Seqmna da sazogadoebis yoveli wevri TviTon darwmundeba, rom am mimarTulebiT ganviTarebas maT sazogadoebaSi momavali ara aqvs. sabolood, veberianelebis mizani sulac ar aris aRmosavleTis qveynebis ganuviTarebloba. maTi mizania am ganviTarebaSi evropuli civilizaciis wamyvani rolis SenarCuneba. am romanis bolo nawili gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa. samjer Seaqvs mkiTxvels eWvi `veberianelebis~ realobaSi da samjerve rwmundeba sapirispiroSi. samive SemTxvevaSi cnobili siuJetebis `citireba~ xdeba jer bilbos ambis `fukos qanqaridan~, rodesac ggonia, rom veberianelebis warmoSobas centris mier Catarebulma gamoZie102

bam daudo safuZveli, meored den braunis `angelozebidan da demonebidan~, rodesac TiTqmis darwmunebuli xar, rom analitikuri centri aris `veberianelTa~ teroristuli moqmedebebis wyaro, mesamed rodesac ron habardis `xval-Si dabrunebis~ msgavsad, STabeWdileba iqmneba, rom mTeli es istoria erTi personaJis gadaWarbebuli fantaziis nayofia. mTlianobaSi, wigni saintereso sakiTxavia. cxadia, rom mTavari koniunqturuli xazi antievrocentrizmia. Tumca, avtoris sasaxelod unda iTqvas, rom es koniunqtura bunebrivad gamoiyureba. wignis warmateba garantirebulia Tundac imitom, rom yvelaze ufro eWviani gonebac ver gaeqceva im `poetur simarTles~, romelic am romanSia moTxrobili. saboloo jamSi, es wigni wignebis (da ara teqstebis) Zalis Sesaxebaa. Tanac gavrcelebuli warmodgenebis sawinaaRmdegod es Zala damangreveli da gamanadgurebelia. CemTvis es Tamami idea im koniunqturuli fonis gamabaTilebelia, romelic romanis wamkiTxvelis gadmosaxedidan ufro aucilebeli borotebaa, vidre mwerlis mzadyofna, popularobisaTvis nebismieri fasi gadaixados.

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miTebi Cven Sesaxeb

(osman uguriZe, `miTebi Cven Sesaxeb~. gamomcemloba `aRmosavleTi~. Tbilisi, 2002.)

es wigni, upirveles yovlisa, imaTaa saintereso, rom amtkicebs e.w. `Zveli miTebis~ mniSvnelobasa da aqtualobas. `miTebi Cven Sesaxeb~ upirispirdeba im Zlier tradicias, romelic XX saukuneSi Seiqmna rolan bartis mier da romelic amtkicebs, rom miTuri struqturebi narCundeba, magram Cveni drois miTebi sxvaa da a.S. es wigni arc iungianur-struqturalistur tradicias uWers mxars, romlis mixedviTac miTebi Cvens cnobierebaSi (aracnobierSi) Cadebuli struqturebia (arqetipebi an binaruli opoziciebi), romlebic universaluria da warmarTavs Cvens qmedebebsa da azrebs. wigni iwyeba miTebis Cveulebrivi da gaziarebuli aRwerebiT. uguriZe imeorebs ukve sakmaod gacveTil mosazrebebs, rom kosmogoniuri miTebi xsnian samyaros warmoSobas, rom RmerTebisa da adamianebis urTierTmoqmedebis miTebi xsnian bunebis movlenebs (zafxulis dadgoma, qaris qrolva, Weqa-quxili, mdinareebis adideba da sxva). am ukanasknels uguriZe `sabunebismetyvelo miTebs~ arqmevs. wignis pirveli naxevari SedarebiTi miTologiis kargi
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saxelmZRvaneloa: Cinuri, berZnuli, Sintos, induisturi. Crdiloamerikeli indielebis tomebisa da kelturi miTebis analiziT uguriZe aCvenebs e.w. kosmogoniuri da sabunebismetyvelo miTebis universalur xasiaTs. amaSi ucnauri araferia da wignis pirveli nawili mxolod uguriZis Rrma codnasa da analizis unarze Tu miuTiTebs. saintereso azrovneba da analizi meore nawilidan iwyeba. uguriZe svams kiTxvas: Tuki kosmogoniur da sabunebismetyvelo miTebs samyaros da garemos mamoZravebeli Zalebis axsnis socialuri da metafizikuri funqcia aqvs, ra funqcia aqvs e.w. gmirebis miTebs? uguriZe miTebis analizis analiziT iwyebs. ambobs, rom XIX saukuneSi, rodesac froidi miTebiT dainteresda, socialuri mecnierebebi an saerTod ar arsebobda an sakmarisad ar iyo ganviTarebuli. Sedegad, erTaderTi instrumenti, romlis gamoyenebiTac froids SeeZlo miTebis `axsna~, fsiqikaze orientirebuli terminologia da mecniereba (medicina) iyo. uguriZe ar aris darwmunebuli, ramdenad hqonda gacnobierebuli froids, rom is gmirul miTebs konkretuli adamianis moqmedebis kanonzomierebis amxsnelis funqcias aniWebda da amiT gmirul miTebs kosmologiuri da sabunebismetyvelo miTebis logikur jaWvSi svamda. anu, froidma aCvena, rom gmirebis miTebic iseve xsnis da ganmartavs konkretuli adamianis saqciels, rogorc kosmogoniuri da sabunebismetyvelo miTebi samyaros warmoSobasa da bunebis Zalebis moqmedebas.
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magram, ambobs uguriZe, froidis mier gmirebis miTebis funqciis axsna SerCeviTia. zogi miTi gamodgeba aracnobieris moqmedebis asaxsnelad, zogi ki ara. xolo, raki SerCeviTia, is ar SeiZleba iyos universaluri. saboloo jamSi, uguriZe cdilobs daamtkicos, rom froidi miTebs iyenebda, rogorc metaforebs da martiv, pirdapir ilustraciebs. froidis sapirispiro gza aris mcdeloba, gmirebis miTebi aRiweros, rogorc socialuri samyaros kanonzomierebebis/wesebis amxsneli, mimTiTebeli. oRond, wers avtori, es miTiTeba, ra Tqma unda, pirdapiri ar aris. es hiperbolizebuli da ukiduresobamde miyvanili, xelovnebis nawarmoebis saxiT mocemuli miTiTebebia. anu, uguriZis mtkicebiT, yoveli miTi gmiris Sesaxeb Cvens socialur samyaroSi movlenebis ganviTarebis wesze migviTiTebs. amis Semdeg uguriZe iwyebs konkretuli miTebis garCevas. wignSi ramdenime aTeuli miTia garCeuli miTebis im korpusebidan, romlebidanac wignis pirvel nawilSi kosmogoniuri da sabunebismetyvelo miTebia moxmobili. analizi maxvilgonivrulia da amitom wigni namdvilad Rirs wasakiTxad. imisaTvis, rom mkiTxveli mixvdes, Tu rasTan aqvs saqme, mxolod ramdenime, mkiTxvelisaTvis yvelaze ufro nacnob, berZnuli miTis analizs moviyvan magaliTad: agamemnonis miTis analizisas uguriZe ambobs, rom ra Tqma unda, es miTi ar gveubneba, Tu omidan gamarjvebuli saxlSi dabrundi, namdvilad mog106

klaven. miTis struqturidan `zedmeti~ nawilebisa da Sreebis moSorebiT uguriZe midis struqturamde, romelsac `mmarTvelebis gafrTxilebas~ uwodebs. agamemnonis miTi gveubneba, rom gare problemebis mogvarebis Semdeg (mtrebis damarcxebis, trois aRebis), aucileblad gamoCndeba `Sida~ problema, romelic imaTTan iqneba dakavSirebuli, visac endobi; argonavtebis miTi gveubneba, rom saqmis, romelsac mTel Zalebs daaxarjav da mTlianad miuZRvni Tavs, Sedegebi yovelTvis danaxarjebis araTanabarzomieri iqneba. oidiposis miTi, uguriZis azriT, bedisweris Seuqcevadobaze ki ar miuTiTebs, aramed, kanonzomierebaze, rom rac ufro Sors iqnebi sakuTari Svilisgan, miT metad ecdeba is damoukidebeli cxovrebis dawyebis Semdeg Seni cxovreba da garemo sakuTari wesebis da Sexedulebebis mixedviT daalagos. herakles miTi gveubneba, rom Cven yovelTvis Cveni Svilebis srul damorCilebas da maTTvis individualobis dakargvas vcdilobT da a.S. uguriZe ambobs, rom swored es aris miTebis SenarCunebis da `sicocxlis~ saidumlo. isini gviyvebian im struqturebis Sesaxeb, romlebic ar Zveldeba da romlebSic Cven mudam vmonawileobT, socialuri da politikuri sistemebisa da istoriuli drois miuxedavad. hiperbolizacia ki is formaa, romliTac es wesebi xelovnebis nawarmoebi xdeba, gvamaxsovrdeba da Taobidan Taobas gadaecema. Zalian sainteresoa kelturi miTebis analizi (gv. 145-167), sadac Zalian sisxliani ambebidan Zalian yofiTi kanonebi gamomdinareobs.
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rac Seexeba Tanamedrove miTebs: rogorc ukve aRvniSne, uguriZe uaryofs rolan bartiseul models da ambobs, rom `ambebi~ da `Worebi~, romlebic politikaSi gamoiyeneba, ar unda avurioT miTebSi. miTs Tavisi struqtura aqvs, funqcionaluri datvirTvis analizi ki yovelTvis ar aris swori Sedegis momtani. magaliTad, ambobs uguriZe, xmalic, danac da `varskvlavuri omebis~ lazeruli maxvilic Wris da samive SeiZleba gamoviyenoT mkvlelobisaTvis. Tumca, es ar niSnavs, rom samive es sagani urTierTCanacvlebadia (gv. 199). Tumca, uguriZis azriT, Tanamedrove miTebic iqmneba: verasodes ityvi, rom socialuri urTierTobebi SeiZleba amoiwuros romelime an ramdenime miTis korpusiT. kacobriobis istoriis sxvadasxva dros sxvadasxva urTierToba/urTierTdamokidebuleba xdeba mniSvnelovani, romelic `avtomaturad~ gadaiyvaneba xelovnebis nawarmoebSi xelovanis mier, romelic sworad grZnobs, Tu romeli socialuri bmuli unda gadaaqcios sakuTari nawarmoebis RerZad. rogorc wlebis da saukuneebis winaT, dResac gmirebis Sesaxeb miTebis Seqmna xelovnebis nawarmoebis saSualebiT xdeba. uguriZes ramdenime magaliTi mohyavs. me mxolod erTze SevCerdebi: kventin tarantinos `mokali bili~, ambobs uguriZe, aris asakiT ufrosi (e.w. gamocdili) kacis da asakiT bevrad umcrosi (e.w. gamoucdeli) qalis urTierTobis miTi: isev da isev, am SemTxvevaSic, mkvlelobebi hiperbolizaciisTvisaa. es miTi gveubneba, rom aseT urTierTobaSi yovelTvis
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aris ufrosidan umcrosze gamocdilebis gadacema, kacis mier qalis Seyvana mis samyaroSi, kacis mcdeloba qalisagan meore `me~ Seqmnas, qalisa ki gaanadguros, rac sabolood iwvevs qalis gaZlierebas da maTi urTierToba mTavrdeba qalis wasvliT, ramac kacs SeiZleba ukanaskneli sasicocxlo Zalebi gamoacalos. amitom, ambobs uguriZe, gmirebis Sesaxeb miTebis gmirebi sinamdvileSi Cven varT. ubralod, swored unda gavigoT, ras gveubneba TiToeuli miTi. gmirebis miTebi albaT erTaderTi codnaa adamianis bunebis Sesaxeb, romelic ar Zveldeba da yovelTvis aqtualuria.

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