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Whats job of data link layer? 1) Divide data into frames 2) Adding header\trailer and CRC What's job of network layer? 1) Routing : find best path from source to destination 2) Flow control and error checking What's job of physical layer? Study of transmission medium What's OSI/ISO stands for? What's including into header? Source, destination and sequence number What's including into trailer? CRC, padding and synchronization character What's device used in data link layer? Switch What's network? Receive data from end-user and send it to another end user What are network devices? Routers and gateways What's different between routing and forwarding? Routing: searching in table for a full\best path Forwarding: send from source to destination Why we used routers? 1) Find shortest path 2) Find less congested path What's flow control? What are disadvantages of dynamic programming? 1) More complex 2) Time consuming What are disadvantages of static programming? Large tables What's collision domain? Two different inputs on same card of router Router is multiple collision domain

- What's network topology? 1) Star What's mobile network? Mobile ad-hoc network What's hidden and exposed station problem? What's problem of wireless? 1) Routing 2) Security What's different between wired\wireless network? Topology\medium What's different between mobile network and wireless? Fixed stations Moved stations What's taking more overhead? Error correction because CRC What's cost of error detection? Time of retransmission What's bit distance (hamming distance)? Number of bits differs from 2d+1 for error correction d+1 for error detection What IEEE 802.11 and IEEE 802.3 stand for? IEEE 802.11: Wireless protocol IEEE 802.3: Local Area Network What's LAN? Distance is limited 1K - 2K Area is limited

What's operation research? 1) Shortest path algorithm (Dijkstra) 2) Travelling sales man Why we get good path not optimal path in network? Because the size of network always big What's reliability?

IPv4 Addresses are 32 bits (4 bytes) in length. Address (A) resource records in DNS to map host names to IPv4 addresses.

IPv6 Addresses are 128 bits (16 bytes) in length Address (AAAA) resource records in DNS to map host names to IPv6 addresses.

Pointer (PTR) resource records in the IN- Pointer (PTR) resource records in the ADDR.ARPA DNS domain to map IPv4 IP6.ARPA DNS domain to map IPv6 addresses to host names. addresses to host names. IPSec is optional and should be supported externally IPSec support is not optional

Header does not identify packet flow for Header contains Flow Label field, which QoS handling by routers Identifies packet flow for QoS handling by router. Both routers and the sending host fragment packets. Header includes a checksum. Header includes options. ARP uses broadcast ARP request to resolve IP to MAC/Hardware address. Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) manages membership in local subnet groups. Broadcast addresses are used to send traffic to all nodes on a subnet. Configured either manually or through DHCP. Must support a 576-byte packet size (possibly fragmented). Routers do not support packet fragmentation. Sending host fragments packets Header does not include a checksum. Optional data is supported as extension headers. Multicast Neighbor Solicitation messages resolve IP addresses to MAC addresses. Multicast Listener Discovery (MLD) messages manage membership in local subnet groups. IPv6 uses a link-local scope all-nodes multicast address. Does not require manual configuration or DHCP. Must support a 1280-byte packet size (without fragmentation).