NASA/CR-

/-/5

208330
/ 4j!

MODAL ANALYSIS OF EMBEDDED PASSIVE MATERIALS IN COMPOSITE PLATES WITH ORIENTATIONS

DAMPING DIFFERENT

Final Report For NASA - Dryden Joint May Flight Research Interchange Center Research

1, 1997 - July 24,1998

Micheal Kehoe, Chief Aero. Structure Branch NASA - Dryden Flight Research

Center

Faysal A. Kolkailah, Ph.D., P.E., Principal Investigator EItahry I. EIghandour, Ph.D., Co-Principal Investigator Aeronautical Engineering California Polytechnic State University

Funds

for the support Center,

of this study Field,

have been

allocated under

by the NASA

- Dryden

Research

Moffett

California,

interchange

No. NAG4-138

Abstract

This report cantilevered material

presents

an experimental

and numerical passive

investigation damping.

of the free vibration composite damping are

of

composite

plates

with and without The lay-up

A total of seven without

plates

are considered.

sequences

for the two plates

[90/90/0/0]5 embedded different

and [90/0/90/0]5; layers of passive

the other five plates damping material.

are the same as the first two with two damping material is embedded employed temperature resin at

The passive [90/0/90/0]_, damping used

locations

in the plate with orientation (S J-2015 ISD 112) with peak material system

The damping

material

is a 3M material range (IM7). plates (32F

properties is a carbon

in the ambient fiber (977-2)/epoxy

to 140F).

The composite damping

The effect are discussed.

of the passive Modal

employed on these

in this study plates

for the composite resonant using

testing

is performed shape

to determine results

frequencies, COSMOS/M results

amplitude software

and mode

information. damping.

Numerical

are obtained

for the plates agreement

without

The experimental plates without

and numerical damping layers.

are in very good

for different

laminated

Acknowledgements

We would this study. Kehoe

like to thank

NASA

Dryden

Flight

Research

Center

for their sponsorship our gratitude of this research

of

In addition,

we would

like to take this opportunity assistance during

to express the course

to Mike effort

for his technical others

and administrative

and many student project.

in the past. A. Alsweify

Last, but certainly and MSc. Student

not least, Cecilia

we would

like to thank assistance

our Ph.D. in this

Khaled

Booker

for their

Table

of Contents

Page Abstract Acknowledgments List of Tables List of Figures Nomenclature Introduction Objective Experimental Fabrication Identifying Dynamic Chirp Results Procedure of Composite Resonant Testing Tests Node Plates Lines 2 3 5 6 7 8 9 10 10 13 13 14 16 16 24 27 28

Signal

and Discussion Results Results

Expeimental Numerical Conclusion References

List of Tables

Table 1. Material properties Table 2. Material properties Table 3. Plate dimensions Table 4. Equipment Table 5. Frequency Table 6. Numerical

for 977-2 carbon for 3M viscoelastic and sequence

fiber/IM7epoxy damping

resin

10 10 12 14

layer, SJ2015 type 1205 material

with and without damping Summary orientations

and Instrumentation modes for different and experimental

with and without embedded for plates without

layers

22 24

resonant

frequencies

damping

List of Figures

Figure 1. Figure 2. Figure 3. Figure 4. Figure 5.

Composite Cantilever Schematic Frequency

material Plate

plate with embedded

damping

layer

ll 12

of Dynamic response

Testing for different orientations without damping

13 17

of chirp excitation

Voltage of sensor output vs. time through transition from undamped to damped system for [90/0/90/0]_ and [90/90/0/0]s Frequency response and [90/90/0/0/d]s of chirp excitation for orientations [90/90/0/0]s

17

Figure 6.

18 transition from undamped to damped 18

Figure 7.

Voltage of sensor output vs. time through system for [90/90/0/0]_ and [90/90/0/0/d]s Frequency response of chirp excitation [90/0/90/0]s and [90/0/90/0/d]_

Figure 8.

for orientations 19 from undamped to 19 [90/90/0/0/d]_ 2O from undamped to damped 2O [90/0/90/0]_ with and 21 to damped 21 to damped 23 25 26

Figure 9.

Voltage of sensor output vs. time through transition damped system for [90/0/90/0]_ and [90/0/90/0/d]_ Frequency response and [90/0/90/0/d]_ of chirp excitation for orientations

Figure

10.

Figure

11. Voltage of sensor output vs. time through transition system for [90/90/0/0/d]s and [90/0/90/0/d]_ Frequency response of chirp excitation for orientation without damping embedded at different locations

Figure 12.

Figure 13.

Voltage of sensor output vs. time through transition from undamped system for orientation [90/0/90/0]_ with and without damping Voltage of sensor output vs. time through transition system for orientation [90/0/90/0]_ with damping Finite element Finite element from undamped

Figure 14.

Figure 15. Figure 16.

modal and mode shape of plate A,[90/90/0/0]_ modal and mode shape of plate A,[90/0/90/0]s

Nomenclature

Plate A Plate A 1

[901901010]s [90/90/0/0/d]s [90/0/90/0]5 [90/0/90/0/dis [90/0/90/d/0]s [90/0/d/90/0]_ [90/d/0/90/0]s longitudinal transverse length thickness width modulus modulus of elasticity of elasticity

Plate B Plate B 1 Plate B2 Plate B3 Plate B4 EL ET L t

W

9
0)

density frequency

Acronyms

DAQ VI

Data Acquisition Virtual Instrument

Introduction

Conventional of structural interest structural in structural catastrophic resonance

structural caused space

designs

are often unacceptable nature new

in coping

with modern environments.

problems Current of damping

by the complex structures

of the dynamic motivation

in large flexible damping elements failure

provides

and requirements of enhancing to prevent

enhancement is to control

for vibration the response

control.

The objective

of the elements

in order

due to excessive passive damping

deformation. is used to enhance by adding the damping of a carbon/epoxy layer components, for aircraft to the plate. such as wings,

In this work, cantilever Cantilevered horizontal

plate under flat plates and vertical

free vibration are convenient stabilizers, have

a viscoelastic-damping for structural fan blades explore

simulations

and compressor appeared which

engines. damping of effects

A number of beam vibratory were edges, Cheung plates. and plate energy

of papers structures. in sandwich

the effects

of interlaminar the dissipation transverse inertial

Ditaranto plates

and Mcgraw

[1 ] investigated core. Only

with a viscoelastic

included

in the analysis. between

The solution modal

for the damping and loss factor

was given

for simply

supported and and effects of

and a relation

frequency

was obtained. multi-layer

Khatua beams inertia

[2] used a finite Orthotropy

element

technique

for the study

of elastic

was included Barrett

in the analysis,

but rotatory

and translatory to predict of stress

were neglected. composite compliant laminate continuous strain energy

[3] developed

a comprehensive layer.

model The effect

the damping coupling a discrete and

laminated layering theory

plates

with a viscoelastic Saravanos

was examined.

and Pereira

[4] developed

layer

for composite

laminates

with damping the thickness.

layers Nadella

by incorporating

a piecewise the modal parameters

displacement method

field through proposed layer

and Rao [5] applied the modal

by Johnson

and Kienholz composite

[6] to estimate beams.

of the multi-damping presented experimental

anisotropic

laminated

Gerst,

Rao and He [7] damping layers,

results

for composite is an effective

beams

with single

and double highly

and demonstrated structural

that cocuring

way of fabricating

damped

composite

components.

Objective

In a previous and NASA-Dryden equipment piezoelectric amplitudes mounting

joint

research

interchange entitled,

between "Hybrid modes

California damping

Polytechnic system

State

University

Research shelf", (PZT)

Center

for an electronic surface frequencies mounted and

the ability as sensors

to detect

of vibration [8].

using

ceramics

was investigated plates were

Resonant

of the damped

and undamped

determined the effect

and presented. of passive damping carbon on

The objective composite plates plates.

of this study

was to investigate included

Five task were lay-up

in this study:

1) constructing

composite layers, 4) and 2)

with different piezoelectric analysis analysis.

sequences

and staging

of the embedded parameters

viscoelastic

mounting numerical numerical

sensors,

3) determining

the modal

of the plates, experimental

utilizing

COSMOS/M,

and 5) comparison

between

Experimental

Procedure

The following the fabrication of these (ACSL) plates

is a review

of the experimental testing of the cantilever

procedure, composite

equipment plates.

and materials Fabrication Laboratory

used

in

and dynamic were conducted

and testing

in the Aerospace State University.

Composite

and Structural

at California

Polytechnic

Fabrication

of Composite plates

Plates were fabricated damping using material carbon fiber/epoxy resin and two layers at room in Tables of

The composite viscoelastic temperature 1 and2. material.

The passive

provides

high damping

but low stiffness

and strength.

The property

of materials

used are listed

Table

1. Material

properties

for 977-2

carbon

fiber/IM7

epoxy

resin.

2.5e7 1.1e6 P
V

1.43e-4 0.36 inches 0.00625

Table

2. Material

properties

for 3M viscoelastic

damping

layer,

SJ2015

type

1205.

Degrees E p v t inches psi

32-140

Lb*s^2/in^4 0.5 0.005

10

Thedampedcomposite platesconsistof eight layersof carbon/epoxy andtwo layersof passive dampingmaterial. Several ifferentlay-upsof composite d materialwith andwithout dampingwerefabricated. heplatedimensionandsequences relistedin Table3. An T a exampleof a typical lay-upis [90/0/90/0/d]s, which represents symmetriclay-upof 90, 0, a 90, 0 of compositematerialanda dampinglayer,d, symmetricaboutthe centerof the plate asshownin Figure1.

I
_Passive damping

mid-plane

Figure

1. Composite

material

plate with embedded

damping

layer.

The lay-ups in a composite bottom lay-up

consisted

of 8" x 9" composite steps.

plates.

The composite consisted cycles

lay-up

was placed

air press

in three

The first two steps

of curing

the top and by the together

of carbon/epoxy of the prepreg viscoelastic

with temperature material, layers, separately.

and pressure

as recommended

manufacturer

The third step was to bond them by the manufacturer

with the embedded material. Once 9-in. length. clamped in order

as recommended

of the 3M

these plates Two 0.97"

were

fabricated,

they were

cut into plate secured

samples

of 4-in.

width

and

x 4" x 0.25"

aluminum

bars were placed table. were

with two bolts sandwiched of the aluminum bars,

on one edge of the plate. to secure Piezoelectric the test specimen ceramic

A third bolt was to the shaking (0.75" x 0.5")

in the center

sensors

bonded epoxy During

with the positive allows the surface

poling of the

axis

oriented plate

perpendicular

to the top surface. negative

The conductive

to be used applied

as a common

pole for the sensor. temperature

the bonding

process

the

Air Press

80 Lbs force at room

for 20 minutes.

11

_-

AI bar

sensor | _r

]_

9 _

rib"

clamped _===_''"_ end to shaker I

Figure

2.

Cantilever

Plate

Table

3. Plate

dimensions

and sequence

with and without

damping

material.

90/d/0/90/0]_

12

Identifying

Resonant

Node

Lines lines of the test specimen, generator frequencies the carbon fiber plate was mounted the frequencies rises in audible sugar traces on

To identify on the shaking ranging

resonant

node

table

and a function Resonant displacements,

was used to scan through were identified of node

from 0 to 500Hz. visual plate

by sharp

amplitudes,

and the formation

lines using

the plate surface.

Dynamic

Testing A schematic of the experimental setup for dynamic testing of the cantilever used for testing plates and is

presented fabrication

in Figure

3. A list of the equipment is given in Table 4.

and instrumentation

of the plates

nput

I
I
Computer

Electromagnetic Shaker

Ampl_t_er

Figure

3. Schematic

of Dynamic

Testing

Time AT-MIO-16F-5 LabVIEW mounted

response Data

and frequency Acquisition Network

response

data was acquired

using

National

Instruments

(DAQ) Analyzer using entering

card in conjunction Virtual signal Instrument from

with National

Instruments plate was was

for Windows on a shaker

(VI). A cantilever A power

and excited before

a chirp

LabVIEW.

amplifier

used to boost directly bus.

the signal

the shaker.

The DAQ

card acquires

the data signals

from the sensor,

conditions

and digitizes

the data, and enters

the data into the PC's

13

Table

4. Equipment

and Instrumentation

Summary

MB Electronics

HewlettPackard

3311A

EE-3955 8" x 9" plate 1 =0.75

Morgan Inc. Thurston Witco

Matroc

PZT-5A

w =0.5 t --0.01 d = 1.74" t = 0.06" 486-66DX2 3.1 DAQ Software: NetworkS__ max. input: +10volts max. sample rate: 51.2K 2 Channel 4 Channel

H.S.S. AT2000

National Instruments National Instruments Tektron Kistler AT-MIO5 7912 5122

16F-

Chirp

Signal

Tests signal is an impulsive and avoids type of signal loading that can have excitation The Network provided tests: over a wide Analyzer provided The

The chirp range

of frequencies,

impulse

problems. the data

the chirp following 1) 2) 3) 4) Sample Frame

signal for the shaking Network rate size analyzer

table and sampled

by the sensors.

parameters

were used for the chirp

1,000 samples/sec 1,024 samples Hann 3

Windowing Averaging

14

Eachtestincludedthe following steps: 1) initiating chirpnoise, 2) samplingof dataprovidedby sensors, 3) recordingresonant requencies f represented y relativemaximums, b 4) savingfrequencyandamplitudedatainto a spreadsheet for comparison with file of subsequent results.

15

Results

and

Discussion

Experimental

Results

Figure plates mode,

4 and 5 show

the free vibration [90/90/0/0]s

frequency

response

and time response respectively.

curves

for

A and B without these figures

damping,

and [90/0/90/0]2,

For the first effect on the natural

show

that the change

in orientation

has no significant of plates

frequencies orientations change response

and amplitudes. of the plates

For the second have a significant

and third modes effect on amplitude

A and B, the frequencies. the frequency Plate A1, The

and natural 6 shows

in orientation curves

has little effect

on the time response.

Figures

for plates

A and A1, [90/90/0/0]s layers located

and [90/90/O/O/d]s, about the mid-plane

respectively. of the plate.

[90/90/0/0/d]_, that the second and amplitude vibration embedded response damping

has two damping and third modes decreased

One can see frequency the free the

are completely

damped

out, and the first resonant layers. Figure 7 presents

with the addition curves for plates

of damping A and A1. effect

time response damping curves. layer

As can be seen from this figure, output voltage

has a significant steady

on the sensor

of the time the

Plate A reached

state at about

0.55 sec., whereas in 0.15 sec. response curves

by adding

layer, the steady-state 8 and 9 present for plates

time response the free vibration

was reached frequency

Figures response decrease frequency lower curves

and the time The To reduce than the the

B and B 1, [90/0/90/0]s in damping is more

and [90/0/90/0/d]_,

respectively.

in frequency response,

and the increase the damping

can be seen in both figures. effective at higher modes

material

rather

modes. Figures 10 and 11 show the effects of adding two damping layers about the mid-plane

to plates frequencies

with different

orientations,

[90/90/0/0/d]_ _ plate appear

and [90/0/90/0/d]s. higher

The resonant plate.

for the [90/0/90/0/d]

to be much

than the [90/90/0/0/d]_ the [90/0/90/0/d] s plate

This is due to the change stiffer response

in the orientation plate. Also, _plate.

of the lay up, making there is a significant

than the [90/90/0/0/d]_ curve

change

in amplitude

and time

for the [90/0/90/0/d] 12 and 13 present

Figures

the frequency

response

and time response The damping layers the

curves

for plates at

with and without different locations.

damping

for sequence

[90/0/90/0]2. layer

are embedded

The closer

the embedded

is to the surface,

16

20

! /I9/9//1' [90/0/90/0]'
/ / / / /

0 -f"

_---_l

ir

J
_" -20 i l_

p
'/"

/i'

//

-80

-100 0 50 100 150 response 200 250 Frequency Fig. (4) Frequency damping material. of chrip excitation Hz for different orientation without 300 350 400 450 500

1,5

0,1 Fig. (5) Voltage damped

0,2 of sensor

0,4 0,5 Time (Second) output Vs time through transtion orientation without damping

0,3

0,6 from undamped material.

0,7 to

0,8

system for different

37

20

0
///'

....... / 190/90/0/0/d1,
//

[_"__

-20

....

p//' ...........
-40

_-

-80

-100

-120 0

I 50

_ 100

i 150 response

i 200

I 250 Frequency Hz

1 300

I 350

_ 400

I 450 500

Fig. (6) Frequency without damping

of chrip excitation

for cross ply laminated

with and

material

1,s
[90/90/0/01, ./"....90o/90o/0o/0O/d1, 1
/ //

0,5
O t_
f

$
0

-o._

-1

-1,5

) 0,1 Fig. (7) Voltage damped

I 0,2 of sensor

I 0,3 Time

p 0 4 (_econd)

I 0,5 transtion

I 0,6 from undamped damping

I 0,7 to 0,8

output Vs time through [90/90/0/0],

system for laminate

with and without

material.

18

20 [90/0V90"/00], 0
/ /

//

[9O'/O'/9O/O/d].
,/

IU_[

-20

/'

_-

-40

"<

-80

-100

-120 0 50 100 150 200 250 Frequency Fig. (8) Frequency and without response material of chrip excitation Hz for laminate [90/0190/0], with 300 350 400 450 500

damping

"-'lgO/O'/Vo/o/dl, "_- --^-_ -/

' 1
i

!_t

//

0,5
O L
/'

-0,5

-1

-1,5 0

I 0,1

I 0,2

I 0,3 Time

I 0,4 (second)

t 0,5

I 0,6

4 0,7 0,8

Fig.(9) damped

Voltage

of sensor

output

Vs time through

transtion

from undamped damping

to

system for laminate

[901019010]s with and without

material.

19

20 190/90/0/0/dl,

Fig. (10) Frequency with damping layers

response

of chrip excitation of the plate.

for different

laminated

plates

in the middle

0,8 19o/9o/0/O/d],
//

0,6

/ [9010190101d], /
i/,' //

0,4
// / ////

0,2

-0,2

0,1

0,2

0,3

0,4 Time (Second)

0,5

0,6

0,7

0,8

Fig. (11) Voltage damped

of sensor

output Vs time through orientation

transtion

from undamped

to

system for different

...................

with dampin

layers at the middle plate.

J

2O

-10 -20 -30 >.

-so

-80 -90 =100 0 ......... +___ __ 50 100 _ 150 response layers .... +_..... . 200 - .+ ........ 300 Hz for laminate [9010190/0], with + 350 + 400 450 500

250 Frequency

Fig. (12) Frequency and without damping

of chrip excitation at different

stages of the plate.

1,5

-1

-1,5

I 0,1

I 0,2

I 0,3 Time (Second)

I 0,4

I 0,5 0,6

Fig. (13) Voltage damped different stages.

of sensor

output Vs time through [90o/0o/90o/0o]s

transtion

from undamped

to

system for laminate

without

and with damping

layer at

29

higher plane,

the damping

of the plate.

The plate with the embedded for damping. Regardless

viscoelastic of location,

layer

at the mid-

plate B1, is the least effective layers significantly

the embedded

viscoelastic

enhances

the damping to cyclic

of the plates. the composite in shear, constraining which layers

Whenever will constrain vibrational show

the plate is subjected material

bending,

the viscoelastic energy is dissipated. in damping.

and force it to deform

is how the layers with

This is why the plates The obvious in stiffness decrease

with embedded

viscoelastic

an increase is caused

in natural

frequencies

of the plates

damping layers.

by the decrease

introduced

with the addition

of the damping

Figure [90/0/90/0]s, Plate

14 shows plates

the time response

curves

for plates layers

with damping

for orientation locations. is clearly a

B1 through

B4; the damping for damping. thickness.

are embedded

at different damping amplitude

B1 is the least effective of constraining in location Table layer

One can see that the shear The variation of the damping the plates.

function change

is due to the

of the embedded

damping

layer within obtained

5 lists the natural for all plates.

frequencies

from the chirp

tests for the ftrst three

bending

modes

Table

5. Frequency

modes

for different

orientations

with and without

embedded

layers.

[90/90/0/0]s [90/90/O/O/d]s [90/0/90/0]s [90/O/90/O/d]s [90/O/90/d/O]s [90/O/d/90/O]s [90/d/O/90/O]s

22.46 19.53 30.27 25.39 20.51 23.44 23.44

140.62 98.63 186.52 142.57

388.67

22

0,05

0,1

0,15 Time (Second} transtion

0,2

0,25

Fig. (14) Voltage damped

of sensor output Vs time through [90/0/90/0]s

from undamped

to

system for laminate

with damping

layer at different

stages.

23

Numerical

Results version 1.75 finite element analysis software model was used to verify (FEM) the

COSMOS/M experimental shapes elements. deflections results

for plates

A and B. The finite in Figures

element

and the mode of a total of 200 Small was

for plates

A and B are shown stiffness elastic

15 and 16. The FEM consists using QUAD4

The element and linear

matrix

was formulated were assumed.

technique. iteration

properties

The subspace

method

used for the frequency

analysis.

Table B, without Because

6 presents damping.

the numerical

and experimental modes

resonant

frequencies agreement

for plates

A and

The In'st and second modes are dependent differs

are in good modes values

for both plates. analysis, the

the higher

on the lower

for the numerical obtained

third mode

significantly

from the experimental

for both plates.

Table

6. Numerical

and experimental

resonant

frequencies

for plates

without

damping.

Num. 21.39 30.95

Exp. 22.46 30.27

Num. 133.87 193.84

Exp. 140.62 186.52

Num. 375.49 543.37

Exp. 237.30 375

24

rml

0 O O Cr_

O
c_

c_

LT_

wmq

LT_

r_

O 0_

; 0

N Ixl
0,,_ o ,,,,,q

_d

CONCLUSION

This study and different reduction damping layer

has shown

an effective which

way of damping have wide

composite where

structure vibration

components and noise increased the

laminated

structures,

applications layer

are of main concern. ratio and decreased and laminate

The addition the stiflhess/mass

of the damping ratio. Careful

(3M) material

selection

of embedded benefits

damping

location

orientation

are necessary

to optimize

the damping

desirable plate

and stiffness

reductions further

that can be tolerated. the amplitude than plate

The addition of vibration

of viscoelastic

material

in

B 1, [90/0/90/0]s, mode

reduces

in all the fundamental This is because plate. Excellent was the

bending

frequencies

more

effectively

A1, [90/90/0/0/d]s.

stiffness/mass agreement obtained

ratio for the first plate between numerical

is greater

than that for the second results for plates

and experimental of the system.

without

damping

for the natural

frequencies

27

REFERENCES

[1] [2]

Ditaranto, plates. Khatua, beams 24.

R. A., and J. R. McGraw, Journal of Engineering International T. P., and Y. K. Cheung,

Jr., 1969. 1973. Bending

Vibratory

bending

of damped ofmultilayer for Engineers Journal layers

laminated sandwich 6(1), 11-

for Industry Journal

91,1081-1090. and vibration Methods plate

and plates. D. J., 1992.

of Numerical damped

[3] [4] [5]

Barrett, and

An anisotropic 453-465.

laminated 1992.

theory. damping

of Sound on the

Vibration

154(3),

Saravanos, dynamic Nadella, embedded Conference,

D. A., and J. M. Pereira, characteristics of composite Satish, and Mohan D. Rao, viscoelastic Nashville, layers. Tennessee

Effects

of interply

plates. AIAA Journal 30(12), 2906-2913. 1995. Damping of composite structures using of the 13 th International Modal Analysis

Proceedings V1,233-239.

[6] [7]

Johnson, Conor D., and David A. Kienholz, 1981. Finite element prediction of damping in structures with constrained viscoelastic elements. AIAA Journal 20(9), 1284-1290. Gerst, D., M. D. Rao, and S. He, 1992. viscoelastic materials. Damping of co-cured composite structures incorporating Proceedings of the Damping of Multiphase for an

[8]

Inorganic Materials Symposium, 85-93, Chicago, Illinois, J.R. Cavalli, E. I. Elghandour and F. A. Kolkailah, 1997. electronic 1997. equipment mounting shelf. NASA-Ames

2-5 November 1992. Hybrid damping system Center, Ca, NCA2-779,

Research

28