Imdex Product Book

Australian Mud Company Drilling Fluid Products
www.ausmud.com
Product Comparison
Weighting Materials
Product Application Tables
Commercial Chemicals
Speciality Products and Chemicals
Viscosifiers
Lost Circulation Materials
Lubricants and Cutting Oils Environmental Products Fluid Loss Control Agents and Dispersants
Displacement Plug
Surfactants, Foaming Agents and Detergents
Testing Equipments
Cement and Grouting Additives
Charts and Tables
THE AUSTRALIAN MUD COMPANY
PROVIDING QUALITY DRILLING FLUIDS AND ON SITE SUPPORT TO THE WORLD

With more than 20 years experience, the Australian Mud Company has enjoyed a successful history supplying specialist drilling products and services to support the mineral, horizontal directional drilling, oil & gas, water well, civil & tunnelling industries worldwide. The success of AMC is due to the quality of its product range and the dedication of its team who offer on site support, where and when customers need it.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
About AMC ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4 Contact Details ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 6 Product Comparison Charts ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 7 Product Application Tables ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 13 Viscosifiers ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 17 Lubricants and Cutting Oils ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 33 Fluid Loss Control Agents and Dispersants ................................................................................................................................................................... 49 Surfactants, Foaming Agents and Detergents.................................................................................................................................................................. 58 Cement and Grouting Additives ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 61 Weighting Materials............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 68 Commercial Chemicals......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 73 Specialty Products and Chemicals...................................................................................................................................................................................... 74 Lost Circulation Materials.................................................................................................................................................................................................... 91
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Environmental Products ....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 97 Displacement Plugs ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................110 Testing Equipment ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................111 Charts & Tables Conversion Table.................................................................................................................................................................................................................112 Pressure & Barite Calculations .........................................................................................................................................................................................114 Barite Weight Chart ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................115 Wireline Drill Rod Sizing ...................................................................................................................................................................................................116 Annular Velocity Table .......................................................................................................................................................................................................117 General Mud Calculators ...................................................................................................................................................................................................120 Pump Output ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................121 Volume Calculations............................................................................................................................................................................................................122
ABOUT AMC
Catering for Diverse Markets & Regions The Australian Mud Company was incorporated in January 1988, for the purpose of supplying drilling fluid products to the mineral and water well industries throughout Australia. Since then, AMC has diversified its product range to cater for the mineral, oil and gas, industrial, HDD, civil and tunnelling industries and is now the largest drilling fluid supplier to the Australian on shore market. Such diversification has also seen the company expand into new geographical markets. AMC specialises in supplying and supporting remote and difficult drilling locations and has a network of stock points within Australia and Internationally including Asia, Africa, the Americas and Europe. Renown for Quality - ISO9001 accreditation AMCs range of drilling fluids is field and laboratory tested to international quality and environmental standards. The company holds ISO9001 quality accreditation and all of AMCs products are supplied to specification and are packed appropriately for the local conditions. AMC was the first Australian drilling fluid company to achieve Quality Assurance certification and maintains a philosophy of continuing development of innovative drilling fluid products that are environmentally friendly, whilst ensuring they meet the demands of its Australian and international customers. Caring for the Needs of Customers & the Environment AMCs regular consultation with its customers highlighted the need to reduce the use of non-biodegradable and plastic packaging, which accumulates at drilling sites and raises environmental concerns. With this in mind, AMC reviewed its packaging and now offers a full range of products in recyclable and biodegradable cardboard packaging. Considerable testing revealed that AMCs cardboard packaging is suitable for both powders and liquids, is water proof and has the strength to withstand the rigours of mining and construction activities.
ABOUT AMC (CONTINUED)

AMC encourages all of its customers to utilise the new packaging alternatives to help reduce the impact of plastics on the environment and welcomes any feedback or suggestions for the future. Global Reach - Local on site support AMCs Area Managers are highly skilled, have hands on experience and are committed to providing clients with expert advice in the selection and use of drilling fluids. AMCs global network ensures that customers receive on site support where and when they need it. Customers benefit from AMCs collective experience in a vast range of drilling conditions and geographical regions. Regular training in the best use of drilling fluid is conducted by AMC Managers through specialised Mud Schools which are designed to address specific customer requirements. An Imdex Limited Company AMC forms an important part of the Drilling Fluids & Chemicals Division of Imdex Limited (Imdex). Imdex is Australias leading global supplier of drilling products and services to the mineral, water well and horizontal directional drilling industries and is expanding in the oil and gas industry. Imdex is a publicly listed company and has a presence in all major drilling and exploration regions throughout the world. www.imdexlimited.com
CONTACT DETAILS
AMC Head Office 5 Pitino Court Osborne Park WA 6017 Australia P: +61 8 9445 4000 F: +61 8 9445 4040 E: amc@imdexlimited.com AMC Brisbane 26 Neon Street Sumner Park QLD 4074, Australia P: +61 7 3279 3199 F: +61 7 3279 3538 AMC Townsville 919 Ingham Rd Bohle Queensland 4818, Australia P: +61 7 4774 4926 F: +61 7 4774 4694 AMC Kwinana 38 Thomas Road Kwinana WA 6167 Australia P: +61 8 9419 3299 F: +61 8 9419 3855
AMC Kalgoorlie
5 Close Way Kalgoorlie WA 6430, Australia P: +61 8 9021 2925 F: +61 8 9091 5925 A complete list of contact details, AMC locations and distributors can be found at www.ausmud.com
PRODUCT COMPARISON CHARTS

COMPARISON CHART FOR MINING & WATERWELL PRODUCTS
VISCOSIFIERS AMC Pac R Aqua-Pol Aus-Ben Aus-Gel Aus-Trol Bio-Vis Clay-Bore CR-650 Liqui-Pol Vis-Gel Xan-Bore BAROID Pac R Biopolymer Aquagel Quik Gel Quik Trol Loloss Poly Bore Quik Mud BoreGel XC Polymer MI Poly-Pac R MI Gel Maxgel Federal Guam Poly-Plus Powder Poly-Plus L Maxbore HDD Duovis/Supervis DESCRIPTION Viscosifying polymer Blended polymer for water well drilling API bentonite High yielding bentonite Viscosifying polymer for diamond drilling Polymer for water well drilling Polymer for horizontal drilling Core recovery polymer Liquid viscosifier Horizontal drilling fluid Xanthum gum
PRODUCT COMPARISON CHARTS (CONTINUED)

LUBRICANTS AND CUTTING OILS AMC AMC Biodegradable Hammer Oil Hammer Oil Rod Grease Xtra Tacky Universal Aus-Cut Enviro-Cut Enviro-Grease EP Bit Lube & EP Bit Lube (SW) Liquid Rod Grease Penetrol Extra Superlube Torq-Free Xtra BAROID TR2O BaraCut Eco Cut TR 10 MI Biolube Hammer Oil Hammer ES Rod Coat B700 EFP 624 Vibra Stop Rapid Core Rod Ease MO - 101 DESCRIPTION Environmentally friendly down hole hammer lubricant Down hole hammer lubricant Grease to be applied to rods for lubrication and protection Biodegradable cutting oil for salty water Oil based cutting oil Vegetable oil based cutting oil Environmentally friendly drill rod grease Biodegradable cutting oil/lubricant Liquid grease to be applied to rods for lubrication and protection Extreme pressure lubricant High performance lubricant and cutting oil Torque reducing fluid

FLUID LOSS CONTROL AGENTS AND DISPERSANTS AMC Pac L Aus-Dex Aus-Lig Aus-Tex Liqui-Sperse Well clean BAROID Pac L Dextrid CC-16 Breakback MI Poly Pac UL Poly Sal Asphasol Ringfree DESCRIPTION Low viscosicity PAC/filtrate reducer Modified polysaccharide Lignite-based thinner Drilling fluid conditioner Liquid clay dispersant Clay dispersant for water wells
SURFACTANTS, FOAMING AGENTS AND DETERGENTS AMC Aus-Det Super-Foam BAROID Condet Quik Foam MI D-D Super Foam AF DESCRIPTION Drilling detergent Foaming agent for fresh and saline water

CEMENT & GROUTING ADDITIVES AMC AMC-XXX Aus-Grip A & B FR-100L Gypset Hard-Set AMC Ground Stabilizer BAROID Baroid XXX Barafoam A +B Quick Set MI Collar Set A+B DESCRIPTION Cement grout additive Polyurethane rigid setting foam Liquid cement friction reducer Controlled setting Gypsum grout Fast setting high strength cement Hole stabilizer for air drilling
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WEIGHTING MATERIALS AMC Barite Calcium Chloride Sodium Chloride BAROID Barite Calcium Chloride Sodium Chloride MI Barite Calcium Chloride Sodium Chloride DESCRIPTION Weighting Agent Cement accelerator Soluble weighting agent / shale inhibitor

COMMERCIAL CHEMICALS AMC Caustic Soda Potassium Hydroxide Soda Ash Sodium Bicarbonate BAROID Caustic Soda Potassium Hydroxide Soda Ash Sodium Bicarbonate MI Caustic Soda Potassium Hydroxide Soda Ash Sodium Bicarbonate DESCRIPTION pH control agent pH control agent pH control/water treatment Treatment for cement contamination
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SPECIALTY PRODUCTS & CHEMICALS AMC AMC-Biocide AMC Truck Wash Aus-Floc Backfill Mixture Bentonite Chips Bentonite Pellets BAROID Bara Floc MI Kwik Plug DESCRIPTION Bactericide High performance detergent/degreaser Flocculant Blended Backfill Material Bentonite Sealing Chips -

AMC C-Pack AMC Defoamer Potassium Chloride AMC Rod-Free Clay-Coat Water Conditioner Inhibi-Swell P BAROID Potassium Chloride Ezispot MI Potassium Chloride DESCRIPTION Pre-mixed casing pack Defoaming agent Shale inhibitor Stuck pipe freeing agent Polyglycerol Treating agent for mine water Shale and clay inhibitor
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LOST CIRCULATION MATERIALS AMC Aus-Plug Cotton Seed Hulls Kwik-Seal Shur-Seal BAROID Bara Swell Cotton Seed Hulls Kwik Seal Hy Seal MI Polyswell Cotton Seed Hulls Kwik Seal DESCRIPTION Swelling granular polymer LCM Graded LCM - fine, medium or coarse Shredded Organic Fibre
PRODUCT APPLICATION TABLE - MINERAL AND WATER WELL - TABLE 1
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Aus-Ben Viscosity Gelation Carrying Capacity Filter Cake Encapsulation pH Environment Lubrication Contaminant Tolerance Salt Tolerance Yes High High Thick No 6 -14 Moderate Low Ca++< 150 mg Low
Aus-Gel Yes High High Thick No 6 -10 Moderate Low Ca++< 150 mg Low
AMC-Pac Yes No Very High Thin Low 6 -11 High Med - LowCa ++ High
Aus-Trol Yes No High Thin Low 6 -10 High Low Ca++< 150 mg High
Bio-Vis Yes High Very High No Low 3 -7 High High Ca++> 200 mg High
CR-650 Yes Medium Medium No High 6 -10 High Low Ca++< 200 mg High
Liqui-Pol Yes No Low No Very High 6 -10 High Low Ca++< 200 mg Medium Low

Aus-Ben Grease Production Temperature Limitations Flocculant Diamond Drilling Application Water Well Application Clay Inhibition Dispersant Stiff Foam Agent Foam Additive Normal Conc. No < 240 C No Yes Yes No N/A Yes Yes 30-100 kg/m
3
14
Aus-Gel No < 140 C No Yes Yes No N/A Yes Yes 15-55 kg/m
3
AMC-Pac No < 140 C No Yes Yes No N/A Yes Yes 1.5-3 kg/m
3
Aus-Trol No < 140 C No Yes No No N/A Yes Yes 2-3 kg/m

3
Bio-Vis No < 100 C No Yes Yes No N/A Yes Yes 3-4 kg/m
3
CR-650 No < 160 C No Yes Yes Yes N/A Yes Yes 0.5-3 kg/m
3
Liqui-Pol No < 160 C, >5C Low Conc. Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes 0.5-1.25 Irt/ m3
Note: Salt Tolerance - Low = <3000 mg/I CI, Medium = <20,000 mg/I CI, High = <80,000 mg/I CI Note: Salt Tolerance Low = <3000 mg/I CI, Medium = <20,000 mg/I CI, High = <80,000 mg/I CI

AMC Bit-Lube Viscosity Gelation Cleaning Capacity Filter Cake Encapsulation pH Environment Lubrication Contaminant Tolerance Salt Tolerance Grease Production No No No No No 8-10 High Universal TorqFree No No No No No 6-10 High No No No No No 6 - 10 High Clay Coat No No No No Yes 6 - 10 Yes Well Clean High High Aus-Det Surfactant High FR-100L Yes Hammer Oil C-Pack -
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Low Ca++ Low Ca++ Low Ca++ Medium < 200 mg < 200 mg < 200mg Low High High Medium High Medium High No

AMC Bit-Lube Flocculant Diamond Drilling Application Water Well Application Clay Inhibition Dispersant Foaming Agent Stiff Foam Additive Normal Conc. No Yes No No No No No 2.5-7.5L/ m3 Universal TorqFree No Yes No No No No No 2.5-5 L/m
3
16
Clay Coat No Yes Yes Yes No No No

3
Well Clean Yes No Yes 2-3kg/m

3
Aust-Det
FR-100L -
Hammer Oil -
C-Pack Annular Volume
No Yes No No No No No 2.5-5 L/m
Yes Yes Yes 1-5 L/m3 2-5 L /m (little 3)

3
Yes 0.51L/200 L
4-8%
Note: Salt Tolerance - Low = <3000 mg/I CI, Medium = <20,000 mg/I CI, High = <80,000 mg/I CI Note: Salt Tolerance - Low = <3000 mg/I CI, Medium = <20,000 mg/I CI, High = <80,000 mg/I CI
VISCOSIFIERS
The removal of rock chips from the cutting face of the bit and the carrying of these cuttings to the surface is dependant on the flow properties (viscosity) of the drilling fluid. Viscosity is defined as the resistance by a fluid to flow. The driller recognises this as thickness. Polymers are employed to build viscosity for drilling fluids while improving borehole stability and maximizing core recovery through inhibition of water sensitive clays and shales. Bentonitic clays are also used to provide viscosity and to develop gel strengths. Gel strength develops when the mud stops moving and can be advantageous when drilling loose sand or gravel formations. Bentonitic clays swell when mixed in fresh water, imparting viscosity and gel strength to the fluid. In addition, they assist in the movement of drill pipe and casing by the development of a thin filter cake on the walls of the borehole. AMC products which perform primarily as viscosifiers are as follows: AQUA-POL AUS-BEN AUS-GEL AUS-GEL XTRA AUS-TROL BIO-VIS CLAY BORE CR-650 EZEE PAC R LIQUI-PAC LlQUI-POL LP 2000 PAC R VIS-GEL XAN-BORE
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AQUA-POL
AQUA-POL is a dry powdered blend of organic polymers formulated for building a low solids mud system for rotary drilling. APPLICATION AQUA-POL provides good hole clearing, cuttings encapsulation and filtration properties for controlling sticky formation and hydratable shale sections. It can also be used with KCI and NaCl salt systems to inhibit clay swelling. AQUA-POL can also be used in conjunction with AUS-GEL to build an effective rotary drilling mud system. ADVANTAGES Effective in fresh, salty and hard water. Non fermenting - does not require biocides. Biodegradable, non-toxic and non-polluting. USAGE Add 3 to 8 kgs/1,000 litres water. PACKAGING AQUA-POL is packaged in 15 kg plastic pails.
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AUS-BEN
AUS-BEN is a premium grade Wyoming sodium bentonite which meets or surpasses the API 13A test specifications for drilling grade bentonite. APPLICATION AUS-BEN is an effective viscosifier in fresh and brackish water. It provides good filtrate control and is an excellent product for use in the construction and civil engineering industries. AUS-BEN has a consistent quality and can be used in conjunction with all other drilling mud products. ADVANTAGES Provides hole stability in poorly consolidated formations. Is a natural and environmentally safe product. Is tolerant to minor contaminations - slurry can be treated and recycled. USAGE Normal - 30 to 60 kgs/1,000 litres. Unconsolidated, caving formations - 70 to 90 kgs/1,000 litres. Lost circulation - 80 to 100 kgs/1,000 litres. PACKAGING AUS-BEN is packaged in 25 kg multi-walled paper bags.
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AUS-GEL
AUS-GEL is a modified, premium grade sodium bentonite, formulated to ensure ease of mixing and superior mud making qualities in fresh water. APPLICATION AUS-GEL is recommended as a high yielding viscosifier for building a mud system with excellent hole cleaning properties and low filtrate loss in fresh to brackish water. The product makes an economical, low solids drilling fluid which has specific application in water wells with permeable sections or poorly consolidated caving formations. AUS-GEL yields approximately twice the amount of standard AUS-BEN. ADVANTAGES Yields rapidly in fresh water to give high viscosity. Economical - provides a single product preparation for a low solids drilling mud. Environmentally friendly - does not ferment and is non-toxic. USAGE Normal - 15 to 30 kgs/1,000 litres Unconsolidated, caving formation - 35 to 45 kgs/1,000 litres Lost circulation - 40 to 55 kgs/1,000 litres PACKAGING AUS-GEL is packaged in 25 kg multi-walled paper bags.
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AUS-GEL XTRA
AUS-GEL XTRA is a modified, premium grade Sodium Montmorillonite imported from Wyoming USA, which has been finely ground and processed to ensure ease of mixing and superior mud making qualities in fresh water. APPLICATION AUS-GEL XTRA is recommended as a high yield viscosifier for building a mud system with excellent flow properties and low filtrate loss in fresh water. The product makes an economical low solids drilling fluid, which has specific application in horizontal directional drilling and water wells with permeable sections or poorly consolidated sands and gravels. AUS-GEL XTRA increases hole cleaning capabilities and promotes hole stability in unconsolidated and caving formations. AUS-GEL XTRA can be used for making gel-foam for air drilling. ADVANTAGES - Effective - AUS-GEL XTRA makes more than twice as much mud of the same viscosity as an equal weight of API grade Bentonite. - Economical - single product preparation of a low solids drilling mud. - Fast Yield - AUS-GEL XTRA reaches high viscosity very quickly. - Environmentally Friendly - does not ferment and is non-toxic. USAGE Under normal drilling conditions, add 15 - 30kg/m3 to fresh water. In unconsolidated formations, loose sands and gravels add 35 - 45kg/m3 to fresh water. To improve hole cleaning, core recovery and increase hole stability add 10 - 15kg/m3 to fresh water. AUS-GEL XTRA should preferably be mixed by adding slowly through a jet funnel or a high speed stirrer. If such equipment is not available, sprinkle AUS-GEL XTRA slowly into water close to pump suction. PACKAGING AUS-GEL XTRA is packaged in 25kg multiwall, water resistant paper sacks.
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AUS-TROL
AUS-TROL is a high molecular weight dry powdered organic polymer, which forms a high viscosity colloidal solution in fresh, salty or hard water. AUS-TROL provides excellent viscosity and filtration control and will extend the yield of bentonite based drilling fluids. APPLICATION AUS-TROL is a protective colloid which inhibits the hydration of water sensitive formations, improving core recovery in diamond drilling applications. Rod vibration, torque and pump pressure are reduced while penetration rates are increased together with extended bit life. ADVANTAGES Highly effective - improved core recovery in most difficult drilling conditions. Versatile - can be used with other lubricants/surfactants in fresh or salty water. Economical - high activity reduces consumption. Convenient - easily transported. USAGE Add 2.0 to 3.0 kgs/1,000 litres of water PACKAGING AUS-TROL is packaged in 1 kg plastic bags, 15 bags per pail or 15 kg boxes.
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BIO-VIS
BIO-VIS is a modified natural polymer specifically formulated for mixing a low solids biodegradable drilling fluid for use in water wells. BIO-VIS is a non-toxic free flowing powder that is completely biodegradable. APPLICATION BIO-VIS provides excellent viscosity and filtration control in fresh and salty water and makes a complete mud system. This low solids polymer system breaks down naturally and eliminates mudding of water aquifers which frequently occurs when using bentonite as a mud additive. To extend the life expectancy of a BIO-VIS fluid, AMC BIOCIDE should be added to prevent fermentation. To accelerate the development of a well, SODIUM HYPERCHLORITE solution can be added. The addition of 10 litres of SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE per 1,000 litres of BIO-VIS fluid followed by surging, will assist in optimum well production. USAGE Normal conditions - 3 to 4 kgs/1,000 litres. Unconsolidated formations, coarse gravels - 5 to 8 kgs/ 1,000 litres. PACKAGING BIO-VIS is packaged in a 15 kg plastic pail or 15 kg boxes.
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CLAY-BORE
CLAY-BORE is a white granular polymer that is 100% active. When mixed with fresh water it provides good viscosity, lubrication and fragile gelation. It also encapsulates the clay particles, reducing the possibility of clay swelling and becoming sticky. CLAY-BORE has specific applications in the horizontal drilling and trenching areas. APPLICATION CLAY-BORE provides an excellent boring fluid, which inhibits clays from swelling and sloughing, and provides good carrying capacity to help suspend and transport cuttings. When used with AUS-GEL or AUS-BEN, CLAY-BORE will assist binding loose sand and gravel together and stabilize the drill hole. CLAY-BORE can be used on its own, or with the whole range of Australian Mud Companys horizontal directional drilling products. ADVANTAGES Effective - mixes rapidly in fresh water with minimum shear. Economical -100% active. Provides excellent viscosity at a minimum concentration. High activity - reducing freight costs. Environmentally friendly - non-hazardous, non-toxic and will not ferment. USAGE Under normal drilling conditions - 0.5 to 0.75 kg/in3 To stabilise swelling clays and shales - 0.75 to 1.0 kg/in3 CLAY-BORE should be mixed by slowly adding through a jet funnel or high-speed stirrer. PACKAGING CLAY-BORE is packaged in a 15 kg plastic pail or 15 kg boxes.
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CR-650 (Core Recovery Polymer)

CR-650 is a high molecular weight, powdered polymer which has been developed to improve core recovery, particularly in broken and sandy formations. It may also be used to stabilize reactive clays and shales and to provide lubrication when diamond drilling in bad conditions. APPLICATION CR-650 forms a protective polymer film on the drill core and on the walls of the bore hole. This polymer film reduces water invasion into hydratable and dispersive clays and shales. CR-650 is also very effective for stabilizing loose, friable sand formations. CR-650 can be used as a single product, low solids mud system, or it can be combined with AUS-GEL/AUSTROL to form a complete mud system. ADVANTAGES Effective - mixes rapidly in fresh to brackish water with minimum shear. Economical - 92% active. Provides excellent viscosity at a minimum concentration. Environmentally friendly - non-hazardous, non-toxic and will not ferment. Compatible - will not wash off ROD-GREASE. USAGE Add to fresh water. Under normal drilling conditions - 0.5 to 0.75 kg/1,000 litres. To stabilize swelling clays and shales - 0.75 to 1.0 kg/1,000 litres. To improve core recovery in sandy, friable formations and to increase hole stability 1 to 2 kgs/1,000 litres. CR-650 should be mixed by adding slowly through a jet tunnel or high speed stirrer.
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PACKAGING
CR-650 is packaged in a 15 kg plastic pail or 15 kg boxes.
EZEE PAC R
EzEE PAC R is an easy mixing, readily dispersible polyanionic cellulosic polymer. EzEE PAC R will not fish eye and can be mixed into any make up water with very little agitation. APPLICATION EzEE PAC R can be added to any type of water based drilling fluid. It will increase viscosity and effectively reduce filtrate loss at very low concentrations. EzEE PAC R is an excellent dual purpose polymer which may be mixed through normal mud hopper facilities, or by simply sprinkling the powder into a slowly agitating fluid system. Note: Pre slurrying in AUS-CUT or ENVIROCUT before mixing to the mud system is no longer required. ADVANTAGES - 98% active. - Extremely cost effective in comparison to liquid products. - Easy mixing with no fish eyes. - Ideal for underground operations where mixing systems are limited. USAGE Add 1.5 to 2.5 kgs/1,000 litres of water. PACKAGING EzEE PAC R is packaged in 25 kg multi-walled water resistant paper bags, or 15 kg plastic pails. - Rapid increase in viscosity. - Reduces water loss. - Improves shale control. - Extends life of foam or stiff foam in air drilling.
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LIQUI-PAC
LIQUI-PAC is a high molecular weight polyanionic cellulose polymer suspended in a non-toxic ultra clean mineral oil. LIQUIPAC is an extremely effective viscosifier and filtration control agent for use in fresh or saline water. APPLICATION LIQUI-PAC can be used in any type of water based drilling fluid including fresh, hard and saturated salt water environments. LIQUI-PAC can also be added to Bentonite to complement its properties. LIQUI-PAC can be used as a simple single polymer system and is compatible with all other products. It is an excellent viscosifier, controls fluid loss and produces a thin flexible filter cake. When used correctly, LIQUI-PAC can inhibit the reactive nature of hydrosensitive clay and shales, it will also improve core recovery and reduce friction drag in most drilling applications. ADVANTAGES - Extremely easy to handle, readily mixed into low shear environments. - Eliminates the need to use dry powder mixers and mud hoppers. - Provides a complete dispersion of the particles to eliminate fisheyes from forming. - Eliminates wastage associated with dry powders. - Extremely stable suspension properties improving storage life. - Compatible with all water based drilling fluid systems, polymer and lubricants.
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- Improves the physical characteristics of a Bentonite base drilling fluid. - Effective in fresh, hard and saline water. - Enhance the lubristic characteristic of a fluid and can improve penetration rates. - Environmentally acceptable and non-toxic.
TYPICAL PROPERTIES Physical appearance: white viscous slurry pH 1 % soln: 6.5 - 8.5 USAGE To improve the properties of a Bentonite mud: 1 - 2 litres per 1,000 litres To reduce torque and improve core recovery: 2 - 4 litres per 1,000 litres To improve fluid loss, inhibition and encapsulation: 2 - 5 litres per 1,000 litres When used in saline water drilling fluids: 3 - 6 litres per 1,000 litres LIQUI-PAC can be slowly introduced into mechanical agitation, through a water discharge or through a mud hopper. PACKAGING LIQUI-PAC is packaged in an 18 kg pail.
LIQUI-POL
LIQUI-POL is a liquid anionic polymer viscosifier with high molecular weight providing rapid viscosity without the problems associated with mixing, as is the case with most powdered polymers. It provides a complete drilling fluid system and mixes very rapidly in fresh or brackish water. APPLICATION LIQUI-POL can be used in diamond drilling or water well drilling: DIAMOND DRILLING ADVANTAGES Produces rapid viscosity. Very cost effective - low concentration required. Reduces rod chatter and torque - increases core recovery. Inhibits water sensitive formations - improves borehole stability. DIAMOND DRILLING USAGE Add 0.75 to 1.25 litres/1,000 litres water for complete drilling fluid. Add 0.5 to 0.75 litres/1,000 litres to stop rod vibration and reduce torque. WATER WELL DRILLING ADVANTAGES The polymer can be easily and economically broken down for the development of water wells after setting screens. Controls sticky clays and inhibits water sensitive, swelling formations. Promotes effective settling of drilling solids in surface pits. Cost effective and economical to transport. WATER WELL DRILLING USAGE Add 1.0 to 1.5 litres/1,000 litres for complete water well drilling fluid. PACKAGING LIQUI-POL is packaged in a 25 kg plastic pail or 20 kg boxes.
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LP 2000
LP 2000 liquid viscosifier is a high molecular weight anionic polymer and high activity polymer mix that provides rapid viscosity and ease of mixing. LP 2000 can provide a complete drilling fluid system and can be mixed very rapidly in brackish to high salinity water. APPLICATION LP 2000 can be used in Horizontal Directional Drilling as both a viscosifier and shale inhibitor. It is used to prepare solids free drilling fluid with exceptional hole stabilizing properties. LP 2000 will improve the properties of low solids Aus-Gel Xtra fluids and air/foam injection fluids. ADVANTAGES Easy To Mix - Yields rapidly and completely. Lubricity - Reduces drill pipe torque and pumping pressure, also reduces rod chatter. Clay Shale Stability - Inhibits water sensitive formations. Improves borehole stability. Non Toxic - Proven suitable for use in drilling potable waterwells. Compatible With Bentonite - Improves properties of Aus-Gel Bentonite systems. Waterwell Development - Breaks down to water viscosity with the addition of sodium hypochlorite (chlorine). USAGE To make up a complete drilling fluid 1 - 2 litres/1,000litres depending on make up water. To stop rod vibration and reduce torque 0.5 - 0.75 litres/ 1,000 litres. To improve foam performance and hole conditions 1 - 2 litres/1,000 litres To add to Aus-Gel Bentonite Mud 0.5 - 0.75 litres/1,000 litres. PACKAGING LP 2000 is packaged in 25 kg plastic drums.
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PAC R
PAC R is a polyanionic cellulosic polymer of high molecular weight and is an extremely effective viscosifier in fresh or salty water. PAC R also controls fluid loss and produces a thin, tough filter cake. APPLICATION PAC R can be added to any type of water-based drilling fluid. It will increase viscosity and effectively reduce filtrate loss at very low concentrations. PAC R is an excellent dual purpose polymer which may be mixed through normal mud hopper facilities or by pre-slurrying in AUS-CUT or ENVIROCUT before mixing to the mud system. ADVANTAGES Rapid increase in viscosity. Reduces water loss. Improves shale control. Extends life of foam or stiff foam in air drilling. USAGE Add 1.5 to 2.5 kgs/1,000 litres of water. PACKAGING PAC R is packaged in 25 kg multi-walled, water resistant paper bags or 15 kg plastic pails.
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VIS-GEL (Horizontal Boring Drilling Fluid)

VIS-GEL is a blend of sodium bentonite and co-polymers, finely ground and processed to ensure ease of mixing, superior plastering qualities and high gel strengths when horizontal boring. APPLICATION VIS-GEL is recommended as an excellent drilling fluid and viscosifier with superior flow properties and low filtrate loss in fresh to brackish water. The product is highly suited to horizontal drilling in loose unconsolidated formations. ADVANTAGES Yields in fresh water to give high viscosity. Economical - low dosage rate gives excellent results in loose sands. Viscosifies very quickly. Environmentally friendly - non-toxic and does not ferment. USAGE For normal under road drilling conditions - 8 to 10 kgs/1,000 litres. In unconsolidated sands and loose formations - 12 to 15 kgs/1,000 litres. VIS-GEL should be added slowly through a jet funnel or high shear mixer. PACKAGING VIS-GEL is packaged in 25 kg sacks.
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XAN-BORE (High Gel Strength Biopolymer)

XAN-BORE is a premium quality biopolymer powder, designed to provide maximum solids suspension and hole cleaning in horizontal directional drilling applications. APPLICATION XAN-BORE can be added to a pre-hydrated bentonite based fluid or a single additive in fresh, brackish or seawater. XAN-BORE fluids are highly shear thinning, but will revert back to a higher viscosity at low shear rates. This unique property provides many benefits in HDD bores by providing excellent carrying capacity of coarse sand and gravel. Improved hole cleaning and cuttings transport allow for quicker and easier back-reams and pull-backs on longer bores. ADVANTAGES Only small amounts required for effective results. Maximises cuttings transport and hole cleaning. Mixes easily and quickly in all water types. Stabilizes unconsolidated formations when used in conjunction with AUS-GEL. Effectively suspends coarse sand and gravel when drilling river crossings. Provides excellent lubricity for easier product line installations. Biodegradable, non toxic and can replace bentonite in environmentally sensitive areas. Improves solids removal equipment efficiency. USAGE Add 1 to 3 kgs/1,000 litres of water through a mud hopper or a high shear mixer. PACKAGING 5 kg pail, 5 x 1 kg per pail.
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LUBRICANTS AND CUTTING OILS

Poor bit life, rod vibration and excessive rotary torque can be significant problems in deep and deviated diamond drill holes. AMC has developed cutting oils which have extreme pressure lubrication properties designed for the operating parameters at the face of the bit. The concentrated blend of wetting agents, surfactants and corrosion inhibitors in AMC cutting oils, act to enhance the cooling of the impregnated diamond particles and accelerate the removal of fine cuttings improving penetration rates and extending bit life. AMC cutting oils eliminate rod vibration and reduce rotary torque by depositing a soft, tenacious film of grease on the outside of the rods. EP BIT LUBE and AMC-UNIVERSAL are vegetable oil-based, non-toxic biodegradable soluble oils. AMC UNIVERSAL can be used in harsh and salty waters, on the surface and in underground operations. EP BIT LUBE is suitable for fresh water surface systems while EP BIT LUBE (SW) has been especially formulated for salt water surface systems. Superlube is a new generation lubricant for deep diamond core drilling. AMC BEL AMC BIODEGRADEABLE HAMMER OIL AUS-CUT ENVIRO-CUT ENVIRO-GREASE EP BIT LUBE EP BIT LUBE (SW) HAMMER OIL LIQUID ROD GREASE PENETROL XTRA ROD GREASE XTRA TACKY SUPERLUBE TORQ FREE XTRA TUBE LUBE UNIVERSAL
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AMC BEL
AMC BEL Extends bit life by lubricating the bearings and shirt tails. AMC BEL is 100% environmentally friendly, where as used oil not only contains metal particles, but the presence of diesel oil being mixed with water could create sulphuric acid. AMC BEL is made to be water soluble so that as much lubricant as possible gets into the bearings. APPLICATION Mix in water tank or inject 1.5 litres per hour direct into air line. ADVANTAGES - Effective in all types of water. - Extends the life of the air bearing roller stabilisers. - Reduces down hole torque. - Prevents corrosion of tanks, injection pumps, seals and hoses. - Assists in dust suppression. - Stabilises the walls of blast holes. USAGE Dosage: Use 5 litres to 100 litres of waters, depending on drilling conditions.
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AMC-BIODEGRADABLE HAMMER OIL Down Hole Hammer Lubricant

AMC-BIODEGRADABLE HAMMER OIL comes in three viscosity grades, 150, 320 and 460 centipoises. All grades are formulated with a tackifier to give the AMC-BIODEGRADABLE HAMMER OIL superior adhesion to metal surfaces. APPLICATION AMC-BIODEGRADABLE HAMMER OIL is used in all types of air driven down hole hammers as an air line lubricant. AMC-BIODEGRADABLE HAMMER OIL is not recommend as a preserving additive when preparing hammer oil for prolonged periods of storage. ADVANTAGES Excellent extreme pressure lubrication - provides wear protection to moving parts operating under extreme pressures and temperatures. High operating viscosity - does not reduce viscosity under high temperature and pressure thus retaining effective sealing and optimum performance of the hammer. Cost Effective - the excellent extreme pressure lubrication allows reduced injection rates with no reduction in lubrication to the Hammer. Excellent adhesion to metal surfaces compared to normal oils without a tackifier. USAGE Holes Size From 3 (92mm) to 5 (127mm) - 1.5 - 2.0 litres/hour 7 (190.5mm) to 8 (215.9mm) - 2.5 - 3.0 litres/hour Larger hole size up to 17 (44.5mm) - 4.5 - 5.0 litres/hour
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5 (127mm) to 7 (190.5mm) - 2.0 - 2.5 litres/hour 8 (215.9mm) to 8 (222.25mm) - 3.0 - 3.5 litres/hour
PACKAGING
AMC-HAMMER OIL is packaged in 25 litre or 205 litre drums.
AUS-CUT
AUS-CUT is a concentrated blend of water soluble surfactants specially formulated to work effectively in conditions where traditional soluble oils fail. AUS-CUT forms a highly stable emulsion in fresh, saline or hard waters, and ensures optimum lubrication and cooling under the most adverse down hole conditions. APPLICATION The primary application of AUS-CUT is in diamond drilling where increased penetration rates and extended bit life are required. Underground drilling, where the fluid is being recirculated, is an excellent application for AUS-CUT especially when the mine water is of poor quality. ADVANTAGES Effective in hard, salty acidic conditions. Will not soap out onto drill rods when drilling cement. Cost effective increased penetration and bit life. USAGE Add 5 to 12.5 litres / 1,000 litres of water. PACKAGING AUS-CUT is packaged in 25 litre plastic pails or 205 litre steel drums.
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ENVIRO-CUT
ENVIRO-CUT is a specially designed vegetable oil based cutting oil, formulated for the use in areas where environmental concerns restrict the use of products that contain hydrocarbons. ENVIRO-CUT is formulated using surfactants and emulsifiers that enable the product to form a highly stable emulsion in fresh, saline and hard water conditions. APPLICATION ENVIRO-CUTs principal application is to assist with penetration rates and extend bit life in diamond drilling applications. ENVIRO-CUT can also be used as a base to liquefy powder polymer, making mixing easier, and to promote optimum performance from the chemicals. Due to ENVIRO-CUTs biodegradability, the product usage can be used in areas where environmental restrictions dictate chemical selection. ADVANTAGES Biodegradable. Effective in a variety of water conditions. Enhances bit life and penetration rates. Cost effective. USAGE Add 5 to 15 litres / 1,000 litres of water. PACKAGING ENVIRO-CUT is packaged in 20 litre boxes, 25 litre plastic pails or 205 litre steel drums.
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ENVIRO-GREASE
ENVIRO-GREASE is a specially formulated blend of vegetable and synthetic oils to form a bio-degradable grease, manufactured for use as a diamond drilling rod grease. ENVIRO-GREASE is bio degradable and environmentally friendly. APPLICATION ENVIRO-GREASE is applied to the rods as they are run back into the hole. The grease is easily applied to the outer side of the drill rod and heating isnt required prior to use. ADVANTAGES Environmentally friendly. Availability of different grades. Provides excellent adhesion and is effective in fresh to saline waters. Compatible with all types of lubricants and fluids systems. Highly effective in dry hole conditions, and is cost comparable to hydrocarbon based greases. USAGE Under normal drilling conditions, initially apply 1-2 kgs ENVIRO-GREASE for 100m NQ rods. As hole greases up, use less after each bit change. For dry hole conditions, use 2-3 kgs ENVIRO-GREASE per l00m for NQ rods and 3-4 kgs of ENVIRO-GREASE per 100m for HQ rods. Greasing can be reduced by circulating degreasers and detergents through the bore hole. PACKAGING ENVIRO-GREASE is packaged in 20 kg steel pails.
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EP BIT LUBE Extreme Pressure Lubricant for Fresh Water

EP BIT LUBE is vegetable based soluble oil which was developed specifically for the diamond drilling industry. Its extreme pressure lubrication properties were designed for the operating parameters at the face of an impregnated diamond bit giving improved penetration rates and extended bit life. APPLICATION EP BIT LUBE eliminates rod vibration in diamond drilling by producing a soft, tenacious film of grease on the drill string and the borehole. The concentrated wetting agents in the product enhance the cooling of the impregnated diamond particles and accelerate removal of cuttings improving penetration rates and extending bit life. EP BIT LUBE forms white oil in water emulsion and is compatible with fresh water and brackish water. ADVANTAGES Vegetable oil-based with biodegradable emulsifiers. Extends bit life and improves penetration rates. Reduces torque from the rod string and from the face of the bit. Very cost effective - low concentration required. USAGE EP BIT LUBE may be added directly to the sump or injected into the circulating system. It mixes very easily to form a white emulsion in most water types. To eliminate vibration and torque add 2.5 to 5 litres/1,000 litres water. To improve bit life in extremely hard and abrasive ground add 5 to 7.5 litres/1,000 litres water. PACKAGING EP BIT LUBE is packaged in 20 litre boxes, 25 litre or 210 litre plastic drums.
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EP BIT LUBE SW - Extreme Pressure Lubricant for Salt Water

EP BIT LUBE SW is a mixture of select emulsifiers surfactants and vegetable oils that are combined to create a highly soluble lubricant that has been purposely developed for poor quality mix water.
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APPLICATION
EP BIT LUBE SW is tolerant to hard saline make up waters. EP BIT LUBE SW eliminates rod vibration in diamond drilling by producing a soft, tenacious film of grease on the drill string and the borehole. The concentrated wetting agents in the product enhance the cooling and wetting of the impregnated diamond particles and accelerate removal of cuttings thereby improving penetration rates and extending bit life. EP BIT LUBE SW will form a white oil in water emulsion.
ADVANTAGES
EP BIT LUBE SW works is a variety of hard water conditions (Salinity, Calcium and Magnesium). Cost effective - low concentrations required to extend bit life and improve penetration rates. Reduces torque from the rod string and from the bit face. EP BIT LUBE SW deposits a soft grease on the rod string that reduces wear on the drill rods. Compatible with existing rod greases. Will not wash off the grease. Environmentally safe vegetable oil based with biodegradable emulsifiers.
USAGE
EP BIT LUBE SW may be added directly to the sump or injected into the circulating system. To eliminate vibration and torque in diamond drill holes 2.5 - 5.0 litres / 1,000 litres water. To improve impregnated bit life in extremely hard and abrasive ground 3.0 - 7.0 litres / 1,000 litres water. EP BIT LUBE SW mixes very easily to form a white emulsion in fresh to brackish water.
PACKAGING
EP BIT LUBE SW is packaged in 20 litre boxes, 25 litre or 210 litre plastic drums.
HAMMER OIL Down Hole Hammer Lubricant with Molylube Concentrate

HAMMER OIL is supplied in 3 grades, 150, 320 and 460 centipoises with or without Molylube additive Molybdenum disulfide - to improve the lubrication and wear characteristics of the hammer. ADVANTAGES With the addition of Molylube concentrate, friction and wear to the piston and cylinder is greatly reduced. Prevents metal to metal contact and surface scuffing - lubricates when oil films are unable to survive. The HAMMER OIL with Molylube additive is highly effective in salty water conditions when drilling with foam. The Oil/Molylube concentrate will not wash off the piston when foam is pumped through the hammer. HAMMER OIL with Molylube additive is premixed at AMCs factory and has been formulated to remain in suspension. USAGE Holes Size - Consumption (based on max. 35Opsi air) 3 to 5 - 1.5 to 2.0 litres/hour 5 to 7 -2.0 to 2.5 litres/hour 7 to 8 - 2.5 to 3.0 litres/hour 8 to 8 - 3.0 to 3.5 litres/hour 8 to 17 - 4.5 to 5.0 litres/hour PACKAGING HAMMER OIL is packaged in 25 litre or 205 litre drums.
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LIQUID ROD GREASE

LRG has been formulated to be used in a convenient and easily applied manner. LRG is poured down the rods after core recovery (after the inner tube has been lowered). It is then slowly washed down the inside of the rods and forced into the annulus to do its work as rod grease. LRG has the ability to adhere to the formation and the steel rods, ensuring an absolutely torque free environment. This unique formulation is a world leading biodegradable, non-toxic, environmental friendly liquid rod grease. APPLICATION Reduces torque and frictional drag on the drill rods. Minimises wear on drill string. Protects the rods. Minimises stuck rods. ADVANTAGES Economical and efficient. Environmentally friendly. Biodegradable. Extremely easy to apply. Improves production. Stable at high pressures and temperatures. Lowers shearing on rods. Improves coring ability and the quality of the core. Blocks small fissures ensuring better water return. Absolutely unique formulation. USAGE Retrieve the inner tube for core recovery. Recover the core and lower the inner tube again. Before re-connecting the rods, pour LRG down the rods. Connect the rods and proceed with normal drilling operations. Apply 1-2 litres down the rods after each core recovery for hole depths of between 0m to 500m. Pour 2-4 litres down the rods after each core recovery for hole depths of between 500m to 1500m. Pour 5 litres or more after each core recovery for depths greater that 1500m. PACKAGING Available in 25 litre cubes.
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PENETROL XTRA - Extreme Pressure Lubricant

PENETROL XTRA is vegetable based soluble oil that was developed specifically for the diamond drilling industry. Its extreme pressure lubrication properties were designed for the operating parameters at the face of an impregnated diamond bit, giving improved penetration rates and extended bit life. APPLICATION PENETROL XTRA eliminates rod vibration in diamond drilling by producing a soft, tenacious film of grease on the drill string and the borehole. The concentrated wetting agents in the product enhance the cooling and wetting of the impregnated diamond particles and accelerate removal of cuttings improving penetration rates and extending bit life. PENETROL XTRA forms white oil in water emulsion with some foaming, and has proven to work effectively in a variety of water conditions including fresh to super saline and hard to acidic. ADVANTAGES Cost effective - low concentrations required to extend bit life and improve penetration rates. Reduces torque from the rod string and from the bit face. PENETROL XTRA deposits a soft grease on the rod string that reduces wear on the drill rods. Compatible with existing rod greases. Will not wash off the grease. Environmentally safe - vegetable oil based with biodegradable emulsifiers. USAGE (% by volume) To eliminate vibration and torque in diamond drill holes 0.25-0.5%. To improve impregnated bit life in extremely hard abrasive ground 0.75-1.0%. PENETROL XTRA may be added directly to the sump or may be injected into the circulating system. It mixes very easily to form a white foaming emulsion. PACKAGING PENETROL XTRA is packaged in 20 litre boxes, 25 litre or 200 litre plastic drums.
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ROD GREASE XTRA TACKY

ROD GREASE XTRA TACKY is specifically formulated rod grease manufactured for use as a diamond drilling rod grease. APPLICATION ROD GREASE XTRA TACKY is applied to the rods before they are run back into the hole. The grease is applied to the rods by hand and heating is not required before use. ADVANTAGES Very tenacious - adheres to the rods under virtually all types of drilling conditions. Effective in fresh and salty water. Highly effective under dry hole conditions i.e. where there are no fluid returns. Will not wash off. Compatible with all drilling muds. USAGE Under normal drilling conditions - initially apply 1 to 2 kgs grease for 100 meters NQ rods. As hole greases up use less after each bit change. Dry hole conditions - use 2 to 3 kgs grease for 100 metres of NQ rods. HQ rods 3 to 4 kgs grease for 100 metres. Hole condition will vary and grease should be used accordingly. To remove excess grease from rods pump a caustic solution down hole and leave for several hours to soften. PACKAGING ROD GREASE XTRA TACKY is packaged in 17 kg steel drums.
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SUPERLUBE - High Performance Lubricant / Cutting Oil

SUPERLUBE is truly a unique product. It is a NEW GENERATION HIGH PERFORMANCE EXTREME PRESSURE LUBRICANT / CUTTING OIL made specifically for the mineral exploration industry. Extensive research and development has resulted in a high performance lubricant that produces exceptional lubricating characteristics. APPLICATION Reduces torque and frictional drag on the drill rods. Minimizes wear on drill string. Protects the rods, barrel and inner-tubes. Improves the cutting action of the bit and reamer. Used in surface and underground mining operations. Improves penetration (ROP). ADVANTAGES Economical and efficient. Environmentally friendly, Biodegradable. Produces a thin lubristic film on the metal surfaces. Eliminates rod vibration Stable in a range of waters types. Enhances the cooling action of the circulating fluid. Improves rod, bit and reamer life. Compatible with existing mud. RECOMMENDED TREATMENT SUPERLUBE can be applied directly to the rod line or to the batching tank. To ensure maximum performance is achieved SUPERLUBE should be totally homogenized into a system. Recommended usage of SUPERLUBE is 1.0 - 4.0 litres per 1,000 litres. Pipe size and depth will dictate the most beneficial concentration. PACKAGING Available in 25 litre and 200 litre plastic drums.
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TORQ-FREE XTRA - BIODEGRADABLE DIAMOND DRILLING LUBRICANT

TORQ-FREE XTRA is a vegetable oil based lubricant designed to reduce torque and drag in diamond drilling in all types of water quality. It has the ability to produce a protective film on the rods and bit, which reduces torque and enhances the life of rods and drill bits. APPLICATION TORQ-FREE XTRA can be added directly to any water based drilling fluid and will not affect the rheology properties of the mud. It is environmentally friendly and can be applied in underground and surface diamond drilling. TORQ-FREE XTRA contains extreme pressure lubricating agents which increase penetration rates, extend bit and rod life, reduces torque at the face of the bit and also on the rod string. ADVANTAGES Effective in all types of water. Biodegradable. Extends bit life and increases penetration rates. Extends rod life and reduces rod torque. Low usage for very extreme torque reduction. USAGE Add 0.25-0.5% (2.5-5.0 litres)/1,000 litres water directly to the sump or inject into the circulating system. PACKAGING TORQ-FREE XTRA is packaged in 20 litre boxes, 25 litre or 210 litre drums.
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TUBE LUBE
APPLICATION Reduces torque and frictional drag on the drill rods. Minimizes wear on drill string. Protects the rods, barrel and inner-tubes. Minimizes stuck rods. Used in surface and underground mining operations. Improves penetration (ROP). ADVANTAGES Economical and efficient. Environmentally acceptable. Biodegradable. Improved penetration. Stable at high temperatures. Lowers shearing on rods. Improves coring recovery in broken ground. Ideal for splits lubrication. USAGE Place the TUBE LUBE in the applicator used for TUBE LUBE and use as normal. Mix in a 210 litre drum and pump the mixture into the hole. PACKAGING Available in 20 kg and 25 kg plastic pails.
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UNIVERSAL - Diamond Drilling Biodegradable Cutting Oil for Fresh and Salty Water Conditions
UNIVERSAL is vegetable oil-based cutting oil for diamond drilling, which is suitable in all types of make up water for both surface and underground application. UNIVERSALs extreme pressure lubricating properties are designed to function at the face of an impregnated diamond bit giving improved penetration rates and extended bit life. APPLICATION UNIVERSAL is environmentally friendly cutting oil which gives excellent performance in virtually all water types ranging from brackish bore water to low pH (acidic) mine waters. It is particularly effective when re-circulated mine water is being used in underground drilling. UNIVERSAL contains extreme pressure lubricating agents which will help to cool diamond bits, increase penetration rates and extend bit life. UNIVERSAL acts to reduce rod torque and eliminate rod vibration. ADVANTAGES Effective in salty and low pH water. Biodegradable. Extends bit life and increases penetration rates. Cost effective - low concentration required. USAGE Add 2.5 to 5.0 Iitres/1,000 litres of water directly to the sump or inject into the circulating system (2.5% - 5% by volume). PACKAGING UNIVERSAL is packaged in 20 litre boxes, 25 litre or 210 litre plastic drums.
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FLUID LOSS CONTROL AGENTS AND DISPERSANTS

Filtration or fluid loss may be defined as loss of filtrate (water from water based muds) into permeable formations after these zones have been exposed to the drilling fluid through drilling operations. As a porous formation is exposed to the drilling fluid, mud solids are deposited on the wall of the hole in the form of a filter cake. The rate of fluid loss is proportional to the amount and quality of the filter cake. A thin robust filter cake will assist in reducing formation damage, improve drill rod lubricity and reduce the chances of differential sticking. Fluid loss control additives include cellulose based polymers, lignites, bentonite clays, modified polysaccharides and some guar gums. AMC has a range of products which control fluid loss and may also be used to improve rheological properties of the drilling fluid. AUS-DEX AUS-LIG AUS-TEX HD LUBE HD SPERSE LlQUI-SPERSE PAC L WELL CLEAN
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AUS-DEX
AUS-DEX is a modified polysaccharide which provides good filtration control and drilled solids encapsulation without excessive viscosity build-up. APPLICATION AUS-DEX is used primarily for filtration control but may be used together with PAC or AUS-TROL to provide maximum encapsulation and borehole stabilization. It is recommended for use in areas where differential sticking is a problem and where a thin, tough filter cake is required. ADVANTAGES Versatile - can be used to reduce filtrate loss in most water based muds. Effective - reduces fluid loss in minimum concentrations. Improves borehole stability - effective in fresh, brackish and salt water conditions. USAGE Add 4 to 10 kgs/1,000 litres mud. PACKAGING AUS-DEX is packaged in 25 kg multi-walled paper bags or 15 kg plastic pails.
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AUS-LIG
AUS-LIG is a sodium salt of humic acid which is used extensively for thinning and filtration control of sodium bentonite based drilling muds. APPLICATION AUS-LIG is recommended for dispersing gel muds and reducing fluid loss to provide a thin, tough filter cake. It is most effective in treating normal to high pH muds and works best in fresh water fluids. ADVANTAGES Economical - low concentrations required. Versatile - can be used with most mud products. Effective - thins and reduces fluid loss very quickly. USAGE Add 2 to 4 kgs/1,000 litres direct to the mud system through mud hopper. PACKAGING AUS-LIG is packaged in 20 kg plastic pails.
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AUS-TEX
AUS-TEX is sodium asphalt sulphonate, and is 80% - 90% soluble in both fresh and hard water. When mixed in the mud system it coats out on the hole wall and assists with lubricity, shale stabilization and water loss. It also assists in the prevention of differential sticking. APPLICATION AUS-TEX can be used in all types of drilling applications - diamond coring, mud rotary and oil wells. It provides lubricity in hard water environments where conventional lubrication products cannot be used. ADVANTAGES Provides drill rod lubricity in diamond drilling operations. Coats out on the hole to assist with shale/clay control. Excellent general-purpose mud conditioner. USAGE AUS-TEX should be mixed through a mud hopper at between 5 to 15 kgs per 1,000 litres. When using in hard water, pre-mixing with fresh water will enhance performance. PACKAGING AUS-TEX is packaged in 25 kg sacks.
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HD LUBE
HD LUBE is truly an exceptional product, it is a NEW GENERATION Lubricant made specifically for the Horizontal Directional Drilling (HDD) industry. Extensive research and development has resulted in a high performance lubricant that produces a lubristic film to coat metal surfaces. The depositing of a thin lubristic film reduces wear on tubulars and helps prevent clays balling. The uniqueness of the product also extends through to the selection of specialized vegetable oils and biodegradable emulsifiers. APPLICATION Reduces torque and frictional drag on the drill rods and reamers etc. Minimizes wear on the drill string and underground tooling. Reduces clay buildup on down hole equipment. Protects the rods, son housing and reamer. Improves the cutting action of the bit and reamer. Can be used when drilling or pulling packages. Improves reaming and cutting rates. ADVANTAGES Economical and efficient. Environmentally acceptable. Biodegradable. Produces a thin lubristic film on the metal surfaces. Eliminates build up on reamers and drill steel. Quick and easy to mix. Enhances the cooling action of the circulating fluid. Improves rod, bit and reamer life. Compatible with existing mud systems. TYPICAL PROPERTIES Appearance: Brown Coloured Liquid RECOMMENDED TREATMENT HD LUBE can be applied directly to the rod string or to the mixing tank. It is preferred that the HD LUBE be totally homogenized into a system to ensure maximum performance. Recommended usage of HD LUBE is 2.0 - 3.0 litres per 1,000 litres. Pipe size and installation length will dictate the most beneficial concentration. PACKAGING Available in 25 litres and 200 litres drums.
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HD SPERSE
HD SPERSE is a polymeric thinner designed exclusively for the Horizontal Directional Drilling (HDD) Industry. HD SPERSE is a concentrated dispersant used to efficiently break down clays and shales and will disperse Bentonite based drilling fluids. HD SPERSE can be added directly to the circulating fluid to break down clays or assist with the removal of waste fluid. APPLICATION Reduce torque when reaming. Breaks down drill solids to assist removal to waste. Reduces the possibility of frac-outs and hydro lock. Reduces the effects of contamination in Bentonite based fluids. ADVANTAGES Concentrated liquid thinner. Easy to mix. Prevents excessive viscosity development in clays and breaks down solids into liquids. Compatible with other additives. Rapidly dispersion. Environmentally Acceptable, is non toxic and does not ferment. USAGE Recommended usage - 2 - 4 litres per 1,000 litres Note: HD SPERSE is best dispersed through a PVC eductor or mixing hopper. PACKAGING HD SPERSE is packaged in 25 kg plastic drums.
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LIQUl-SPERSE - Low Molecular Weight Liquid Thinner

LIQUI-SPERSE is a polymeric thinner designed to effectively deflocculate bentonite muds. It is water soluble, easily dispersed liquid and requires only small concentrations to provide effective thinning results. LIQUI-SPERSE can be added to thin and stabilize bentonite muds prior to the addition of other additives such as PAC-L filtration reducing agent. ADVANTAGES Concentrated liquid thinner. Stable in hard and salt contamination in make-up fluid. Prevents excessive viscosity development in bentonite. Compatible with other AMC additives. Easy handling and rapidly dispersing liquid. Environmentally friendly - non-toxic and does not ferment. RECOMMENDED TREATMENT Fresh Water 6 to 10 litres/1,000 litres. KCL Fluid 8 to 12 litres/1,000 litres. Note:-LIQUI-SPERSE is best dispersed through a PVC Hootananny or mixing hopper. PACKAGING LIQUI-SPERSE is packaged in 25 kg plastic drums.
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PAC L
PAC L is a polyanionic cellulose polymer, which is an extremely effective filtrate reducer in fresh or salty water. It also acts as a thinner in salty water in low concentrations. APPLICATION PAC L can be used in any type of water based drilling fluid, including saturated salt water fluids. It will effectively reduce filtrate loss without increasing viscosity. PAC L is an excellent shale encapsulater and inhibitor in medium to high concentrations. ADVANTAGES AMC PAC L is effective in all types of water based muds, including salt saturated. Effective in the reduction of filtrate in small concentrations. Effective in the reduction of shale dispersion at medium to high concentrations. Effective at moderate to high pH. Non toxic and will not ferment. USAGE In all fluid types, mix 2 to 5 kgs of PAC L / 1,000 litres of water slowly through a hopper. PACKAGING PAC L is packaged in 25 kg multi-walled bags.
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WELL CLEAN
WELL CLEAN is used in the development and clean up of water wells where bentonite based mud has been used. WELL CLEAN breaks down the viscosity of a bentonite mud and will destroy any wall cake that has formed on the walls of the drill hole, promoting rapid and effective clean up. APPLICATION During development, the mud should be displaced from the drill hole with fresh water before adding the WELL CLEAN. After the well screens have been run and set, jetting and surging with WELL CLEAN /water mix will promote rapid, deep penetration of the aquifer and assist the well clean up. USAGE Add 3 to 5 kgs /1,000 litres to clean water for jetting/ surging through the screens or gravel pack. PACKAGING WELL CLEAN is packaged in 15 kg plastic pails.
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SURFACTANTS, FOAMING AGENTS AND DETERGENTS

Surfactants are drilling mud additives that function by altering the surface properties of the liquid and solid phases of the mud, or by imparting certain wetting characteristics to muds. Surfactants may be used as wetting agents, emulsifiers, lubricants or foaming agents. AMC has developed a range of products with these properties specifically for use in the mining and water well drilling industry. AUS-DET XTRA SUPER-FOAM
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AUS-DET XTRA
AUS-DET XTRA is a concentrated blend of detergents which improves the drilling characteristics of low solids and water based muds. APPLICATION AUS-DET XTRA may be used to reduce bit balling and drill rod collaring in soft sticky formations. It may also be used for dispersing the build up of drilled solids in the bit and also to disperse a build up of solids in diamond drill rods. AUS-DET XTRA may also be used in water well drilling to promote the rapid settling of cuttings at the surface. ADVANTAGES Can be added directly to the mud system. Is non-toxic and does not ferment. Effective in low concentrations. USAGE To reduce stickiness of clays use 2 to 5 litres/1,000 litres water. To assist in water well development use 1 to 2 litres/1,000 litres water. PACKAGING AUS-DET XTRA is packaged in 20 litre boxes, 25 litre plastic pails and 205 litre steel drums.
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SUPER-FOAM - FOAMING AGENT

SUPER-FOAM is a biodegradable mixture of anionic surfactants which has been formulated for use in the mineral and water well drilling industries.
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APPLICATION
SUPER-FOAM may be used in a variety of air drilling operations, ranging from simple air drilling to stiff foam drilling where the foam is extended by the use of polymers such as LIQUI-POL or AUS-TROL.
ADVANTAGES
Generates instant high foam quality of exceptional stability. Is compatible with all types of makeup water including brackish and hard water. Is environmentally friendly and biodegradable - it does not pollute. Lubricating properties make it suitable for use with down hole hammers. Reduces air requirements and allows deeper drilling. Reduces the tendency of softer clays to stick together. Improves hole cleaning and increases penetration rates.
USAGE
Mist Drilling - SUPER-FOAM should be mixed with water at 0.25 to 0.3% by volume and injected into the air stream. The rate of injection will depend on hole size, compressor output and water flow rate etc. Foam Drilling - If water flow rates are high and compressor limits are reached, up to 1% by volume of SUPER-FOAM. Stiff Foam Drilling - Stiff foam applications include areas of severe lost circulation, large diameter holes and unconsolidated formations. Stiff foam can be prepared by injecting a base slurry of 35-40 seconds per litre viscosity fluid prepared as follows: LIQUI-POL 1 to 2 kgs/1,000 litres | AMC- PacR 1 to 2 kgs/1,000 litres | SUPER-FOAM 10 litres/1,000 litres. When injected into the air stream, this slurry will produce stiff foam of shaving cream consistency.
PACKAGING
SUPER-FOAM is 25 litre boxes, 25 litre plastic pails and 200 litre drums.
CEMENT AND GROUTING ADDITIVES

Lost circulation problems can cause expensive rig down-time and increased costs through water transportation. The crevices and fractures which cause lost circulation can be sealed with quick setting gypsum cements, particularly when drilling and setting surface casing. AMC has developed a range of products which are applicable to cementing problems experienced by the drilling industry. AMC XXX AUS-GRIP A & B FR-100L GROUND STABILIZER GYPSET HARD SET
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AMC XXX - CEMENT GROUT ADDITIVE

AMC XXX is a cement grout additive which imparts special properties to cement slurry. The grout is suitable for curing lost circulation, cementing casing and stabilizing caving ground. The addition of AMC XXX powder to Portland cement and a measured quantity of water will provide an easily pumpable and quick setting cement grout. USAGE Water 11 to 12 litres. Add portland cement 25 kgs, mix. Add AMC XXX 0.3 to 0.5 kg. PACKAGING AMC XXX is packaged in 10 kg plastic waterproof pails.
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AUS-GRIP A & B
AUS-GRIP A & B is a foaming system consisting of two liquid components. AUS-GRIP A is a blend of polyols, catalysts, blowing additives, cel control additives and fire retardant. AUS-GRIP B is a technical grade diphenul methane diisocyanate (MDI). APPLICATION By mixing AUS-GRIP A & B a series of chemical reactions result in the formation of a rigid urethane foam which is an ideal application for the sealing of drilling collars. ADVANTAGES Can be used for pre-collar sealing or sealing of cavities in thief zones. USAGE AUS-GRIP A & B is poured into a suitable container in the ratio of one tin of AUS-GRIP A to one tin of AUSGRIP B. The mixture is stirred for 10 to 15 seconds and immediately poured into the top of the pre-collar or thief zone. PACKAGING AUS-GRIP A & B are packaged in 1.2 kg and 0.8 kg tins respectively.
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FR-100L
FR-100L is a liquid cement friction reducing compound which makes high density cement slurries more pumpable and does not affect the setting time or final compressive strength. APPLICATION Cementing deep diamond drill holes frequently presents problems, primarily because the cement slurry is not sufficiently dense (too much water) before it is pumped. During pumping, dilution takes place and the final cement fails to set. High density (16 Ib/gal) cement slurries are very thick and beyond the capabilities of most diamond drilling rig pumps. FR-100L is an excellent friction reducer and very small quantities will thin viscous slurries to the point where standard pumps can easily handle cement displacement. USAGE Add 0.5-1.0 litres / 200 litres cement slurry. Note 1: Cement slurry weighing 15.6 Ib/gal requires approximately 19 litres water per 40 kg sack Portland cement. Note 2: Do not mix FR-100L and Calcium Chloride together. If Calcium Chloride accelerator is used, add it to the mix water and add the FR100L to the cement slurry. PACKAGING FR-100L is packaged in 25 litre drums.
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GROUND STABILISER
GROUND STABILISER is a specially formulated blend of resins that coats out on the hole wall to form a hard surface. It is designed for use in RC drilling operations where broken/unstable ground is problematic. APPLICATION GROUND STABILISER is mixed with water and the resulting mixture is injected into the air stream via the centre of the RC rod. With the hammer open, the product bypasses the hammer ports and is blown into the hole annulus and coats out on the hole wall. As a result of the volume and heat of the airflow, GROUND STABILISER dries instantly to form a hard surface. ADVANTAGES Use of this product makes it possible to drill highly fractured and broken ground, including running sands. It eliminates the need to re-drill unstable hole intervals, resulting in higher production for the drilling contractor. In some areas it may negate the need to run casing strings or to cement holes due to unstable ground conditions. USAGE GROUND STABILISER is typically mixed with water at a ratio of 1:1. The volume of the resulting mixture required will vary depending on the hole conditions but typically 2 litres will be sufficient to seal 3 metres of 5 inch hole. PACKAGING GROUND STABILISER is packaged in 25 litre plastic cubes and 205 litre steel drums.
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GYPSET
GYPSET is high strength cement that has been formulated to set hard in a specific time. APPLICATION GYPSET is ideal for curing lost circulation and for cementing unstable, caving ground. Gypsum cements can set while being pumped, it is, therefore, important that the correct grade of material is used to provide adequate pumping time. GYPSET may also be used to cement surface casing or pipe in air drilling operations. GYPSET is available in setting times that range from 15 minutes to 120 minutes. ADVANTAGES Controlled setting time. Reduces rig down time (waiting on cement to set). Will give a readily pumpable thixotropic slurry. USAGE Add 8 kgs of Gypset to 5 litres of water and displace to hole. PACKAGING GYPSET is packaged in 20 kg plastic pails.
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HARD-SET - Fast Setting Cement

HARD-SET is a specially formulated fast setting, high strength cement. APPLICATION HARD-SET has been specifically formulated for use in dust suppression and cementing of collar pipes in RC, diamond and water well drilling applications. Due to its accelerated setting time, the use of mechanical pumping equipment is not recommended. ADVANTAGES Due to rapid setting time, rig idle time is considerably reduced. Can be mixed quickly and poured into surface fissures to combat dust. USAGE Add 5 litres of water to 8 kgs of HARD-SET. Initial set in 3-4 minutes, final set in 5-6 minutes. PACKAGING HARD-SET is packaged in a 25 kg sack or 15 kg plastic pail.
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WEIGHTING MATERIALS
WEIGHTING MATERIALS are used to control formation pressures, artesian aquifers and to reduce or eliminate formation caving. The most commonly used material to weight up drilling fluids is BARITE (barium sulphate) which can be used to weight up muds in excess of 20 Ibs per US gallon (SG 2.40). Where mud density is required in diamond drilling operations or in slim-hole oil and gas exploration, it is difficult to use barite because of the spin out effect due to the centrifugal force from high rotational rod speeds. In this situation it becomes necessary to use solids free brine. CALCIUM CHLORIDE will increase the fluid density to 11.6 lbs/gal (SG 1.40) maximum. POTASSIUM CHLORIDE is primarily used as a clay inhibitor, it can be used to increase fluid density to 9.7 lbs/gal (SG 1.62). SODIUM CHLORIDE may be used to increase fluid density to 10.0 lbs/gal (SG 1.20) maximum. Careful control of flow properties will be required to prevent settling when barite is added to a mud system. Corrosion control can become a problem when CALCIUM CHLORIDE brine is used. BARITE CALCIUM CHLORIDE POTASSIUM CHLORIDE SODIUM CHLORIDE
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BARITE
A high quality barium sulphate (BaSO4) ground to meet API specifications can be used to increase mud density in all types of drilling fluid systems. BARITE is chemically inert to all drilling fluids additives and meets or exceeds the following API specifications: API SPECIFICATIONS Density (SG) Soluble Alkaline Earth metals as Ca++ Wet Screen Analysis Residue on US Sieve No. 200 4.20 SG minimum 250 ppm maximum 3.0% maximum 5.0% minimum
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USAGE Please refer to charts in this of this booklet for details on increasing SG by adding BARITE. PACKAGING BARITE is packaged in 25 kg multi-walled paper bags.
CALCIUM CHLORIDE
CALCIUM CHLORIDE can be used to prepare a solids free drilling fluid with a density to 11.7 pounds per gallon (SG 1.40) maximum.
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USAGE The following table indicates CALCIUM CHLORIDE concentrations to obtain a required fluid density. For further details, please contact an AMC representative. CONCENTRATION (%/Weight) Fresh Water 1% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% (Saturated) DENSITY Specific Gravity 1.000 1.009 1.043 1.085 1.130 1.180 1.231 1.284 1.340 1.398 CHLORIDES (mg/L) 6,454 33,360 69,440 108,624 151,040 196,880 246,528 300,048 357,888
Note: % by weight is the equivalent of; 1% = 10 kilograms per 1,000 litres PACKAGING CALCIUM CHLORIDE is packaged in 25 kg poly sacks.
POTASSIUM CHLORIDE
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POTASSIUM CHLORIDE is a finely ground, water soluble inorganic salt. APPLICATION POTASSIUM CHLORIDE provides an economical and effective shale-inhibitive system to minimize hole problems when drilling unstable clay and shale formations. The potassium ion reacts between the individual clay platelets in the shale so that they are held together, thus eliminating entry of water from the drilling fluid. This clay stabilizing property is significantly enhanced when high molecular weight polymers such as LIQUIPOL are used in conjunction with POTASSIUM CHLORIDE. ADVANTAGES Relatively inexpensive and readily available. May be used to increase density of the fluid. USAGE The following table indicates Potassium Chloride concentrations to obtain a required fluid density. For further details contact and AMC representative. CONCENTRATION (% OF WEIGHT) DENSITY SPECIFIC GRAVITY (20OC) CHLORIDES (MG/L) 1% 1.005 4,756 3% 1.017 14,506 6% 1.037 29,582 9% 1.057 45,229 12% 1.077 61,447 15% 1.097 77,800 18% 1.119 95,737 21% 1.140 114,000 24% 1.162 132,643 Note: % of weight is the equivalent of; 1% = 10 kilograms per 1,000 litres. PACKAGING POTASSIUM CHLORIDE is available in 25 kg poly sacks.
SODIUM CHLORIDE
SODIUM CHLORIDE can be used as a weighting agent to increase fluid density to 10.0 pounds per gallon (SG 1.20) maximum. A SODIUM CHLORIDE based drilling fluid can provide good inhibition against water sensitive clays and shales. USAGE The following table indicates SODIUM CHLORIDE concentrations to obtain a required fluid density. For further details, please contact an AMC representative. CONCENTRATION (%/Weight) DENSITY Specific Gravity Fresh Water 1.000 1% 1.007 3% 1.021 6% 1.043 9% 1.065 12% 1.088 15% 1.111 18% 1.134 21% 1.158 24% 1.183 26% (Saturated) 1.199 Note: % by weight is the equivalent of; 1% = 10 kilograms per 1,000 litres PACKAGING SODIUM CHLORIDE is packaged in 25 kg sacks. CHLORIDES (mg/L) 6,108 18,580 37,963 58,141 79,166 101,087 123,804 147,580 172,147 189,143
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COMMERCIAL CHEMICALS
Commercial chemicals are frequently added to drilling fluids for the following reasons: - For pH control. pH is a measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a fluid. In general, most mud products perform better in an alkaline environment, i.e. pH of above 7. - To remove hardness. Calcium and magnesium may be precipitated by raising the pH. a) Calcium - raising pH to 9.0 with soda ash. b) Magnesium - raising pH above 10.0 with caustic soda. - Corrosion control. Corrosion is generally reduced as the pH is raised. USAGE Caustic Soda - To increase pH. Potassium Hydroxide - To increase pH without the dispersive problems associated with over treatment as occurs with Caustic Soda. Soda Ash - To increase pH and to lower calcium levels (make the water soft). Sodium Bicarbonate - To treat out cement contamination and to lower pH in cement contaminated muds. TREATMENT Caustic Soda - 0.25 to 1.5 kgs/1,000 litres. Potassium Hydroxide - 0.25 to 1.5 kgs/1,000 litres. Soda Ash - 0.5 to 2.5 kgs/1,000 litres. Sodium Bicarbonate - 0.25 to 5 kgs/1,000 litres. PACKAGING Caustic Soda - 25 kg plastic pail. Potassium Hydroxide - 25 kg plastic pail. Soda Ash - 25 kg sacks. Sodium Bicarbonate - 25 kg sacks.
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SPECIALTY PRODUCTS AND CHEMICALS

Diamond drilling and water well drilling fluids have different requirements from standard rotary drilling fluids as used in oilfield drilling. There are a number of techniques and specialty products used routinely in the oilfield which can be modified and adapted to mineral and water well drilling. AMC continually researches existing techniques and equipment related to drilling fluids which may be adapted to the mineral and water well drilling industry.
AMC BIOCIDE AMC BIOCIDE G AMC DEFOAMER AMC K-ION PLUS AUS FLOC BLOCK AUSFLOC-L BACKFILL BENTONITE CHIPS BENTONITE PELLETS CLAY-COAT XTRA C-PACK INHIBI-SWELL P RESIDRILL ROD-FREE TRUCK WASH WATER CONDITIONER
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AMC-BIOCIDE
Used for the prevention of bacteria build up in drilling fluids. APPLICATION Normal dosage rate of 5 litres per 1,000 litres of mud volume (0.5% by volume). Add directly at flow line over full circulation. CHEMICAL & PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS Colour: Beige - Brown Form: Clear Liquid Benzisothiazolin-3-one 4% pH 12 min STORAGE Store in a plastic lined or stainless steel container, between 5C and 40C. Protect from frost. Do not store close to strong oxidising agents which could aggravate any fire situation. Refer to MSDS for further details.
PACKAGING
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AMC-BIOCIDE is packaged in a 25 litre plastic drum.
AMC BIOCIDE G
AMC BIOCIDE G is a biodegradable and environmentally friendly product, which is used largely as a preventative to kill bacteria. APPLICATION AMC BIOCIDE G is used to prevent bacterial degradation forming in mud systems. Bacteria multiply in a very short time. Once the reproductive cycle begins, waste enzymes produced by the bacteria begin to attack polymers in water based mud systems. Polymers act as a food source for these enzymes. Once this cycle has begun, killing the bacteria will not prevent mud degradation as the bacteriacide will affect the enzymes. It remains important to kill bacteria before this cycle begins. ADVANTAGES Extends the life and prevents fermentation of natural polymers such as starch, guar and xanthium based products. Also extends the life and prevents fermentation of semi synthetic polymers such as the poly anionic celluloses. Environmental: AMC BIOCIDE G is not toxic below 0.4% to sensitive aquatic organisms using the LC50 / EC50 testing protocols. AMC BIOCIDE G has a hydrolosis half life at 250 C of 46 days. USAGE Dosage rates will vary with mud systems, location, water quality and temperature. AMC BIOCIDE G is recommended to be used in maximum concentrations of 0.4% / vol. In locations where environmental conditions are conducive to fast bacterial reproduction rates such as hot jungle locations, frequency of dosage may be required to be increased. Add directly to mud system either in agitated pits, or directly to flowline. Add directly to premixes prior to adding to main mud systems. Add regularly to premix pits if they remain static with excess mud. Note: BIOCIDE G is naturally biodegradable, and as such needs to be added to the mud system on a regular basis. It should be added to all premixes. PACKAGING AMC BIOCIDE G is packaged in 25 kg and 15 kg pails.
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AMC DEFOAMER
AMC DEFOAMER is an effective liquid defoamer / antifoamer for use in all water-based drilling fluids. APPLICATION AMC DEFOAMER may be added directly to the mud system to treat an existing foaming problem or it may be mixed prior to the foaming problem arising. As foaming and defoaming are complex reactions it is difficult to predict required quantities, but in general, 0.1% by volume is adequate to alleviate the problem. ADVANTAGES Effective immediately. Efficient - very small quantities required. Ease of handling and mixing. USAGE Add 0.1% by volume to the surface of the mud system. PACKAGING AMC DEFOAMER is packaged in 25 litre plastic pails.
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AMC K-ION PLUS

AMC K-ION PLUS is a specialised product designed specifically for use as a replacement for bagged potassium chloride (KCI). AMC K-ION PLUS does not contain potassium, but is composed of a sophisticated mildly cationic complex that functions much like KCI to control shale and clay activity. APPLICATION AMC K-ION PLUS provides effective shale inhibition properties to water based fluids without the chlorides associated with KCI based fluids. A 2% KCI solution contains 9,700 ppm of chloride, while the equivalent of AMC K-ION PLUS contains only 165 ppm of chloride. This significantly reduces chloride concentration and greatly lessens the environmental risks associated with the use of KCI fluids. The shale stabilizing properties of K-ION are significantly enhanced when used in conjunction with encapsulating polymers such as LIQUI-POL, LP 2000 and CR650. ADVANTAGES - Provides excellent shale and clay control without the mixing problems associated with large volumes of bagged KCI. - Compatible with all polymer systems and may be used in water, brine or acid systems. - Will not affect pH and being a non-surface active it does not adversely affect formation. - Highly effective in preventing hole collapse and improving core recovery. USAGE K-ION is typically applied at a concentration of 2 - 6 litres per 1,000 litres of make-up water, as drilling progresses the concentration of K-ION in the system should be monitored and adjusted to provide the optimum inhibition and clay stability. PACKAGING AMC K-ION PLUS is packed in 20 kg plastic pails.
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AUS FLOC BLOCK

AUS FLOC BLOCK is an anionic flocculant in the form of a solid block which has been specially designed to slowly dissolve in water flows and to flocculate drill solids and promote them settling in the surface pits. APPLICATION AUS FLOC BLOCK has been developed for use in situations where dosage equipment is unavailable or difficult to manage. AUS FLOC BLOCK is ideally placed in a wire basket which is situated in the return stream and allowed to slowly dissolve. AUS FLOC BLOCK should be located at least 3 - 5 meters before the settling pond. The dosage of AUS FLOC BLOCK is dependant upon the flow rate, volume of treatment fluid and cuttings required to treat. ADVANTAGES - Easy to use and convenient - Economical - Reduces water requirements - Increases penetration rates USAGE Recommended usage: place 1 tablet in the return line per shift or as required. PACKAGING AUS FLOC BLOCK is packaged in 24 kg box, 8 x 3 kg tablets per container.
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AUSFLOC-L
AUSFLOC-L is a synthetic co-polymer which is used to flocculate drilled solids and promote settling in the surface pits. APPLICATION AUSFLOC-L is mixed slowly in fresh water and allowed to trickle into the circulating system. Rate of addition will depend upon rig circulating rates and also upon the type of formation being drilled, but will be in the range of 50 to 150 litres per hour. ADVANTAGES Ease of low-solids muds maintenance. Reduces water requirements. Increases penetration rates. Effective using small quantities. USAGE Add 2 litres to 1,000 litres of fresh water. PACKAGING AUSFLOC-L is packaged in 25 litre plastic cubes.
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BACKFILL
BACKFILL is a mixture of premium bentonite, gypsum and sodium sulphate. APPLICATION BACKFILL is used for galvanic (sacrificial) anodes, cathodic protection and earthing rods. MIXING AND VOLUME 1:1 by weight 100 kg backfill + 100 litres water (100ltr) = 0.15m 1:1 by volume 0.1m backfill + 0.1m water (100ltr) = 0.15m 1:2 by volume 0.1m backfill + 0.2m water (200ltr) = 0.25m BULK DENSITY Loose: 770 kg/m Tapped: 1,000 kg/m Compressed: 1250 kg/m BACKFILL is mixed in the proportions as required by the Australian Standard A.S. 2239 - 1979. PACKAGING BACKFILL is packaged in 25 kg multi walled sacks.
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BENTONITE CHIPS
BENTONITE CHIPS are pure Wyoming bentonite designed for use as sealants for hole abandonment, casing seals or any vertical seal to prevent water movement up or down a bore hole. BENTONITE CHIPS are available in medium (1/4- 3/8) and coarse (3/8- ) grades. APPLICATION Sealing of piezometers in boreholes provide a seal between aquifers to prevent water migration. Backfill abandoned wells. Seal surface casing. When absorbing water, BENTONITE CHIPS swell to fill voids exerting pressure against all surfaces to create a flexible low permeability seal. In most conditions a seal is established within 1 hour. ADVANTAGES Creates an impermeable barrier.
Hole Diameter mm 64 101 127 152 203 305 inches 2.5 4 5 6 8 12 Kg of Chips per metre of hole Medium Coarse 4 Not recommended 10 9 16 13 23 19 42 34 119 75
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PACKAGING BENTONITE CHIPS are packaged in 22.68 kg (50lb) paper sacks.
BENTONITE PELLETS
BENTONITE PELLETS are compressed tablets of highly swelling sodium bentonite which form a flexible, non-toxic seal. APPLICATION Sealing of piezometers in boreholes. Provide a seal between aquifers to prevent water migration. Backfill abandoned wells. Seal surface casing for boreholes. Bentonite has the capacity to absorb large quantities of water and to expand into an impermeable, glutinous mass. The addition of cement to the BENTONITE PELLETS will provide resistance to water pressures if necessary. SIZE BENTONITE PELLETS are available in 3/8 and 1/4 size tablets. PACKAGING BENTONITE PELLETS are packaged in 50lb (22.68 kg) plastic pails.
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CLAY-COAT XTRA
CLAY-COAT XTRA is a second generation, environmentally safe, versatile additive for all types of water or brine based drilling fluids. In addition to stabilizing the overall properties of the mud system, CLAY-COAT XTRA improves lubricity and enhances the inhibitive qualities of water based drilling fluids. APPLICATION Lubricant: CLAY-COAT XTRA is a high performance, non-toxic lubricating agent which is compatible with any type of water based mud, fresh or saline. Shale Inhibitor: The polyglycerol molecules of CLAY-COAT XTRA are larger than water and will minimise shale hydration problems by decreasing the activity of the water phase and displacing water from shale surfaces. USAGE Lubrication: Initial concentration of of 10 - 30 litres/1,000 litres are recommended for optimum performance. Shale Inhibition: Depending on the charge density of the shale being drilled and the type of mud system being used, 4 - 8% of the fluid phase by volume will greatly increase the inhibitive qualities of the mud system. PACKAGING CLAY-COAT XTRA is packaged in 25 litre plastic pails or 205 litre steel drums.
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C-PACK
C-PACK is a pre-mixed casing pack formulation to recover casing. C-PACK is a non-weighted, no solids invert emulsion designed for maximum stability and lubricity. APPLICATION The hole should be circulated clean around the casing or rods, prior to using C-PACK as a casing lubricator. Rig the pump suction directly to an agitated drum of C-PACK and pump into rods/casing as required. Annular volumes should be calculated with an excess of 20% allowed for over-size hole. Annular volume between PQ hole and HW casing is 1.8 litres/metre. Displace C-PACK with mud or water leaving approximately 2 to 3 metres C-PACK inside casing. Set casing to seal and prevent flow-back. Note:-If hole is experiencing lost returns prior to running C-PACK, the C-PACK should be pumped down the outside of the casing, rotating the casing slowly, while pumping to ensure a uniform coating. USAGE One 200 litre drum of C-PACK will fill approximately 110 metres of HW casing/PQ hole annulus. PACKAGING C-PACK is packaged in 25 kg cubes and 200 litre steel drums.
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INHIBI-SWELL P
INHIBISWELL P is a newly formulated individually designed one sack system that allows you to drill difficult geological formations which otherwise would have been impossible. APPLICATION INHIBI-SWELL P combines several properties that inhibit the reactive mechanism when drilling swelling and hydrophobic formations, making them water repellent, therefore stabilizing the formation. INHIBISWELL P is truly a unique formulation, making your drilling problems disappear. ADVANTAGES Stabilizes water sensitive formations. Ideal for the preparation of a casing pack. Prevents fluid invasion into friable formations. Provides a stable wall cake. Prevents hole enlargement in fragile water sensitive formations. Improves core recovery and prevents core from being washed away. Easy to mix. Easy to monitor for efficiency, one sack system. USAGE Normal use: 25 50 kilograms per 1,000 litres water. Polymers such as CR 650, LIQUIPOL, PACs, BIOVIS and XANBORE can be used in conjunction with INHIBISWELL P at a concentration of about 2 to 4 kgs per 1,000 Lt water for viscosity adjustments. PACKAGING INHIBISWELL P is packed in 20 kg pails.
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RESIDRILL
RESIDRILL is a product designed to give any drilling fluid non invasive properties. It reduces dynamic filtration loss, stabilizes wellbores and protects reservoirs from damage. The product is formulated to reduce fluid loss and stabilize shales by preventing filtrate invasion. Filter cake and differential sticking are therefore minimized and weak formations are stabilized. The product is environmentally friendly. APPLICATION A treatment of 11 kg/m3 of RESIDRILL to a salt polymer mud system on a 20/40 sandstone test cell allowed only minimal to zero spurt invasion and 100% return permeability. ADVANTAGES Reduces dynamic filtration loss. Prevents formation of a thick filter cake while drilling through pressure depleted formations. Replaces conventional fluid loss control agents and inhibitors eg. PHPA, PAC. Performs as a fluid loss reducer and formation stabilizer in oil base muds. Improves the performance of solids control equipment by aggregating fine solid particles making them easily removed. Protects reservoirs. 11 kg/m3 added to any fluid will limit fluid invasion thus protecting the reservoir permeability. A normal treatment of AMC RESIDRILL would be between 5 and 12 kgs/m3. USAGE The API fluid test for a non invasive additive should be conducted as follows: Pour 300 grams of 20/40 sand onto the screen with no paper.
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ROD-FREE
ROD-FREE is a concentrated oil soluble surfactant specially formulated to alleviate differential sticking. APPLICATION ROD-FREE has been developed to free differentially stuck drill rods in low or unweighted mud systems when all other mechanical options have failed. ADVANTAGES ROD-FREE can be mixed directly with a suitable non hydrocarbon based oil and spotted opposite the permeable zone where the rods are thought to be stuck. ROD-FREE is highly effective at penetrating the mud wall cake, thereby reducing the surface area in contact with the borehole and allowing the rods to be pulled free. USAGE Add 15 to 20 litres/1,000 litres to a suitable non hydrocarbon base oil. Spot opposite permeable formation where rods are stuck. PACKAGING ROD-FREE is packaged in 25 litre pails or 205 litre steel drums.
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TRUCK WASH - Premium Performance Detergent Degreaser

TRUCK WASH is a high foaming biodegradable degreaser detergent which effectively removes dirt, oil and grease from hard surfaces. It is a multifunctional product at various dilutions. APPLICATION TRUCK WASH is suitable for maintenance cleaning in the workshop, factory, mining maintenance and processing areas. It can also be used for cleaning all vehicles and equipment. ADVANTAGES Passes the Standards Australia Test AS4351 for biodegradability. Has quick break properties to assist in waste disposal. Suitable for use in hard, soft and salt water environments. Can be used underground and in confined spaces because of its low odour. USAGE APPLICATION Dilution with water Degreasing engines and machinery 1:1 or 1:4 Vehicle / equipment washing 1:19 Concrete floors and steel surfaces 1:40 Pressure cleaning 1:30 or 1:80 Apply cleaning solution directly to surfaces. Allow time for detergent to penetrate (5-10min). Rinse off with high pressure water clean.
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PACKAGING
Available in 200 litre and 25 litre containers.
WATER CONDITIONER
WATER CONDITIONER is a blend of water treating agents. It is used for the treatment of recycled mine water or extremely hard artesian water. APPLICATION Will treat both soluble calcium and magnesium without high residual levels. ADVANTAGES Negates the need to use high concentrations of Soda Ash and / or Caustic Soda. Residual pH levels at normal treatment ranges will remain in the pH 9- pH 10 range. USAGE Use 1 kg / 1,000 litre for every 1,000mg/I Total Hardness. PACKAGING WATER CONDITIONER is packaged in 15 kg pails.
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LOST CIRCULATION MATERIALS

Lost circulation occurs when there is a continuous loss of whole mud into permeable formations, fractures or voids. To cure the loss of whole mud the zones must be plugged so that a filter cake can be formed. In diamond drilling the loss of returns above the water table may result in a dry hole which can cause problems when landing the core barrel inner tube. Lost circulation materials may be divided into fibres, flakes and granules. In general, fibres and flakes are more effective in low density muds and are more applicable to diamond drilling and water well drilling. Care should be taken when drilling into aquifers using loss circulation materials to avoid plugging of the aquifer and subsequent bore development problems. AMC has a range of lost circulation products which are designed to cover most drilling applications.
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LOST CIRCULATION MATERIALS (CONTINUED)

AUS-PLUG MICA COTTON SEED HULLS Bentonite Pellets Granulated polymer Mica, fine, medium and coarse Cotton seed hulls Pelletised Bentonite For micro fractures and sands, its sealing properties are greatly enhanced when used with other LCM materials, for sealing thief zones where low circulating pressures exist Seepage loss, ideal for sedimentary formations, sands and micro fractures Suited in fine to medium sized fractures, vuggy formations with partial to total loss of fluid Extremely effective in situations where total loss of circulation is experienced, in formations that contain large fissures, vugs or fractures. Pellets are initially coated in an inhibiting fluid before placement Used under similar conditions to Bentonite Pellets, but are normally used in circumstances where the fractures and shearing is considered moderate Ideal for curing losses attributable to fractures and voids of varying sizes with total loss of fluid Suitable for a variety of thief zones, fine fractures, sands and broken formations An extremely fast setting grout designed to counteract loss circulation, provides support in fractures, shearing, poorly cemented formations, and helps prevent excessive water inflows
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Bentonite Granules / Chips KWIKSEAL SHUR-SEAL POLY-GROUT
Granulated Bentonite Mixture of fibres, flakes - fine, medium and coarse Shredded organic fibre Fast setting chemical grout, forms a tough, water resistant rubber in a predetermined time
AUS-PLUG - Lost Circulation Polymer

AUS-PLUG is a hydrophilic polymer in granular form that absorbs up to 500 times its original volume in water. AUS-PLUG is ideal for sealing zones of lost circulation and can also be used to reduce rod vibration in holes where lost returns are a problem. APPLICATION AUS-PLUG should be mixed with fresh water then pumped down the hole to the zone of lost circulation. The mixture will then swell and seal fissures, cracks and porous formations. Drilling can recommence after a waiting period of 30 minutes. In diamond drilling, to avoid long delays while waiting for AUS-PLUG to swell down-hole, the AUS-PLUG can be pre-wetted with water in a 20-40 litre container. Once the tube has been pulled, this solution can be poured directly down the rods. After pumping the tube down the rods drilling can recommence. This procedure can be repeated on successive core runs. In circumstances where a low water level or total loss of water returns results in excessive vibration and torque, AUS-PLUG can be allowed to swell in water or mud for 15-20 minutes. The resulting swollen mixture can be periodically poured down the outside or the rods and acts as a cushion between the rod string and hole casing. ADVANTAGES Easy to place in hole. Rapid swelling, will swell up to 500 times original volume. USAGE 0.5kg - 1.5 kgs/100litre. PACKAGING AUS-PLUG is packaged in 8 kg plastic pails.
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COMMON LOST CIRCULATION MATERIALS

USAGE AUS-PLUG KWIK-SEAL SHUR-SEAL PACKAGING AUS-PLUG KWIK-SEAL SHUR-SEAL
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Add 5 - 15 kgs/1,000 litres mud. Add 20 - 45 kgs/1,000 litres mud. Add 5 - 25 kgs/1,000 litres mud.
8 kg pails. 40 lb multi-walled paper bags. 10 kg bags.
KWIKSEAL
KWIKSEAL is an engineered blend of granular, flake, and fibrous materials. It is available in three grinds to function effectively over the widest range of lost circulation materials. APPLICATION KWIKSEALS primary function is to stop lost circulation in a wide range of conditions with water based drilling fluids. Coarse grind is used to seal large fractures and highly permeable formations and can be pumped easily through large jets or open pipe. Medium grind is extremely effective in sealing medium to fine fractures and porous zones and can be used with most jet bits. Fine grind is where seepage losses are a problem, such as with fine fractures or porous formations. Fine will circulate through coarse - mesh shaker screens (+ - 20 mesh) and can be maintained in the mud as a filler. It is recommended that Medium grind be used for diamond drilling applications when 100% lost circulation is encountered. The tolerances experienced in diamond drilling are too small for the coarse grind to be used. ADVANTAGES - Specific blend of high strength granules (bridging agents), fibres (matting agents), and flakes (sealing agents) - It functions by first forming a bridge, then packing off around the bridge to create a seal. - Tight, strong, seal under high and low pressure differentials. - Can be used to effectively stop loss of fluid in unconsolidated formation and fractures. - The seal is not easily removed by bit movement or mud circulation - Effective in small quantities. USAGE Add KWIKSEAL through the hopper or directly in to a well agitated suction pit. Add 10-20kg of KWIKSEAL to every 1,000 litres of Make Up Fluid PACKAGING 40LB Sack
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SHUR SEAL
SHUR SEAL is a blend of variable sized particles of ground paper that is applicable for use in all water based drilling fluid systems. APPLICATION SHUR SEAL can be used in concentrations up to 40kg / 1,000 litres of fluid make up in slug treatments or as an additive to the entire system. In most areas of lost circulation it is advisable to pre treat the system before drilling in to the lost circulation zone. ADVANTAGES - Simple and easy to use. - Can be added through the hopper or directly in to the pits. - Range of different particle sizes. USAGE 5 - 25kg / 1,000 litres of Drilling Fluid. PACKAGING 10kg Sack
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ENVIRONMENTAL PRODUCTS
AMC provides ecologically sensitive bio-chemical products known as the Eco Nutria range. These products enable the in-situ treatment and remediation of hydro-carbon from drilling rig sites, including polymers in sumps, and associated equipment. The Eco Nutria range eliminates the need for costly transportation of soil and / or liquids, off site incineration, storage or dumping. All Eco Nutria products are manufactured from natural materials and fibres, are biodegradable and environmentally friendly. ABSORBENT MATS AND BOOMS DUSTCLEAN DUSTDOWN ECO WASH EMD-S H2O GEL HYDRO OILSORB OXYGEN BOOSTER REDS SOILCLEAN SUMPKLEEN SUMP-LOK
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ABSORBENT MATS AND BOOMS

APPLICATION Absorbent Mats have a broad range of applications: - Hydraulic drill contractors use ABSORBENT MATS & BOOMS around their drilling rigs and sumps to absorb leakages from the rig and to contain oil spills on water to eliminate contamination of the environment. - Petroleum Distribution Operators use ABSORBENT MATS & BOOMS to contain spills, or for emergency containment during transport delivery. - Maritime use ABSORBENT MATS & BOOMS around leaking equipment and contain larger spills to open water. - Aircraft use ABSORBENT MATS & BOOMS to contain fuel, oil and glycol spills. - Spill Response Teams use ABSORBENT MATS & BOOMS to contain spills on roadways or waterways. FEATURES AND BENEFITS - Non-toxic, readily biodegradable. - High absorbency means less product is required to clean up spill. - Hydrophobic with high buoyancy level. - Prevents wildlife from coming into contact with pollutant. - Less material is hauled to landfill or incinerator. - Can be incinerated. Emits 7,000 BTUs with less than 5 per cent ash. - Can be biodegraded using Eco Nutria procedures. - Floats on water while absorbing Hydrocarbons. PACKAGING Booms: 4m x 20cm 2m x 10cm 2m x 20cm (larger sizes can be made as per order) AbMats: 500mm x 500mm x 50mm 1m x 1m x 100mm 2m x 500mm x 200mm 1m x 1m x 200mm
98
DUSTCLEAN
DUSTCLEAN is a specially formulated product designed to eliminate dust from declines and underground roadways. It is odour free and does not develop a slippery surface when wet. APPLICATION Dust prevention and suppression on declines and underground roadways. Reduces vehicle maintenance. Reduces particulate matter in the air. ADVANTAGE Easy to apply. Reduces vehicle maintenance. Increases tyre life. TYPICAL PROPERTIES Appearance: clear coloured liquid. RECOMMENDED TREATMENT - Initial Coating: - Mix a 30% solution in water. - Spray the diluted DUSTCLEAN at about 0.2 lt/m2. - Leave to dry. - Maintenance Coating: - The maintenance coating is sprayed onto the dry initial coating. - Maintenance coatings are applied at the same concentration and application rate as the initial coating, 1-3 weeks after the initial coating depending on the nature of the roadway.
99
DUSTDOWN
DESCRIPTION DUSTDOWN is a specially formulated product designed to protect gravel road surfaces and eliminate dust. DUSTDOWN penetrates the road surface and with time forms a layer on the road surface which then needs less spraying periods. Roads treated with DUSTDOWN do not develop a slippery surface when wet. APPLICATION Dust prevention and suppression on mine roads, haul roads and gravel roads. Increases tyre life. Reduces vehicle maintenance. ADVANTAGES Easy to apply. Reduces vehicle maintenance. Increases tyre life TYPICAL PROPERTIES Appearance: light coloured liquid. Recommended Treatment for Gravel Roads Initial Coating: Mix 300 lt of DUSTDOWN into 1,700 lt water. Spray the diluted DUSTDOWN at about 0.2 lt/m2. Leave to dry. MAINTENANCE COATING: The maintenance coating is sprayed onto the dry initial coating. Maintenance coatings are applied at the same concentration and application rate as the initial coating, 1-3 weeks after the initial coating depending on the nature of the road.
100
ECO WASH
ECOWASH is an environmentally friendly and biodegradable alternative to harsh solvents or conventional cleaning products. The product is particularly effective on organic soils, such as grease and oil, or soils that contain soot or pigment. It does not damage rubber, plastic, paint or metal. APPLICATION ECOWASH should be used undiluted for heavy duty cleaning. Apply to the surface to be cleaned with sufficient agitation or scrubbing to remove the soiling. ECOWASH can be applied by means of high-pressure systems. For general purpose cleaning ECOWASH can be diluted as required. The waste product can be washed to drain where regulations allow. Applications include hard surface cleaning, engineering cleaning, machine cleaning and all purpose cleaning. Composition: A clear, slightly opalescent liquid, containing a blend of non-ionic and cationic surfactants, a complexing agent and other salts in a water solution. SAFETY Frequent users should wear protective gloves. Wash off skin / bath eyes with water. If swallowed rinse out mouth but do not drink. Do not induce vomiting. Seek medical attention if irritant persists. Keep out of reach of children. PACKAGING 25 / 200 lt, 1,000 lt flow bins.
101
EMD-S
EMD-S is a proven dust suppression agent formulated from blends of highly active hydrocarbon surfactants and stabilising agents. APPLICATION It is designed for use on surface transfer points and conveyor belts. Used to suppress dust on stock piles. Can be used on any dust generating materials ADVANTAGES Allows easy penetration of water in bulk materials. Improves the wetting properties of water. Reduces the amount of water required for dust suppression. Provides clear working environment. Reduces health risks associated with excessive inhalation of dust. Very cost effective (needs only small amounts to achieve great results). EMD-S can be used in any type of water. TYPICAL Appearance: Viscous light brown liquid. PROPERTIES Solubility: Highly soluble in water RECOMMENDED 0.5 litre to 1.0 litre of EMD-S on 1,000 litres of DOSAGE water.
102
H2O GEL
H2O GEL is dry absorbent powder which readily encapsulates water. APPLICATION - Moisture source for microbes. - Absorbent of water / acid spills. H2O is a medium for gel cutting fluids, emulsified liquids, chemicals, contaminated water, and through a process of natural evaporation eliminates costly disposal fees. FEATURES AND BENEFITS - Non-toxic. - Non-harmful to the environment or humans. - Bio degrades with exposure to ultra violet. - High absorbency. - Re-hydrates at least 10 times. PACKAGING 5 kg and 10 kg pail.
103
HYDRO OILSORB
HYDRO OILSORB is hydrophobic; floats on water, and is oleophillic; absorbs petro-hydrocarbon based fluids without absorbing the water. HYDRO OILSORB will not disintegrate or sink when saturated with oil and is easily disposed of. HYDRO OILSORB is a natural, environmentally friendly absorbent manufactured from natural fibre. APPLICATION HYDRO OILSORB has a broad range of applications: - Control oil spills in rivers, lakes, dams and catchments areas. - Hydraulic drill contractors use ABSORBENT MATS & BOOMS around their drilling rigs and sumps to absorb leakages from the rig and to contain oil spills on water to eliminate contamination of the environment. - Remove oil contamination from plant process water. - Control oil spills and slicks in harbour and dock areas. - Control oil contamination in wastewater treatment plants. - Spill Response Teams use Booms and Pillows to contain spills on roadways or waterways. FEATURES AND BENEFITS - Non-toxic. - Readily biodegradable, contains billions of micro-organisms and enzymes to digest petro-hydrocarbons - High absorbency means less product is required to clean up spill - Hydrophobic with high buoyancy level - Prevents wildlife from coming into contact with pollutant - Less material is hauled to landfill or incinerator - Can be incinerated. Emits 7,000 BTUs with less than 5 per cent ash - Floats on water while absorbing Hydrocarbons PACKAGING Loose Floc: 5 kg Bags Booms: 2m x 10cm 2m x 20cm 4m x 20cm (larger sizes can be made as per order) Abmats: 2m x 500mm x 200mm 1m x 1m x 200mm 1m x 1m x 100mm 500mm x 500mm x 50mm (larger sizes can be made as per order)
104
OXYGEN BOOSTER
OXYGEN BOOSTER is a stable water soluble oxidizing granule which will not harm the environment. Safe to Nature, its primary function is to boost the oxygen levels in anaerobic soil remediation conditions, thereby assisting the SoilFix / SoilClean hydrocarbon digesting micro organisms to thrive in the harsh anaerobic environment. It also eliminates odours quickly and permanently. FEATURES Easy and safe to handle. The slow release ingredients are water-soluble. BENEFITS Slow release providing oxygen gradually to the source. User friendly, non-toxic, non-hazardous and safe to use. Safe to nature, environmentally friendly and biodegradable. Removes odours quickly. PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS Appearance: White Granules pH: Neutral Fragrance: Odourless STORAGE AND HANDLING Storage: Store in a cool dry place and away from other chemicals and oxidizing agents. Handling: Avoid excessive contact. Wash hands thoroughly with warm soapy water after use. PACKAGING 20 kg Plastic Pails.
105
REDS
REDS is a specially formulated product to protect gravel road surfaces and eliminate dust. This product penetrates the road surface to give a very stable road surface layer. It is very easy to apply and with time forms a hydrophobic layer on the road surface which then needs less spraying periods. Roads treated with REDS do not develop a slippery surface when wet. APPLICATION - Dust prevention and suppression on mine roads, haul roads and gravel roads. - Increases tyre life - Reduces vehicle maintenance - Reduces dust on agricultural crops to maximize crop production. ADVANTAGES - Easy to apply - Reduces vehicle maintenance - Increases tyre life. - Increases crop production TYPICAL PROPERTIES Appearance: light coloured liquid RECOMMENDED TREATMENT FOR GRAVEL ROADS - Initial coating - Mix 150 Lt of REDS into 850 LT water. - Spray the diluted REDS at about 1 Lt/m2 - Leave to dry. - Mix another 150 Lt of REDS into 850 LT water. - Spray the second layer of diluted REDS at about 1 Lt/m2. 12-24 hours after the first layer. - Leave to dry. - Maintenance coating - The maintenance coating is sprayed onto the dry initial coating. - Maintenance coating are applied at the same concentration and application rate as the initial coating. 1-3 weeks after the initial coating depending on the nature of the road.
106
SOILCLEAN
SOILCLEAN is a dual-purpose oil / fuel absorbent and bio degrader that readily absorbs and biodegrades all fractions of petro-hydrocarbons and drilling polymers. The natural non-pathogenic bacteria, enzymes (micro organisms) present in SOILCLEAN naturally biodegrades the contaminant to harmless by-products of carbon dioxide, water and a bio mass in situ in a short time frame. APPLICATION SOILCLEAN is applied by evenly distributing and mixing the product into the contaminated soil. Mix 500 ml of SOILCLEAN with 20 litres of water. The bacteria and enzymes (micro organisms) present in SOILCLEAN go to work by digesting and metabolising with the petro-hydrocarbon contaminant. By keeping the area damp, and regularly aerating the remediation area, the contaminants are quickly converted into water, carbon dioxide and bio mass. Remediation can take place on site to contaminant ingress depths of up to 500 mm. Deeper contaminated areas should be excavated and thoroughly mixed with SOILCLEAN with the aid of a front end loader / concrete mixer and placed into beds or windrows to a max height of 300 mm. Ensure that the beds / windrows are turned on a regular basis. Petro-hydrocarbon sludges can be remediated by utilizing the above process. Case histories and technical assistance is provided by our trained technical sales staff. FEATURES AND BENEFITS - Simple and safe to use - Encapsulated oils and fuels will not leach or contaminate ground water - SOILCLEAN is non-toxic, non-abrasive, non-carcinogenic and non-volatile - SOILCLEAN acts as a fire retardant - Produced from a natural waste product Nutrients in SOILCLEAN: The micro-organisms, non pathogenic bacteria and enzymes in SOILFIX are indigenous cellulose. PACKAGING 10 kg Pail.
107
SUMPKLEEN
SUMPKLEEN is a granular white powder blend of surface active ingredients. It is designed to de-flocculate (bring to the surface) oil and suspended solids from the sludge bed in drilling sumps, and replenishes the Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) rapidly. ADVANTAGES Rapidly replenishes oxygen. Non-Flammable Solvent Free. Easy to use and leaves no harmful residues. Carbonizes oil and drilling polymers. Not regulated as an ozone depleter. Rapidly biodegrades after it has performed its task. INSTRUCTIONS FOR USE Safe and easy to handle. Environmentally friendly. Note: SUMPKLEEN has been formulated as a de-flocculant and will rapidly biodegrade after it has actioned, penetrated and lifted the ingressed oil, and converts to water within 24 hours. PACKAGING 25 kg Pail.
108
SUMP-LOK
SUMP-LOK is a gelling agent specially formulated to gellate water based drilling fluids to form a firm gel. Depending on drilling fluid composition, 10 kg of SUMP-LOK will firmly gellate 600 - 2,000 litres of drilling fluid. APPLICATION Gellation of water based drilling fluid sumps prior to disposal Gellation of HDD drilling fluids prior to disposal Gellation of bentonite slurries in civil engineering applications FEATURES AND BENEFITS - Non-toxic - Non-harmful to the environment or humans - Bio degrades - High absorbency PACKAGING 10 kg and 25 kg Pail.
109
DISPLACEMENT PLUGS
Drillable DISPLACEMENT PLUGS have been designed for use in diamond drilling rods and casing when cementing or running casing packs. Displacement plugs are made of natural rubber and the fluted design allows the plugs to be displaced with the rig pump. APPLICATION DISPLACEMENT PLUGS are particularly suited to cementing deep diamond drill holes. The plugs can be used to isolate the cement slurry from the drilling fluid reducing or eliminating dilution and contamination. The plugs can also be used to set a casing pack in the casing annulus to aid in recovery of the casing. PACKAGING DISPLACEMENT PLUGS are available in NQ, HQ, PQ sizes.
110
TESTING EQUIPMENT
MUD BALANCE One of the most important properties monitored throughout the drilling operation is the mud weight. The mud balance consists of a beam with a mud cup at one end and a fixed counterweight at the other end, with a sliding weight rider moving along a graduated scale. A level bubble is mounted on the beam to ensure accurate balancing. MARSH FUNNEL AND CUP Viscosity and gel strengths are measurements that relate to the flow properties of fluids. The funnel viscosity test gives an indication of changes in flow properties, but to be effective, measurements must be taken and recorded regularly. pH PAPERS Field measurements of drilling fluid pH are fundamental to drilling fluid control. Clay interaction, solubility of components and contaminants, and overall effectiveness of additives are all dependent upon pH. Solutions with a pH value less than 7 are considered acidic and those with pH values greater that 7 are considered alkaline while pH 7 is neutral. In the field pH papers are typically used to measure the pH of a drilling fluid. SAND CONTENT KIT One of the primary functions of a drilling fluid is to carry drilled solids from the hole. These solids are a contaminant and if left in the system can lead to numerous problems. The Sand Content Kit determines the volume percent of sand sized particles in the drilling fluid. The kit consists of a glass tube graduated to read percent by volume, a funnel and a 200 mesh sieve contained on a cylindrical shaped holder.
111
CONVERSION TABLE
112
ITEM DEPTH WEIGHT ON BIT MUD FLOW RATE PRESSURE MUD WEIGHT
NEW UNIT METRES (m) TONNE (t) LITRES/MINUTE KILOPASCALS (kPa) SPECIFIC GRAVITY (unitless) Multiply Multiply Multiply Multiply Multiply Feet Metres Thousands of Pounds Tonnes Gallons/Minute (US) Litres/Minute Pounds/Inch Squared Kilopascals Pounds/Gallon (US) Specific Gravity by by by by by
CONVERSION 0.3048 3.28 0.4536 2.2 3.785 0.264 6.895 0.145 0.12 8.33 To give To give To give To give To give Metres Feet Tonne Thousands of Pounds Litres/Minute Gals (US) /Minute Kilopascals Pounds/Inch Squared Specific Gravity Pounds/Gallon
CONVERSION TABLE (CONTINUED)

32nds of Inch Millimetre Pounds/Barrel Multiply Kilograms/Cubic Metre Feet/Hour Metre/Hour Barrels Cubic Metres Pounds/Inch Sq./Foot Kilopascals/Metre Pounds/Foot Kilograms/Metre
www.ausmud.com.au
113
CAKE THICKNESS BENTONITE CONTENT RATE OF PENETRAION MUD VOLUMES PRESSURE GRADIENT CASING WEIGHT / UNIT LENGTH
MILLIMETRES (mm) KILOGRAMS/CUBIC METRE (kg/m3) METRES/HOUR (m/ hr) CUBIC METRES (m3) KILOPASCALS/ METRE (kPa/m) KILOGRAMS/METRE (kg/m)
Multiply
by
0.794 1.26 2.853
To give
Millimetres 32nds of Inch Kilograms/Cubic Metre
by
0.35 0.3048 3.28 0.159 6.3 22.62 0.442 1.488 0.666
To give
Pounds/Barrel Metres/Hour Feet/Hour Cubic Metres Barrels Kilopascals/Metre Pounds/Inch Sq. Foot Kilograms/Metre Pounds/Foot
Multiply Multiply Multiply Multiply
by by by by
To give To give To give To give
PRESSURE AND BARITE CALCULATIONS

Density Calculating pressures at the Bottom of Hole Water with a SG 1 = 9.8kpa per metre of hole A common mud weight for e.g., is 1.2 sg, this would equate to a pressure of 12kpa per metre To calculate pressure at the bottom of a 150m hole with water would be: Depth of Hole x Pressure Exerted by Fluid per metre x SG 150 x 9.8kpa x 1 = 1479kpa To calculate pressure at TD in 150m hole with common mud . Depth of Hole x Pressure per metre x 1.2 150 x 9.8kpa x 1.2 = 1764kpa Barite Calculations To increase the Mud Weight using Barite 4200(SG2 - SG1) (4.2 - SG2) =kg Barite/ 1,000 litres Where SG1 = Starting Mud Weight (SG) SG2 = Desired Mud Weight (SG)
114
BARITE WEIGHTING CHART

Minus desired SG from initial SG for sacks required per 1000L (eg; SG of 1.18 required with initial SG of 1.02, therefore 10-1 = 9 sacks per 1000L)
115
Weighting up with Baryte
44.00 42.00 40.00 38.00 36.00 34.00 32.00 30.00 28.00 26.00 24.00 22.00 20.00 18.00 16.00 14.00 12.00 10.00 8.00 6.00 4.00 2.00 0.00
25kg Sacks of Baryte per 1000L makeup
1.00 1.02 1.04 1.06 1.08 1.10 1.12 1.14 1.16 1.18 1.20 1.22 1.24 1.26 1.28 1.30 1.32 1.34 1.36 1.38 1.40 1.42 1.44 1.46 1.48 1.50 1.52 1.54 1.56 1.58 1.60 1.62 1.64 1.66
Specific Gravity
1SG = 8.33lb/gal
WIRELINE DRILL ROD SIZING

WIRELINE DRILL RODS Q WIRELINE DRILL RODS Size
AQ BQ NQ HQ PQ
116
WIRELINE DRILL RODS Q WIRELINE DRILL RODS Size OD (in.)

13/4 2 13/16 23/4 31/2 45/8 *
OD (mm)
44.5 55.6 69.9 88.9 117.5*
ID (mm)
34.9 46.0 60.3 77.8 103.2
Weight (kg/3m)
14.0 18.0 23.4 34.4 47.2**
Threads per inch

4 3 3 3 3
Content (L/100 m)
95.8 166.3 285.8 474.4 836.6
ID (in.)
13/8 2 3/16 23/8 31/16 41/16
Weight Threads (1lb/10ft) per inch

31 40 52 77 106** 4 3 3 3 3
Content (U.S. gal per 100 feet)

7.7 13.4 23.0 38.2 67.4
AQ BQ NQ HQ PQ
* Coupling OD ** With Coupling PQ Rod Body OD = 114.3
* Coupling OD ** With Coupling PQ Rod Body OD = 41/2 inches
ANNULAR VELOCITY - TABLE FOR WATER WELL APPLICATIONS

Hole Size Inches 17.5 Flow Rate US GPM 50 75 100 125 150 200 225 250 275 300 400 Flow Rate Ltr/min 189 284 379 473 568 757 852 946 1041 1136 1514 Ann Vel Ft/min 4 6 9 11 13 17 19 21 24 26 34 Pipe Size Inches 4.5 Ann Vel Mtr/min 1.3 2.0 2.6 3.3 3.9 5.2 5.9 6.5 7.2 7.8 10.4 Hole Size Inches 12.25 Ann Vel Ft/min 9 14 19 24 28 38 42 47 52 57 75 Pipe Size Inches 4.5 Ann Vel Mtr/min 2.9 4.3 5.7 7.2 8.6 11.5 12.9 14.4 15.8 17.2 23.0 Hole Size Inches 8.5 Ann Vel Ft/min 24 35 47 59 71 94 106 118 129 141 188 Pipe Size Inches 4.5 Ann Vel Mtr/min 7.2 10.8 14.3 17.9 21.5 28.7 32.3 35.9 39.5 43.0 57.4 Hole Size Inches 7.5 Ann Vel Ft/min 34 51 68 85 102 136 153 170 187 204 272 Pipe Size Inches 4.5 Ann Vel Mtr/min 10.4 15.5 20.7 25.9 31.1 41.5 46.6 51.8 57.0 62.2 82.9 Hole Size Inches 6 Ann Vel Ft/min 52 77 103 129 155 206 232 258 283 Pipe Size Inches 3.5 Ann Vel Mtr/min 15.7 23.6 31.4 39.3 47.1 62.8 70.7 78.5 86.4 Hole Size Inches 5 Ann Vel Ft/min 96 144 192 240 288 Pipe Size Inches 3.5 Ann Vel Mtr/min 29.3 43.9 58.5 73.1 87.8
117
TABLE FOR WATER WELL APPLICATIONS (CONTINUED)

Hole Size Inches 17.5 Flow Rate US GPM Flow Rate Ltr/min Ann Vel Ft/min Pipe Size Inches 4.5 Ann Vel Mtr/min Hole Size Inches 12.25 Ann Vel Ft/min Pipe Size Inches 4.5 Ann Vel Mtr/min Hole Size Inches 8.5 Ann Vel Ft/min Pipe Size Inches 4.5 Ann Vel Mtr/min
118
500 600 700 800 900 1,000 1,100 1,200 1,300 1,400
Notes on next page.
1893 2271 2650 3028 3407 3785 4164 4542 4921 5299
43 51 60 68 77 86 94 103 111 120
13.0 15.7 18.3 20.9 23.5 26.1 28.7 31.3 33.9 36.5
94 113 132 151 170 189 207 226 245 264
28.7 34.5 40.2 46.0 51.7 57.5 63.2 69.0 74.7 80.5
235 282
71.7 86.1
TABLE FOR WATER WELL APPLICATIONS (CONTINUED)

Notes: 1. Recommended annular velocities are in the 80 - 140 ft/min range (24 - 43 mtr/min.) 2. Annular velocities below this range may result in efficient hole cleaning 3. Annular velocities higher than this range may result in turbulent flow, hole erosion and inefficient hole cleaning. 4. Cuttings slip velocity fall in the 30 - 10 ft/min (9 - 3 mtr/min) range, depending on size (2.0 - 0.26 dia) and mud viscosity. 5. Effective annular cuttings velocity is calculated by mud velocity minus cuttings velocity. 6. Recommended mud viscosity in the 40 - 55 sec/qt range. the larger the annulus, the higher the recommended viscosity.
119
GENERAL MUD CALCULATIONS

Hole Volume in litres Depth of Hole x Hole Dia mm Assume Hole Diameter 187mm and the depth of hole is 100 metres 100 x (187mm x 187mm) 1270 = 2753 litres Up Hole Velocity 1270 x Pump Output Litre/Minute (Hole Diameter mm - (Pipe Diameter mm) = Metres per Minute Annula Volume Hole Diameter mm - Pipe Diameter mm 1270
120
= Litres per metre
PUMP OUTPUT
The heart of any mud circulating system is the mud pump, which is the primary factor in the effectiveness of hole cleaning. Common pumps in the industry are TRIPLEX, DUPLEX and CENTRIFUGAL. Of these, the duplex is generally the easiest to regulate, as the pump rods are visible. By counting the number of strokes per minute the pump output can be accurately determined. For both the triplex and duplex pumps, one stroke is designed as 1 up and 1 back for each pump rod. By varying the speed of the pump, the number of strokes can be increased or decreased which regulates the pump output. In the case of smaller triplex pumps, such as Bean pumps so common in diamond drilling operations, the pump rods are enclosed and therefore not visible, so that pump strokes cannot be counted. The best method of determining output of these pumps is to physically measure the output of the pump at a specific RPM in a specific gear in the gearbox. This should be done on a regular basis to compensate for wear factors in the pump. Pump output rates from these popular Bean and FMC triplex pumps are quoted in US Gallons per minute, so it will be necessary to convert these to litres per minute as required. This is simply done by multiplying the US gallons p/m by 3.785 to arrive at litres p/m.
121
VOLUME CALCULATIONS
Square Tanks Length (m) x Width (m) x Height x 1,000 = litres Round Tanks 0.7854 x Diameter (m) x Depth x 1,000 = litres Square Tanks with Sloping Sides Width (m) x Height (m) x (Length (m) + Length (m) x 1,000 = litres 2 Round Tank with Sloping Sides Diameter of Top (m) + Diameter of Bottom (m) 2 0.7854 x Diameter (m) x Depth x 1,000 = litres Hole Volumes Hole Diameter (mm) - Pipe OD (mm) = litres per metre 1270 Annular Volume Hole Diameter (mm) - Pipe OD (mm) = litres per metre 1270 Annular Velocities 1270 x Pump Output (litres per metre) Hole ID (mm) - Pipe OD (mm) Recommend 25 to 35 metres per minute
122
VOLUME CALCULATIONS (CONTINUED)

Total Circulation Time Hole Volume with Pipe = Minutes Pump Output Bottoms Up Annular Volume = Minutes Pump Rate Slip Velocities As the annulus is being pumped, the cuttings continually fall back through the mud down to the bit. If the hole velocity is less that the slip velocity, bogging may occur. As a general rule, subtract the slip velocity (approx. 6 metres per minute) from the calculated up hole velocity to determine a nett working figure.
123
NOTES
124
NOTES
125
NOTES
126
NOTES
127
NOTES
128
AUSTRALIAN MUD COMPANY 5 Pitino Court Osborne Park Western Australia 6017 Australia Tel: (+61 8) 9445 4000 Fax:(+61 8) 9445 4040 Email: amc@imdexlimited.com
www.ausmud.com

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Australian Mud Company Drilling Fluid Products

Product Application Tables

Speciality Products and Chemicals

Surfactants, Foaming Agents and Detergents

Cement and Grouting Additives

Charts and Tables

THE AUSTRALIAN MUD COMPANY

PROVIDING QUALITY DRILLING FLUIDS AND ON SITE SUPPORT TO THE WORLD

ABOUT AMC (CONTINUED)

PRODUCT COMPARISON CHARTS

PRODUCT COMPARISON CHARTS (CONTINUED)

PRODUCT COMPARISON CHARTS (CONTINUED)

PRODUCT COMPARISON CHARTS (CONTINUED)

PRODUCT COMPARISON CHARTS (CONTINUED)

PRODUCT COMPARISON CHARTS (CONTINUED)

PRODUCT APPLICATION TABLE - MINERAL AND WATER WELL - TABLE 1

PRODUCT APPLICATION TABLE - MINERAL AND WATER WELL - TABLE 1

Aus-Trol No < 140 C No Yes No No N/A Yes Yes 2-3 kg/m

PRODUCT APPLICATION TABLE - MINERAL AND WATER WELL - TABLE 2

PRODUCT APPLICATION TABLE - MINERAL AND WATER WELL - TABLE 2

Clay Coat No Yes Yes Yes No No No

Well Clean Yes No Yes 2-3kg/m

C-Pack Annular Volume

No Yes No No No No No 2.5-5 L/m

Yes Yes Yes 1-5 L/m3 2-5 L /m (little 3)

CR-650 (Core Recovery Polymer)

VIS-GEL (Horizontal Boring Drilling Fluid)

XAN-BORE (High Gel Strength Biopolymer)

LUBRICANTS AND CUTTING OILS

AMC-BIODEGRADABLE HAMMER OIL Down Hole Hammer Lubricant

EP BIT LUBE Extreme Pressure Lubricant for Fresh Water

EP BIT LUBE SW - Extreme Pressure Lubricant for Salt Water

HAMMER OIL Down Hole Hammer Lubricant with Molylube Concentrate

LIQUID ROD GREASE

PENETROL XTRA - Extreme Pressure Lubricant

ROD GREASE XTRA TACKY

SUPERLUBE - High Performance Lubricant / Cutting Oil

TORQ-FREE XTRA - BIODEGRADABLE DIAMOND DRILLING LUBRICANT

FLUID LOSS CONTROL AGENTS AND DISPERSANTS

LIQUl-SPERSE - Low Molecular Weight Liquid Thinner

SURFACTANTS, FOAMING AGENTS AND DETERGENTS

SUPER-FOAM - FOAMING AGENT

CEMENT AND GROUTING ADDITIVES

AMC XXX - CEMENT GROUT ADDITIVE

HARD-SET - Fast Setting Cement

SPECIALTY PRODUCTS AND CHEMICALS

AMC-BIOCIDE is packaged in a 25 litre plastic drum.

AMC K-ION PLUS

AUS FLOC BLOCK

PACKAGING BENTONITE CHIPS are packaged in 22.68 kg (50lb) paper sacks.

TRUCK WASH - Premium Performance Detergent Degreaser

LOST CIRCULATION MATERIALS

LOST CIRCULATION MATERIALS (CONTINUED)

Bentonite Granules / Chips KWIKSEAL SHUR-SEAL POLY-GROUT

AUS-PLUG - Lost Circulation Polymer

COMMON LOST CIRCULATION MATERIALS

8 kg pails. 40 lb multi-walled paper bags. 10 kg bags.

ABSORBENT MATS AND BOOMS

CONVERSION TABLE (CONTINUED)

0.794 1.26 2.853

Millimetres 32nds of Inch Kilograms/Cubic Metre

0.35 0.3048 3.28 0.159 6.3 22.62 0.442 1.488 0.666