DATA QUESTIONS

2012

1. According to the U.S. National Electrical Code, copper wire used for interior wiring of houses, hotels, office buildings, and industrial plants is permitted to carry no more than a specified maximum amount of current. The wire gauge is a standard method used to describe the diameter of wires. Note that the larger diameter of the wire, the smaller the wire gauge. The graph of Imax against the diameter of the gauge is plotted in the figure below.
90 80 70 60 Imax /A 50 40 30 20 10 0 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55

d /cm

(a) Table 6.1 shows the diameter and resistance of a length of 120m of copper wire for various wire gauges. Using data from this table, compute the resistivity of copper. [3]

Wire Gauge 14 12 10 8 6 5 4
-8

Diameter / cm 0.163 0.205 0.259 0.326 0.412 0.462 0.519

R / (for a length of 120 m) 0.989 0.625 0.392 0.247 0.155 0.123 0.0976

Table 6.1 = 1.72 x 10 m 1

(b) A boiler, with resistance of 2.5 k and rated at 5.4 MW is to be connected to two wires of length 120 m each as shown in Fig. 6.2 below. Copper wire

Input voltage

boiler

Fig. 6.2

Determine the thinnest permissible wire that can be used with the boiler. Choose a suitable gauge from Table 6.1 and explain your choice. [4] I = 46.5 A; d = 0.36m; Guage 6 (i)

(ii) Suggest a reason why a manufacturer would use the thinnest possible wire. [1] (iii) State and explain an advantage of using a thicker wire for this boiler. [2] (iv) Calculate the potential difference across each of the copper wires. 7.21 V [2]

(v) Hence determine the input voltage required to operate the boiler. 1.16 x 105 V [2] (vi) Calculate the power dissipation in the two copper wires used. [2] 670 W (vii) Calculate the percentage of the power supply that is delivered to the boiler. [2] 99.9%

2 It has been known that ultrasound can be used to detect the flaws of a material by echo sounding. A short pulse of ultrasound of frequency 3.0 x 106 Hz is generated at the surface of the material specimen by an oscillating piezoelectric crystal. Most of the ultrasound is reflected on reaching air at a boundary, either at the other side of the specimen or at a defect such as a hole. Those which are not reflected will be transmitted through the space. The exact fraction of the incident sound which is transmitted or reflected depends on how different the two materials on each side of the boundary are. This is described by the acoustic impedance of the materials whereby the greater the difference in impedance, the more sound will be reflected rather than transmitted. The piezoelectric crystal receives reflected pulses and generates a voltage, which can be displayed on a cathode ray oscilloscope (C.R.O.). Multiple peaks will indicate reflections from flaws or surfaces at different depths in specimen. The velocity, v, of the pulse in the specimen is related to the Young Modulus, E, of the material of the specimen and its density, , by the equation:
v
=

Note that Young Modulus is defined as the ratio of stress is to strain, where stress is defined to be force per unit area of the material (the area is the cross sectional area of the material) and strain is defined to be the ratio of extension to original length of the material. The velocity of ultrasound in steel is around 5.0 kms-1. (a) (i)Find the S.I. base units for Young Modulus. Show your working clearly. [2]
kgm-1s-2

(ii) On Fig. 7.1, sketch a possible graph for an elastic material that obeys Hookes Law. Show your explanation clearly. [3]

Stress

0 Strain
Fig. 7.1

(iii) Deduce the Young Modulus of steel, given that the density of steel is 8.0 x 103 kgm-3. (b)(i) Calculate the wavelength of the 3.0 x 106 Hz ultrasound. 1.67 mm

[2] [1]

(ii) Explain why this value of the wavelength suggests that the minimum flaw size that is detectable using ultrasound of this frequency is of the order of a few millimeters. [2] (iii) State 1 important assumption about the ultrasound pulse that travels through the material in order for the method of detection of the flaw to be applicable. [1] (c) Fig. 7.2 shows a C.R.O. trace, which has been captured in an ultrasound test on a sample of steel.

Incident Sound

time
Fig.7.2

(i) Suggest the most likely causes of each of the peaks X, Y and Z.

[2]

(ii) The horizontal calibration of the C.R.O. is set at 0.02 ms/division. Calculate the depth of the cause of peak Y from the surface of the material. [3] 21.0 cm (iii) Suggest why peak Z is taller than either peak X or peak Y. [2]

3 (a) A mass M is moving at 5.00 ms-1 along a horizontal frictionless guide which bends into a vertical circle of radius r, as illustrated in Fig. 7.1.

Fig. 7.2 and Fig 7.3 show the velocity-time graphs for the vertical and horizontal components respectively of the velocity along the section ABC of the curve.

(i) With the aid of Fig.7.2, find an appropriate value for the height of the vertical circle. Hence, find the value for the radius of the vertical circle, r. 0.800m; 0.400m [3] (ii) 1. From Fig. 7.2 and Fig. 7.3, find the vertical and horizontal components of the acceleration of the mass M at B, 200 ms after it passes the point A. [3] -23.8 ms-2; -19.5 ms-2 2. Hence, find the resultant acceleration of the mass M at B. 30.8 ms-2; 50.7 (iii) (bii) [2]

Explain whether the magnitude of the resultant acceleration calculated in v2 could have been calculated from the expression r , where v is the instantaneous speed of the mass M. NO [2] 6

(iv) the

Without detailed mathematical calculation, deduce the total area between curve and the time axis of Fig. 7.3. Explain your answer. 0 [2]

(v) With the aid of a labeled diagram showing all the forces acting on the mass M when it is at point C, deduce an expression for the minimum speed Vc for the mass M to remain in contact with the track at point C in terms of r and g, where g is the acceleration of the free fall. You may assume that the density of air is negligible. gr [4] (b) Another mass 2M is moving at 5.00 ms-1 along the same horizontal frictionless guide which bends into the same vertical circle of radius r, as illustrated in Fig. 7.4.

With reference to your answer in a(v) and the principle of conservation of energy, explain whether the mass 2M is able to pass through point C and travels back to point A. Yes [2]

Although the idea for the airbag was first suggested more than fifty years ago, it has only been a compulsory safety feature in the modern motor car since 1998. When a car experiences a serious head-on collision, the seat belt is designed to restrain the drivers body. However, without the cushioning effect of an airbag, the inertia in the drivers head will cause it to carry on moving at the speed of the car until it is stopped by the steering wheel or the windscreen. When activated, the airbag must be fully inflated before the drivers head reaches it so that the head hits a soft target. One early system stored the gas for the airbag in a cylinder under the drivers seat. When the deceleration of the car was sufficiently large, a sensor caused an electrical circuit to operate and open a valve so that the compressed gas could rush into the airbag on the steering wheel. The sensor used a steel ball and spring in a cylinder as shown in Fig. 7.

Fig. 7.1 When the car was being driven normally, the spring kept the steel ball apart from the two electrical contacts inside the cylinder. But if the deceleration became large enough, the inertia of the free ball compressed the spring and the ball touched the two contacts, thus activating the electrical circuit. The method of storing compressed gas in a cylinder was not very reliable because some cylinders slowly leaked gas and so all had to be checked regularly. The modern method of inflating an airbag is to generate the gas chemically by activating an electrical heater or detonator in an explosive chemical mixture. The heating starts a very rapid chemical reaction which produces nitrogen for the airbag. This means that the folded airbag along with chemicals and heater can all be located together in a compact container and positioned anywhere inside the car. Consider the following data for a car running head-on into an immovable object. initial velocity of car final velocity of car car front crumple distance distance from head to windscreen = 54 km h-1 =0 = 1.25 m = 0.96 m [1]

(a) Show that the cars speed, in m s-1, just before hitting the object is 15 m s-1.

(b) Calculate (i) 90 ms-2 (ii) the time taken for the car to crumple to rest. 0.17 s (c) The data for a ball and spring sensor is given below. mass of ball = 0.12 kg spring constant = 30 N m-1 distance to be compressed = 3.6 cm Calculate (i) 1.08 N (ii) the deceleration which the force in (c)(i) would cause in a mass of 0.12 kg. 9.0 ms-2 (d) When the airbag was fully inflated from a storage cylinder, the bag had a volume of 0.060 m3, with the gas inside at a pressure of 250 kPa. If the storage cylinder had a volume of 3.0 10-4 m3, calculate the stored gas pressure, assuming the gas was ideal and at constant temperature. 5.0 x 107 Pa (e) Suppose that the pressure inside the cylinder dropped by 20 % over a period of 4 weeks. Assuming the mean temperature of the cylinder is 17 C, calculate the average number of gas molecules leaving per second during this time. 3.1 x 1017 s-1 (f) The data for a modern airbag is given below. energy required for reaction to start = 0.96 J cross-sectional area of heater wire = 2.75 10-8 m2 length of heater wire = 2.2 cm resistivity of heater wire = 1.5 10-6 m battery voltage = 12 V (i) Show that the resistance of the heater filament is 1.2 . [1] [1] the force necessary to compress the spring by 3.6 cm, [2] [2] the deceleration of the car during the collision (assumed to be constant), [2]

[2]

[4]

(ii) Hence calculate the time taken for the heater to start the chemical reaction. 8.0 x 10-3 s

5 The rainbow-like colours seen in soap bubbles and oil slicks are produced by interference. This is due to the fact that light reflected from the top and bottom surfaces of a thin film interferes. However, no brilliant colours are obtained if the film is thick. Figure 6.1 below shows a monochromatic light of wavelength incident normally on a thin film of refractive index n and thickness t. The light is partially reflected at the top and bottom surfaces.

(a)(i) The refractive index, n, of the film is defined as the ratio of speed of light in vacuum to the speed of light in the film. Find the wavelength of the light in the film in terms of and n. [2] /n (ii) At the top surface, the reflected light undergoes a phase change of radians, whereas at the bottom surface, no phase change occurs. Show that the condition for the light reflected from the top surface and from the bottom surface to interfere constructively at a point above the film satisfies the following equation 2nt = (m + ) , where m is a positive integer. [3] (iii) In an experiment on thin film interference, the following results were obtained for constructive interference when light is incident normally. The thickness given is the minimum for that particular wavelength.
Thickness of film / 10-7 m 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00 1.05 Wavelength / 10-9 m 480 510 535 575 600 630

By plotting a suitable graph, find the value of the refractive index of the film. n = 1.50 [7] (b) When a thin film is observed in white light, certain colours reinforce at certain viewing angles. (i) Suggest an explanation for this, using the formula in a(ii). [2] (ii) Hence, suggest why thin films display brilliant coulours. [1]

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Many years ago, Johannes Kepler suggested that planets orbits about the Sun are not really circular in nature. Instead, they should follow the relation T 2 d 3 , whereby T refers to the period and d the mean distance from the planet to the centre of the Sun. This came to be known as Keplers third law. A student wishes to test whether Keplers third law applies to some of the satellites orbiting Uranus. The student obtains the data shown in Fig.8.1 for the mean distance d of the satellite from Uranus and the period T of the revolution of the satellite about Uranus.

Name of satellite Rosalind Belinda Puck Miranda Ariel Titania Oberon

d / km 69 930 75 260 86 010 129 780 191 240 435 840 582 600

T / day 0.558 0.624 0.762 1.414 2.520 8.706 13.463

Fig.8.1

lg (d/km) 4.845 4.877 4.935 5.110 5.282 5.639 5.765

lg (T/day) -0.475 -0.205 -0.118 0.150 0.401 0.940 1.129

Graph of lg (d/km) against lg (T/days)

6

5.8

5.6

lg (d/km)

5.4

5.2

4.8
-0.5 -0.3 -0.1 0.1 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.9 1.1 1.3 1.5

lg (T/days)

Fig.8.2 The student also included values of lg d and lg T to plot a suitable graph as shown in Fig.8.2.

11

(a)

Suggest an advantage of plotting a graph of lg d vs. lg T over a graph of T2 vs.d3. [1]

(b)

Use the graph provided in Fig.8.2 to determine whether Keplers third law applies to these satellites. [2]

(c)

Suggest why the conclusion in (b) may not be valid.

[2]

(d)

Observation shows that the satellite Umbriel orbits around Uranus with a period of 4.144 days. Use the graph above to estimate the orbital radius of Umbriel. [2] 105.425=2.66 x 108 m

(e)

It was reported from another source that the satellite Umbriel has been discovered to orbit Uranus at a height of 2.8 x 108 km above the surface of Uranus. Comment on the validity of this reported height with respect to your calculated answer in (d). [1]

(f)

Given that M = Fig.8.2. 9.91 x 10 kg

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4 2 r 3 , estimate the mass of Uranus using the graph shown in GT 2

[4]

(g)

Another graph of lg d vs lg T is plotted using data on the orbital radii and periods of the moons of Jupiter (of different mass). Compare and comment on the values of the gradient and the y-intercept between the two graphs. [2]

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This question is about harvesting offshore wind power. Hywind, the worlds first floating wind turbine that combines technologies from both the wind farming industry and the oil and gas sectors was recently commissioned off the coast of Norway. The Hywind are towed out to the open sea and then the floating Hywind is anchored to the seabed by 3 long cables. The high-speed wind turbine in Fig. 7a is used to generate electricity. One of the reasons for operating the Hywind offshore is the continous presence of high speed wind from 8 ms-1 to 30 ms-1. Some of the Hywind Data: Turbine mass: 138 000 kg Turbine height above the sea surface: 65 m Rotor blade diameter: 82.4 m Displacement of water by Hywind: 5300 m3 Diameter submerged body: 8.3 m Water depths: 120 - 700 m

Determine the weight of the entire Hywind structure. Given: density of seawater = 1025 kgm-3 53.3 MN 7(a)

[1]

7(b)(i) The turbine is designed so that it faces the wind. As the rotor blades are set at an angle to the plane in which they rotate, they deflect the wind. Explain why the rotor blades are forced to rotate when subjected to the wind. [3]

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7(b)(ii) Explain briefly using concept of energy conversion how the electric power is generated using the energy from the wind. [2] 7(c) Fig. 7b shows how the output power, P, from a wind turbine varies with the speed, v, of the wind.

Fig. 7b

14

It is thought that, for a given fixed size of the rotor blade, the electrical power output, P, varies with the wind speed v according to the expression

P = kv 3
Using the graph of Fig. 7b, show that k is a constant. 7(d) [2]

Some corresponding values of lg P and lg v for the data in Fig. 7b are plotted on the graph of Fig. 7c.

Fig. 7c 7(d)(i) On Fig. 7c, 1. plot the point corresponding to v = 11.0 ms-1,6.18 2. draw the best-fit line for all the plotted points. 7(d)(ii) Determine the gradient of the line drawn in (i) part 2. 3.0 [2] [2]

15

7(d)(iii)Hence comment on the validity of the relation given in 7(c). Explain your answer. [2] 7(e) The initial kinetic energy per second of the air that passes through the wind turbine is given by Av3, where is the density of air and A is the area swept out by the rotor blades in each rotation. Given: density of air = 1.2 kgm-3 Calculate, for the wind turbine operating at wind speed of 11.0 ms-1: 1. kinetic energy of air incident per second on the rotor blades (the incident wind power). 4.259 MW 2. the overall efficiency of generation of electric power. 35.2%

7(f)

Suggest one possible problem encountered when operating the Hywind in the open sea. [1]

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8 Theoretically, the velocity of a body traveling in a circular orbit around another body situated at the centre of the circle, is given by

v=

GM r

where G is the universal gravitational constant, M is the mass of the central body, and r is the radius of the orbit. If the planets describe circular orbits around the Sun, they should conform to this relationship. The mass, distances of the planets from the Sun, and their orbital velocities, have been measured and are given in Table 7.1.

Planet Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto

Mass of planet, Distance from the M / 1021 kg Sun, r / 107 km 330 4869 5974 642 1898600 568460 86832 102430 13 5.7 10.6 14.7 22.3 71.3 137 282 440 573
Table 7.1

Orbital velocity, v/ 104 m s-1 4.70 3.44 2.92 2.37 1.28 0.95 0.66 0.54 0.46

(a)

Using data from Table 7.1, the following graph has been plotted to aid in the estimation of the Suns mass.

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5.0

4.5

4.0

3.5

3.0

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0 0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0

1 r / 10-7 m-1/2

Fig. 7.1

(i)

With the help of the graph, estimate the mass of the Sun. 1.91 x 1030 kg

[2]

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(ii)

Suggest 2 reasons why the value in (a)(i) is an estimate.

[2]

(b)

(i)

As the planets orbit about the Sun, they experience an acceleration towards the centre of the Sun. Using the knowledge of orbital motion, complete Table 7.2. Show your working clearly. [1]

Planet

Mass of planet, M / 1021 kg 330 4869 5974 642 1898600

Distance from the Sun, r / 107km 5.7 10.6 14.7 22.3 71.3 Table 7.2

Orbital velocity, v / 104 m s-1 4.70 3.44 2.92 2.37 1.28

Acceleration, a / 10-4 m s-2 388 111.6 58.0 21.2 2.30

Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter

(ii)

To estimate the change in potential energy of objects as they are moved between the planets orbits, the acceleration vs radius graph has been plotted using data from Table 7.2. In Fig. 7.2, plot in the 2 missing points [2] and draw the curve of best fit.

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400.0

350.0

300.0

250.0

a / 10-4 m s-

200.0

150.0

100.0

50.0

0.0 0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0

r / 107 km
Fig. 7.2 (iii) Use the graph drawn to estimate the change in potential energy of a mass of 100 kg when it is moved from Earths orbit to Jupiters orbit. 1.34 x 1011 J (iv) Hence, state and explain whether the mass gains or loses potential energy in the process. [2]

(c)

Saturn, the sixth planet from the Sun, has 61 known moons orbiting around it, of which, two of them are Phoebe and Iapetus. Phoebe Mass= 8.3 x 1018 kg Diameter = 220 km Distance from Saturn = 12,952,000 km Period of revolution = 551 days Iapetus Mass= 18.1 x 1020 kg Diameter = 1460 km Distance from Saturn = 3,561,300 km

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(i)

Calculate the period of Iapetus orbit around Saturn. 79 days

[2]

(ii)

Most planets and moons in the universe rotate in the same direction. Rotation in the opposite direction is call retrograde motion, and Phoebe is one such example. Suppose that Phoebe and Iapetus are at 2 opposite sides of Saturn. Determine the time taken before they [2] first meet. 34.5 days

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In the circuit shown in Fig. 7.1, a cell of e.m.f. E and internal resistance r is connected to a variable resistor of resistance R, an ammeter of negligible resistance and a voltmeter of high resistance. The ammeter has a full-scale deflection of 100 mA. A

.
E r

Fig. 7.1

E, r and R are related by the equation E = I (r + R) where I is the current flowing in the circuit. 1 Using the set-up, the variation with of R is obtained as shown in Fig 7.2. I R/
20.0

15.0

10.0

5.0
1 I / A-1

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

12.0

14.0

5.0 Fig. 7.2 (a) Describe briefly how Fig 7.2 could be obtained using the set-up in practice. [2]

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(b)

Use Fig. 7.2 to deduce the e.m.f. E and the internal resistance r of the cell. 1.6 V; 4.0

Using the circuit in Fig. 7.1 and a pair of probes, a student finds that he can construct an ohmmeter that can measure an unknown resistance, as shown in Fig. 7.3.

.
E r

.
unknown resistance R probes ohmmeter Fig. 7.3

(c)

To start with, he joins the two probes together and chooses a suitable value of R so that the ammeter gives full scale deflection. Show that the value of R is 11 .

[2] (d) With the value of R in (c), the student now clips an unknown resistance R between the probes. (i) 35 If the ammeter reads 30 mA, calculate the value of R . [2]

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(ii)

Complete the following table for the different values of I. I / mA 10 135 30 35 50 15 70 6.4 90 1.7 100 0.0 [2]

R /

(e)

(i)

Using the table in (d)(ii), draw a calibration graph of R against I so that the ammeter reading I, in mA, can be converted directly to the resistance R across the probes.

R/

I / mA
(ii) 10 (f) Explain why the ohmmeter cannot measure accurately the resistance of the filament of a light bulb at room temperature. [2] From your calibration graph, determine the value of of R for I = 60 mA. [3] [1]

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10. A student investigated how the resistance R of a small semiconductor device X varies with Celsius temperature . Fig. 6.1 shows the variation with temperature of resistance R:

R/
200 190 180 170 160 150 140 130 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30.0

Fig. 6.1

/0C
40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 90.0

(a) (i) Assuming that the device X conforms to a relationship of the form
R = Ae where A and B are constants, calculate a value for A and for B , expressing them with their units, by using values of R corresponding to temperatures 50.0 oC and 80.0 oC. Note that T represents the thermodynamic temperature. [4]
B T

B 3.0 x 103 K; A 1.03 x 10-2 (ii) Discuss whether there is a better method of determining the values of A and B more reliably. [1] (b) Determine a value for the resistance R at a temperature of 95.0 oC. [1] R 35.8 (c) Sketch a graph of the current I through device X against the potential difference V across it. [1]

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(d) Device X is now connected to a fixed resistor of resistance 40.0 as shown in Fig. 6.2:

6.0 V Fig. 6.2 40.0 X

Ideal voltmeter

(i) Calculate an estimated value for the voltmeter reading when device X is immersed in water at temperature 30.0 oC. [3] 1.05 V (ii) The device X was then allowed to heat up. Explain whether the voltmeter [2] reading would increase or decrease.

(iii) Suggest how the circuit can be modified so that a buzzer will sound when the temperature rises too high. [2] (e) Energy band gap / eV

Fig. 6.3 Device X X

Temperature / K

26

Fig. 6.3 shows how the energy band gaps of some semi-conductors vary with temperature. The energy band gap is thought to be a function of the thermodynamic temperature T as given by the formula below:

E g (T ) = E g (0)

T 2 T +

where Eg(0) is the energy band gap in electron-volts (eV) at 0 K and and are positive constants for the semi-conductor concerned. It is known that Eg(0) is 0.744 eV for X. Calculate an estimated value for and for for this semi-conductor, expressing them together with their units. [4] 212 K 4.72 x 10-4 eV K-1

(f) Using the Band Theory and the graph in (e), suggest why the resistance of X decreases with a rise in temperature. [2] When temperature rises, more electrons have sufficient energy to go from the valence band to the conduction band in the semi-conductor. These electrons in the conduction band and the holes left behind in the valence band contribute to the increased conductivity of the semi-conductor. Additionally, the jump from valence to conduction band by electrons is made easier at higher temperatures by the energy bandgap decreasing in value.

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