CCNA – Semester2

Module 6
Routing and Routing Protocols

Objectives

• Introduction to static routing

• Dynamic routing overview
• Routing protocols overview
 Introduction to Static Routing

Introducing routing

• Routing is the process that a router uses to

forward packets toward the destination network.
• A router makes decisions based upon the
destination IP address of a packet.
• In order to make the correct decisions, routers
must learn the direction to remote networks.
Route Types

The Administrative Distance

• AD is a rating of the trustworthiness of a

routing information source, expressed as a
numeric value from 0 to 255. The higher the
number, the lower the trustworthiness
rating.
• Example:
– Directed connection 0
– Static route (by default) 1
– IGRP 100
– OSPF 110
– RIP 120
Static route

• Advantages:
– Require very little maintenance on small networks
– No network overhead
– May hide parts of networks
• Disadvantages:
– Require a tremendous amount of administrative time on
large networks
– Lack scalability

The IP ROUTE command

Router (config)#
ip
ip route
route network
network [[ mask
mask ]] {{ address
address || interface
interface }} [[ distance
distance ]]
[[ permanent ]
permanent ]

• Defines a path to an IP destination network or subnet

ip route command Description

network destination network

mask dest. network mask

address IP address of next hop

interface Name of interface to get to destination

distance Administrative distance

permanent if set, route will not be removed when intf. is

shutdown
Static route command

AD in static route

• A route with a lower AD will be installed before

an identical route with a higher AD.
• The default AD when using next-hop address is
1, while the default AD when using the outgoing
interface is 0.
• If an administrative distance other than the
default is desired, a value between 0 and 255 is
entered
Route in Routing Table

• If the router cannot reach the outgoing interface

that is being used in the route, the route will not
be installed in the routing table.
• This means if that interface is down, the route
will not be placed in the routing table
• To hold the route in routing table even if
associated outgoing interface is down, use
permenent parameter.

Default Route

• Default routes are used to route packets with

destinations that do not match any of the other
routes in the routing table.
• Routers are typically configured with a default
route for Internet-bound traffic.

ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 [next-hop-address | outgoing

interface]
Using the DEFAULT IP ROUTE command

Verifying static route configuration

• show running-config to verify that the static route

was entered correctly.
• show ip route command to make sure that the
static route is present in the routing table.
Troubleshooting static route configuration

• Show ip route command

• Ping command
• Traceroute command

Dynamic Routing Overview

Routed Protocol

• A routed protocol is used to direct user traffic.

• A routed protocol provides enough information
in its network layer address to allow a packet to
be forwarded from one host to another based on
the addressing scheme.
• Examples of routed protocols are:
– Internet Protocol (IP)
– Internetwork Packet Exchange (IPX)

Routing Protocol
• A routing protocol is the communication used between
routers.
• A routing protocol allows one router to share
information with other routers regarding the networks it
knows about.
• Examples of routing protocols are:
– Routing Information Protocol (RIP)
– Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP)
– Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP)
– Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)
Autonomous systems
• An autonomous system (AS) is a collection of networks under a
common administration sharing a common routing strategy.
• The American Registry of Internet Numbers (ARIN), a service
provider, or an administrator assigns an identifying number to each
AS.
• This autonomous system number is a 16 bit number.

Purpose of a routing protocol

• The goal of a routing protocol is to build and

maintain the routing table.
• This table contains the learned networks and
associated ports for those networks.
Updating route

• The routing protocol learns all available routes, places

the best routes into the routing table, and removes
routes when they are no longer valid.
• The network knowledgebase needs to reflect an
accurate consistent view of the current topology.

Convergence

• When all routers in an internetwork are operating with

the same routing knowledge, the internetwork is said to
have converged.
• During convergence, problems may occur like: routing
loops, inconsistent traffic forwarding, inconsistent
routing table entries.
• Fast convergence is desirable because it reduces the
period of time in which routers would continue to make
incorrect routing decisions.
Classes of routing protocols

• Most routing algorithms can be classified into one of

two categories:
– distance vector
– link-state

Distance vector algorithm

• Pass periodic routing update (copies of a

routing table) from router to router.
• These regular updates between routers
communicate topology changes.
• Each router receives a routing table from its
directly connected neighbors.
• Distance-vector algorithms do not allow a
router to know the exact topology of an
internetwork.
Distance Vector Discovery

Link-State Routing

• Also known as Dijkstras algorithm or as SPF

(shortest path first) algorithms.
• Link-state routing algorithms maintain a
complex database of topology information
• A link-state routing algorithm maintains full
knowledge of distant routers and how they
interconnect.
Link-State Concepts

Link-State Concerns
Distance Vector vs. Link State

Routing Protocols Overview

Router Functions

• A router has two basic functions:

– Path determination occurs at the network layer, enables a
router to evaluate the paths to a destination
– Switching function is the internal process used by a router
to accept a packet on one interface and forward it to a
second interface on the same router.

Communicate Path Information

Addressing: Network and Host

• Network address: Used to determine path to a network

• Host address: Specifies specific port or device on a network

How distances are determined

• Primary objective of routing protocol is to

determine the best route to put in the
routing table.
• Each routing algorithm interprets what is
best in its own way.
• Routing algorithm generates a number,
called the metric value, for each path
through the network.
• Typically, the smaller the metric number, the
better the path.
Distance in Metrics

The router and network Commands

IP Routing Configuration Tasks

Routing protocols
Routing Information Protocol (RIP)

• It is a distance vector routing protocol.

• Hop count is used as the metric for path
selection.
• If the hop count is greater than 15, the packet is
discarded.
• Routing updates are broadcast every 30
seconds, by default.

Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP)

• Cisco proprietary protocol

• It is a distance vector routing protocol.
• Bandwidth, load, delay and reliability are used
to create a composite metric.
• Routing updates are broadcast every 90
seconds, by default.
Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)

• It is a link-state routing protocol.

• Open standard routing protocol described in
RFC 2328.
• Uses the SPF algorithm to calculate the lowest
cost to a destination.
• Routing updates are flooded as topology
changes occur.

Enhanced-IGRP (EIGRP)

• Cisco proprietary protocol

• It is an enhanced distance vector routing protocol.
• Uses load balancing.
• Uses a combination of distance vector and link-state
features.
• Uses Diffused Update Algorithm (DUAL) to calculate the
shortest path.
• Routing updates are broadcast every 90 seconds or as
triggered by topology changes.
Border Gateway Protocol (BGP)

• Exterior routing protocol.

• It is a distance vector exterior routing protocol.
• Used between ISPs or ISPs and clients.
• Used to route Internet traffic between
autonomous systems.

Summary

• Configure static route, default route, float static

route
• Protocol administrative distance
• Routed and routing protocol
• Distance vector and link state routing protocol
• Router functions
• Routing protocols metrics
• IP routing configuration tasks
Lab Topology

F0/0 F0/0

S0/0
S0/1 Lab_B Lab_E
S0/1
S0/0

S0/1
S0/1 S0/1 S0/0

Lab_C S0/0 Lab_F

Lab_A S0/1 Lab_D
F0/0 F0/0 F0/0 F0/0

Port Lab_A Lab_B Lab_C Lab_D Lab_E Lab_F

S0/0 N/A 199.6.13.1/24 204.204.7.1/24 142.18.0.1/16 34.10.120.1/16 N/A

S0/1 201.10.11.1/24 201.10.11.2/24 199.6.13.2/24 204.204.7.2/24 142.18.0.2/16 34.10.210.5/16

F0/0 172.16.11.1/24 10.0.0.1/8 172.16.11.2/24 192.168.1.1/24 10.0.0.2/8 192.168.1.2/24

CCNA2 – Module6