Preface

Mathematics is a challenging and vibrant subject connected to the real world at every level. A complete study of mathematics must necessarily be able to relate the subject to the environment and focus on the development of thinking and reasoning skills. To enable pupils to grasp the mathematical concepts and effectively apply them, understanding must precede drill and practice. Keeping this in mind, Discovering Mathematics is a new series based on the recommendations of the National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) in its curriculum document, Guidelines and Syllabifor Primary and Upper Primary Stage, 2001. This series of nine books is a carefully graded course, which will aid teachers impart knowledge to the pupils. It is designed to inculcate in pupils a sense of curiosity and an urge to explore. Creative illustrations and an innovative treatment of the subject make this an ideal series for students to discover the world of mathematics. The series aims at developing core mathematical concepts and problem-solving skills in the students along with logical and lateral thinking. The series is designed to enable students to appreciate the usefulness and applicability of mathematics in real-life situations as also to explore its relationship with other subjects in the curriculum. Thus, this s~ries fosters a positive attitude among children and encourages them to enjoy and value mathematics as a subject. Some of the important features of the series are: Revision Exercises at the end of each chapter to provide adequate practice Worksheets to strengthen and reinforce the concepts learned Challenge questions to build thinking skills beyond the level of classroom learning Enrichment Time and Activity Bag to explore mathematics and think creatively Looking Back for refreshing the concepts learned earlier Mental Maths questions to help the students to do quick and easy calculations Fun Pages at the end of each book of the series for additional practice Besides the above features, there is adequate amount of essential drill work and also non-routine and challenging problems relevant to the child's stage of development. Common mistakes that students are likely to make have been highlighted appropriately. The subject is made enjoyable through games, activities and enrichment material that appeal to students. Ultimately, Discovering Mathematics aims, along with the teacher's manual, to supplement and support the teacher's efforts in the classroom to the greatest extent possible. At the same time, it hopes to be more than a text to its young users and to inspire them to go beyond its covers. Many hidden aspects go in to the creation of a book-past experiences, co-operative families and supportive friends. It would be impossible to acknowledge each one of them. But I would like to offer my sincerest thanks to the editing, design and production teams at Oxford University Press for their remarkable patience and tireless efforts in bringing out this series.

Introduction
Book 1 of Discovering Mathematics is aimed at introducing and developing the concepts of order of numbers, missing numbers, addition, subtraction, shapes, measurement, time and money. The topics discussed herein are as follows: Numbers Numbers have been divided into three groups-numbers up to 20, numbers up to 50 and then numbers up to 100. All the concepts related to understanding of numbers such as order of numbers, missing numbers, value of numbers, comparison of numbers are introduced in the fIrst stage and then reinforced with larger numbers in the second and third stages. While students will write numbers up to 100 at this level, they will learn number names only up to the number 10: Addition and Subtraction These operations have been spread out over four sections. The fIrst two deal with addition and subtraction up to 10. The third combines these two concepts for numbers up to 20 where the student handles two digit answers. Graded sums with two place addition and subtraction are covered in the fourth stage. Two basic properties of addition are introduced in this unit-adding 0 and that of order in addition. Emphasis is laid on number combinations up to 10. The students learn vertical addition and subtraction in the course of these chapters. Some of the elements that are introduced for subtraction are subtraction of zero and taking a number away from itself The students are also taught how objects that do not belong to a group are found by using subtraction. Mental maths and simple problem sums are also covered in these chapters. Shapes After revising the three shapes learnt in the previous class, this chapter introduces students to two new shapes - rectangles and ovals. Characteristics of plane shapes such as sides are then taught. IdentifIcation of curved and straight lines is also introduced. Measurement The students are taught comparison and measurement of length, mass and capacity using nonstandard measures. They use hand span, foot span, pace and cubit for measurement of length. Non-standard measures for mass using clay balls and miscellaneous objects are then covered. To measure capacity, students use cups and glasses. Time The chapter begins with revision of time in terms of day and night. The student is then shown a clock and taught to read it to the exact hour. The concept of time is extended to days of the week.

Money The students are taught recognition of common currency notes and coins. Sin1ple combinations of notes and coins are used to build different amounts.

Key to icons

to ,ing a certain object

The teacher's manual accompanying the students' text provides additional input in terms of mathematical background, essential vocabulary, project ideas, bulletin board ideas, teaching aids, extra challenges, games and activities. The manual addresses some of the common difficulties that teachers face in the classroom and provide possible solutions for these.

Contents
0 Numbers
Comparing Numbers Before-After-Between Number Names

Addition up to 10
Order in Addition Vertical Addition Addition of Three Numbers Number Combinations 1-10

7
~

e Subtraction

1-10

25
{(~,~

Vertical Subtraction Subtracting a Number from itself Addition and Subtraction

o Numbers up to 20
Counting up to 20 Smallest to Biggest Biggest to Smallest

37

o Addition and Subtraction up to 20

Two Digit Numbers Add or Subtract

53
~ ~~ ~ ~

0 Numbers
.

up to' 50

59

The Twenties ~ The Thirties The Forties

VI

8 Shapes
Straight and Curved Lines Rectangle Oval

68

D DO

OD

e Numbers up to 1~0
The Fifties The Sixties The Seventies The Eighties The Nineties Counting by Twos Counting by Fives Counting by Tens

7S

o Addition and Su~traction up to 99

Using the Number Strip Using Tens and Ones

90

Measurement
Measurement of Length Measurement of Mass Comparing Capacity

100

(D Time
Reading Time Days of the Week

109

Money
Coins and Notes

11S

Numbers
looki n9 Back
Match
I three I

IT]
[IJ

I two I

lone

[JJ IT] CD IT] IT]

seven I

four

five I

I ten I I nine I

Comparing Numbers
Draw the number of marbles as written at the top of the bottle. Colour the bottle that has more marbles.

Fill in the numbers in the rocket from top to bottom. Start from 10 and work backwards.

Draw the required number of straws. Colou r the glass that has less straws.

111\

IIn

Before-After-Between
Write the number before

00 D~ 00 00 00 00 ~O
GJ0
Write the number after Write the number between

00~
One less
One less than 5 is

0DGJ
One more
Count and write the number of spots on the beetles. Match the beetle with the one wh ich has one more spot.

4-

8 is
3 is

o
O~

-0

~O
[2]

7 is
10 is 4- is

o o ::'

Write the number names.

one
()('jC)

two
t'\\j{ ....
....

three
t,(') (()(.:::
'

fou r
:0.

five
of: ~ ........ .... : : -0:" ......

'1"(....}t.. f ~

....

','

,
f\'I~.
,I I'~ ...'.' :.'

Count the rabbits. Write the numbers and the number names.

[[]
,.;1

\~

.~
"~

,.<. " ~._- -(iI.- .-. '"'f' .-... r.'.. .. {c\. . '\~ \
~
\

. I .... D
r!~!" It'-I" ,.-'-

i,
,

D '.\.'~ ..' tl D ;'\"'Ij'J~" D '~... (.~'. l,~,\ . ' ' ..

.:~

I."" -3'/\\ '.'.

Q\..
'f."::';"'w

. ;' ;' . . ~..

~ .... . \ I " ...'

-~

... t :~-

-~ '.p,'

~:\ ................ 'f

~/

.\

,,\

s-

.'.,

:)

tcc

...

.. ,.;5'.

<.:.::;;

Challenge!
Bicycle Eyes

Triangle Tricycle

Write more number names.

6
SIX
:::::.
:

7
seven
< :...............: .:
0

8
eight:: :: .. ": :
....
L.:.: . :.: : ~. .

nine

q .

10
ten

-0.:;'"
- -

::: : : -0.:: : ~

r..:
~

Count the marbles. Write the numbers and the number names.

[Q]

D D D D

Revision Exercise Write the number before

00
Write the number between

00

Count and write the numbers and the number names .

.
I'

/>

/,

~
"\'

~
"\'

o o o