Maddie Cooke Period 6 Chapter 21 Essays 1) The Congress of Vienna was led by Klemens von Metternich, and was

in response to the Napoleonic Wars in France. It divided up many lands that the French had taken control of, and created borders that balanced the power between the central countries in Europe. The four powers in Europe that had defeated Napoleon wanted to prevent any other political revolutions that could have been inspired by the French Revolution, to return to the traditional monarchies, and to maintain the status quo. Another main goal of the Congress of Vienna was to maintain a balance of power between the many countries, and to keep the peace. These goals were successful to the extent that there were no major wars between the four powers (England, Austria, Prussia, and Russia) for about a century, until World War I. But, it was unsuccessful in suppressing democracy and having the countries ruled by monarchies. There were rebellions in Spain and Italy regarding the new Bourbon rulers put in place, but they didn't escalate into any large wars. In general, the Congress of Vienna was able to create a balance of power and maintain the peace in Europe. 2) Outline: I. Introduction a.Thesis: The main ideas associated with the ideology of conservatism are the preservation of the best in society and opposition to any radical change. In the time period of 1815-1830, the main ideas conservatives enforced were limited manhood suffrage, a limited monarchy as a form of government, a traditional class structure based on birth and privilege, and having a traditional established church. II. Body Paragraph #1 A. Topic Sentence: The traditional definition used for conservatism is preserving the older

forms of government and opposition to radical change. This is true with conservatives during the early 1800s, too. B. Evidence: The Congress of Vienna returned to traditional forms of limited monarchies as government systems. C. Commentary: This shows how the conservatives wanted to restore an older type of government. D. Evidence: The people in the Congress of Vienna wanted to put down rebellions and not change their form of government to a democracy. E. Commentary: This shows how they didn't want any type of radical change, and still wanted to maintain their older form of government. III. Body Paragraph #2 A. Topic Sentence: A main idea the conservatives put into place was having limited monarchies as governments. B. Evidence: During the Congress of Vienna, it was decided that the best form of government was limited monarchies, and they were restored in the European countries that had experienced the Napoleonic Wars. C. Commentary: Because of conservatives like Klemens von Metternich, these traditional forms of government were restored, and are a perfect example of conservatism in Europe at the time. D. Evidence: Many monarchies, such as those of Louis XVIII, Charles X, and Ferdinand VII, were put into place by conservatives. E. Commentary: Many of these monarchies sparked rebellions from republicans and liberals, because the monarchs supported the conservatives. IV. Body Paragraph #3 A. Topic Sentence: Conservatives at the time also wanted to have a traditional class system based on birth rights and privilege, along with having a traditional established church.

B. Evidence: They believed that organized religion was crucial to social order. (Spielvogel, 636) C. Commentary: This quote shows how having an organized religion played an important role in their views about government's influence and class structure. Having a strong, centralized religion was extremely important to most conservatives. D. Evidence: Conservatives wanted aristocrats in positions of leadership and power. E. This shows how they still hold on to the belief that the wealthy and those who are born into upper classes should be the most influential, which is the same as the old traditional class system. V. Conclusion A. Re-state thesis 3) At the time, the ideologies of liberalism, nationalism, and socialism were considered revolutionary because they all created a new system of beliefs towards the government's role in people's lives that greatly differed from those in the conservative party. Liberals, like Adam Smith, believed that there should be no absolute monarchies, and the government should play a small role in the lives of the people. This can be seen in the Laissez- Faire economic policy that Adam Smith created, except applied to more than just the government's role in the economy. The idea of nationalism was that all of the common people, under one nation, were equal, which ruins the conservative views of social classes. Lastly, socialism was in complete opposition to many conservative ideas at the time. Socialism was the belief that there should be no classes at all, there is complete equality of all people, the monarch should have very limited power, and that everyone worked together. All of these ideas were considered revolutionary at the time because they were new, and very popular with the majority of the population. Once these ideas had begun to spread, it was unstoppable, and it inspired many people in Europe. 4) The revolution of 1848 was caused by dissatisfaction with Metternich's policies, issues with the

agricultural and industrial economies, food inflation, and lack of suffrage for the lower classes. One major cause of the revolution was that the people strongly opposed Metternichs policies towards the working and middle class. Many poor people were in a severe agricultural and industrial depression in 1846. Plus, by 1847 about a third of the population in Paris was unemployed. Many conservatives ignored the problems facing industrial and agricultural businesses, which frustrated the middle class. Another major cause of the revolutions were the inflating food prices. Plus, Louis-Philippe refused to make any changes in the government to lessen these economic issues. But, despite many efforts by the middle and working class, the revolution was not a success. Many radicals attempted to extend suffrage universally, but it was denied by many liberals and conservatives. Most moderate liberals tried to extend voting rights to the working class, who were also the ones who sparked the achievements of the revolution, but failed yet again. Established governments were concerned about their property and security, because of the working class social revolution. Many other nations rallied for their own selfgovernments, but none were successful by 1848, and the majority of the rebellions ended in a complete failure.