Threats to Public Security: Terrorism, Left Wing Extremism, Organised Crime Security Management : Coastal Security, Industrial Security,

Railway Security, Airline Security Public Security = Urban Law & Order Rural Crime Control : Policemen to Population Ratio

Indian Police Act of 1861 -- Still in Force Colonial Police Mindset Politicisation of Police Force Police Not Accountable to Citizenry Outdated Managerial Practices Corruption Endemic. Governments Neglected Police Reforms

1975-77: Emergency : Shah Commission Report. 1977 : National Police Commission (NPC) Formed Dharam Vira heads NPC (1979-81) Congress Party Resumes Power 1980, Rejects NPC

Police Failures: Communalisation of Police Forces 1984, Anti-Sikh Riots, 1992 Babri Masjid , 1992-93 Bombay Violence, 2002 Gujarat Carnage Facilitation of Violence Minority Communities

Police, Government and Citizens Credibility of Criminal Justice System Constitutional Governance

Appointment of State Security Commission Selection of Director General of Police Fixed Tenure of Two Years for Police Officers Separation of Investigation and L & O Duties Police Establishment Board Police Complaints Authority National Security Commission at Centre

Role of UPSC in selection of DGPs, Against fixed tenures for Police Officers Undermine Authority of State Governments Leverage to Union Government

Resistance of State Governments Lack of Political Will at Centre Multi-level Accountability Structure