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APA DOCUMENTATION STYLE: A BRIEF OVERVIEW

APA citation style refers to the rules and conventions established by the American Psychological Association for documenting sources used in writing a research paper. APA style requires two elements for citing outside sources: Reference Citations in Text and the Reference List. These documents credit the information sources and make it possible for others to retrieve this information. This document provides basic information about APA format. For more detailed information, refer to The Brief Wadsworth Handbook or the websites listed at the end of the document. Creating a Title Page (Using Microsoft Word 2003) 1. To create the Page Header: a. Click on Insert. b. Click on Page Numbers. c. Select Top of Page. d. Double-Click in the Header until the cursor appears before the Page Number. e. Type a brief version of the papers title, followed by five spaces. f. Click on the Close button of the Header and Footer pop-up window. The cursor will automatically move to line one for insertion of the Running Head. To create the Running Head: a. At the top of the page, click on Align Left (Left Justify). b. Type in the words Running Head followed by a colon and a space. In all caps, type an abbreviated version of the papers title. It can contain no more than fifty characters including spaces, punctuation, symbols, and numbers. Note: The Running Head can be, but does not have to be, the exact same words as the Page Header. To create the Title: a. Place the cursor at the middle of the page. b. Click on Center Align (Center Justify). c. Type the title of the paper. APA recommends no more than twelve words. If the title is more than twelve words, divide at a logical place, double space, and center. To create the Byline (authors name and institutional affiliation): a. Place the cursor two lines below the title and center. b. Type the name(s) of the author(s) and capitalize normally.

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Pay for College 1

Running head: PAY FOR COLLEGE

Pay For College Athletes: A Dangerous Precedent Name Institution

(*lines below are optional; consult your instructor)

Course Instructor Date

3 Formatting a Paper 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Margins must be one inch on all four sides. Entire paper (including the reference page) should be double-spaced. Paper should be left justified with no justification of the right margin. Each page, from the title page through the reference page, should have a header and a page number in the upper right corner. Paragraphs should be indented five to seven spaces (hit tab key to indent). There should be one space after all punctuation marks, including end-of-sentence punctuation. Font size should be 12 point using Times New Roman or Arial. A completed paper should consist of some or all of the following (depending on course requirements): title page, abstract, main text with in-text parenthetical citations, reference page, appendices, author note, footnotes, table, figure captions, and figures. Quotations a. Short quotations (less than 40 words) should be incorporated into the text within double quotation marks ( ). b. Long quotations (40 words or more), also called Block quotations, should be indented five spaces beyond left margin and typed in a double-spaced block without quotation marks (See sample paper). 10. Headings a. Major should be centered using uppercase and lowercase letters, keeping the same size font, font style, and not in bold. b. Minor should be left justified, using uppercase and lowercase letters, and put into italics.

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4 Citing In-text Parenthetical References Brief parenthetical references in the body of a paper are tied to a reference list. The information needed in the parenthetical reference is an authors last name, followed by a comma, and the year of publication. The new art of photograph would be accessible to millions of people (Boorstin, 1992). If the authors name is mentioned within the sentence, cite only the date: Daniel Boorstin points out that photography would be accessible to millions of people (1992). No parenthetical reference is needed if the date and author are both included in the sentence: In 1992, Daniel Boorstin wrote about how photography became accessible to millions of people. When citing a specific passage of a source, use abbreviations for the words page (p.), pages (pp.), chapter (chap.), and section (sec.): Collins asserts that great vision without great people is irrelevant (2001, p. 42). Specific In-text Parenthetical References: A work by a single author: (Boorstin, 1992) A work by two authors: (Cuppy & Steig, 1950) A work by 2-6 authors: Mention all names in first reference; for subsequent references in same paragraph, cite first author and et al. When the reference appears in later paragraphs, include the year. First reference: (Perry, Wilson, & Jones, 2006) Subsequent references in same paragraph: (Perry et al.) Reference in later paragraphs: (Perry et al., 2006) A work by six or more authors: (Heinman et al., 2000) A work by an organization or group: (American Psychology Association [APA], 2003) A work with no listed author: cite the first key words of the title: (Disney Retreats, 1994). [note: use quotes for an article title, use italics or underline for a magazine title]

5 An electronic source: author (shortened title if author not provided) and publication date (Nicholas, 2004) (Beyond the Extreme, 2006) Personal communication: (telephone conversations, interviews, letters) Cite only in text. (R. Takaki, personal communication, October 17, 2001) Table: credit author at bottom of table/information not recorded in reference list Note. From Predictors of Employment and Earnings among JOBS Participants, by P.A. Neenan and K.K. Orthner, 1996, Social Work Research, 20 (4), p. 233. When In-text Parenthetical References Are Needed: 1. 2. 3. Direct Quotations (use of exact words and enclosed in quotation marks). Summaries (a brief discussion of main points that does not use exact wording or original). Paraphrases (explanation of ideas using writers own words and structures). Reference Page The last page of the paper gives the full bibliographic information for all the sources cited. This page is labeled References and includes a double-spaced, alphabetical list by the authors last name of all the sources used in the paper. 1. 2. 3. Format Center the title, References, one inch from the top. Begin each entry flush with the left margin. If the entry runs more than one line, indent additional lines approximately inch (5-7 spaces) using a hanging indent. (use tab key). Adhere to the following: Double space between all lines on the references page. Use one space following each word and punctuation mark in an entry. With book and article titles, capitalize only the first letter of the title. Italics for titles of books and periodicals is preferable; underlining is acceptable. List each entry alphabetically by the last name of the author, or, if no author is give, by the title (disregarding A, An or The). For work with up to six authors, list by last name and initials; use ampersand (&) to connect last two names. For more than six authors, add et al. after the last name. Shorten first and middle names of an author. For a work with more than one author, use an ampersand (&) before the authors name. For publisher locations, use the full city name plus the two letter U.S. Postal Service abbreviation for the state. State abbreviation is unnecessary for major cities.

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6 Vandermey, R., Meyer, V., Van Rys, J., Kemper, D., & Sebranek, Pat. (2006). The College Writer. Boston: Houghton-Mifflin. NOTE: The APA function on Office 2007 contains errors. Do not use it. Specific Reference List Entries: A book with one author: Include in this order, the authors last name and first initial, the year of publication in parenthesis, the book title in italics, and the publication information. Capitalize only the first words of titles and subtitles, as well as proper names. Boorstin, D.J. (1992). The creators: A history of heroes of the imagination. New York: Vintage Press. A book with more than one author: Include all the authors names (in the order listed on the title page). Fisher, R., Ury, W., & Patton, B. (1991). Getting to yes: Negotiating agreement without giving in. New York: Penguin. An edited book: Barkley, L., Axelrod, R.B. & Cooper, C.R. (Eds.). (2001). Sticks and stones and other student essays. Boston: Bedford/St. Martins. A selection from an edited collection or anthology: The selection title is not underlined, put in italics, or put in quotation marks. Include inclusive page numbers, preceded by pp. (in parentheses). Ngo, L.K. (2001). Cannibalism: It still exists. In L. Barkley, R.B. Axelrod, & C.R. Cooper (Eds.), Sticks and stones and other student essays (pp. 70-74). Boston: Bedford/St. Martins. A work by an organization or group (also known as a corporate author): American Psychological Association. (2001). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association.

7 An article in a reference book: Holmes, R. (Ed.). (2001). French Foreign Legion. In The Oxford companion to military history (pp. 328-329). Oxford: Oxford University Press. An article in a printed journal: revised August 2007 to include issue Fine, M.A., & Kurdek, L.A. (1993). Reflections on determining authorship credit and authorship order on faculty-student collaborations. American Psychologist, 48 (7), 1141-1147. An article in an on-line journal with DOI: revised August 2007, no retrieval date or database required. Copy and paste the Digital Optical Identifier (DOI) number at end of reference. (If there is a DOI, it will be somewhere on the first page of the journal article. It might be hidden behind a database button.) Swann, W.B., Jr., Sellers, J.G. & McClarty, K.L.(2006). Tempting today, troubling tomorrow: The roots of the precarious couple effect. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32 (1), 93-103. doi: 10.1177/-146167205279584 An article in an on-line journal with no DOI: revised August 2007final citation element identifies the database: i.g., Retrieved from SocIndex database Essid, JP, Kennedy, C., Hutson, M. deLune C. & Fast, P. (1998). Teaching prisoners on-line. Education Today, 17, 28-33. Retrieved from ERIC database. An article from a website: New child vaccine gets funding boost. (2001). Retrieved March 21, 2001, from http://news.ninemsn.com/au/health/story_13178.asp.

8 An article from a searchable database: Revised August 2007 If the DOI number is shown, reference the article as a print article. The retrieval date and database name are no longer required. Murray, D., Moore, R., Johnson, T., & Keeler, P. (2006). Coping with skill loss among the aging recreational softball player. Gerontological Studies Quarterly, 16 (2), 167-180. An article from an online newspaper: Revised August 2007 to include the newspapers home page, not the specific page number, retrieval date or lengthy URL Adams, M., & Riruis, L. (2007, May 15). Are steroids a problem on the sandlot? St. Paul Pioneer Press. Retrieved from www.pioneerplanet.com Additional APA Information and Reference Examples American Psychological Association (APA). (2005). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association. Washington D.C.: Author. NOTE: Handbooks printed before 2008 and many on-line resources will not include the August 2007 changes discussed in this document. Websites such as the following: http://webster.commnet.edu/apa/apa_index.htm http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/printable/560 http://library.nmu.edu. Find Research Tools, click on User Guides: AP This document has been developed with the assistance of the English faculty and LiNC staff. Revised January 8, 2008

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Insert Running Head

Mascots 1 Running Head: MASCOTS

The page number is a Header: click View, Header and Footer, with page number [In Office 2007, click on Insert, Page Number, top, and write the header in next to the number] The title should be centered and about onethird down the page. Your name and the name of the school are centered. All DS, no extra spaces

The Use and Misuse of Native American Mascots in Sports Christine Miller Davenport University

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Abstract: A concise summary of the thesis and findings of the paper. The abstract is always written LAST. Its not an introduction to your paper. Write Abstract at the top and skip to the next page for now. Come back when the paper is written

Mascots 2 Abstract Throughout the history of American sports teams, the adoption of Native American mascots has been an accepted practice. In recent years, this practice has been challenged. However, some tribes believe that lending their names to winning teams brings prestige. This paper examines the controversy and draws some conclusions. It argues against racism but for self determination.

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Double-space between lines of the text. Leave a 1-inch margin all the way around the page. Introduction: discuss the topic in a general way. Use facts and statistics. Cite sources with authors last name and date.

Mascots 3 In August 2005, in response to a position statement by the United States Civil Rights Commission, the NCAA officially banned the use of Native American team names and mascots in all sponsored events. Words like Indians, Braves, and other names that might be deemed offensive to Native American tribes can no longer be used (Woodward,

Thesis Statement: What you are proving, along with Preview statement of how you will prove it.

2005). Diversity in America should respect the wishes of ethnic minorities. If longstanding traditions are found offensive, they should be discontinued, but political correctness should not be forced on those who do not wish to be placed in the mold dictated by the wishes of the majority. Native American names have been used as official team names as

The date of publication always follows the authors last name Introduce citations with the sources name and qualifications, if known, followed by date. Cite page number at the end, following p. The spaced periods (ellipses) show that material has been omitted from the center of a quotation.

long as sports have been played in America. Some claim the names represented a fighting spirit and contributed to the teams desire to seem warlike, aggressivethat is to say--winners. In About Campus, activist Tim Cain (2005) concludes that Americans have never quite been sure how they viewed the tribes for whom these teams were named who, after all, were defeated by the ancestors of those who now celebrate their fighting spirit. Cain (2005) emphasizes that the use of Native American mascots . . . allows European Americans to deal with their ambivalence over the conquest of this country (p.31). How could the ambivalence be reconciled? The NCAA

12 believed it had the answer.

13 Mascots 4 Banishing Native American names and symbols from the playing fields and courts was seen as a way of restoring respect. But this is not enough, according to the National Coalition on Racism in Sports and Media, an organization which exists to fight media which promulgate messages of oppression. All schools should work to
Cite where you get the source from, not the original source.

First main point: Reasons for the ruling

remove vestiges of racism. The NCRSM notes that student leadership is vital to the success of the cause, such as Stanford (Teeter, 2007). Stanford petitioned to change remove the Indian mascot in 1975, which they claimed brings up to

Second main point: Problems with the ruling.

Here, you begin the quote but pick up with the authors words. A quote within a quote: single quotes in double quotes

visibility a painful lack of sensitivity (Woodward, n.d.). There were problems with this ruling. The most obvious was the prevalence of Native American place names, the sites of educational institutions. For example, the NCAAs pressure on its schools to imitate the University of Iowa, which won't allow its Hawkeyes to compete against nonconference schools that use Native American nicknames, imagery or mascots, (Woodward, 2005) ignores the fact that "Iowa," is itself a Native American name. Then theres the University of Illinois, the Fighting Illini,

Direct quotes of 4 or more lines are blocked, indented .5 inch from left margin, double spaced, with no quotation marks.

derived from the Indian word "man." Woodward (2005) writes: If "the Fighting Illini" is "hostile and antagonistic" in the eyes of the NCAA, must the university, too, change its name? And the state as well? What about North and South Dakota? Or community colleges in Miami, Cheyenne, Pueblo and Peoria -- Indian names all -- not to

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Right margin is flush. Parenthetical reference goes after end punctuation.

Mascots 5 mention a city named Sioux? Where do embedded history and folkloric iconography end and negative stereotyping begin? (p.D8) In addition, professional sports teams have no restrictions. While the Illini are under attack, the names Atlanta Braves, Chicago Blackhawks, and Cleveland Indians seem to be here to stay (Woodward, 2005). The National Coalition on Racism in Sports and Media writes: The Cleveland American Indian community continues to protest outside the Cleveland baseball stadium, every home game, because of the objectionable, red faced, big-nosed, buckteeth Cleveland Indian logo (Teeter, 2007). However, this logo is associated with the team in the minds of the fans. "American Indians are angry," states Dennis Atkins "They really feel it's institutional racism." Aktins, a Native

Movie/documentary titles go in italics Rebuttal: Third main point

American from Cleveland, has made a documentary entitled WaWHO? Nothing is Sacred, in which activists argue to rid the club of its racist name and mascot (Greening, 2006). Until pro teams accept the justification of the NCAAs ruling, its point is lost.

Extended example given to support point

A more significant objection to the ruling comes from Native American tribes themselves. Some like the names and even the so called offensive mascots. Though liberal scholars suggest they may be deluded by romanticism and American mythology (Cain, 2005), its hard to deny that

Interweave sources words with your words to include partial quotations.

Native American pride, coupled with the accumulation of wealth made possible by Indian run casinos, has changed the playing field. Some Native Americans now identify with mascots, especially as some of the schools
The Seminole tribe, in particular, rose in opposition to the NCAAs policy.

15 Mascots 6 under discussion have developed educational partnerships with tribal groups
Rebuttal: Third main point
Extended example given to support point When 2 authors say the same thing, cite them both, in alphabetical order.

in support of Native American students (Lee-St. John, 2005). The Seminole tribe is most vocal in their opposition to the NCAAs policy. Florida State University, known as the Seminoles, uses Chief Osceola as a mascot, and a proud relationship has developed with the team, that has contributed to the authenticity of the Chiefs portrayal. The Tribal Council passed a resolution approving the continued use of the Seminole name and the Chief himself (Lee-St. John, 2005; Seminole Tribe, 2005). Osceola, a famous war chief has also given his name has been given to towns in

Where no author is given, cite by a shortened version of the title, in quotes

Arkansas, Indiana, Iowa, Missouri, Nebraska, Pennsylvania, Texas and Wisconsin, counties in Florida, Michigan and Iowa, as well ships, aircraft, and public buildings, names which cannot be removed (Overby, n.d.). Confronted with this noble history, the NCAA granted the Seminoles an exception, prompting 17 other schools to file for exemptions. The Fighting Illini, the Florida State Seminoles, and the North Dakota Fighting Sioux are likely to be the final hold-outs (Gobal, 2005). These schools believe their

Conclusion.
Sum up your main points, restate, your thesis, and point to the future

names best preserve the historical tradition of the tribes they represent. In conclusion, the NCAA acted in good faith as it attempted to implement the Civil Rights Commission dictum, but there is more than one side to this debate. As Gobal (2005) points out, if it was not for the Fighting Illini, nobody would know about the extinct tribe the state was named after (p. 10). How can we expect the country to cease to consider minorities as

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Mascots 7 they

when the majority, however well intentioned, continue to make policies

for them without consulting all of them. No ethnic groups should be considered as a whole, as this is the essence of stereotyping. If specific Native American tribes or coalitions find specific mascots offensive and wish to have them changed, a procedure should be developed wherein this could happen in accordance with their wishes. If they dont care or if or if they take pride in the Native representation, this too should be respected. They take pride in the Native representation, this too should be respected.

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All referenced works should be listed here. Double-space. Alphabetize by author or if there is no author, by title. Initials only, no first or middle names. The & is used for and between authors names namesbut not in titles. The second and following lines of an entry should be indented five spaces (hanging indent). Titles of articles and webpages are not in italics; capitalize only the first word of title and subtitle. Titles of books, websites, magazines, etc., should be in italics, as in the text, caps as written. Use retrieval information for websites only.

Mascots 8 References Cain, T. R. (2001, September). The Native American mascot debate: Images matter. . . .They matter a great deal. About Campus, 6 (4),
31-2.

Golab, J. (2005, Oct-Dec.). Kill off the Indians? NCAA bans the use of native American nicknames and mascots. The American Enterprise 16 (7), 10. Greening, B. (2006, Nov. 2). Filmmaker screens attack on Tribe's Chief Wahoo. Athens NEWS Campus Reporter. Retrieved on March 15, 2007, from Blue Corn Comics website: http://www.bluecorncomics.com/wahoo.htm
Lee-St. John, J. (2005, September 5). The Chief gets to keep his job. 166 (10), 23-23.

Time,

Overby, C.J. (n.d). Osceola: A brief account and evaluation of his life. Retrieved on August 16, 2006, from website: http://www.geocities.com/bigorrin/osceola3.htm Seminole Tribe gives blessing to Florida State. (2005, June 19). Chicago Tribune, p.2. Teeters, C. (2007). American Indians are people, not mascots. National Coalition on Racism in Sports and Media. Retrieved on March 13, 2007, from website: http://www.aimovement.org/ncrsm/index.html.

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(n.d.) is used for no date.

Mascots 9 Woodward, D.D. (n.d.). The removal of the Indian mascot of Stanford. Stanford Native American Cultural Center. Retrieved on Jan. 3,

p. for page number when there is no vol./issue number

2008, from website: http://nacc.stanford.edu/mascot.html. Woodward, K.L. (2005, August, 11). Today's Puritans attack the Indian Mascots. Wall Street Journal, p.D.8.